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Domestic terrorism in the United States

February 15, 2024

In the United States, domestic terrorism is defined as terrorist acts that were carried out within the United States by U.S. citizens and/or U.S. permanent residents.[1] As of 2021, the United States government considers white supremacists to be the top domestic terrorism threat.

Definition

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines domestic terrorism as violent, criminal acts which are committed by individuals and/or groups in order to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature.[2]

Under current United States law[needs update], set forth in the USA PATRIOT Act, acts of domestic terrorism are those which: "(A) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State; (B) appear to be intended – (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States."[3][4][5]

While the PATRIOT Act defines "domestic terrorism" for the purposes of authorizing law enforcement investigations, no federal criminal offense exists which is referred to as "domestic terrorism". While international terrorism ("acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries") is a defined crime in federal law,[6] acts of domestic terrorism are charged under specific laws, such as killing federal agents or "attempting to use explosives to destroy a building in interstate commerce".[7]

Citizens suspected of terrorism are usually investigated and arrested by federal law enforcement, such as the FBI. For instance, from 2016 to 2018, the FBI arrested 355 suspects on charges related to domestic terrorism. Per the FBI, the vast majority were motivated by racist and anti-government ideology.[8] Some state and local jurisdictions, including Washington, D.C.[9] and New York State[10] do define terrorism as a crime, without regard as to whether the perpetrators are international in origin.

Types

Anti-abortion violence

Main article: Anti-abortion violence

Anti-abortion extremists in the United States have committed violence against individuals and organizations that provide abortions or abortion counseling, acts that are considered terrorism. Incidents have included crimes against people, such as murder, assault, kidnapping, and stalking; crimes which affect both people and property, such as arson or bombings; and property crimes such as vandalism. Perpetrators of these incidents may defend their actions by stating that they are necessary to protect the lives of fetuses, and they are often motivated by their Christian beliefs, leading to anti-abortion violence's identification as Christian terrorism; it is also associated with antifeminism.[11]

Notable incidents of anti-abortion violence include the murders of a number of doctors and clinic staff in the 1990s:

  • In 1993, Michael F. Griffin shot Dr. David Gunn to death during a protest.
  • In 1994, Paul Jennings Hill shot Dr. John Britton and clinic escort James Barrett to death, also wounding Barrett's wife June; John Salvi shot and killed two receptionists, Shannon Lowney and Lee Ann Nichols. Paul Hill would yell at the clinic "God hates murderers".[12]
  • Eric Robert Rudolph bombed the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta in protest of abortion, killing one person and wounding 111, and bombed several abortion clinics in 1997 and 1998, killing a security guard and critically injuring a nurse.
  • In 1998, James Kopp shot a number of abortion providers, killing one, Dr. Barnett Slepian.
  • In 2009, Scott Roeder shot and killed Dr. George Tiller. Tiller served as an usher at church; he had previously been a target in 1993, when he was shot by Shelley Shannon. The Army of God, an underground terrorist organization, has been responsible for a substantial amount of anti-abortion violence, including a number of the above murders.
  • In 2015, Robert Lewis Dear, a 57-year-old Kentucky born, moved from South Carolina to North Carolina to Colorado where he opened fire on a Planned Parenthood facility, killing two civilians and a police officer. After a five-hour standoff Dear told the police "no more baby parts."[13] Robert Lewis Dear has been found to be mentally incompetent to stand trial.[14]

Eco-terrorism

Main article: Eco-terrorism

According to the FBI in June 2008, eco-terrorists and extreme animal rights activists represented "one of the most serious domestic terrorism threats in the US" at the time. They had committed over 2,000 crimes and caused over $110 million in damages in the 28–29 years since 1979, against targets including lumber companies, animal testing facilities, and genetic research firms. No human casualties were reported.[15]

Racialized lynching terror

Main articles: Lynching, Lynching in the United States, and Mass racial violence in the United States

According to the Equal Justice Initiative, more than 4,400 African Americans were lynched from 1877 to 1940. Racialized lynchings were carried out as part of a widely supported racial domestic terrorist campaign to enforce racial subordination and segregation in the South and beyond between Reconstruction and World War II.[16]

In July 2020, the FBI began investigating the alleged attempted lynching of Vauhxx Booker, a Bloomington Indiana civil rights activist and local official. Video of the incident showed five men pinning Booker down. Booker said the men had Confederate flags and threatened to lynch him.[17] Two men were initially charged with assaulting Booker, while Booker was later charged with battery and trespassing in August 2021 over the same incident. The case was eventually resolved through restorative justice and all charges were dropped.[18]

Right-wing extremist

Main articles: Right-wing extremist terrorism in the US and White supremacy terrorism in the US

Right-wing terrorism or far-right terrorism is motivated by a variety of different right-wing and far-right ideologies, most prominently by neo-Nazism, neo-fascism, white nationalism, white separatism, ethnonationalism, religious nationalism, and anti-government patriot/sovereign citizen beliefs.

A 2017 report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found that of the 85 deadly extremist incidents since 9/11, far right-wing extremist groups were responsible for 73%, while radical Islamist extremists were responsible for 27%. The total number of deaths caused by each group was about the same, though 41% of the deaths attributable to radical Islamists occurred in a single event — the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting in which 49 people were killed by a lone gunman. No deaths were attributed to left-wing groups.[19][20][21]

A June 2020 study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) reported that over 25 years of domestic terrorism incidents, the majority of attacks and plots had come from far-right attackers. The trend had accelerated in recent years, with this sector responsible for about 66% of attacks and plots in 2019, and 90% of those in 2020. The next most potentially dangerous group was “religious extremists”, the majority “Salafi jihadists inspired by the Islamic State and al-Qaida”, while the number planned by the far left had reduced to a minute fraction since the mid-2000s.[22][23]

The Domestic Terrorism Prevention Act has proposed legislation that would create offices within the Justice Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and the FBI to combat far-right violence. In September 2020, the bill (as H.R. 5602) passed the Democratic-majority House unanimously,[24] but the Republican-majority Senate prevented a vote. Sen. Ron Johnson said the Justice Department had claimed the legislation might "impede" rather than enhance its ability to combat far-right violence. A Justice Department spokesperson alluded to "technical concerns" with the bill but did not elaborate.[25]

The Department of Homeland Security reported in October 2020 that white supremacists posed the top domestic terrorism threat, which FBI director Christopher Wray confirmed in March 2021, noting the bureau had elevated the threat to the same level as ISIS.[26] The DHS report did not mention antifa, despite persistent allegations about its threat from the political right in recent years.[27][28][29]

Terrorist organizations

Alpha 66 and Omega 7

Alpha 66 (still existent) and Omega 7 (now defunct) were two affiliated Cuban exile action groups which carried out many bombings and acts of sabotage. While many of these attacks have historically been directed at Cuba and the Castro government, many of them occurred domestically, especially during the period of Cuba-US diplomacy and negotiations in the 1970s which is known as "el Diálogo" (the dialogue) when powerful anti-Castro figures in Miami attempted to terrorize those members of their community who advocated a more moderate approach to Cuba. For instance, Luciano Nieves was killed because he advocated peaceful coexistence with Cuba. WQBA-AM news director Emilio Milian lost his legs in a car bomb after he publicly condemned Cuban exile violence. These cases of terrorism were extensively documented by Joan Didion in the book Miami. Human Rights Watch released a report in 1992 in which it claimed that the more extreme exiles have created a political environment in Miami where "moderation can be a dangerous position."

Animal Liberation Front

Animal Liberation Front (ALF) was labelled a serious domestic terrorist threat by the FBI in the early 2000s. ALF is a loosely organized animal rights extremist movement practicing direct action against companies and individuals to cause economic loss and destroy its victim. ALF campaigns have escalated and expanded to encompass harassment and crimes against employees and other companies with business relationships with the target company.[30][31][32] In 2004, the deputy assistant director of the FBI testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee: "Individuals within the movement have discussed actively targeting food producers, biomedical researchers, and even law enforcement with physical harm. But even more disturbing is the recent employment of improvised explosive devices against consumer product testing companies, accompanied by threats of more, larger bombings and even potential assassinations of researchers, corporate officers and employees."[30]

Army of God

Army of God (AOG)[33] is a loose network of individuals and groups connected by ideological affinity and the determination to use force to end abortion in the United States. Acts of anti-abortion violence increased in the mid-1990s culminating in a series of bombings by Eric Robert Rudolph, whose targets included two abortion clinics, a gay and lesbian night club, and the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. Letters sent to newspapers claim responsibility for the bombing of the abortion clinics in the name of the Army of God.

Aryan Nations

Aryan Nations (AN) is a white nationalist neo-Nazi organization founded in the 1970s by Richard Girnt Butler as an arm of the Christian Identity group known as the Church of Jesus Christ–Christian. As of December 2007, there were two main factions that claimed descent from Butler's group. The Aryan Nations has been called a "terrorist threat" by the FBI.[34] The RAND Corporation has called it the "first truly nationwide terrorist network" in the United States.[35]

Atomwaffen Division

Atomwaffen Division (AWD) or simply Atomwaffen is a neo-Nazi organization based in Florida that promotes former American Nazi Party and National Socialist Liberation Front (NSLF) member convict James Mason's Siege and "Universal Order" ideology as well as race war against minorities, Jews, and LGBT people. Atomwaffen also draws influence from Nazi esotericism and the occult. The group has about 80 full members and a "large" amount of initiates and 20 cells across 23 states in America. The organization also has a United Kingdom branch called the Sonnenkrieg Division (SKD), a Baltic branch called Feuerkrieg Division (FKD), a presence in Canada by a group called Northern Order and one located in Germany. The organization has been responsible for the deaths of eight people most notably the murder of Blaze Bernstein, a gay Jewish California student and the killings of Jeremy Himmelman and Andrew Oneschuk.

The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord

The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA) was a radical Christian Identity organization formed in 1971 in the small community of Elijah in southern Missouri, United States. One of its members, Richard Wayne Snell was responsible for the murder of a pawnshop owner and a Missouri state trooper. The CSA collapsed following an FBI and ATF siege in 1985.

Earth Liberation Front

Earth Liberation Front was labeled a serious domestic terrorist threat by the FBI in the early 2000s. Most notable for their arsons resulting in millions of dollars in damage, they have also vandalized and destroyed vehicles, construction and logging equipment, and buildings. For example, William Cottrell was indicted in 2004 for his role in a series of arsons and vandalisms to more than 120 SUVs in California, resulting in more than $2.5 million in damages. Michael James Scarpitti was convicted of a "series of arson and property destruction attacks in 2002 and 2003 against sport utility vehicles, fast food restaurants, construction vehicles, and construction sites" in Virginia.[31][30] "Eight of the terrorist incidents that occurred in the United States in 2001 have been attributed to the Earth Liberation Front."[36]

Jewish Defense League

Jewish Defense League (JDL) was founded in 1968[37] by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City. FBI statistics show that from 1980 to 1985, 15 terrorist attacks were attempted in the U.S. by JDL members.[38] The FBI's Mary Doran described the JDL in 2004 Congressional testimony as "a proscribed terrorist group".[39] The National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism states that during the JDL's first two decades of activity it was an "active terrorist organization."[40][41] Kahane later founded the far right Israeli political party Kach.

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was determined to be a "terrorist organization" in 1870 by a federal grand jury,[42] and the FBI has been investigating crimes by white supremacy extremists including Klan members since 1918.[43] During reconstruction at the end of the Civil War the first KKK used domestic terrorism against the Northerners in the South ("called "Carpetbaggers") as well as against freed slaves. During the late 20th century, leading up to the Civil Rights Movement, various unrelated KKK groups used threats, violence, arson, and murder to further their anti-Black, anti-Catholic, anti-Communist, anti-immigrant, antisemitic, homophobic and white-supremacist agenda. Other groups with agendas similar to the Ku Klux Klan include neo-Nazis, white power skinheads, and other far-right movements.

May 19 Communist Organization

May 19 Communist Organization (variously referred to as the May 19 Communist Coalition, May 19 Communist, and various alternatives of M19CO), was a U.S.-based, self-described revolutionary organization formed by members of the Weather Underground Organization. The group was originally known as the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (PFOC), an organization devoted to legally promoting the causes of the Weather Underground. This was part of Prairie Fire Manifesto change in Weather Underground Organization strategy, which demanded both aboveground mass and clandestine organizations. The role of the clandestine organization would be to build the "consciousness of action" and prepare the way for the development of a people's militia. Concurrently, the role of the mass movement (i.e., above-ground Prairie Fire Collective) would include support for, and encouragement of, armed action. Such an alliance would, according to Weather, "help create the 'sea' for the guerrillas to swim in."[44]

The Order

The Order, also known as the Brüder Schweigen or Silent Brotherhood, was a white nationalist revolutionary group active in the United States between 1983 and 1984. It is probably best known for the 1984 murder of radio talk show host Alan Berg. The group also carried out several bank and car robberies, three murders, and money counterfeiting until its leader, Robert Jay Mathews, was killed in a shootout with FBI agents on Whidbey Island, Washington, in December 1984.

Phineas Priesthood

Phineas Priesthood (Phineas Priests) is a Christian Identity movement that opposes interracial sex, the mixing of races, homosexuality, and abortion. It is also marked by antisemitism, anti-multiculturalism, and opposition to taxation. It is not considered an organization because it is not led by a governing body, there are no gatherings, and there is no membership process. One becomes a Phineas Priest by simply adopting the beliefs of the Priesthood and acting upon those beliefs. Members of the Priesthood are often called terrorists for, among other things, planning to blow up FBI buildings, abortion clinic bombings, and bank robberies.[citation needed]

Symbionese Liberation Army

Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) was an American self-styled, far-left "urban guerrilla warfare group" that considered itself a revolutionary vanguard army. The group committed bank robberies, two murders, and other acts of violence between 1973 and 1975. Among their most notorious acts was the kidnapping of the newspaper heiress Patty Hearst.

United Freedom Front

United Freedom Front (UFF) was a small American Marxist organization active in the 1970s and 1980s. It was originally called the Sam Melville/Jonathan Jackson Unit, and its members became known as the Ohio 7 when they were brought to trial. Between 1975 and 1984 the UFF carried out at least 20 bombings and nine bank robberies in the northeastern United States, targeting corporate buildings, courthouses, and military facilities.[45] Brent L. Smith describes them as "undoubtedly the most successful of the leftist terrorists of the 1970s and 1980s."[46] The group's members were eventually apprehended and convicted of conspiracy, murder, attempted murder, and other charges. Jaan Laaman alone remains incarcerated today, following the death of Tom Manning in 2019.

Weather Underground

The Weather Underground Organization was a far left organization, active from 1969 to 1975, that originated as a faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).[47] Mostly composed of the national office leadership of SDS and their supporters, the group collapsed shortly after the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam in 1975.

Notable domestic terrorist attacks

See also: List of domestic terrorist attacks in the United States

San Francisco Coal Miners Massacre (1849)

The Hounds, a white vigilante group in San Francisco, attacks a Chilean mining community, raping women, burning houses, and lynching two men.[citation needed]

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre (1856)

Main article: Pottawatomie massacre

Abolitionist John Brown with like-minded settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas.[48]

Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)

Main article: Mountain Meadows Massacre

The Mountain Meadows massacre was a series of attacks on the Baker–Fancher emigrant wagon train, at Mountain Meadows in southern Utah. The attacks began on September 7 and culminated on September 11, 1857, resulting in the mass slaughter of the emigrant party by members of the Utah Territorial Militia from the Iron County district, a Mormon group, together with some Paiute Native Americans. Intending to leave no witnesses and thus prevent reprisals, the perpetrators killed all the adults and older children – about 120 men, women, and children in total. Seventeen children, all younger than seven, were spared.

Harper's Ferry Massacre (1859)

Main article: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

Abolitionist John Brown leads a raid on Harper's Ferry arsenal to get weapons for arming slaves to resist slavery. Most of his men were killed, and he was tried for treason and hanged.

Lawrence Massacre (1863)

Main article: Lawrence massacre

On August 21, 1863, the Confederate guerrilla group Quantrill's Raiders led by William Quantrill raided on the Unionist town of Lawrence, Kansas due to the town's long support of abolition. They ransacked the entire town and massacred about 190 civilians in the process.[49]

St. Albans Raid (1864)

Main article: St. Albans Raid

On October 19, 1864, Confederate soldiers without uniform operating from Canada raided the border town of St. Albans, Vermont, robbing $208,000 from three banks, holding hostages, killing a civilian, attempting to burn the entire town with Greek fire, then escaping back to Canada.[50] The raiders were then arrested by British authorities under an extradition request from the U.S. government, but were later freed by a Canadian court on the grounds that they were considered combatants rather than criminals.[51][52]

Lincoln assassination (1865)

Main article: Abraham Lincoln assassination

Less than a week after Confederate general Robert E. Lee had surrendered to Union forces, marking the Union's victory in the American Civil War, a circle of Confederate sympathizers conspired to murder President Abraham Lincoln and members of his Cabinet in the hope of creating chaos and overthrowing the federal government. John Wilkes Booth successfully assassinated Lincoln.

The Colfax Massacre (1873)

Main article: Colfax Massacre

The Colfax Massacre occurred in Colfax, Louisiana on Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873.[53] Republicans had narrowly won the 1872 election to retain control of the state, but Democrats contested the results. Dozens of African-Americans were killed by white supremacist organizations such as the Knights of White Camellia and the Ku Klux Klan, who tried to reinforce antebellum policies of white supremacy.

Haymarket bombing (1886)

Main article: Haymarket affair

Two workers were killed by police in the course of a confrontation between striking workers and strikebreakers in the streets of Chicago. During a rally the next day, an unknown assailant threw dynamite at a line of police officers; the explosion and the mutual violence that followed killed eight police officers and at least four civilians. The attacker was most likely an anarchist, although the trial that convicted the members of a local anarchist cell has since been criticized as unfair.

Milwaukee Police Department bombing (1917)

Main article: Milwaukee Police Department bombing

The Milwaukee Police Department bombing was a November 24, 1917, bomb attack that killed ten people including nine members of local law enforcement. The perpetrators were never caught but are suspected to be an anarchist terrorist cell operating in the United States in the early 20th century. The target was an evangelical church in the Third Ward but killed only the police officers when the bomb was brought to the police station by a concerned member of the public.

Wall Street bombing (1920)

Main article: Wall Street bombing

The Wall Street bombing was a terrorist incident on September 16, 1920, in the Financial District of New York City. A horse-drawn wagon filled with 100 pounds (45 kg) of dynamite was stationed across the street from the headquarters of the J.P. Morgan Bank. The explosion killed 38 and injured 400. Even though no one was found guilty, it is believed that the act was carried out by followers of Luigi Galleani.

Tulsa Race Massacre (1921)

Main article: Tulsa race massacre

On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob started the Tulsa race massacre attacking residents and businesses of the African-American community known as Black Wall Street, in the Greenwood area in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in what is considered one of the worst incidents of racial violence in United States History. The attack, carried out on the ground and by air, destroyed more than 35 blocks of the district, did $30 million (2017 dollars) in damage, left 10,000 people homeless and up to 300 dead in a town considered the wealthiest black community in the nation.

16th Street Baptist Church bombing (1963)

Main article: 16th Street Baptist Church bombing

On Sunday, September 15, 1963, members of the United Klans of America set a bomb consisting of a timing device and fifteen sticks of dynamite to explode at a historically black church in Birmingham, Alabama, that was a local focus of the Civil Rights struggle. The explosion killed four girls between the ages of 11 and 14 and did much other local damage. Three perpetrators were eventually caught years later and sentenced to life imprisonment for their roles. There had been other bombings in Birmingham, then grimly known as "Bombingham" for such attacks.

Unabomber attacks (1978–1995)

Main article: Theodore Kaczynski

From 1978 to 1995, Harvard University graduate and former mathematics professor Theodore "Ted" Kaczynski – known by the codename "UNABOM" until his identification and arrest by the FBI – carried out a campaign of sending letter bombs to academics and various individuals particularly associated with modern technology. In 1996, his manifesto was published in The New York Times and The Washington Post,[54] under the threat of more attacks. The bomb campaign ended with his capture.

Attacks by the Jewish Defense League (1980–1985)

Main article: Terrorism by the Jewish Defense League

In a 2004 congressional testimony, John S. Pistole, executive assistant director for counterterrorism and counterintelligence for the FBI, described the JDL as "a known violent extremist Jewish Organization."[55] FBI statistics show that, from 1980 through 1985, there were 18 terrorist attacks in the U.S. committed by Jews; 15 of those by members of the JDL.[56] Mary Doran, an FBI agent, described the JDL in a 2004 Congressional testimony as "a proscribed terrorist group". Most recently, then-JDL chairman Irv Rubin was jailed while awaiting trial on charges of conspiracy in planning bomb attacks against the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California, and on the office of Arab-American Congressman Darrell Issa. In its report, Terrorism 2000/2001, the FBI referred to the JDL as a "violent extremist Jewish organization" and stated that the FBI was responsible for thwarting at least one of its terrorist acts.[57]

Oklahoma City bombing (1995)

Main article: Oklahoma City bombing

The Oklahoma City bombing was a truck bomb attack by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols which killed 168 people on April 19, 1995 – one of the deadliest domestic-based terrorist attack in the history of the United States. The target being a government building, it was an act of retribution for the FBI and ATF's involvement at Ruby Ridge and in the Waco siege. It inspired improvements to United States federal building security.

Centennial Olympic Park bombing (1996)

Main article: Centennial Olympic Park bombing

The Centennial Olympic Park bombing was a terrorist bombing on July 27, 1996, in Atlanta, Georgia, during the 1996 Summer Olympics, the first of four committed by Eric Robert Rudolph, former explosives expert for the United States Army. Two people died, and 111 were injured.

Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting (2012)

Main article: Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting

On August 5, 2012, Wade Michael Page fatally shot six people (including himself) and wounded four others in a mass shooting at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. Page was an American white supremacist and a United States Army veteran from Cudahy, Wisconsin, who was a member of the neo-Nazi skinhead Hammerskin Nation. All of the dead were members of the Sikh faith.

Boston Marathon bombing (2013)

Main article: Boston Marathon bombing

On April 15, 2013, two homemade bombs detonated 12 seconds and 210 yards apart at 2:49 p.m., near the finish line of the annual Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring several hundred others, including 16 who lost limbs. Kyrgyz-American brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev were apprehended and claimed to have been motivated by radical Islamist beliefs.

Cartoon Drawing Contest shooting (2015)

Main article: Curtis Culwell Center attack

On May 3, 2015, two gunmen, Elton Simpson and Nadir Soofi, wounded a security guard before police shot and killed them. The two men targeted an exhibit featuring cartoon images of Muhammad taking place in the Curtis Culwell Conference Center in Garland, Texas.[58]

Charleston church shooting (2015)

Main article: Charleston church shooting

On June 17, 2015, Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old white supremacist, went into the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, and shot and killed nine people including South Carolina senator Clementa C. Pinckney. Roof was known to be a white supremacist who admired Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and owned a website with a manifesto both called The Last Rhodesian in which he outlined his views toward blacks, among other peoples.

San Bernardino shooting (2015)

Main article: 2015 San Bernardino attack

On December 2, 2015, 14 people were killed and 24 injured in a mass shooting at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California, United States. Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik targeted a San Bernardino County Department of Public Health training event and holiday party of about 80 employees in a rented banquet room. Farook was an American-born citizen of Pakistani descent, while his wife was a Pakistani-born legal resident of the U.S. He had attended the event as an employee before the shooting. Both had become radicalized through jihadist material on the internet, and stockpiled supplies in their home.[citation needed]

Orlando nightclub shooting (2016)

Main article: Orlando nightclub shooting

In the early hours of June 12, 2016, 49 people were killed and 53 were injured in a mass shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The perpetrator, 29-year-old Omar Mateen,[59] was a security guard and person of interest to the FBI in 2013 and 2014. At the time, this event was the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history by a single gunman, later eclipsed by the 2017 Las Vegas shooting on October 1, 2017. Additionally, it was the deadliest confirmed terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the 9/11 attacks and the deadliest attack against LGBT people in U.S. history.

Congressional baseball shooting (2017)

Main article: Congressional baseball shooting

While practice for the annual Congressional Baseball Game for Charity was going on, James Thomas Hodgkinson opened fire on Republican Congressmen and Congresswomen on the field such as U.S. House Majority Whip Steve Scalise, U.S. Capitol Police Officer Crystal Giner, congressional aide Zack Barth and lobbyist Matt Mika, resulting in 6 injuries (4 critical) and the perpetrator’s death.

Charlottesville car attack (2017)

Main article: Charlottesville car attack

During the Charlottesville riots/Unite the Right rally on August 11–12, 2017 in Charlottesville, Virginia, by neo-Nazis, neo-fascists, white nationalists, alt-righters, Southern nationalists and Ku Klux Klansmen, Vanguard America (VA) member James Alex Fields drove his car into counter-protesters, killing 1 named Heather Heyer and injuring 28 others.

Pittsburgh synagogue shooting (2018)

Main article: Pittsburgh synagogue shooting

On October 27, 2018, 11 people died and 6 more were injured at the Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania by Robert Bowers, a racial extremist. The attack was motivated by antisemitism and a belief in the white genocide conspiracy theory.

Escondido mosque fire and Poway synagogue shooting (2019)

Main articles: Escondido mosque fire and Poway synagogue shooting

On March 24, 2019, a mosque in Escondido, California, was set on fire; no one was injured and the fire was contained without major damage. The following month, on April 27, 2019, an elderly Jewish woman named Lori Gilbert-Kaye was killed and three others (including Rabbi Yisroel Goldstein) were injured at the Chabad of Poway synagogue in Poway, California. The accused shooter, John T. Earnest, blamed Jews for "white genocide" and other ills in an antisemitic and racist open letter on 8chan confessing to the mosque arson and citing inspiration from the Christchurch mosque shooter Brenton Harrison Tarrant and Pittsburgh synagogue shooting perpetrator Robert Bowers.

El Paso Walmart shooting (2019)

Main article: 2019 El Paso shooting

On August 3, 2019, a domestic terrorist attack/mass shooting occurred at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas, killing twenty-three people and injuring twenty-two others. The attack was carried out by Patrick Crusius, who wrote a manifesto and later posted it on 4chan in which he cited a supposed "Hispanic invasion of Texas" and "simply trying to defend my country from ethnic and cultural replacement brought on by an invasion" as motivations and also praising the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings.


See also

References

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Further reading

  • Domestic Terrorism: An Overview Congressional Research Service, August 21, 2017.
  • NOW on PBS Are Some Anti-Abortion Attacks Domestic Terrorism?
  • Terrorism & Public Safety Policing: Implications of the Obama Presidency. Pastor, James F. (2009). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-4398-1580-9.

February 15, 2024
domestic, terrorism, united, states, united, states, domestic, terrorism, defined, terrorist, acts, that, were, carried, within, united, states, citizens, permanent, residents, 2021, united, states, government, considers, white, supremacists, domestic, terrori. In the United States domestic terrorism is defined as terrorist acts that were carried out within the United States by U S citizens and or U S permanent residents 1 As of 2021 the United States government considers white supremacists to be the top domestic terrorism threat Contents 1 Definition 2 Types 2 1 Anti abortion violence 2 2 Eco terrorism 2 3 Racialized lynching terror 2 4 Right wing extremist 3 Terrorist organizations 3 1 Alpha 66 and Omega 7 3 2 Animal Liberation Front 3 3 Army of God 3 4 Aryan Nations 3 5 Atomwaffen Division 3 6 The Covenant The Sword and the Arm of the Lord 3 7 Earth Liberation Front 3 8 Jewish Defense League 3 9 Ku Klux Klan 3 10 May 19 Communist Organization 3 11 The Order 3 12 Phineas Priesthood 3 13 Symbionese Liberation Army 3 14 United Freedom Front 3 15 Weather Underground 4 Notable domestic terrorist attacks 4 1 San Francisco Coal Miners Massacre 1849 4 2 Pottawatomie Creek Massacre 1856 4 3 Mountain Meadows Massacre 1857 4 4 Harper s Ferry Massacre 1859 4 5 Lawrence Massacre 1863 4 6 St Albans Raid 1864 4 7 Lincoln assassination 1865 4 8 The Colfax Massacre 1873 4 9 Haymarket bombing 1886 4 10 Milwaukee Police Department bombing 1917 4 11 Wall Street bombing 1920 4 12 Tulsa Race Massacre 1921 4 13 16th Street Baptist Church bombing 1963 4 14 Unabomber attacks 1978 1995 4 15 Attacks by the Jewish Defense League 1980 1985 4 16 Oklahoma City bombing 1995 4 17 Centennial Olympic Park bombing 1996 4 18 Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting 2012 4 19 Boston Marathon bombing 2013 4 20 Cartoon Drawing Contest shooting 2015 4 21 Charleston church shooting 2015 4 22 San Bernardino shooting 2015 4 23 Orlando nightclub shooting 2016 4 24 Congressional baseball shooting 2017 4 25 Charlottesville car attack 2017 4 26 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 2018 4 27 Escondido mosque fire and Poway synagogue shooting 2019 4 28 El Paso Walmart shooting 2019 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingDefinitionThe Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI defines domestic terrorism as violent criminal acts which are committed by individuals and or groups in order to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences such as those of a political religious social racial or environmental nature 2 Under current United States law needs update set forth in the USA PATRIOT Act acts of domestic terrorism are those which A involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State B appear to be intended i to intimidate or coerce a civilian population ii to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion or iii to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction assassination or kidnapping and C occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States 3 4 5 While the PATRIOT Act defines domestic terrorism for the purposes of authorizing law enforcement investigations no federal criminal offense exists which is referred to as domestic terrorism While international terrorism acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries is a defined crime in federal law 6 acts of domestic terrorism are charged under specific laws such as killing federal agents or attempting to use explosives to destroy a building in interstate commerce 7 Citizens suspected of terrorism are usually investigated and arrested by federal law enforcement such as the FBI For instance from 2016 to 2018 the FBI arrested 355 suspects on charges related to domestic terrorism Per the FBI the vast majority were motivated by racist and anti government ideology 8 Some state and local jurisdictions including Washington D C 9 and New York State 10 do define terrorism as a crime without regard as to whether the perpetrators are international in origin TypesAnti abortion violence Main article Anti abortion violence Anti abortion extremists in the United States have committed violence against individuals and organizations that provide abortions or abortion counseling acts that are considered terrorism Incidents have included crimes against people such as murder assault kidnapping and stalking crimes which affect both people and property such as arson or bombings and property crimes such as vandalism Perpetrators of these incidents may defend their actions by stating that they are necessary to protect the lives of fetuses and they are often motivated by their Christian beliefs leading to anti abortion violence s identification as Christian terrorism it is also associated with antifeminism 11 Notable incidents of anti abortion violence include the murders of a number of doctors and clinic staff in the 1990s In 1993 Michael F Griffin shot Dr David Gunn to death during a protest In 1994 Paul Jennings Hill shot Dr John Britton and clinic escort James Barrett to death also wounding Barrett s wife June John Salvi shot and killed two receptionists Shannon Lowney and Lee Ann Nichols Paul Hill would yell at the clinic God hates murderers 12 Eric Robert Rudolph bombed the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta in protest of abortion killing one person and wounding 111 and bombed several abortion clinics in 1997 and 1998 killing a security guard and critically injuring a nurse In 1998 James Kopp shot a number of abortion providers killing one Dr Barnett Slepian In 2009 Scott Roeder shot and killed Dr George Tiller Tiller served as an usher at church he had previously been a target in 1993 when he was shot by Shelley Shannon The Army of God an underground terrorist organization has been responsible for a substantial amount of anti abortion violence including a number of the above murders In 2015 Robert Lewis Dear a 57 year old Kentucky born moved from South Carolina to North Carolina to Colorado where he opened fire on a Planned Parenthood facility killing two civilians and a police officer After a five hour standoff Dear told the police no more baby parts 13 Robert Lewis Dear has been found to be mentally incompetent to stand trial 14 Eco terrorism Main article Eco terrorism According to the FBI in June 2008 eco terrorists and extreme animal rights activists represented one of the most serious domestic terrorism threats in the US at the time They had committed over 2 000 crimes and caused over 110 million in damages in the 28 29 years since 1979 against targets including lumber companies animal testing facilities and genetic research firms No human casualties were reported 15 Racialized lynching terror Main articles Lynching Lynching in the United States and Mass racial violence in the United States According to the Equal Justice Initiative more than 4 400 African Americans were lynched from 1877 to 1940 Racialized lynchings were carried out as part of a widely supported racial domestic terrorist campaign to enforce racial subordination and segregation in the South and beyond between Reconstruction and World War II 16 In July 2020 the FBI began investigating the alleged attempted lynching of Vauhxx Booker a Bloomington Indiana civil rights activist and local official Video of the incident showed five men pinning Booker down Booker said the men had Confederate flags and threatened to lynch him 17 Two men were initially charged with assaulting Booker while Booker was later charged with battery and trespassing in August 2021 over the same incident The case was eventually resolved through restorative justice and all charges were dropped 18 Right wing extremist Main articles Right wing extremist terrorism in the US and White supremacy terrorism in the US Right wing terrorism or far right terrorism is motivated by a variety of different right wing and far right ideologies most prominently by neo Nazism neo fascism white nationalism white separatism ethnonationalism religious nationalism and anti government patriot sovereign citizen beliefs A 2017 report by the U S Government Accountability Office found that of the 85 deadly extremist incidents since 9 11 far right wing extremist groups were responsible for 73 while radical Islamist extremists were responsible for 27 The total number of deaths caused by each group was about the same though 41 of the deaths attributable to radical Islamists occurred in a single event the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting in which 49 people were killed by a lone gunman No deaths were attributed to left wing groups 19 20 21 A June 2020 study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies CSIS reported that over 25 years of domestic terrorism incidents the majority of attacks and plots had come from far right attackers The trend had accelerated in recent years with this sector responsible for about 66 of attacks and plots in 2019 and 90 of those in 2020 The next most potentially dangerous group was religious extremists the majority Salafi jihadists inspired by the Islamic State and al Qaida while the number planned by the far left had reduced to a minute fraction since the mid 2000s 22 23 The Domestic Terrorism Prevention Act has proposed legislation that would create offices within the Justice Department the Department of Homeland Security and the FBI to combat far right violence In September 2020 the bill as H R 5602 passed the Democratic majority House unanimously 24 but the Republican majority Senate prevented a vote Sen Ron Johnson said the Justice Department had claimed the legislation might impede rather than enhance its ability to combat far right violence A Justice Department spokesperson alluded to technical concerns with the bill but did not elaborate 25 The Department of Homeland Security reported in October 2020 that white supremacists posed the top domestic terrorism threat which FBI director Christopher Wray confirmed in March 2021 noting the bureau had elevated the threat to the same level as ISIS 26 The DHS report did not mention antifa despite persistent allegations about its threat from the political right in recent years 27 28 29 Terrorist organizationsAlpha 66 and Omega 7 Alpha 66 still existent and Omega 7 now defunct were two affiliated Cuban exile action groups which carried out many bombings and acts of sabotage While many of these attacks have historically been directed at Cuba and the Castro government many of them occurred domestically especially during the period of Cuba US diplomacy and negotiations in the 1970s which is known as el Dialogo the dialogue when powerful anti Castro figures in Miami attempted to terrorize those members of their community who advocated a more moderate approach to Cuba For instance Luciano Nieves was killed because he advocated peaceful coexistence with Cuba WQBA AM news director Emilio Milian lost his legs in a car bomb after he publicly condemned Cuban exile violence These cases of terrorism were extensively documented by Joan Didion in the book Miami Human Rights Watch released a report in 1992 in which it claimed that the more extreme exiles have created a political environment in Miami where moderation can be a dangerous position Animal Liberation Front Animal Liberation Front ALF was labelled a serious domestic terrorist threat by the FBI in the early 2000s ALF is a loosely organized animal rights extremist movement practicing direct action against companies and individuals to cause economic loss and destroy its victim ALF campaigns have escalated and expanded to encompass harassment and crimes against employees and other companies with business relationships with the target company 30 31 32 In 2004 the deputy assistant director of the FBI testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee Individuals within the movement have discussed actively targeting food producers biomedical researchers and even law enforcement with physical harm But even more disturbing is the recent employment of improvised explosive devices against consumer product testing companies accompanied by threats of more larger bombings and even potential assassinations of researchers corporate officers and employees 30 Army of God Army of God AOG 33 is a loose network of individuals and groups connected by ideological affinity and the determination to use force to end abortion in the United States Acts of anti abortion violence increased in the mid 1990s culminating in a series of bombings by Eric Robert Rudolph whose targets included two abortion clinics a gay and lesbian night club and the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta Letters sent to newspapers claim responsibility for the bombing of the abortion clinics in the name of the Army of God Aryan Nations Aryan Nations AN is a white nationalist neo Nazi organization founded in the 1970s by Richard Girnt Butler as an arm of the Christian Identity group known as the Church of Jesus Christ Christian As of December 2007 there were two main factions that claimed descent from Butler s group The Aryan Nations has been called a terrorist threat by the FBI 34 The RAND Corporation has called it the first truly nationwide terrorist network in the United States 35 Atomwaffen Division Atomwaffen Division AWD or simply Atomwaffen is a neo Nazi organization based in Florida that promotes former American Nazi Party and National Socialist Liberation Front NSLF member convict James Mason s Siege and Universal Order ideology as well as race war against minorities Jews and LGBT people Atomwaffen also draws influence from Nazi esotericism and the occult The group has about 80 full members and a large amount of initiates and 20 cells across 23 states in America The organization also has a United Kingdom branch called the Sonnenkrieg Division SKD a Baltic branch called Feuerkrieg Division FKD a presence in Canada by a group called Northern Order and one located in Germany The organization has been responsible for the deaths of eight people most notably the murder of Blaze Bernstein a gay Jewish California student and the killings of Jeremy Himmelman and Andrew Oneschuk The Covenant The Sword and the Arm of the Lord The Covenant The Sword and the Arm of the Lord CSA was a radical Christian Identity organization formed in 1971 in the small community of Elijah in southern Missouri United States One of its members Richard Wayne Snell was responsible for the murder of a pawnshop owner and a Missouri state trooper The CSA collapsed following an FBI and ATF siege in 1985 Earth Liberation Front Earth Liberation Front was labeled a serious domestic terrorist threat by the FBI in the early 2000s Most notable for their arsons resulting in millions of dollars in damage they have also vandalized and destroyed vehicles construction and logging equipment and buildings For example William Cottrell was indicted in 2004 for his role in a series of arsons and vandalisms to more than 120 SUVs in California resulting in more than 2 5 million in damages Michael James Scarpitti was convicted of a series of arson and property destruction attacks in 2002 and 2003 against sport utility vehicles fast food restaurants construction vehicles and construction sites in Virginia 31 30 Eight of the terrorist incidents that occurred in the United States in 2001 have been attributed to the Earth Liberation Front 36 Jewish Defense League Jewish Defense League JDL was founded in 1968 37 by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City FBI statistics show that from 1980 to 1985 15 terrorist attacks were attempted in the U S by JDL members 38 The FBI s Mary Doran described the JDL in 2004 Congressional testimony as a proscribed terrorist group 39 The National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism states that during the JDL s first two decades of activity it was an active terrorist organization 40 41 Kahane later founded the far right Israeli political party Kach Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan KKK was determined to be a terrorist organization in 1870 by a federal grand jury 42 and the FBI has been investigating crimes by white supremacy extremists including Klan members since 1918 43 During reconstruction at the end of the Civil War the first KKK used domestic terrorism against the Northerners in the South called Carpetbaggers as well as against freed slaves During the late 20th century leading up to the Civil Rights Movement various unrelated KKK groups used threats violence arson and murder to further their anti Black anti Catholic anti Communist anti immigrant antisemitic homophobic and white supremacist agenda Other groups with agendas similar to the Ku Klux Klan include neo Nazis white power skinheads and other far right movements May 19 Communist Organization May 19 Communist Organization variously referred to as the May 19 Communist Coalition May 19 Communist and various alternatives of M19CO was a U S based self described revolutionary organization formed by members of the Weather Underground Organization The group was originally known as the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee PFOC an organization devoted to legally promoting the causes of the Weather Underground This was part of Prairie Fire Manifesto change in Weather Underground Organization strategy which demanded both aboveground mass and clandestine organizations The role of the clandestine organization would be to build the consciousness of action and prepare the way for the development of a people s militia Concurrently the role of the mass movement i e above ground Prairie Fire Collective would include support for and encouragement of armed action Such an alliance would according to Weather help create the sea for the guerrillas to swim in 44 The Order The Order also known as the Bruder Schweigen or Silent Brotherhood was a white nationalist revolutionary group active in the United States between 1983 and 1984 It is probably best known for the 1984 murder of radio talk show host Alan Berg The group also carried out several bank and car robberies three murders and money counterfeiting until its leader Robert Jay Mathews was killed in a shootout with FBI agents on Whidbey Island Washington in December 1984 Phineas Priesthood Phineas Priesthood Phineas Priests is a Christian Identity movement that opposes interracial sex the mixing of races homosexuality and abortion It is also marked by antisemitism anti multiculturalism and opposition to taxation It is not considered an organization because it is not led by a governing body there are no gatherings and there is no membership process One becomes a Phineas Priest by simply adopting the beliefs of the Priesthood and acting upon those beliefs Members of the Priesthood are often called terrorists for among other things planning to blow up FBI buildings abortion clinic bombings and bank robberies citation needed Symbionese Liberation Army Symbionese Liberation Army SLA was an American self styled far left urban guerrilla warfare group that considered itself a revolutionary vanguard army The group committed bank robberies two murders and other acts of violence between 1973 and 1975 Among their most notorious acts was the kidnapping of the newspaper heiress Patty Hearst United Freedom Front United Freedom Front UFF was a small American Marxist organization active in the 1970s and 1980s It was originally called the Sam Melville Jonathan Jackson Unit and its members became known as the Ohio 7 when they were brought to trial Between 1975 and 1984 the UFF carried out at least 20 bombings and nine bank robberies in the northeastern United States targeting corporate buildings courthouses and military facilities 45 Brent L Smith describes them as undoubtedly the most successful of the leftist terrorists of the 1970s and 1980s 46 The group s members were eventually apprehended and convicted of conspiracy murder attempted murder and other charges Jaan Laaman alone remains incarcerated today following the death of Tom Manning in 2019 Weather Underground The Weather Underground Organization was a far left organization active from 1969 to 1975 that originated as a faction of Students for a Democratic Society SDS 47 Mostly composed of the national office leadership of SDS and their supporters the group collapsed shortly after the U S withdrawal from Vietnam in 1975 Notable domestic terrorist attacksSee also List of domestic terrorist attacks in the United States San Francisco Coal Miners Massacre 1849 The Hounds a white vigilante group in San Francisco attacks a Chilean mining community raping women burning houses and lynching two men citation needed Pottawatomie Creek Massacre 1856 Main article Pottawatomie massacre Abolitionist John Brown with like minded settlers killed five pro slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County Kansas 48 Mountain Meadows Massacre 1857 Main article Mountain Meadows Massacre The Mountain Meadows massacre was a series of attacks on the Baker Fancher emigrant wagon train at Mountain Meadows in southern Utah The attacks began on September 7 and culminated on September 11 1857 resulting in the mass slaughter of the emigrant party by members of the Utah Territorial Militia from the Iron County district a Mormon group together with some Paiute Native Americans Intending to leave no witnesses and thus prevent reprisals the perpetrators killed all the adults and older children about 120 men women and children in total Seventeen children all younger than seven were spared Harper s Ferry Massacre 1859 Main article John Brown s raid on Harpers Ferry Abolitionist John Brown leads a raid on Harper s Ferry arsenal to get weapons for arming slaves to resist slavery Most of his men were killed and he was tried for treason and hanged Lawrence Massacre 1863 Main article Lawrence massacre On August 21 1863 the Confederate guerrilla group Quantrill s Raiders led by William Quantrill raided on the Unionist town of Lawrence Kansas due to the town s long support of abolition They ransacked the entire town and massacred about 190 civilians in the process 49 St Albans Raid 1864 Main article St Albans Raid On October 19 1864 Confederate soldiers without uniform operating from Canada raided the border town of St Albans Vermont robbing 208 000 from three banks holding hostages killing a civilian attempting to burn the entire town with Greek fire then escaping back to Canada 50 The raiders were then arrested by British authorities under an extradition request from the U S government but were later freed by a Canadian court on the grounds that they were considered combatants rather than criminals 51 52 Lincoln assassination 1865 Main article Abraham Lincoln assassination Less than a week after Confederate general Robert E Lee had surrendered to Union forces marking the Union s victory in the American Civil War a circle of Confederate sympathizers conspired to murder President Abraham Lincoln and members of his Cabinet in the hope of creating chaos and overthrowing the federal government John Wilkes Booth successfully assassinated Lincoln The Colfax Massacre 1873 Main article Colfax Massacre The Colfax Massacre occurred in Colfax Louisiana on Easter Sunday April 13 1873 53 Republicans had narrowly won the 1872 election to retain control of the state but Democrats contested the results Dozens of African Americans were killed by white supremacist organizations such as the Knights of White Camellia and the Ku Klux Klan who tried to reinforce antebellum policies of white supremacy Haymarket bombing 1886 Main article Haymarket affair Two workers were killed by police in the course of a confrontation between striking workers and strikebreakers in the streets of Chicago During a rally the next day an unknown assailant threw dynamite at a line of police officers the explosion and the mutual violence that followed killed eight police officers and at least four civilians The attacker was most likely an anarchist although the trial that convicted the members of a local anarchist cell has since been criticized as unfair Milwaukee Police Department bombing 1917 Main article Milwaukee Police Department bombing The Milwaukee Police Department bombing was a November 24 1917 bomb attack that killed ten people including nine members of local law enforcement The perpetrators were never caught but are suspected to be an anarchist terrorist cell operating in the United States in the early 20th century The target was an evangelical church in the Third Ward but killed only the police officers when the bomb was brought to the police station by a concerned member of the public Wall Street bombing 1920 Main article Wall Street bombing The Wall Street bombing was a terrorist incident on September 16 1920 in the Financial District of New York City A horse drawn wagon filled with 100 pounds 45 kg of dynamite was stationed across the street from the headquarters of the J P Morgan Bank The explosion killed 38 and injured 400 Even though no one was found guilty it is believed that the act was carried out by followers of Luigi Galleani Tulsa Race Massacre 1921 Main article Tulsa race massacre On May 31 and June 1 1921 a white mob started the Tulsa race massacre attacking residents and businesses of the African American community known as Black Wall Street in the Greenwood area in Tulsa Oklahoma in what is considered one of the worst incidents of racial violence in United States History The attack carried out on the ground and by air destroyed more than 35 blocks of the district did 30 million 2017 dollars in damage left 10 000 people homeless and up to 300 dead in a town considered the wealthiest black community in the nation 16th Street Baptist Church bombing 1963 Main article 16th Street Baptist Church bombing On Sunday September 15 1963 members of the United Klans of America set a bomb consisting of a timing device and fifteen sticks of dynamite to explode at a historically black church in Birmingham Alabama that was a local focus of the Civil Rights struggle The explosion killed four girls between the ages of 11 and 14 and did much other local damage Three perpetrators were eventually caught years later and sentenced to life imprisonment for their roles There had been other bombings in Birmingham then grimly known as Bombingham for such attacks Unabomber attacks 1978 1995 Main article Theodore Kaczynski From 1978 to 1995 Harvard University graduate and former mathematics professor Theodore Ted Kaczynski known by the codename UNABOM until his identification and arrest by the FBI carried out a campaign of sending letter bombs to academics and various individuals particularly associated with modern technology In 1996 his manifesto was published in The New York Times and The Washington Post 54 under the threat of more attacks The bomb campaign ended with his capture Attacks by the Jewish Defense League 1980 1985 Main article Terrorism by the Jewish Defense League In a 2004 congressional testimony John S Pistole executive assistant director for counterterrorism and counterintelligence for the FBI described the JDL as a known violent extremist Jewish Organization 55 FBI statistics show that from 1980 through 1985 there were 18 terrorist attacks in the U S committed by Jews 15 of those by members of the JDL 56 Mary Doran an FBI agent described the JDL in a 2004 Congressional testimony as a proscribed terrorist group Most recently then JDL chairman Irv Rubin was jailed while awaiting trial on charges of conspiracy in planning bomb attacks against the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City California and on the office of Arab American Congressman Darrell Issa In its report Terrorism 2000 2001 the FBI referred to the JDL as a violent extremist Jewish organization and stated that the FBI was responsible for thwarting at least one of its terrorist acts 57 Oklahoma City bombing 1995 Main article Oklahoma City bombing The Oklahoma City bombing was a truck bomb attack by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols which killed 168 people on April 19 1995 one of the deadliest domestic based terrorist attack in the history of the United States The target being a government building it was an act of retribution for the FBI and ATF s involvement at Ruby Ridge and in the Waco siege It inspired improvements to United States federal building security Centennial Olympic Park bombing 1996 Main article Centennial Olympic Park bombing The Centennial Olympic Park bombing was a terrorist bombing on July 27 1996 in Atlanta Georgia during the 1996 Summer Olympics the first of four committed by Eric Robert Rudolph former explosives expert for the United States Army Two people died and 111 were injured Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting 2012 Main article Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting On August 5 2012 Wade Michael Page fatally shot six people including himself and wounded four others in a mass shooting at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek Wisconsin Page was an American white supremacist and a United States Army veteran from Cudahy Wisconsin who was a member of the neo Nazi skinhead Hammerskin Nation All of the dead were members of the Sikh faith Boston Marathon bombing 2013 Main article Boston Marathon bombing On April 15 2013 two homemade bombs detonated 12 seconds and 210 yards apart at 2 49 p m near the finish line of the annual Boston Marathon killing three people and injuring several hundred others including 16 who lost limbs Kyrgyz American brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev were apprehended and claimed to have been motivated by radical Islamist beliefs Cartoon Drawing Contest shooting 2015 Main article Curtis Culwell Center attack On May 3 2015 two gunmen Elton Simpson and Nadir Soofi wounded a security guard before police shot and killed them The two men targeted an exhibit featuring cartoon images of Muhammad taking place in the Curtis Culwell Conference Center in Garland Texas 58 Charleston church shooting 2015 Main article Charleston church shooting On June 17 2015 Dylann Roof a 21 year old white supremacist went into the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston South Carolina and shot and killed nine people including South Carolina senator Clementa C Pinckney Roof was known to be a white supremacist who admired Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and owned a website with a manifesto both called The Last Rhodesian in which he outlined his views toward blacks among other peoples San Bernardino shooting 2015 Main article 2015 San Bernardino attack On December 2 2015 14 people were killed and 24 injured in a mass shooting at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino California United States Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik targeted a San Bernardino County Department of Public Health training event and holiday party of about 80 employees in a rented banquet room Farook was an American born citizen of Pakistani descent while his wife was a Pakistani born legal resident of the U S He had attended the event as an employee before the shooting Both had become radicalized through jihadist material on the internet and stockpiled supplies in their home citation needed Orlando nightclub shooting 2016 Main article Orlando nightclub shooting In the early hours of June 12 2016 49 people were killed and 53 were injured in a mass shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando Florida The perpetrator 29 year old Omar Mateen 59 was a security guard and person of interest to the FBI in 2013 and 2014 At the time this event was the deadliest mass shooting in U S history by a single gunman later eclipsed by the 2017 Las Vegas shooting on October 1 2017 Additionally it was the deadliest confirmed terrorist attack on U S soil since the 9 11 attacks and the deadliest attack against LGBT people in U S history Congressional baseball shooting 2017 Main article Congressional baseball shooting While practice for the annual Congressional Baseball Game for Charity was going on James Thomas Hodgkinson opened fire on Republican Congressmen and Congresswomen on the field such as U S House Majority Whip Steve Scalise U S Capitol Police Officer Crystal Giner congressional aide Zack Barth and lobbyist Matt Mika resulting in 6 injuries 4 critical and the perpetrator s death Charlottesville car attack 2017 Main article Charlottesville car attack During the Charlottesville riots Unite the Right rally on August 11 12 2017 in Charlottesville Virginia by neo Nazis neo fascists white nationalists alt righters Southern nationalists and Ku Klux Klansmen Vanguard America VA member James Alex Fields drove his car into counter protesters killing 1 named Heather Heyer and injuring 28 others Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 2018 Main article Pittsburgh synagogue shooting On October 27 2018 11 people died and 6 more were injured at the Tree of Life Or L Simcha Congregation in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania by Robert Bowers a racial extremist The attack was motivated by antisemitism and a belief in the white genocide conspiracy theory Escondido mosque fire and Poway synagogue shooting 2019 Main articles Escondido mosque fire and Poway synagogue shooting On March 24 2019 a mosque in Escondido California was set on fire no one was injured and the fire was contained without major damage The following month on April 27 2019 an elderly Jewish woman named Lori Gilbert Kaye was killed and three others including Rabbi Yisroel Goldstein were injured at the Chabad of Poway synagogue in Poway California The accused shooter John T Earnest blamed Jews for white genocide and other ills in an antisemitic and racist open letter on 8chan confessing to the mosque arson and citing inspiration from the Christchurch mosque shooter Brenton Harrison Tarrant and Pittsburgh synagogue shooting perpetrator Robert Bowers El Paso Walmart shooting 2019 Main article 2019 El Paso shooting On August 3 2019 a domestic terrorist attack mass shooting occurred at a Walmart store in El Paso Texas killing twenty three people and injuring twenty two others The attack was carried out by Patrick Crusius who wrote a manifesto and later posted it on 4chan in which he cited a supposed Hispanic invasion of Texas and simply trying to defend my country from ethnic and cultural replacement brought on by an invasion as motivations and also praising the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings See alsoElaine massacre 1919 Tulsa race massacre 1921 Rosewood Massacre 1923 Battle of Athens 1946 Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Anti abortion violence in the United States Bath School disaster 2009 Fort Hood shooting Jihadist extremism in the United States List of incidents of political violence in Washington D C Mass racial violence in the United States American militia movement Murders of Chaney Goodman and Schwerner 1964 Resistance Conspiracy case Terrorism in the United States Christopher Paul Hasson Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge 2016 Right wing terrorism Left wing terrorism 2021 storming of the United States CapitolReferences American Militant Extremists Archived from the original on November 28 2005 Retrieved December 1 2005 Terrorism Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on July 2 2020 Retrieved July 8 2020 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is 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Pollack Antiabortion Antifeminism and the Rise of the New Right Feminist Studies vol 7 no 2 1981 pp 206 246 JSTOR www jstor org stable 3177522 Paul Hill Domestic Terrorist YouTube July 6 2009 Archived from the original on March 25 2016 Retrieved February 27 2016 Conlon Kevin November 29 2015 Source Colorado shooting suspect spoke of baby parts CNN com Archived from the original on December 9 2015 Retrieved February 27 2016 Planned Parenthood shooter remains incompetent to stand trial judge rules denverpost com August 11 2016 Archived from the original on September 23 2016 Retrieved September 22 2016 FBI Using Intel Against Eco Terrorists Fbi gov June 30 2008 Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved February 27 2016 Equal Justice Initiative 2017 Lynching Report PDF Lynching in America Archived PDF from the original on August 21 2020 Retrieved July 8 2020 FBI opens investigation into the alleged attempted lynching of a black man in Indiana www msn com Archived from the 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Military History Now The Aftermath www stalbansraid com The Colfax Massacre C SPAN org www c span org Archived from the original on July 8 2020 Retrieved July 8 2020 Unabomber Special Report Wwashingtonpost com Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved February 27 2016 Federal Bureau of Investigation Congressional Testimony Archived from the original on July 7 2010 Retrieved February 5 2016 Terrorist Organization Profiles START National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism Start umd edu Archived from the original on October 5 2018 Retrieved February 27 2016 Terrorism 2000 2001 fbi gov September 8 2010 Archived from the original on October 7 2012 Retrieved July 28 2016 60 Minutes investigates first ISIS claimed attack in U S and what the FBI knew www cbsnews com March 26 2017 Archived from the original on February 13 2018 Retrieved July 8 2020 Lyons Kate June 12 2016 Orlando Pulse club attack gunman behind shooting that killed 50 named as Omar Mateen the Guardian Archived from the original on June 12 2016 Retrieved June 12 2016 Further readingDomestic Terrorism An Overview Congressional Research Service August 21 2017 NOW on PBS Are Some Anti Abortion Attacks Domestic Terrorism Terrorism amp Public Safety Policing Implications of the Obama Presidency Pastor James F 2009 New York NY Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 4398 1580 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Domestic terrorism in the United States amp oldid 1199168671, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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