Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Anzorovich and the family name is Tsarnaev.

Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev (born July 22, 1993)^[5] is a North Caucasian–born American terrorist of Chechen descent^[6][7] who was convicted of perpetrating the April 15, 2013 Boston Marathon bombing.^{[8][9][10][11]} Dzhokhar and his older brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, planted pressure cooker bombs near the finish line of the race, killing 3 people and injuring 281 others.^[6]

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
Джохар Царнаев
Tsarnaev in a holding cell of a federal courthouse
Born	Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev (1993-07-22) July 22, 1993 (age 30) Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan^[1] or Dagestan, Russia^[2]
Other names	Jahar Tsarnaev^[3]
Citizenship	United States^[4]
Education	Cambridge Rindge and Latin School
Alma mater	University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (incomplete mechanical engineering program)
Known for	Boston Marathon bombing, murdering a law enforcement officer, radical domestic terrorism, and other related crimes
Criminal status	Incarcerated
Parent(s)	Anzor Tsarnaev (father) Zubeidat Tsarnaeva (mother)
Relatives	Tamerlan Tsarnaev (brother) Ruslan Tsarni (uncle)
Conviction(s)	Use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 2332a) (2 counts) Use of a weapon of mass destruction (18 U.S.C. § 2332a) (4 counts) Conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 2332a) Bombing a place of public use resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 2332a) (2 counts) Conspiracy to bomb a place of public use resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 2332a) Maliciously destroying property resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 844) (2 counts) Conspiracy to maliciously destroy property resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 844) Carjacking resulting in serious bodily injury (18 U.S.C. § 2119) Use of a firearm during a crime of violence resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 924) (9 counts) Use of a firearm during a crime of violence (18 U.S.C. § 924) (6 counts) Interfering with commerce by threats or violence (18 U.S.C. § 1951)
Criminal penalty	Death
Imprisoned at	ADX Florence

On April 18, 2013, the Tsarnaev brothers attacked and killed MIT Police Officer Sean Collier. An ensuing shootout with police injured Dzhokhar and killed Tamerlan. A Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police officer was critically injured in the course of Tsarnaev's escape.^[12][13] Thousands of police officers conducted a manhunt within a 20-block area of Watertown, Massachusetts. On the evening of April 19, Tsarnaev was located hiding inside of the police search perimeter. Police opened fire before Tsarnaev surrendered and was taken into custody.

During subsequent interrogation, Tsarnaev revealed a further intention to detonate explosives in New York City's Times Square.^[14] He claimed inspiration, in part, by Anwar al-Awlaki.^[15] Tsarnaev was tried and convicted of 30 counts and subsequently sentenced to death.^[16][17][18] His death sentence was vacated on appeal in July 2020, but the U.S. Supreme Court reversed that decision in March 2022.^[19][20]

Personal background

Family background and early life

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and his brother were born to Anzor Tsarnaev, a Chechen, and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, an Avar.^[21][22][23] In the years following World War II, the Tsarnaev family had been forcibly moved from Chechnya by the Soviet Union to the Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan.^[24] Anzor and Zubeidat moved peripatetically across Central Asia during the late 20th century.^[25] In 1986, the couple was married in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,^[26] and Tamerlan was born there the next day.^[27][28] Tsarnaev was born on July 22, 1993, in either Kyrgyzstan^[1] or Dagestan,^[2] in the Russian Federation.^[29] The parents also have two daughters.^[30] The family raised their children as Muslims;^[31][32][33] after the attack, a relative described Anzor as a "traditional Muslim" who objected to extremism.^[34]

Tsarnaev spent the first years of his life in Kyrgyzstan.^[35][24] In 2001, the family moved to Makhachkala, Dagestan, in the Russian Federation.^[36][4][37] In April 2002, the Tsarnaev parents and Dzhokhar went to the United States on a 90-day tourist visa.^[38][39][40] Anzor Tsarnaev successfully^[41] applied for asylum, citing fears of deadly persecution due to his ties to Chechnya.^[42] Tamerlan had been left in the care of his uncle Ruslan in Kyrgyzstan^[24] and arrived in the U.S. about two years later.^[43] The parents then filed for asylum for their four children, who received "derivative asylum status".^[44] They settled on Norfolk Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Tamerlan lived until his death.^[45]

The family "was in constant transition" for the next decade.^[24] Anzor Tsarnaev and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva both received welfare benefits.^[46] The father worked as a backyard mechanic and the mother worked as a cosmetologist^[47] until she lost her job for refusing to work in a business that served men. In March 2007, the family was granted legal permanent residence.^[43] Tsarnaev would eventually become a U.S. citizen while in college.^[4][40][48] Zubeidat also became a U.S. citizen, but whether Anzor ever did is unknown. Tamerlan was unable to naturalize expeditiously because an investigation against him held up the citizenship process.^[49]

Early education

Tsarnaev attended Cambridgeport Elementary School and Cambridge Community Charter School's middle school program.^[50] At Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, a public high school, he was an avid wrestler and a Greater Boston League winter all-star.^[4][45] He sometimes worked as a lifeguard at Harvard University.^[51]

In 2011, he contacted a professor at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth who taught a class about Chechen history, expressing his interest in the topic.^[52] He graduated from high school in 2011^[4] and the city of Cambridge awarded him a $2,500 scholarship that year.^[45] His brother's boxing coach, who had not seen them in a few years at the time of the bombings, said that "the young brother was like a puppy dog, following his older brother."^[53][54]

Life as a university student

Tsarnaev enrolled at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in September 2011. He started with a marine biology major with the intent on becoming a director but later changed to nursing.^[4][55]

Tsarnaev was described as "normal" and popular among fellow students. His friends said he sometimes smoked marijuana,^[56] liked hip hop, and did not talk to them about politics.^[57] Many friends and other acquaintances found it inconceivable that he could be one of the two bombers at first,^[52] calling it "completely out of his character".^[58] He was not perceived as foreign, spoke American English without any accent,^[57] was sociable, and was described by peers as "[not] 'them'. He was 'us'. He was Cambridge."^[59]

On the Russian-language social-networking site VK, Tsarnaev described his "world view" as "Islam" and his personal priorities as "career and money".^[45] He posted links to Islamic websites, links to videos of fighters in the Syrian civil war, and links to pages advocating independence for Chechnya.^[60] Tsarnaev was also active on Twitter. According to The Economist, he seemed "to have been much more concerned with sport and cheeseburgers than with religion, at least judging by his Twitter feed";^[61] however, according to The Boston Globe, on the day of the 2012 Boston Marathon, a year before the bombings, a post on Tsarnaev's Twitter feed mentioned a Quran verse often used by radical Muslim clerics and propagandists.^[62]

In 2012, Arlington Police ran a warrant check on Tsarnaev and checked his green Honda when they were investigating a report of underage drinking at a party in Arlington Heights.^[63]

At the time of the bombing, Dzhokhar was a sophomore living in the UMass Dartmouth's Pine Dale Hall dorm.^[62][64] He was struggling academically, having a 1.09 GPA and receiving seven failing grades over three semesters, including Fs in Principles of Modern Chemistry, Introduction to American Politics, and Chemistry and the Environment^[45] and had an unpaid bill of $20,000 to the university.^[65] He was known to be selling marijuana to make money.^[66]

2013 Boston Marathon bombing

Main article: Boston Marathon bombing

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was convicted of participating, along with his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev, in the Boston Marathon Bombing on April 15, 2013. He reportedly "told the FBI that he and his brother were angry about the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the killing of Muslims there."^[67]

That day, images of Dzhokhar were captured on CCTV near the finish line pushing his way through spectators towards the front carrying a duffel bag that was later determined to contain one of two pressure cooker bombs that would detonate. Tsarnaev appeared to place the bag down without causing any suspicion amongst spectators and then appeared to watch some marathon runners cross the finish line before hurrying away moments before the bomb exploded. The explosion caused mass panic among spectators and marathon runners. Shortly after the second bomb exploded, CCTV cameras recorded video of both Tsarnaev brothers running away from the scene along with the crowd.^{[citation needed]}

Tsarnaev continued to tweet after the bombings, and sent a tweet telling the people of Boston to "stay safe".^[57][68] He returned to his university after the April 15 bombing and remained there until April 18, when the FBI released pictures of him and Tamerlan at the marathon. During that time, he used the college gym and slept in his dorm; his friends said that he partied with them after the attacks and looked "relaxed".^[69][70]

MIT killing, carjacking, firefight, and manhunt

Tsarnaev and his brother murdered MIT police officer Sean Collier on April 18, 2013, at the MIT campus in a failed attempt to steal his gun, before traveling to the Boston neighborhood of Allston. There, the brothers carjacked an SUV and robbed the owner.^[71] The owner of the car said he managed to escape when the Tsarnaevs became momentarily distracted in the process of refueling the car at a cash-only gas station. Dun Meng,^[72] who originally did not give his name to the media but said he goes by the name "Danny", said he fled to another nearby gas station and contacted the police. Police were then able to track the location of the car through the man's cellphone and the SUV's anti-theft tracking device.^[73]

When police found the stolen SUV and a Honda being driven by the brothers in the early hours of April 19, the suspects engaged in a shootout with police in Watertown. During the gunfight, in which bombs were thrown at responding officers, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was wounded while Tamerlan was shot a number of times before being apprehended. Police say that Dzhokhar escaped by driving the stolen SUV toward the officers who were arresting his brother. Although the officers managed to avoid being hit, Tsarnaev drove over Tamerlan, dragging him under the SUV about 30 feet (9 m) in the process (Tamerlan later died at a nearby hospital). Tsarnaev reportedly sped off, but abandoned the car about 1⁄2 mile (800 m) away and then fled on foot.^[74] An unprecedented manhunt ensued involving thousands of police officers from several nearby towns as well as state police, FBI, and SWAT teams, who searched numerous homes and property inside a 10-block perimeter. Warrants were not issued, but residents reported they were told they must allow the searches to go forward. Many reported being instructed to leave their homes as well. Images of squad cars and large black armored vehicles crowding the side streets, and videos of residents being led out of their homes at gunpoint soon flooded social media. The Boston metro area was effectively shut down all day on April 19.^[75]

After Tsarnaev's name was published in connection with the bombings, his uncle Ruslan Tsarni, who lives in Montgomery Village, Maryland, pleaded with Tsarnaev through television to turn himself in "and ask for forgiveness", and said that he had shamed the family and the Chechen ethnicity.^[76]

Arrest and detention

 

Tsarnaev at the time of his capture

On the evening of April 19, Tsarnaev was discovered wounded in a boat in a Watertown backyard, less than 1⁄4 mile (400 m) from where he abandoned the SUV.^[74] David Henneberry, the owner of the boat, had noticed that the cover on the boat was loose and when the "shelter in place" order was lifted, went outside to investigate.^[77] He lifted the tarpaulin, saw a bloodied man, retreated into his house and called 911.^[78] Three Boston police officers responded and were soon joined by Waltham police. Tsarnaev's presence and movements were verified through a forward looking infrared thermal imaging device in a State Police helicopter.^[79] After he was observed pushing up at the tarp on the boat, Boston police began directing a large volume of gunfire at Tsarnaev, stopping only after calls from the superintendent on the scene.^[80][81] Though there were initial reports of a shootout between police and Tsarnaev and that Tsarnaev had attempted suicide via gunshot, officials later said that he was unarmed when captured.^[82][83]

In an image broadcast on the night of the arrest, Tsarnaev was shown stepping out of the boat in which he had been hiding.^[84] Other sources^[who?] described him "lying on his stomach, straddling the side of the boat. ... His left arm and left leg hung over the boat's side. He appeared to struggle for consciousness." Then he was "hauled down to the grassy ground" by SWAT officer Jeff Campbell and handcuffed by SWAT officer Saro Thompson.^[74] In a photograph he can be seen lying on the ground on his back with his hands cuffed behind him, being helped by medical staff.^{[85][non-primary source needed]}

Tsarnaev—who had been shot and was bleeding badly from wounds to his left ear, neck and thigh,^[86]—was taken into federal custody. He was transported to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, in Boston, where he was treated in the intensive-care unit. He was in serious but stable condition.^[87][88] According to one of the nurses, he had cried for two days straight after waking up.^[66] According to a doctor that treated him, Tsarnaev had a skull-base fracture, with injuries to the middle ear, the skull base, the lateral portion of his C1 vertebra, with a significant soft tissue injury, as well as injury to the pharynx, the mouth, and a small vascular injury.^[89]

Interrogation

Tsarnaev was questioned by a federal High-Value Interrogation Group, a special counterterrorism group composed of members of the FBI, CIA and Department of Defense that was created to question high-value detainees.^{[90][91][92][93]} Questioned without being provided a Miranda warning,^[94] Tsarnaev wrote his answers to the team's questions in a notebook, as a tracheotomy rendered him unable to speak.^{[90][95][96][97][98][99]}

After initial interrogations, officials announced that it was clear the attack was religiously motivated, but that so far there was no evidence that the brothers had any ties to Islamic terror organizations.^[100] Officials also said that Dzhokhar acknowledged his role in the bombings and told interrogators that he and Tamerlan were motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs^[101] and the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to carry out the bombing.^[102][103] Dzhokhar admitted during questioning that he and his brother were planning to detonate explosives in New York City's Times Square next. The brothers formed the plan spontaneously during the April 18 carjacking, but things went awry after the vehicle ran low on gas and they forced the driver to stop at a gas station, where he escaped.^[104] Dzhokhar says he was inspired by online videos from Anwar al-Awlaki,^[105] who also inspired Faisal Shahzad, the perpetrator of the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt.^[106]

Investigators found no evidence that Tsarnaev was involved in any jihadist activities, and, according to The Wall Street Journal, came to believe that unlike his brother Tamerlan, Dzhokhar "was never truly radicalized".^[107] Examinations of his computers did not reveal frequent visits to jihad websites, expressions of violent Islamist rhetoric or other suspicious activities. Some law enforcement officials told the WSJ that Tsarnaev "better fit[s] the psychological profile of an ordinary criminal than a committed terrorist".

During CBS This Morning on May 16, 2013, CBS News senior correspondent John Miller said he had been told that while Tsarnaev was hiding in the boat, he wrote a note claiming responsibility for the April 15 attack during the marathon. The note was scribbled with a pen on one of the inside walls of the cabin and said the bombings were payback for the U.S. military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, and referred to the Boston victims as collateral damage, the same way Muslims have been in the American-led wars. He continued, "When you attack one Muslim, you attack all Muslims." He also said he did not mourn his brother's death because now Tamerlan was a martyr in paradise and that he (Dzhokhar) expected to join him in paradise. Miller's sources said the wall the note was written on had multiple bullet holes in it from the shots that were fired into the boat by police. According to Miller during the interview he gave on the morning show, he said that the note would be a significant piece of evidence in any Dzhokhar trial and that it is "certainly admissible", and paints a clear picture of the brothers' motive "consistent with what he told investigators while he was in custody".^[108][109] Photographs of the note revealing the exact text were eventually released by prosecutors in March 2015.^[110]

On April 26, Tsarnaev was transported by U.S. Marshals to the Federal Medical Center, Devens,^[111] a United States federal prison near Boston for male inmates requiring specialized or long-term medical or mental health care. He was held in solitary confinement and restricted to one three-page letter and one telephone call per week.^[112]

Criminal action

Main article: Trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

Charges

On April 22, Tsarnaev was charged via a complaint with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death" and with "malicious destruction of properties resulting in death", both in connection with the Boston Marathon attacks.^[113][114] He was read his Miranda rights at his bedside by a federal magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, nodded his head to answer the judge's questions, and answered "no" when asked whether he could afford a lawyer.^[94] After being read his Miranda rights, Tsarnaev stopped talking and declined to continue to cooperate with the investigation.^[82]

In June 2013, Tsarnaev was indicted by a federal grand jury on 30 charges.^[115] Some of the charges were death-penalty eligible.^[116]

Middlesex County prosecutors also brought criminal charges against Tsarnaev for the murder of Sean Collier. A surveillance camera at MIT captured the brothers approaching Collier's car from behind.^[117]

Arraignment and pre-trial matters

Tsarnaev's arraignment for 30 charges, including four counts of murder, occurred on July 10, 2013, in federal court in Boston before U.S. magistrate judge Marianne Bowler. It was his first public court appearance.^[118] He pleaded not guilty to all 30 counts against him, which included using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death.^[119] Tsarnaev was represented by Miriam Conrad, David Bruck, William Fick, Timothy G. Watkins and Judy Clarke.^{[120][non-primary source needed]}

On January 30, 2014, United States Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the federal government would seek the death penalty against Tsarnaev.^[121] A plea deal failed when the government refused to rule out the possibility of the death penalty.

Prosecutors initially argued that Tsarnaev's pre-Miranda statements should be admissible, invoking Miranda's public safety exception.^{[122]: 136–37} However, the exception was not considered by the court because the prosecutors later decided not to use those statements in their case.^[123]: 643

Trial

Guilt phase

The trial began on January 5, 2015. Tsarnaev was prosecuted by assistant U.S. attorneys William Weinreb and Aloke Chakravarty, of the Anti-Terrorism and National Security Unit of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Boston.^[124] His defense team included federal public defender Miriam Conrad,^[125] William Fick,^[126] and Judy Clarke.^[127] Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to all thirty charges laid against him. The proceedings were led by Judge George O'Toole.^[128][129] Tsarnaev's attorney Judy Clarke admitted in her opening statement that Tsarnaev committed the acts in question, but sought to avert the death penalty by showing that his brother Tamerlan was the mastermind behind the acts.^{[130][non-primary source needed]} Counter-terrorism expert Matthew Levitt also gave testimony.^{[citation needed]}

On April 8, 2015, Tsarnaev was found guilty on all thirty counts of the indictment. The charges of usage of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, in addition to aiding and abetting, made Tsarnaev eligible for the death penalty.^[16]

Sentencing phase

During the sentencing phase, the jury heard from victims of the bombing and Tsarnaev's friends and relatives.^[131][a] Tsarnaev, who had displayed little emotion throughout his trial, appeared to weep when his relatives testified on his behalf on May 4, 2015.^[133] Bill and Denise Richard, parents of Martin Richard (the youngest of the three killed in the bombings and 1 of the 2 people killed by Dzhokhar's bomb, the other person being Chinese-exchange student Lingzi Lu), urged against a death sentence for Tsarnaev. They stated that the lengthy appeals period would force them to continually relive that day, and would rather see Tsarnaev spend life in prison without parole (possibility of release), and waive his right to appeal.^[134]

On May 15, 2015, the jury recommended that Tsarnaev be sentenced to death by lethal injection on six of 17 capital counts.^[17] According to the verdict forms completed by the jurors, three of 12 believed that Tsarnaev had taken part in the attack under his brother's influence; two believed that he had been remorseful for his actions;^[135] two believed that Tamerlan, not Dzhokhar, had shot and killed Officer Collier; three believed that his friends still care about him; one believed that Tsarnaev's mother, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, was to be blamed for the brothers' actions; one believed that Tsarnaev would never be violent again in prison.

On June 24, 2015, Tsarnaev faced his living victims in court as his death sentence was formally delivered. Victims and their families were able to present impact statements to the court, and Tsarnaev, who had been silent throughout his month-long trial, apologized to the injured and the bereaved in the bombings.^[136]

 

ADX Florence, the prison housing Tsarnaev

The following morning, on June 25, 2015, Tsarnaev was transferred from Federal Medical Center, Devens to the United States Penitentiary, Florence High in Colorado; as of July 17, 2015, he had been transferred to ADX Florence.^[137][138] A Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) spokesperson stated that "unique security management requirements" caused the agency to place Tsarnaev in Colorado instead of United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, Indiana, where male death-row inmates are normally held.^[139]

Appeal

Tsarnaev appealed his sentence on the grounds that the trial should not have been held in Boston, that there were errors in jury selection and that the judge improperly excluded evidence that Tamerlan Tsarnaev and another man, Ibragim Todashev, committed a prior triple murder in Waltham on September 11, 2011, arguing that such evidence would suggest that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev acted under the influence of Tamerlan Tsarnaev and was possibly fearful of what would happen to him if he refused.^[140]

The appeal was heard by a three-judge panel of the First Circuit on December 12, 2019.^[140] On July 31, 2020, the First Circuit overturned the death sentence and three of the other convictions, agreeing that the judge failed to determine how much the potential jurors had been aware of the event during jury selection, and ordered a retrial with a new jury for the penalty phase of his trial. Tsarnaev remained in prison from multiple life sentences carried by the other uncontested convictions.^{[141][19][142]} U.S. Circuit Judge O. Rogeriee Thompson, who wrote the opinion, clarified the ruling of the court. She stated, "Make no mistake: Dzhokhar will spend his remaining days locked up in prison, with the only matter remaining being whether he will die by execution."^[143]

On March 22, 2021, the Supreme Court agreed to consider an appeal from the Department of Justice,^[144] and on October 13, 2021, the Department of Justice presented arguments in favor of reinstating the death penalty for Tsarnaev.^[145] The Supreme Court ruled on March 4, 2022, in a 6–3 decision, that the First Circuit improperly vacated the death sentence that Tsarnaev had been given. The Court reversed the First Circuit's decision, reinstating the death penalty.^[20]

Tsarnaev asked the First Circuit Court of Appeals to consider four constitutional claims that had not been considered by the Supreme Court.^[146] On January 10, 2023, the First Circuit heard the matter. Tsarnaev's attorneys argued that jurors in the case had lied about prior discussions of the case on Twitter and Facebook. The jurors, the attorneys say, claimed to have never discussed the case on social media, whereas the attorneys say the jurors actually did participate in discussions showing a strong bias against Tsarnaev. Tsarnaev's attorneys argued this lack of disclosure should have disqualified the jurors from serving.^[147]

Al-Qaeda reaction

According to The Guardian, in June 2016, Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri issued a threat to the United States warning of the "gravest consequences" should Tsarnaev be harmed.^[148] Al-Zawahiri has since died, having been killed by the CIA on July 31, 2022.

Media

Rolling Stone magazine

 

Image of Tsarnaev on the cover of Rolling Stone

Tsarnaev was the subject of a cover story for an August 2013 issue of Rolling Stone entitled "The Bomber: How a Popular, Promising Student Was Failed by His Family, Fell into Radical Islam and Became a Monster." The magazine drew heavy criticism for the flattering photo of Tsarnaev on the issue's cover. Boston Mayor Tom Menino wrote that the cover "rewards a terrorist with celebrity treatment." Massachusetts State Police sergeant Sean Murphy said that "glamorizing the face of terror is not just insulting to the family members of those killed in the line of duty; it also could be an incentive to those who may be unstable to do something to get their face on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine".^[149] The New York Times used the same photo on their front page in May 2013,^[150] but did not draw criticism. Rolling Stone columnist Matt Taibbi criticized those who took offense at the cover, arguing that they associated Rolling Stone with glamour instead of news,^[151] stating that The New York Times did not draw the criticism that Rolling Stone did, "because everyone knows the Times is a news organization. Not everyone knows that about Rolling Stone ... because many people out there understandably do not know that Rolling Stone is also a hard-news publication."^[151]

The editors of Rolling Stone posted the following response:

Our hearts go out to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing, and our thoughts are always with them and their families. The cover story we are publishing this week falls within the traditions of journalism and Rolling Stone's long-standing commitment to serious and thoughtful coverage of the most important political and cultural issues of our day. The fact that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is young, and in the same age group as many of our readers, makes it all the more important for us to examine the complexities of this issue and gain a more complete understanding of how a tragedy like this happens. –THE EDITORS^[35]

Retailers such as CVS Pharmacy,^[152] BJ's Wholesale Club (which additionally announced it would no longer carry Rolling Stone) ^[153] and others announced that they would no longer sell the issue.^[154]

Adweek magazine ranked the cover the "hottest" of the year after it doubled newsstand sales to 120,000.^[155] The cover photo was taken by Tsarnaev himself, not a professional photographer.^[156]

Biographical portrayals

• Alex Wolff in Patriots Day (2016): a thriller drama film about the Boston Marathon bombing and the manhunt for the Tsarnaev brothers
• Stronger (2017) by David Gordon Green: a drama film that chronicles the experience of survivor Jeff Bauman.
• American Manhunt: The Boston Marathon Bombing (2023), a Netflix series, was released on April 12, 2023 – three days before the 10th anniversary of the bombing.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Capital punishment by the United States federal government
• Capital punishment in Massachusetts
• List of death row inmates in the United States

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. Massachusetts ended the death penalty for state crimes in 1984. However, because Tsarnaev was tried on federal charges, he was eligible for execution.^[132]

Citations

1. Idov, Michael (April 19, 2013). "Are the Tsarnaev Brothers Russian?". The New Yorker.
2. Jacobs, Bruce (April 20, 2013). "Kyrgyz Former Neighbors Talk About Tsarnaevs, North Caucasus Ties". Radio Free Europe.
3. (PDF). United States Department of Justice. April 21, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015. Based on the foregoing, there is probable cause to believe that on or about April 15, 2013, DZHOKHAR TSARNAEV violated 18 U.S.C. § 2332a (using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction, resulting in death) and 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) (malicious destruction of property by means of an explosive device, resulting in death).
4. Finn, Peter (April 19, 2013). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
5. Russian: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев [dʐɐˈxar ɐnˈzorəvʲɪtɕ tsɐrˈna(j)ɪf]; Chechen: Царнаев Анзор-кIант ДжовхӀар or ЖовхӀар[1] Carnayev Anzor-khant Dƶovhar; (Kyrgyz: Жохар Анзор уулу Царнаев, Jokhar Anzor uulu Tsarnaev)
6. Caruso, David; Kunzelman, Michael; Seddon, Max; The Associated Press (April 28, 2013). "Boston Marathon bombings: Suspects' mother Zubeidat says she found faith, not terrorism". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved April 9, 2022. Zubeidat married into a Chechen family but was an outsider. She is an Avar, from one of the dozens of ethnic groups in Dagestan.
7. Schmidt, Michael S.; Rashbaum, William K.; Oppel, Richard A., Jr. (May 22, 2013). "Deadly End to F.B.I. Queries on Tsarnaev and a Triple Killing". New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. Valencia, Milton J.; Wen, Patricia; Cullen, Kevin; Ellement, John R.; Finucane, Martin (March 4, 2015). "'It was him', defense admits as Marathon bombing trial begins". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA, US. from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015. After thousands of pages of legal briefs and nearly two years of hearings, a lawyer for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev stood in federal court Wednesday, the first day of the long-awaited Marathon bombing trial, and made a startling simple declaration: 'It was him.'
9. Engber, Daniel (April 19, 2013). "Pronounce Boston bomb names: Listen to recording of names of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Tamerlan Tsarnaev". Slate. New York. from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015. The following recordings come from a native speaker of Kyrgyz. Keep in mind that while Kyrgyz is a Turkic language, Chechen is from the Northeast Caucasian family of languages.
10. Abad-Santos, Alexander (April 19, 2013). "Who Is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the Man at the Center of the Boston Manhunt?". The Atlantic. Washington, DC. from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2023. Here's are the basics of what we know about 'Suspect No. 2' – a.k.a. the suspect in the white hat, the one authorities apparently saw drop a bomb-laden backpack in security footages, and the one currently being pursued by police:
11. "Timeline: A look at Tamerlan Tsarnaev's past". CNN. Atlanta, GA, US. April 22, 2013. from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015. Hours later, investigators reveal that he and his 19-year-old younger brother are the marathon bombing suspects.
12. "Indictment against Boston bombing suspect". CNN. June 27, 2013.
13. Murphy, Sean P. (May 6, 2013). "Bullet that nearly killed MBTA police officer in Watertown gunfight appears to have been friendly fire". Boston.com.
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External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.

• Tsarnaev Family (The Wall Street Journal)