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Ted Kaczynski

October 21, 2023

"Unabomber" redirects here. For other uses, see Unabomber (disambiguation).

Theodore John Kaczynski (/kəˈzɪnski/ ⓘ kə-ZIN-skee; May 22, 1942 – June 10, 2023), also known as the Unabomber (/ˈjuːnəbɒmər/ ⓘ YOO-nə-bom-ər), was an American mathematician and domestic terrorist.[1][2] He was a mathematics prodigy, but abandoned his academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle.

Ted Kaczynski
Kaczynski after his arrest in 1996
Born
Theodore John Kaczynski

(1942-05-22)May 22, 1942
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedJune 10, 2023(2023-06-10) (aged 81)
FMC Butner, Durham County, North Carolina, U.S.
Other names
  • Unabomber
  • FC
Education
OccupationMathematics professor
Notable work"Industrial Society and Its Future" (1995)

Technological Slavery (2010)

Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How (2016)
RelativesDavid Kaczynski (brother)
Conviction(s)10 counts of transportation, mailing, and use of bombs; three counts of first-degree murder
Criminal penalty8 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole
Details
Span of crimes
1978–1995
Killed3
Injured23
Date apprehended
April 3, 1996
Scientific career
FieldsComplex analysis
Institutions
ThesisBoundary Functions (1967)
Doctoral advisorAllen Shields
Other academic advisorsGeorge Piranian
Signature

Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski murdered three individuals and injured 23 others in a nationwide mail bombing campaign against people he believed to be advancing modern technology and the destruction of the natural environment. He authored Industrial Society and Its Future, a 35,000-word manifesto and social critique opposing industrialization, rejecting leftism, and advocating a nature-centered form of anarchism.[3] In addition, he authored two books while incarcerated, Technological Slavery and Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How that each elaborate or expand on the ideas put forth in his manifesto.

In 1971, Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water near Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills to become self-sufficient. After witnessing the destruction of the wilderness surrounding his cabin, he concluded that living in nature was becoming impossible and resolved to fight industrialization and its destruction of nature through terrorism. In 1979, Kaczynski became the subject of what was, by the time of his arrest in 1996, the longest and most expensive investigation in the history of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI used the case identifier UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) before his identity was known, resulting in the media naming him the "Unabomber".

In 1995, Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times promising to "desist from terrorism" if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto, in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary in attracting attention to the erosion of human freedom and dignity by modern technologies.[4] The FBI and U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno pushed for the publication of the essay, which appeared in The Washington Post in September 1995. Upon reading it, Kaczynski's brother, David, recognized the prose style and reported his suspicions to the FBI. After his arrest in 1996, Kaczynski—maintaining that he was sane—tried and failed to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wished him to plead insanity to avoid the death penalty. He pleaded guilty to all charges in 1998 and was sentenced to eight consecutive life terms in prison without the possibility of parole. In June 2023, Kaczynski died by suicide in prison.[5][6]

Early life

Childhood

 
Kaczynski's birth certificate and several of his driver's licenses

Theodore John Kaczynski was born in Chicago on May 22, 1942, to working-class parents Wanda Theresa (née Dombek) and Theodore Richard Kaczynski, a sausage maker.[7] The two were Polish Americans who were raised as Roman Catholics but later became atheists.[8] They married on April 11, 1939.[8]

From first to fourth grade (ages six to nine), Kaczynski attended Sherman Elementary School in Chicago, where administrators described him as healthy and well-adjusted.[9] In 1952, three years after his brother David was born, the family moved to suburban Evergreen Park, Illinois, and Ted transferred to Evergreen Park Central Junior High School. After testing scored his IQ at 167,[10] he skipped the sixth grade. Kaczynski later described this as a pivotal event: previously he had socialized with his peers and was even a leader, but after skipping ahead of them he felt he did not fit in with the older children, who bullied him.[11]

Neighbors in Evergreen Park later described the Kaczynski family as "civic-minded folks", one recalling the parents "sacrificed everything they had for their children."[8] Both Ted and David were intelligent, but Ted was exceptionally bright. Neighbors described him as a smart but lonely individual.[8][12]

High school

Kaczynski attended Evergreen Park Community High School, where he excelled academically. He played the trombone in the marching band and was a member of the mathematics, biology, coin, and German clubs.[13][14] In 1996, a former classmate said: "He was never really seen as a person, as an individual personality ... He was always regarded as a walking brain, so to speak."[8] During this period, Kaczynski became intensely interested in mathematics, spending hours studying and solving advanced problems. He became associated with a group of like-minded boys interested in science and mathematics, known as the "briefcase boys" for their habit of carrying briefcases.[14]

Throughout high school, Kaczynski was ahead of his classmates academically. Placed in a more advanced mathematics class, he soon mastered the material. He skipped the eleventh grade, and, by attending summer school, he graduated at age 15. Kaczynski was one of his school's five National Merit finalists and was encouraged to apply to Harvard University.[13] While still at age 15, he was accepted to Harvard and entered the university on a scholarship in 1958 at age 16.[15] A classmate later said Kaczynski was emotionally unprepared: "They packed him up and sent him to Harvard before he was ready ... He didn't even have a driver's license."[8]

Harvard University

 
Kaczynski (bottom right) with other merit scholarship finalists from his high school

Kaczynski matriculated at Harvard as a mathematics prodigy. During his first year at the university, Kaczynski lived at 8 Prescott Street, which was intended to provide a small, intimate living space for the youngest, most precocious incoming students. For the following three years, he lived at Eliot House. His housemates and other students at Harvard described Kaczynski as a very intelligent but socially reserved person.[16] Kaczynski earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Harvard in 1962, finishing with a GPA of 3.12.[17][18][19]

Psychological study

In his second year at Harvard, Kaczynski participated in a study described by author Alston Chase as a "purposely brutalizing psychological experiment" led by Harvard psychologist Henry Murray. Subjects were told they would debate personal philosophy with a fellow student and were asked to write essays detailing their personal beliefs and aspirations. The essays were given to an anonymous individual who would confront and belittle the subject in what Murray himself called "vehement, sweeping, and personally abusive" attacks, using the content of the essays as ammunition.[20] Electrodes monitored the subject's physiological reactions. These encounters were filmed, and subjects' expressions of anger and rage were later played back to them repeatedly.[20] The experiment lasted three years, with someone verbally abusing and humiliating Kaczynski each week.[21][22] Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study.[23]

Kaczynski's lawyers later attributed his hostility towards mind control techniques to his participation in Murray's study.[20] During the Second World War, Murray had worked with the Office of Strategic Services, a U.S. intelligence agency often referred to as the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), where he conducted psychological experiments.[24] Some sources have suggested that Murray's experiments were part of Project MKUltra, the CIA's program of research into mind control.[25][26] Chase and others have also suggested that this experience may have motivated Kaczynski's criminal activities.[27][28] Kaczynski stated he resented Murray and his co-workers, primarily because of the invasion of his privacy he perceived as a result of their experiments. Nevertheless, he said he was "quite confident that [his] experiences with Professor Murray had no significant effect on the course of [his] life."[29] Kaczynski has denied any serious or long-term ramifications of the study, suggesting fixation on it is the result of wild conspiracy theories.[30]

Mathematics career

 
Kaczynski's diplomas from Harvard University and the University of Michigan

In 1962, Kaczynski enrolled at the University of Michigan, where he earned his master's and doctoral degrees in mathematics in 1964 and 1967, respectively. Michigan was not his first choice for postgraduate education; he had applied to the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Chicago, both of which accepted him but offered him no teaching position or financial aid. Michigan offered him an annual grant of $2,310 (equivalent to $22,348 in 2022) and a teaching post.[19]

At Michigan, Kaczynski specialized in complex analysis, specifically geometric function theory. Professor Peter Duren said of Kaczynski, "He was an unusual person. He was not like the other graduate students. He was much more focused about his work. He had a drive to discover mathematical truth." George Piranian, another of his Michigan mathematics professors, said, "It is not enough to say he was smart."[31] Professor Allen Shields wrote about Kaczynski in a grade evaluation that he was the "best man I have seen."[32] Kaczynski received one F, five Bs and twelve As in his eighteen courses at the university. In 2006, he said he had unpleasant memories of Michigan and felt the university had low standards for grading, considering his relatively high grades.[19]

For a period of several weeks in 1966, Kaczynski experienced intense sexual fantasies of being female and decided to undergo gender transition. He arranged to meet with a psychiatrist, but changed his mind in the waiting room and discussed other things instead, without disclosing his original reason for making the appointment. Afterwards, enraged, he considered killing the psychiatrist and other people whom he hated. Kaczynski described this episode as a "major turning point" in his life.[33][34] He recalled: "I felt disgusted about what my uncontrolled sexual cravings had almost led me to do. And I felt humiliated, and I violently hated the psychiatrist. Just then there came a major turning point in my life. Like a Phoenix, I burst from the ashes of my despair to a glorious new hope."[35]

In 1967, Kaczynski's dissertation, Boundary Functions,[36] won the Sumner B. Myers Prize for Michigan's best mathematics dissertation of the year.[8] Allen Shields, his doctoral advisor, called it "the best I have ever directed",[19] and Maxwell Reade, a member of his dissertation committee, said, "I would guess that maybe 10 or 12 men in the country understood or appreciated it."[8][31]

 
Kaczynski as an assistant professor at UC Berkeley in 1968

In late 1967, the 25-year-old Kaczynski became an acting assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught mathematics. By September 1968, Kaczynski was appointed as an assistant professor, a sign that he was on track for tenure.[8] His teaching evaluations suggest he was not well-liked by his students: he seemed uncomfortable teaching, taught straight from the textbook and refused to answer questions.[8] Without any explanation, Kaczynski resigned on June 30, 1969.[36] In a 1970 letter written by John W. Addison Jr., the chairman of the mathematics department, to Kaczynski's doctoral advisor Shields, Addison referred to the resignation as "quite out of the blue".[37][38] He added that "Kaczynski seemed almost pathologically shy", and that, as far as he knew, Kaczynski made no close friends in the department, noting that efforts to bring him more into the "swing of things" had failed.[39][40]

In 1996, reporters for the Los Angeles Times interviewed mathematicians about Kaczynski's work and concluded that Kaczynski's subfield effectively ceased to exist after the 1960s, as most of its conjectures had been proven. According to mathematician Donald Rung, if Kaczynski had continued to work in mathematics, he "probably would have gone on to some other area".[36]

Life in Montana

 
Bible belonging to Kaczynski, found in his cabin

After resigning from Berkeley, Kaczynski moved to his parents' home in Lombard, Illinois. Two years later, in 1971, he moved to a remote cabin he had built outside Lincoln, Montana, where he could live a simple life with little money and without electricity or running water,[41] working odd jobs and receiving significant financial support from his family.[8]

 
Kaczynski's cabin, photographed in 1996

Kaczynski's original goal was to become self-sufficient so he could live autonomously. He used an old bicycle to get to town, and a volunteer at the local library said he visited frequently to read classic works in their original languages. Other Lincoln residents said later that such a lifestyle was typical in the area.[42] Kaczynski's cabin was described by a census taker in the 1990 census as containing a bed, two chairs, storage trunks, a gas stove, and lots of books.[13]

Starting in 1975, Kaczynski performed acts of sabotage including arson and booby trapping against developments near his cabin.[43] He also dedicated himself to reading about sociology and political philosophy, including the works of Jacques Ellul.[20] Kaczynski's brother David later stated that Ellul's book The Technological Society "became Ted's Bible".[44] Kaczynski recounted in 1998, "When I read the book for the first time, I was delighted, because I thought, 'Here is someone who is saying what I have already been thinking.'"[20]

In an interview after his arrest, Kaczynski recalled being shocked on a hike to one of his favorite wild spots:[45]

It's kind of rolling country, not flat, and when you get to the edge of it you find these ravines that cut very steeply in to cliff-like drop-offs and there was even a waterfall there. It was about a two days' hike from my cabin. That was the best spot until the summer of 1983. That summer there were too many people around my cabin so I decided I needed some peace. I went back to the plateau and when I got there I found they had put a road right through the middle of it ... You just can't imagine how upset I was. It was from that point on I decided that, rather than trying to acquire further wilderness skills, I would work on getting back at the system. Revenge.

Kaczynski was visited multiple times in Montana by his father, who was impressed by Ted's wilderness skills. Kaczynski's father was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in 1990 and held a family meeting without Kaczynski later that year to map out their future.[13] On October 2, 1990, Kaczynski's father shot and killed himself in his home.[46]

Bombings

Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski mailed or hand-delivered a series of increasingly sophisticated bombs that cumulatively killed three people and injured 23 others. Sixteen bombs were attributed to Kaczynski. While the bombing devices varied widely through the years, many contained the initials "FC", which Kaczynski later said stood for "Freedom Club",[47] inscribed on parts inside. He purposely left misleading clues in the devices and took extreme care in preparing them to avoid leaving fingerprints; fingerprints found on some of the devices did not match those found on letters attributed to Kaczynski.[48][a]

Bombings carried out by Kaczynski[49][50]
Date State Location Detonation Victim(s) Occupation of victim(s) Injuries
May 25, 1978 Illinois Northwestern University Yes Terry Marker University police officer Minor cuts and burns
May 9, 1979 Yes John Harris Graduate student Minor cuts and burns
November 15, 1979 American Airlines Flight 444 from Chicago to Washington, D.C. (explosion occurred midflight) Yes Twelve passengers Multiple Non-lethal smoke inhalation
June 10, 1980 Lake Forest Yes Percy Wood President of United Airlines Severe cuts and burns over most of body and face
October 8, 1981 Utah University of Utah Bomb defused — — —
May 5, 1982 Tennessee Vanderbilt University Yes Janet Smith University secretary Severe burns to hands; shrapnel wounds to body
July 2, 1982 California University of California, Berkeley Yes Diogenes Angelakos Engineering professor Severe burns and shrapnel wounds to hand and face
May 15, 1985 Yes John Hauser Graduate student Loss of four fingers and severed artery in right arm; partial loss of vision in left eye
June 13, 1985 Washington The Boeing Company in Auburn Bomb defused — — —
November 15, 1985 Michigan University of Michigan Yes James V. McConnell Psychology professor Temporary hearing loss
Yes Nicklaus Suino Research assistant Burns and shrapnel wounds
December 11, 1985 California Sacramento Yes Hugh Scrutton Computer store owner Death
February 20, 1987 Utah Salt Lake City Yes Gary Wright Computer store owner Severe nerve damage to left arm
June 22, 1993 California Tiburon Yes Charles Epstein Geneticist Severe damage to both eardrums with partial hearing loss, loss of three fingers
June 24, 1993 Connecticut Yale University Yes David Gelernter Computer science professor Severe burns and shrapnel wounds, damage to right eye, loss of use of right hand
December 10, 1994 New Jersey North Caldwell Yes Thomas J. Mosser Advertising executive at Burson-Marsteller Death
April 24, 1995 California Sacramento Yes Gilbert Brent Murray Timber industry lobbyist Death

Initial bombings

Kaczynski's first mail bomb was directed at Buckley Crist, a professor of materials engineering at Northwestern University. On May 25, 1978, a package bearing Crist's return address was found in a parking lot at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The package was "returned" to Crist, who was suspicious because he had not sent it, so he contacted campus police. Officer Terry Marker opened the package, which exploded and caused minor injuries.[51] Kaczynski had returned to Chicago for the May 1978 bombing and stayed there for a time to work with his father and brother at a foam rubber factory. In August 1978, his brother fired him for writing insulting limericks about a female supervisor Ted had courted briefly.[52][53] The supervisor later recalled Kaczynski as intelligent and quiet, but remembered little of their acquaintanceship and firmly denied they had had any romantic relationship.[54] Kaczynski's second bomb was sent nearly one year after the first one, again to Northwestern University. The bomb, concealed inside a cigar box and left on a table, caused minor injuries to graduate student John Harris when he opened it.[51]

 
Driver's license photo of Kaczynski from 1978, around the time the first bombs were mailed

FBI involvement

In 1979, a bomb was placed in the cargo hold of American Airlines Flight 444, a Boeing 727 flying from Chicago to Washington, D.C. A faulty timing mechanism prevented the bomb from exploding, but it released smoke, which caused the pilots to carry out an emergency landing. Authorities said it had enough power to "obliterate the plane" had it exploded.[51] Kaczynski sent his next bomb to the president of United Airlines, Percy Wood. Wood received cuts and burns over most of his body.[55]

Kaczynski left false clues in most bombs, which he intentionally made hard to find to make them appear more legitimate. Clues included metal plates stamped with the initials "FC" hidden somewhere (usually in the pipe end cap) in bombs, a note left in a bomb that did not detonate reading "Wu—It works! I told you it would—RV," and the Eugene O'Neill one-dollar stamps often used as postage on his boxes.[48][56][57] He sent one bomb embedded in a copy of Sloan Wilson's novel Ice Brothers.[51] The FBI theorized that Kaczynski's crimes involved a theme of nature, trees and wood. He often included bits of a tree branch and bark in his bombs; his selected targets included Percy Wood and Leroy Wood. The crime writer Robert Graysmith noted his "obsession with wood" was "a large factor" in the bombings.[58]

Later bombings

 
An FBI reproduction of one of Kaczynski's bombs, once on display at the now-defunct Newseum in Washington, D.C.

In 1981, a package bearing the return address of a Brigham Young University professor of electrical engineering, LeRoy Wood Bearnson, was discovered in a hallway at the University of Utah. It was brought to the campus police, and was defused by a bomb squad.[59][51] In May of the following year, a bomb was sent to Patrick C. Fischer, a professor of computer science at Vanderbilt University. When Fischer's secretary, Janet Smith, opened the package it exploded, and Smith received injuries to her face and arms.[51][60]

Kaczynski's next two bombs targeted people at the University of California, Berkeley. The first, in July 1982, caused serious injuries to engineering professor Diogenes Angelakos.[51] Nearly three years later, in May 1985, John Hauser, a graduate student and captain in the United States Air Force, lost four fingers and the vision in one eye.[61] Kaczynski handcrafted the bomb from wooden parts.[62] A bomb sent to the Boeing Company in Auburn, Washington, was defused by a bomb squad the following month.[61] In November 1985, professor James V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino were both severely injured after Suino opened a mail bomb addressed to McConnell.[61]

In late 1985, a nail-and-splinter-loaded bomb in the parking lot of a computer store in Sacramento, California, killed 38-year-old owner of the store, Hugh Scrutton. On February 20, 1987, a bomb disguised as a piece of lumber injured Gary Wright in the parking lot of a computer store in Salt Lake City, Utah; nerves in Wright's left arm were severed, and at least 200 pieces of shrapnel entered his body. Kaczynski was spotted while planting the Salt Lake City bomb. This led to a widely distributed sketch of the suspect as a hooded man with a mustache and aviator sunglasses.[63][64]

In 1993, after a six-year break, Kaczynski mailed a bomb to the home of Charles Epstein from the University of California, San Francisco. Epstein lost several fingers upon opening the package. In the same weekend, Kaczynski mailed a bomb to David Gelernter, a computer science professor at Yale University. Gelernter lost sight in one eye, hearing in one ear, and a portion of his right hand.[65]

In 1994, Burson-Marsteller executive Thomas J. Mosser was killed after opening a mail bomb sent to his home in New Jersey. In a letter to The New York Times, Kaczynski wrote he had sent the bomb because of Mosser's work repairing the public image of Exxon after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.[66] This was followed by the 1995 murder of Gilbert Brent Murray, president of the timber industry lobbying group California Forestry Association, by a mail bomb addressed to previous president William Dennison, who had retired. Geneticist Phillip Sharp at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology received a threatening letter shortly afterwards.[65]

Manifesto

Main article: Industrial Society and Its Future
 
The handwritten draft of Industrial Society and Its Future

In 1995, Kaczynski mailed several letters[67] to media outlets outlining his goals and demanding a major newspaper print his 35,000-word essay Industrial Society and Its Future (dubbed the "Unabomber manifesto" by the FBI) verbatim.[68][69] He stated he would "desist from terrorism" if this demand was met.[4][70][71] There was controversy as to whether the essay should be published, but Attorney General Janet Reno and FBI Director Louis Freeh recommended its publication out of concern for public safety and in the hope that a reader could identify the author. Bob Guccione of Penthouse volunteered to publish it. Kaczynski replied Penthouse was less "respectable" than The New York Times and The Washington Post, and said that, "to increase our chances of getting our stuff published in some 'respectable' periodical", he would "reserve the right to plant one (and only one) bomb intended to kill, after our manuscript has been published" if Penthouse published the document instead of The Times or The Post.[72] The Washington Post published the essay on September 19, 1995.[73][74]

Kaczynski used a typewriter to write his manuscript, capitalizing entire words for emphasis, in lieu of italics. He always referred to himself as either "we" or "FC" ("Freedom Club"), though there is no evidence that he worked with others. Donald Wayne Foster analyzed the writing at the request of Kaczynski's defense team in 1996 and noted that it contained irregular spelling and hyphenation, along with other linguistic idiosyncrasies. This led him to conclude that Kaczynski was its author.[75]

Summary

Industrial Society and Its Future begins with Kaczynski's assertion: "The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race."[76][77] He wrote that technology has had a destabilizing effect on society, has made life unfulfilling, and has caused widespread psychological suffering.[78] Kaczynski argued that most people spend their time engaged in useless pursuits because of technological advances; he called these "surrogate activities", wherein people strive toward artificial goals, including scientific work, consumption of entertainment, political activism, and following sports teams.[78] He predicted that further technological advances would lead to extensive human genetic engineering, and that human beings would be adjusted to meet the needs of social systems rather than vice versa.[78] Kaczynski stated that technological progress can be stopped, in contrast to the viewpoint of people who he said understand technology's negative effects yet passively accept technology as inevitable.[79] He called for a return to primitivist lifestyles.[78] Kaczynski's critiques of civilization bore some similarities to anarcho-primitivism, but he rejected and criticized anarcho-primitivist views.[80][81][82]

Kaczynski argued that the erosion of human freedom is a natural product of an industrial society because, in his words, "the system has to regulate human behavior closely in order to function", and that reform of the system is impossible as drastic changes to it would not be implemented because of their disruption of the system.[83] He said that the system has not yet fully achieved control over all human behavior and is in the midst of a struggle to gain that control. Kaczynski predicted that the system would break down if it cannot achieve significant control, and that it is likely this issue would be decided within the next 40 to 100 years.[83] He stated that the task of those who oppose industrial society is to promote stress within and upon the society and to propagate an anti-technology ideology, one that offers the counter-ideal of nature. Kaczynski added that a revolution would be possible only when industrial society is sufficiently unstable.[83]

A significant portion of the document is dedicated to discussing left-wing politics, with Kaczynski attributing many of society's issues to leftists.[83] He defined leftists as "mainly socialists, collectivists, 'politically correct' types, feminists, gay and disability activists, animal rights activists and the like".[84] He believed that over-socialization and feelings of inferiority are primary drivers of leftism,[78] and derided it as "one of the most widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world".[84] Kaczynski added that the type of movement he envisioned must be anti-leftist and refrain from collaboration with leftists as, in his view, "leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature, with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology".[76]

Although Kaczynski and his manifesto has been embraced by ecofascists,[85] he rejected fascism,[86] including those whom he referred to as "the 'ecofascists'", describing ecofascism as "an aberrant branch of leftism".[87][88] In "Ecofascism: An Aberrant Branch of Leftism", he wrote: "The true anti-tech movement rejects every form of racism or ethnocentrism. This has nothing to do with 'tolerance,' 'diversity,' 'pluralism,' 'multiculturalism,' 'equality,' or 'social justice.' The rejection of racism and ethnocentrism is – purely and simply – a cardinal point of strategy."[87] Kaczynski wrote that he considered fascism a "kook ideology" and Nazism as "evil".[86] Kaczynski never tried to align himself with the far-right at any point before or after his arrest.[86] He also criticized conservatives, describing them as "fools who whine about the decay of traditional values, yet ... enthusiastically support technological progress and economic growth"—things he argues have led to this decay.[84]

Contemporary reception

James Q. Wilson, in a 1998 New York Times op-ed, wrote: "If it is the work of a madman, then the writings of many political philosophers—Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Paine, Karl Marx—are scarcely more sane."[89] He added: "The Unabomber does not like socialization, technology, leftist political causes or conservative attitudes. Apart from his call for an (unspecified) revolution, his paper resembles something that a very good graduate student might have written."[90]

Alston Chase, a fellow alumnus at Harvard University, wrote in 2000 for The Atlantic that "it is true that many believed Kaczynski was insane because they needed to believe it. But the truly disturbing aspect of Kaczynski and his ideas is not that they are so foreign but that they are so familiar." He argued: "We need to see Kaczynski as exceptional—madman or genius—because the alternative is so much more frightening."[91]

Other works

University of Michigan–Dearborn philosophy professor David Skrbina helped to compile Kaczynski's work into the 2010 anthology Technological Slavery, including the original manifesto, letters between Skrbina and Kaczynski, and other essays.[92] Kaczynski updated his 1995 manifesto as Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How to address advances in computers and the internet. He advocates practicing other types of protest and makes no mention of violence.[93]

According to a 2021 study, Kaczynski's manifesto "is a synthesis of ideas from three well-known academics: French philosopher Jacques Ellul, British zoologist Desmond Morris, and American psychologist Martin Seligman."[94]

Investigation

 
FBI poster offering a $1 million reward for information leading to the Unabomber's capture

Because of the material used to make the mail bombs, U.S. postal inspectors, who initially had responsibility for the case, labeled the suspect the "Junkyard Bomber".[95] FBI Inspector Terry D. Turchie was appointed to run the UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) investigation.[96] In 1979, an FBI-led task force that included 125 agents from the FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service was formed.[96] The task force grew to more than 150 full-time personnel, but minute analysis of recovered components of the bombs and the investigation into the lives of the victims proved of little use in identifying the suspect, who built the bombs primarily from scrap materials available almost anywhere. Investigators later learned that the victims were chosen indiscriminately from library research.[97]

In 1980, chief agent John Douglas, working with agents in the FBI's Behavioral Sciences Unit, issued a psychological profile of the unidentified bomber. It described the offender as a man with above-average intelligence and connections to academia. This profile was later refined to characterize the offender as a neo-Luddite holding an academic degree in the hard sciences, but this psychologically based profile was discarded in 1983. FBI analysts developed an alternative theory that concentrated on the physical evidence in recovered bomb fragments. In this rival profile, the suspect was characterized as a blue-collar airplane mechanic.[98] The UNABOM Task Force set up a toll-free telephone hotline to take calls related to the investigation, with a $1 million reward for anyone who could provide information leading to the Unabomber's capture.[99]

Before the publication of Industrial Society and Its Future, Kaczynski's brother, David, was encouraged by his wife to follow up on suspicions that Ted was the Unabomber.[100] David was dismissive at first, but he took the likelihood more seriously after reading the manifesto a week after it was published in September 1995. He searched through old family papers and found letters dating to the 1970s that Ted had sent to newspapers to protest the abuses of technology using phrasing similar to that in the manifesto.[101]

Before the manifesto's publication, the FBI held many press conferences asking the public to help identify the Unabomber. They were convinced that the bomber was from the Chicago area where he began his bombings, had worked in or had some connection to Salt Lake City, and by the 1990s had some association with the San Francisco Bay Area. This geographical information and the wording in excerpts from the manifesto that were released before the entire text of the manifesto was published persuaded David's wife to urge him to read it.[102][103]

 
This 1987 suspect sketch of the Unabomber followed the Salt Lake City bombing that injured Gary Wright. It was superseded by a more iconic sketch by Jeanne Boylan in 1994, but it was the first to show him in his hooded sweatshirt and sunglasses.

After publication

After the manifesto was published, the FBI received thousands of tips.[103] While the FBI reviewed new leads, Kaczynski's brother, David, hired private investigator Susan Swanson in Chicago to investigate Ted's activities discreetly.[104] David later hired Washington, D.C., attorney Tony Bisceglie to organize the evidence acquired by Swanson and contact the FBI, given the presumed difficulty of attracting the FBI's attention. Kaczynski's family wanted to protect him from the danger of an FBI raid, such as those at Ruby Ridge or Waco, since they feared a violent outcome from any attempt by the FBI to contact Kaczynski.[105][106]

In early 1996, an investigator working with Bisceglie contacted former FBI hostage negotiator and criminal profiler Clinton R. Van Zandt. Bisceglie asked him to compare the manifesto to typewritten copies of handwritten letters David had received from his brother. Van Zandt's initial analysis determined that there was better than a 60 percent chance that the same person had written the manifesto, which had been in public circulation for half a year. Van Zandt's second analytical team determined a higher likelihood. He recommended Bisceglie's client contact the FBI immediately.[105]

In February 1996, Bisceglie gave a copy of the 1971 essay written by Kaczynski to Molly Flynn at the FBI.[96] She forwarded the essay to the San Francisco-based task force. FBI profiler James R. Fitzgerald[107][108] recognized similarities in the writings using linguistic analysis and determined that the author of the essays and the manifesto was almost certainly the same person. Combined with facts gleaned from the bombings and Kaczynski's life, the analysis provided the basis for an affidavit signed by Terry Turchie, the head of the entire investigation, in support of the application for a search warrant.[96]

Kaczynski's brother, David, had tried to remain anonymous, but he was soon identified. Within a few days an FBI agent team was dispatched to interview David and his wife with their attorney in Washington, D.C. At this and subsequent meetings, David provided letters written by his brother in their original envelopes, allowing the FBI task force to use the postmark dates to add more detail to their timeline of Ted's activities.[109]

David had once admired and emulated his older brother, but had since left the survivalist lifestyle behind.[110] He had received assurances from the FBI that he would remain anonymous and that his brother would not learn who had turned him in, but his identity was leaked to CBS News in early April 1996. CBS anchorman Dan Rather called FBI director Louis Freeh, who requested 24 hours before CBS broke the story on the evening news. The FBI scrambled to finish the search warrant and have it issued by a federal judge in Montana; afterwards, the FBI conducted an internal leak investigation, but the source of the leak was never identified.[110]

FBI officials were not unanimous in identifying Ted as the author of the manifesto. The search warrant noted that several experts believed the manifesto had been written by another individual.[48]

Arrest

 
Kaczynski's arrest

FBI agents arrested an unkempt Kaczynski at his cabin on April 3, 1996. A search revealed a cache of bomb components, 40,000 hand-written journal pages that included bomb-making experiments, descriptions of the Unabomber crimes and one live bomb. They also found what appeared to be the original typed manuscript of Industrial Society and Its Future.[111][112] By this point, the Unabomber had been the target of the most expensive investigation in FBI history at the time.[113][114] A 2000 report by the United States Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement stated that the task force had spent over $50 million throughout the course of the investigation.[115]

After his capture, theories emerged naming Kaczynski as the Zodiac Killer, who murdered five people in Northern California from 1968 to 1969. Among the links that raised suspicion was that Kaczynski lived in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1967 to 1969 (the same period that most of the Zodiac's confirmed killings occurred in California), that both individuals were highly intelligent with an interest in bombs and codes, and that both wrote letters to newspapers demanding the publication of their works with the threat of continued violence if the demand was not met. Additionally, Kaczynski's whereabouts could not be verified for all of the killings. Since the gun and knife murders committed by the Zodiac Killer differed from Kaczynski's bombings, authorities did not pursue him as a suspect. Robert Graysmith, author of the 1986 book Zodiac, said the similarities are "fascinating" but purely coincidental.[116]

At one point in 1993, investigators sought an individual whose first name was "Nathan" because the name was imprinted on the envelope of a letter sent to the media.[56]

Guilty plea

 
U.S. Marshals Service mugshot of Kaczynski, 1996

A federal grand jury indicted Kaczynski in June 1996 on ten counts of illegally transporting, mailing, and using bombs.[117] Kaczynski's lawyers, headed by Montana federal public defenders Michael Donahoe and Judy Clarke, attempted to enter an insanity defense to avoid the death penalty, but Kaczynski rejected this strategy. On January 8, 1998, he asked to dismiss his lawyers and hire Tony Serra as his counsel; Serra had agreed not to use an insanity defense and instead promised to base a defense on Kaczynski's anti-technology views.[118][119][120] After this request was unsuccessful, Kaczynski tried to kill himself on January 9.[121] Sally Johnson, the psychiatrist who examined Kaczynski, concluded that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia.[122] Forensic psychiatrist Park Dietz said Kaczynski was not psychotic but had a schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder.[123] In his 2010 book Technological Slavery, Kaczynski said that two prison psychologists who visited him frequently for four years told him they saw no indication that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and the diagnosis was "ridiculous" and a "political diagnosis".[124] Some contemporary authors suggested that multiple people, most notably Kaczynski's brother and mother, purposely spread the image of Kaczynski as mentally ill with the aim to save him from execution.[125]

On January 21, 1998, Kaczynski was declared competent to stand trial by federal prison psychiatrist Johnson, "despite the psychiatric diagnoses",[126] and prosecutors sought the death penalty. Kaczynski pled guilty to all charges on January 22, 1998, accepting life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. He later tried to withdraw this plea, claiming the judge had coerced him, but Judge Garland Ellis Burrell Jr. denied his request and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld that denial.[127][128]

In 2006, Burrell ordered that items from Kaczynski's cabin be sold at a "reasonably advertised Internet auction". Items considered to be bomb-making materials, such as diagrams and "recipes" for bombs, were excluded. The net proceeds went toward the $15 million in restitution Burrell had awarded Kaczynski's victims.[129] Kaczynski's correspondence and other personal papers were also auctioned.[130][131][132] Burrell ordered the removal, before sale, of references in those documents to Kaczynski's victims; Kaczynski unsuccessfully challenged those redactions as a violation of his freedom of speech.[133][134][135] The auction ran for two weeks in 2011, and raised over $232,000.[136]

Incarceration and death

 
Kaczynski in prison (1999)

Almost immediately after being convicted, Kaczynski began serving his eight life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence, a supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.[133][137] Early in his imprisonment, Kaczynski befriended Ramzi Yousef and Timothy McVeigh, the perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, respectively; they discussed religion and politics and formed a friendship which lasted until McVeigh's execution in 2001.[138] Kaczynski stated about Timothy McVeigh "On a personal level I like McVeigh and I imagine that most people would like him", but also stated "assuming that the Oklahoma City bombing was intended as a protest against the U.S. government in general and against the government’s actions at Waco in particular, I will say that I think the bombing was a bad action because it was unnecessarily inhumane."[139]

In October 2005, Kaczynski offered to donate two rare books to the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern University's campus in Evanston, Illinois, the location of his first two attacks. The library rejected the offer on the grounds that it already had copies of the works.[140] The Labadie Collection, part of the University of Michigan's Special Collections Library, houses Kaczynski's correspondence with over 400 people since his arrest, including replies, legal documents, publications, and clippings.[141][142] His writings are among the most popular selections in the University of Michigan's special collections.[92] The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until 2049.[141][143] In 2012, Kaczynski responded to the Harvard Alumni Association's directory inquiry for the fiftieth reunion of the class of 1962; he listed his occupation as "prisoner" and his eight life sentences as "awards".[144]

In 2011, Kaczynski was a person of interest in the Chicago Tylenol murders. Kaczynski was willing to provide a DNA sample to the FBI, but later withheld it as a bargaining chip for his legal efforts against the FBI's private auction of his confiscated property.[145] The U.S. government seized Kaczynski's cabin, which they put on display at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., until late 2019, when it was transferred to a nearby FBI museum.[146][147]

On December 14, 2021, the 79-year-old Kaczynski was transferred to the Federal Medical Center, Butner, North Carolina.[148][6]

At 12:23 a.m. on June 10, 2023, Kaczynski was found in his cell unresponsive. He was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead. Prison officials believe his death to be a suicide. He was also in the late stages of cancer.[5][6]

Legacy

Kaczynski has been portrayed in and inspired multiple artistic works in the realm of popular culture.[149] These include the 1996 television film Unabomber: The True Story,[150] the 2011 play P.O. Box Unabomber,[151] Manhunt: Unabomber, the 2017 season of the television series Manhunt,[152] and the 2021 film Ted K.[153] He was portrayed by Sharlto Copley and Paul Bettany in Ted K and Manhunt respectively.

The moniker "Unabomber" was also applied to the Italian Unabomber, a terrorist who conducted attacks similar to Kaczynski's in Italy from 1994 to 2006.[154] Prior to the 1996 United States presidential election, a campaign called "Unabomber for President" was launched with the goal of electing Kaczynski as president through write-in votes.[155]

In his book The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999), futurist Ray Kurzweil quoted a passage from Kaczynski's manifesto Industrial Society and Its Future.[156] In turn, Kaczynski was referenced by Bill Joy, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, in the 2000 Wired article "Why the Future Doesn't Need Us". Joy stated that Kaczynski "is clearly a Luddite, but simply saying this does not dismiss his argument".[157][158] Professor Jean-Marie Apostolidès has raised questions surrounding the ethics of spreading Kaczynski's views.[159] Various radical movements and extremists have been influenced by Kaczynski.[94] People inspired by Kaczynski's ideas show up in unexpected places, from nihilist, anarchist, and eco-extremist movements to conservative intellectuals.[47] Anders Behring Breivik, the far-right perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks,[160] published a manifesto which copied large portions from Industrial Society and Its Future, with certain terms substituted (e.g., replacing "leftists" with "cultural Marxists" and "multiculturalists").[161][162]

Over twenty years after Kaczynski's imprisonment, his views had inspired an online community of primitivists and neo-Luddites. One explanation for the renewal of interest in his views is the television series Manhunt: Unabomber, which aired in 2017.[163] Kaczynski is also frequently referred to by ecofascists online.[164] Although some militant fascist and neo-Nazi groups idolize him, Kaczynski described fascism in his manifesto as a "kook ideology" and Nazism as "evil".[163]

Merrick Garland, who would later serve as United States Attorney General, has cited the Unabomber case as among the most important cases he worked on.[165]

Published works

Mathematical

  • Kaczynski, Theodore (June–July 1964). "Another Proof of Wedderburn's Theorem". American Mathematical Monthly. 71 (6): 652–653. doi:10.2307/2312328. JSTOR 2312328. A proof of Wedderburn's little theorem in abstract algebra
  • —— (June–July 1964). "Advanced Problem 5210". American Mathematical Monthly. 71 (6): 689. doi:10.2307/2312349. JSTOR 2312349. A challenge problem in abstract algebra
  • —— (June–July 1965). "Distributivity and (−1)x = −x (Advanced Problem 5210, with Solution by Bilyeu, R.G.)". American Mathematical Monthly. 72 (6): 677–678. doi:10.2307/2313887. JSTOR 2313887. Reprint and solution to "Advanced Problem 5210" (above)
  • —— (July 1965). "Boundary Functions for Functions Defined in a Disk". Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics. 14 (4): 589–612.
  • —— (November 1966). "On a Boundary Property of Continuous Functions". Michigan Mathematical Journal. 13 (3): 313–320. doi:10.1307/mmj/1031732782.
  • —— (1967). Boundary Functions (PDF) (PhD). University of Michigan. Kaczynski's doctoral dissertation. Complete dissertation available for purchase from ProQuest, with publication number 6717790.
  • —— (March–April 1968). "Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe". Mathematics Magazine. 41 (2): 84–86. doi:10.2307/2689056. JSTOR 2689056. A brief paper in number theory concerning the digits of numbers
  • —— (March 1969). "Boundary Functions for Bounded Harmonic Functions" (PDF). Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 137: 203–209. doi:10.2307/1994796. JSTOR 1994796. (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2017.
  • —— (July 1969). "Boundary Functions and Sets of Curvilinear Convergence for Continuous Functions" (PDF). Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 141: 107–125. doi:10.2307/1995093. JSTOR 1995093. (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2017.
  • —— (November 1969). "The Set of Curvilinear Convergence of a Continuous Function Defined in the Interior of a Cube" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 23 (2): 323–327. doi:10.2307/2037166. JSTOR 2037166. (PDF) from the original on August 2, 2017.
  • —— (January–February 1971). "Problem 787". Mathematics Magazine. 44 (1): 41. doi:10.2307/2688865. JSTOR 2688865. A challenge problem in geometry
  • —— (November–December 1971). "A Match Stick Problem (Problem 787, with Solutions by Gibbs, R.A. and Breisch, R.L.)". Mathematics Magazine. 44 (5): 294–296. doi:10.2307/2688646. JSTOR 2688646. Reprint and solutions to "Problem 787" (above)

Philosophical

  • Kaczynski, Theodore (1995). "Industrial Society and Its Future". The Washington Post.
  • Kaczynski, Theodore (2008). The Road to Revolution. Éditions Xenia. ISBN 978-2-888920-65-6.
    • —— (2010). Technological Slavery (revised and expanded 2nd ed.). Feral House. ISBN 978-1-932595-80-2.
    • —— (2019). Technological Slavery: Volume 1 (revised and expanded 3rd ed.). Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1-944228-01-9.
    • —— (2022). Technological Slavery: Volume 1 (enhanced 4th ed.). Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1-944228-03-3.
  • Kaczynski, Theodore (2016). Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How. Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1-944228-00-2.
    • —— (2020). Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How (revised and expanded 2nd ed.). Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1-944228-02-6.


See also

Notes

  1. ^ As stated in the "Additional Findings" section of the FBI affidavit, where a balanced listing of other uncorrelated evidence and contrary determinations also appeared, "203. Latent fingerprints attributable to devices mailed and/or placed by the UNABOM subject were compared to those found on the letters attributed to Theodore Kaczynski. According to the FBI Laboratory no forensic correlation exists between those samples."[48]

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Book sources

External links

  • Ted Kaczynski, britannica.com
  • Kaczynski, Ted, encyclopedia.com
  • Unabomber (Profile), The Canadian Encyclopedia
  • Unabomber—FBI, fbi.gov
  • Anarchist Library writings of Theodore Kaczynski
  • Kaczynski's Psychiatric Competency Report
  • Ted Kaczynski at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

October 21, 2023
kaczynski, unabomber, redirects, here, other, uses, unabomber, disambiguation, theodore, john, kaczynski, skee, 1942, june, 2023, also, known, unabomber, american, mathematician, domestic, terrorist, mathematics, prodigy, abandoned, academic, career, 1969, pur. Unabomber redirects here For other uses see Unabomber disambiguation Theodore John Kaczynski k e ˈ z ɪ n s k i ke ZIN skee May 22 1942 June 10 2023 also known as the Unabomber ˈ j uː n e b ɒ m er YOO ne bom er was an American mathematician and domestic terrorist 1 2 He was a mathematics prodigy but abandoned his academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle Ted KaczynskiKaczynski after his arrest in 1996BornTheodore John Kaczynski 1942 05 22 May 22 1942Chicago Illinois U S DiedJune 10 2023 2023 06 10 aged 81 FMC Butner Durham County North Carolina U S Other namesUnabomberFCEducationHarvard University AB University of Michigan MA PhD OccupationMathematics professorNotable work Industrial Society and Its Future 1995 Technological Slavery 2010 Anti Tech Revolution Why and How 2016 RelativesDavid Kaczynski brother Conviction s 10 counts of transportation mailing and use of bombs three counts of first degree murderCriminal penalty8 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of paroleDetailsSpan of crimes1978 1995Killed3Injured23Date apprehendedApril 3 1996Scientific careerFieldsComplex analysisInstitutionsUniversity of MichiganUniversity of California BerkeleyThesisBoundary Functions 1967 Doctoral advisorAllen ShieldsOther academic advisorsGeorge PiranianSignatureBetween 1978 and 1995 Kaczynski murdered three individuals and injured 23 others in a nationwide mail bombing campaign against people he believed to be advancing modern technology and the destruction of the natural environment He authored Industrial Society and Its Future a 35 000 word manifesto and social critique opposing industrialization rejecting leftism and advocating a nature centered form of anarchism 3 In addition he authored two books while incarcerated Technological Slavery and Anti Tech Revolution Why and How that each elaborate or expand on the ideas put forth in his manifesto In 1971 Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water near Lincoln Montana where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills to become self sufficient After witnessing the destruction of the wilderness surrounding his cabin he concluded that living in nature was becoming impossible and resolved to fight industrialization and its destruction of nature through terrorism In 1979 Kaczynski became the subject of what was by the time of his arrest in 1996 the longest and most expensive investigation in the history of the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI The FBI used the case identifier UNABOM University and Airline Bomber before his identity was known resulting in the media naming him the Unabomber In 1995 Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times promising to desist from terrorism if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary in attracting attention to the erosion of human freedom and dignity by modern technologies 4 The FBI and U S Attorney General Janet Reno pushed for the publication of the essay which appeared in The Washington Post in September 1995 Upon reading it Kaczynski s brother David recognized the prose style and reported his suspicions to the FBI After his arrest in 1996 Kaczynski maintaining that he was sane tried and failed to dismiss his court appointed lawyers because they wished him to plead insanity to avoid the death penalty He pleaded guilty to all charges in 1998 and was sentenced to eight consecutive life terms in prison without the possibility of parole In June 2023 Kaczynski died by suicide in prison 5 6 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Childhood 1 2 High school 1 3 Harvard University 1 3 1 Psychological study 2 Mathematics career 3 Life in Montana 4 Bombings 4 1 Initial bombings 4 2 FBI involvement 4 3 Later bombings 5 Manifesto 5 1 Summary 5 2 Contemporary reception 5 3 Other works 6 Investigation 6 1 After publication 6 2 Arrest 6 3 Guilty plea 7 Incarceration and death 8 Legacy 9 Published works 9 1 Mathematical 9 2 Philosophical 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Book sources 13 External linksEarly lifeChildhood nbsp Kaczynski s birth certificate and several of his driver s licensesTheodore John Kaczynski was born in Chicago on May 22 1942 to working class parents Wanda Theresa nee Dombek and Theodore Richard Kaczynski a sausage maker 7 The two were Polish Americans who were raised as Roman Catholics but later became atheists 8 They married on April 11 1939 8 From first to fourth grade ages six to nine Kaczynski attended Sherman Elementary School in Chicago where administrators described him as healthy and well adjusted 9 In 1952 three years after his brother David was born the family moved to suburban Evergreen Park Illinois and Ted transferred to Evergreen Park Central Junior High School After testing scored his IQ at 167 10 he skipped the sixth grade Kaczynski later described this as a pivotal event previously he had socialized with his peers and was even a leader but after skipping ahead of them he felt he did not fit in with the older children who bullied him 11 Neighbors in Evergreen Park later described the Kaczynski family as civic minded folks one recalling the parents sacrificed everything they had for their children 8 Both Ted and David were intelligent but Ted was exceptionally bright Neighbors described him as a smart but lonely individual 8 12 High school Kaczynski attended Evergreen Park Community High School where he excelled academically He played the trombone in the marching band and was a member of the mathematics biology coin and German clubs 13 14 In 1996 a former classmate said He was never really seen as a person as an individual personality He was always regarded as a walking brain so to speak 8 During this period Kaczynski became intensely interested in mathematics spending hours studying and solving advanced problems He became associated with a group of like minded boys interested in science and mathematics known as the briefcase boys for their habit of carrying briefcases 14 Throughout high school Kaczynski was ahead of his classmates academically Placed in a more advanced mathematics class he soon mastered the material He skipped the eleventh grade and by attending summer school he graduated at age 15 Kaczynski was one of his school s five National Merit finalists and was encouraged to apply to Harvard University 13 While still at age 15 he was accepted to Harvard and entered the university on a scholarship in 1958 at age 16 15 A classmate later said Kaczynski was emotionally unprepared They packed him up and sent him to Harvard before he was ready He didn t even have a driver s license 8 Harvard University nbsp Kaczynski bottom right with other merit scholarship finalists from his high schoolKaczynski matriculated at Harvard as a mathematics prodigy During his first year at the university Kaczynski lived at 8 Prescott Street which was intended to provide a small intimate living space for the youngest most precocious incoming students For the following three years he lived at Eliot House His housemates and other students at Harvard described Kaczynski as a very intelligent but socially reserved person 16 Kaczynski earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Harvard in 1962 finishing with a GPA of 3 12 17 18 19 Psychological study In his second year at Harvard Kaczynski participated in a study described by author Alston Chase as a purposely brutalizing psychological experiment led by Harvard psychologist Henry Murray Subjects were told they would debate personal philosophy with a fellow student and were asked to write essays detailing their personal beliefs and aspirations The essays were given to an anonymous individual who would confront and belittle the subject in what Murray himself called vehement sweeping and personally abusive attacks using the content of the essays as ammunition 20 Electrodes monitored the subject s physiological reactions These encounters were filmed and subjects expressions of anger and rage were later played back to them repeatedly 20 The experiment lasted three years with someone verbally abusing and humiliating Kaczynski each week 21 22 Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study 23 Kaczynski s lawyers later attributed his hostility towards mind control techniques to his participation in Murray s study 20 During the Second World War Murray had worked with the Office of Strategic Services a U S intelligence agency often referred to as the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency CIA where he conducted psychological experiments 24 Some sources have suggested that Murray s experiments were part of Project MKUltra the CIA s program of research into mind control 25 26 Chase and others have also suggested that this experience may have motivated Kaczynski s criminal activities 27 28 Kaczynski stated he resented Murray and his co workers primarily because of the invasion of his privacy he perceived as a result of their experiments Nevertheless he said he was quite confident that his experiences with Professor Murray had no significant effect on the course of his life 29 Kaczynski has denied any serious or long term ramifications of the study suggesting fixation on it is the result of wild conspiracy theories 30 Mathematics career nbsp Kaczynski s diplomas from Harvard University and the University of MichiganIn 1962 Kaczynski enrolled at the University of Michigan where he earned his master s and doctoral degrees in mathematics in 1964 and 1967 respectively Michigan was not his first choice for postgraduate education he had applied to the University of California Berkeley and the University of Chicago both of which accepted him but offered him no teaching position or financial aid Michigan offered him an annual grant of 2 310 equivalent to 22 348 in 2022 and a teaching post 19 At Michigan Kaczynski specialized in complex analysis specifically geometric function theory Professor Peter Duren said of Kaczynski He was an unusual person He was not like the other graduate students He was much more focused about his work He had a drive to discover mathematical truth George Piranian another of his Michigan mathematics professors said It is not enough to say he was smart 31 Professor Allen Shields wrote about Kaczynski in a grade evaluation that he was the best man I have seen 32 Kaczynski received one F five Bs and twelve As in his eighteen courses at the university In 2006 he said he had unpleasant memories of Michigan and felt the university had low standards for grading considering his relatively high grades 19 For a period of several weeks in 1966 Kaczynski experienced intense sexual fantasies of being female and decided to undergo gender transition He arranged to meet with a psychiatrist but changed his mind in the waiting room and discussed other things instead without disclosing his original reason for making the appointment Afterwards enraged he considered killing the psychiatrist and other people whom he hated Kaczynski described this episode as a major turning point in his life 33 34 He recalled I felt disgusted about what my uncontrolled sexual cravings had almost led me to do And I felt humiliated and I violently hated the psychiatrist Just then there came a major turning point in my life Like a Phoenix I burst from the ashes of my despair to a glorious new hope 35 In 1967 Kaczynski s dissertation Boundary Functions 36 won the Sumner B Myers Prize for Michigan s best mathematics dissertation of the year 8 Allen Shields his doctoral advisor called it the best I have ever directed 19 and Maxwell Reade a member of his dissertation committee said I would guess that maybe 10 or 12 men in the country understood or appreciated it 8 31 nbsp Kaczynski as an assistant professor at UC Berkeley in 1968In late 1967 the 25 year old Kaczynski became an acting assistant professor at the University of California Berkeley where he taught mathematics By September 1968 Kaczynski was appointed as an assistant professor a sign that he was on track for tenure 8 His teaching evaluations suggest he was not well liked by his students he seemed uncomfortable teaching taught straight from the textbook and refused to answer questions 8 Without any explanation Kaczynski resigned on June 30 1969 36 In a 1970 letter written by John W Addison Jr the chairman of the mathematics department to Kaczynski s doctoral advisor Shields Addison referred to the resignation as quite out of the blue 37 38 He added that Kaczynski seemed almost pathologically shy and that as far as he knew Kaczynski made no close friends in the department noting that efforts to bring him more into the swing of things had failed 39 40 In 1996 reporters for the Los Angeles Times interviewed mathematicians about Kaczynski s work and concluded that Kaczynski s subfield effectively ceased to exist after the 1960s as most of its conjectures had been proven According to mathematician Donald Rung if Kaczynski had continued to work in mathematics he probably would have gone on to some other area 36 Life in Montana nbsp Bible belonging to Kaczynski found in his cabinAfter resigning from Berkeley Kaczynski moved to his parents home in Lombard Illinois Two years later in 1971 he moved to a remote cabin he had built outside Lincoln Montana where he could live a simple life with little money and without electricity or running water 41 working odd jobs and receiving significant financial support from his family 8 nbsp Kaczynski s cabin photographed in 1996Kaczynski s original goal was to become self sufficient so he could live autonomously He used an old bicycle to get to town and a volunteer at the local library said he visited frequently to read classic works in their original languages Other Lincoln residents said later that such a lifestyle was typical in the area 42 Kaczynski s cabin was described by a census taker in the 1990 census as containing a bed two chairs storage trunks a gas stove and lots of books 13 Starting in 1975 Kaczynski performed acts of sabotage including arson and booby trapping against developments near his cabin 43 He also dedicated himself to reading about sociology and political philosophy including the works of Jacques Ellul 20 Kaczynski s brother David later stated that Ellul s book The Technological Society became Ted s Bible 44 Kaczynski recounted in 1998 When I read the book for the first time I was delighted because I thought Here is someone who is saying what I have already been thinking 20 In an interview after his arrest Kaczynski recalled being shocked on a hike to one of his favorite wild spots 45 It s kind of rolling country not flat and when you get to the edge of it you find these ravines that cut very steeply in to cliff like drop offs and there was even a waterfall there It was about a two days hike from my cabin That was the best spot until the summer of 1983 That summer there were too many people around my cabin so I decided I needed some peace I went back to the plateau and when I got there I found they had put a road right through the middle of it You just can t imagine how upset I was It was from that point on I decided that rather than trying to acquire further wilderness skills I would work on getting back at the system Revenge Kaczynski was visited multiple times in Montana by his father who was impressed by Ted s wilderness skills Kaczynski s father was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in 1990 and held a family meeting without Kaczynski later that year to map out their future 13 On October 2 1990 Kaczynski s father shot and killed himself in his home 46 BombingsBetween 1978 and 1995 Kaczynski mailed or hand delivered a series of increasingly sophisticated bombs that cumulatively killed three people and injured 23 others Sixteen bombs were attributed to Kaczynski While the bombing devices varied widely through the years many contained the initials FC which Kaczynski later said stood for Freedom Club 47 inscribed on parts inside He purposely left misleading clues in the devices and took extreme care in preparing them to avoid leaving fingerprints fingerprints found on some of the devices did not match those found on letters attributed to Kaczynski 48 a Bombings carried out by Kaczynski 49 50 Date State Location Detonation Victim s Occupation of victim s InjuriesMay 25 1978 Illinois Northwestern University Yes Terry Marker University police officer Minor cuts and burnsMay 9 1979 Yes John Harris Graduate student Minor cuts and burnsNovember 15 1979 American Airlines Flight 444 from Chicago to Washington D C explosion occurred midflight Yes Twelve passengers Multiple Non lethal smoke inhalationJune 10 1980 Lake Forest Yes Percy Wood President of United Airlines Severe cuts and burns over most of body and faceOctober 8 1981 Utah University of Utah Bomb defused May 5 1982 Tennessee Vanderbilt University Yes Janet Smith University secretary Severe burns to hands shrapnel wounds to bodyJuly 2 1982 California University of California Berkeley Yes Diogenes Angelakos Engineering professor Severe burns and shrapnel wounds to hand and faceMay 15 1985 Yes John Hauser Graduate student Loss of four fingers and severed artery in right arm partial loss of vision in left eyeJune 13 1985 Washington The Boeing Company in Auburn Bomb defused November 15 1985 Michigan University of Michigan Yes James V McConnell Psychology professor Temporary hearing lossYes Nicklaus Suino Research assistant Burns and shrapnel woundsDecember 11 1985 California Sacramento Yes Hugh Scrutton Computer store owner DeathFebruary 20 1987 Utah Salt Lake City Yes Gary Wright Computer store owner Severe nerve damage to left armJune 22 1993 California Tiburon Yes Charles Epstein Geneticist Severe damage to both eardrums with partial hearing loss loss of three fingersJune 24 1993 Connecticut Yale University Yes David Gelernter Computer science professor Severe burns and shrapnel wounds damage to right eye loss of use of right handDecember 10 1994 New Jersey North Caldwell Yes Thomas J Mosser Advertising executive at Burson Marsteller DeathApril 24 1995 California Sacramento Yes Gilbert Brent Murray Timber industry lobbyist DeathInitial bombingsKaczynski s first mail bomb was directed at Buckley Crist a professor of materials engineering at Northwestern University On May 25 1978 a package bearing Crist s return address was found in a parking lot at the University of Illinois at Chicago The package was returned to Crist who was suspicious because he had not sent it so he contacted campus police Officer Terry Marker opened the package which exploded and caused minor injuries 51 Kaczynski had returned to Chicago for the May 1978 bombing and stayed there for a time to work with his father and brother at a foam rubber factory In August 1978 his brother fired him for writing insulting limericks about a female supervisor Ted had courted briefly 52 53 The supervisor later recalled Kaczynski as intelligent and quiet but remembered little of their acquaintanceship and firmly denied they had had any romantic relationship 54 Kaczynski s second bomb was sent nearly one year after the first one again to Northwestern University The bomb concealed inside a cigar box and left on a table caused minor injuries to graduate student John Harris when he opened it 51 nbsp Driver s license photo of Kaczynski from 1978 around the time the first bombs were mailedFBI involvement In 1979 a bomb was placed in the cargo hold of American Airlines Flight 444 a Boeing 727 flying from Chicago to Washington D C A faulty timing mechanism prevented the bomb from exploding but it released smoke which caused the pilots to carry out an emergency landing Authorities said it had enough power to obliterate the plane had it exploded 51 Kaczynski sent his next bomb to the president of United Airlines Percy Wood Wood received cuts and burns over most of his body 55 Kaczynski left false clues in most bombs which he intentionally made hard to find to make them appear more legitimate Clues included metal plates stamped with the initials FC hidden somewhere usually in the pipe end cap in bombs a note left in a bomb that did not detonate reading Wu It works I told you it would RV and the Eugene O Neill one dollar stamps often used as postage on his boxes 48 56 57 He sent one bomb embedded in a copy of Sloan Wilson s novel Ice Brothers 51 The FBI theorized that Kaczynski s crimes involved a theme of nature trees and wood He often included bits of a tree branch and bark in his bombs his selected targets included Percy Wood and Leroy Wood The crime writer Robert Graysmith noted his obsession with wood was a large factor in the bombings 58 Later bombings nbsp An FBI reproduction of one of Kaczynski s bombs once on display at the now defunct Newseum in Washington D C In 1981 a package bearing the return address of a Brigham Young University professor of electrical engineering LeRoy Wood Bearnson was discovered in a hallway at the University of Utah It was brought to the campus police and was defused by a bomb squad 59 51 In May of the following year a bomb was sent to Patrick C Fischer a professor of computer science at Vanderbilt University When Fischer s secretary Janet Smith opened the package it exploded and Smith received injuries to her face and arms 51 60 Kaczynski s next two bombs targeted people at the University of California Berkeley The first in July 1982 caused serious injuries to engineering professor Diogenes Angelakos 51 Nearly three years later in May 1985 John Hauser a graduate student and captain in the United States Air Force lost four fingers and the vision in one eye 61 Kaczynski handcrafted the bomb from wooden parts 62 A bomb sent to the Boeing Company in Auburn Washington was defused by a bomb squad the following month 61 In November 1985 professor James V McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino were both severely injured after Suino opened a mail bomb addressed to McConnell 61 In late 1985 a nail and splinter loaded bomb in the parking lot of a computer store in Sacramento California killed 38 year old owner of the store Hugh Scrutton On February 20 1987 a bomb disguised as a piece of lumber injured Gary Wright in the parking lot of a computer store in Salt Lake City Utah nerves in Wright s left arm were severed and at least 200 pieces of shrapnel entered his body Kaczynski was spotted while planting the Salt Lake City bomb This led to a widely distributed sketch of the suspect as a hooded man with a mustache and aviator sunglasses 63 64 In 1993 after a six year break Kaczynski mailed a bomb to the home of Charles Epstein from the University of California San Francisco Epstein lost several fingers upon opening the package In the same weekend Kaczynski mailed a bomb to David Gelernter a computer science professor at Yale University Gelernter lost sight in one eye hearing in one ear and a portion of his right hand 65 In 1994 Burson Marsteller executive Thomas J Mosser was killed after opening a mail bomb sent to his home in New Jersey In a letter to The New York Times Kaczynski wrote he had sent the bomb because of Mosser s work repairing the public image of Exxon after the Exxon Valdez oil spill 66 This was followed by the 1995 murder of Gilbert Brent Murray president of the timber industry lobbying group California Forestry Association by a mail bomb addressed to previous president William Dennison who had retired Geneticist Phillip Sharp at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology received a threatening letter shortly afterwards 65 ManifestoMain article Industrial Society and Its Future nbsp The handwritten draft of Industrial Society and Its FutureIn 1995 Kaczynski mailed several letters 67 to media outlets outlining his goals and demanding a major newspaper print his 35 000 word essay Industrial Society and Its Future dubbed the Unabomber manifesto by the FBI verbatim 68 69 He stated he would desist from terrorism if this demand was met 4 70 71 There was controversy as to whether the essay should be published but Attorney General Janet Reno and FBI Director Louis Freeh recommended its publication out of concern for public safety and in the hope that a reader could identify the author Bob Guccione of Penthouse volunteered to publish it Kaczynski replied Penthouse was less respectable than The New York Times and The Washington Post and said that to increase our chances of getting our stuff published in some respectable periodical he would reserve the right to plant one and only one bomb intended to kill after our manuscript has been published if Penthouse published the document instead of The Times or The Post 72 The Washington Post published the essay on September 19 1995 73 74 Kaczynski used a typewriter to write his manuscript capitalizing entire words for emphasis in lieu of italics He always referred to himself as either we or FC Freedom Club though there is no evidence that he worked with others Donald Wayne Foster analyzed the writing at the request of Kaczynski s defense team in 1996 and noted that it contained irregular spelling and hyphenation along with other linguistic idiosyncrasies This led him to conclude that Kaczynski was its author 75 Summary Industrial Society and Its Future begins with Kaczynski s assertion The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race 76 77 He wrote that technology has had a destabilizing effect on society has made life unfulfilling and has caused widespread psychological suffering 78 Kaczynski argued that most people spend their time engaged in useless pursuits because of technological advances he called these surrogate activities wherein people strive toward artificial goals including scientific work consumption of entertainment political activism and following sports teams 78 He predicted that further technological advances would lead to extensive human genetic engineering and that human beings would be adjusted to meet the needs of social systems rather than vice versa 78 Kaczynski stated that technological progress can be stopped in contrast to the viewpoint of people who he said understand technology s negative effects yet passively accept technology as inevitable 79 He called for a return to primitivist lifestyles 78 Kaczynski s critiques of civilization bore some similarities to anarcho primitivism but he rejected and criticized anarcho primitivist views 80 81 82 Kaczynski argued that the erosion of human freedom is a natural product of an industrial society because in his words the system has to regulate human behavior closely in order to function and that reform of the system is impossible as drastic changes to it would not be implemented because of their disruption of the system 83 He said that the system has not yet fully achieved control over all human behavior and is in the midst of a struggle to gain that control Kaczynski predicted that the system would break down if it cannot achieve significant control and that it is likely this issue would be decided within the next 40 to 100 years 83 He stated that the task of those who oppose industrial society is to promote stress within and upon the society and to propagate an anti technology ideology one that offers the counter ideal of nature Kaczynski added that a revolution would be possible only when industrial society is sufficiently unstable 83 A significant portion of the document is dedicated to discussing left wing politics with Kaczynski attributing many of society s issues to leftists 83 He defined leftists as mainly socialists collectivists politically correct types feminists gay and disability activists animal rights activists and the like 84 He believed that over socialization and feelings of inferiority are primary drivers of leftism 78 and derided it as one of the most widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world 84 Kaczynski added that the type of movement he envisioned must be anti leftist and refrain from collaboration with leftists as in his view leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology 76 Although Kaczynski and his manifesto has been embraced by ecofascists 85 he rejected fascism 86 including those whom he referred to as the ecofascists describing ecofascism as an aberrant branch of leftism 87 88 In Ecofascism An Aberrant Branch of Leftism he wrote The true anti tech movement rejects every form of racism or ethnocentrism This has nothing to do with tolerance diversity pluralism multiculturalism equality or social justice The rejection of racism and ethnocentrism is purely and simply a cardinal point of strategy 87 Kaczynski wrote that he considered fascism a kook ideology and Nazism as evil 86 Kaczynski never tried to align himself with the far right at any point before or after his arrest 86 He also criticized conservatives describing them as fools who whine about the decay of traditional values yet enthusiastically support technological progress and economic growth things he argues have led to this decay 84 Contemporary reception James Q Wilson in a 1998 New York Times op ed wrote If it is the work of a madman then the writings of many political philosophers Jean Jacques Rousseau Thomas Paine Karl Marx are scarcely more sane 89 He added The Unabomber does not like socialization technology leftist political causes or conservative attitudes Apart from his call for an unspecified revolution his paper resembles something that a very good graduate student might have written 90 Alston Chase a fellow alumnus at Harvard University wrote in 2000 for The Atlantic that it is true that many believed Kaczynski was insane because they needed to believe it But the truly disturbing aspect of Kaczynski and his ideas is not that they are so foreign but that they are so familiar He argued We need to see Kaczynski as exceptional madman or genius because the alternative is so much more frightening 91 Other works University of Michigan Dearborn philosophy professor David Skrbina helped to compile Kaczynski s work into the 2010 anthology Technological Slavery including the original manifesto letters between Skrbina and Kaczynski and other essays 92 Kaczynski updated his 1995 manifesto as Anti Tech Revolution Why and How to address advances in computers and the internet He advocates practicing other types of protest and makes no mention of violence 93 According to a 2021 study Kaczynski s manifesto is a synthesis of ideas from three well known academics French philosopher Jacques Ellul British zoologist Desmond Morris and American psychologist Martin Seligman 94 Investigation nbsp FBI poster offering a 1 million reward for information leading to the Unabomber s captureBecause of the material used to make the mail bombs U S postal inspectors who initially had responsibility for the case labeled the suspect the Junkyard Bomber 95 FBI Inspector Terry D Turchie was appointed to run the UNABOM University and Airline Bomber investigation 96 In 1979 an FBI led task force that included 125 agents from the FBI the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms ATF and the U S Postal Inspection Service was formed 96 The task force grew to more than 150 full time personnel but minute analysis of recovered components of the bombs and the investigation into the lives of the victims proved of little use in identifying the suspect who built the bombs primarily from scrap materials available almost anywhere Investigators later learned that the victims were chosen indiscriminately from library research 97 In 1980 chief agent John Douglas working with agents in the FBI s Behavioral Sciences Unit issued a psychological profile of the unidentified bomber It described the offender as a man with above average intelligence and connections to academia This profile was later refined to characterize the offender as a neo Luddite holding an academic degree in the hard sciences but this psychologically based profile was discarded in 1983 FBI analysts developed an alternative theory that concentrated on the physical evidence in recovered bomb fragments In this rival profile the suspect was characterized as a blue collar airplane mechanic 98 The UNABOM Task Force set up a toll free telephone hotline to take calls related to the investigation with a 1 million reward for anyone who could provide information leading to the Unabomber s capture 99 Before the publication of Industrial Society and Its Future Kaczynski s brother David was encouraged by his wife to follow up on suspicions that Ted was the Unabomber 100 David was dismissive at first but he took the likelihood more seriously after reading the manifesto a week after it was published in September 1995 He searched through old family papers and found letters dating to the 1970s that Ted had sent to newspapers to protest the abuses of technology using phrasing similar to that in the manifesto 101 Before the manifesto s publication the FBI held many press conferences asking the public to help identify the Unabomber They were convinced that the bomber was from the Chicago area where he began his bombings had worked in or had some connection to Salt Lake City and by the 1990s had some association with the San Francisco Bay Area This geographical information and the wording in excerpts from the manifesto that were released before the entire text of the manifesto was published persuaded David s wife to urge him to read it 102 103 nbsp This 1987 suspect sketch of the Unabomber followed the Salt Lake City bombing that injured Gary Wright It was superseded by a more iconic sketch by Jeanne Boylan in 1994 but it was the first to show him in his hooded sweatshirt and sunglasses After publication After the manifesto was published the FBI received thousands of tips 103 While the FBI reviewed new leads Kaczynski s brother David hired private investigator Susan Swanson in Chicago to investigate Ted s activities discreetly 104 David later hired Washington D C attorney Tony Bisceglie to organize the evidence acquired by Swanson and contact the FBI given the presumed difficulty of attracting the FBI s attention Kaczynski s family wanted to protect him from the danger of an FBI raid such as those at Ruby Ridge or Waco since they feared a violent outcome from any attempt by the FBI to contact Kaczynski 105 106 In early 1996 an investigator working with Bisceglie contacted former FBI hostage negotiator and criminal profiler Clinton R Van Zandt Bisceglie asked him to compare the manifesto to typewritten copies of handwritten letters David had received from his brother Van Zandt s initial analysis determined that there was better than a 60 percent chance that the same person had written the manifesto which had been in public circulation for half a year Van Zandt s second analytical team determined a higher likelihood He recommended Bisceglie s client contact the FBI immediately 105 In February 1996 Bisceglie gave a copy of the 1971 essay written by Kaczynski to Molly Flynn at the FBI 96 She forwarded the essay to the San Francisco based task force FBI profiler James R Fitzgerald 107 108 recognized similarities in the writings using linguistic analysis and determined that the author of the essays and the manifesto was almost certainly the same person Combined with facts gleaned from the bombings and Kaczynski s life the analysis provided the basis for an affidavit signed by Terry Turchie the head of the entire investigation in support of the application for a search warrant 96 Kaczynski s brother David had tried to remain anonymous but he was soon identified Within a few days an FBI agent team was dispatched to interview David and his wife with their attorney in Washington D C At this and subsequent meetings David provided letters written by his brother in their original envelopes allowing the FBI task force to use the postmark dates to add more detail to their timeline of Ted s activities 109 David had once admired and emulated his older brother but had since left the survivalist lifestyle behind 110 He had received assurances from the FBI that he would remain anonymous and that his brother would not learn who had turned him in but his identity was leaked to CBS News in early April 1996 CBS anchorman Dan Rather called FBI director Louis Freeh who requested 24 hours before CBS broke the story on the evening news The FBI scrambled to finish the search warrant and have it issued by a federal judge in Montana afterwards the FBI conducted an internal leak investigation but the source of the leak was never identified 110 FBI officials were not unanimous in identifying Ted as the author of the manifesto The search warrant noted that several experts believed the manifesto had been written by another individual 48 Arrest nbsp Kaczynski s arrestFBI agents arrested an unkempt Kaczynski at his cabin on April 3 1996 A search revealed a cache of bomb components 40 000 hand written journal pages that included bomb making experiments descriptions of the Unabomber crimes and one live bomb They also found what appeared to be the original typed manuscript of Industrial Society and Its Future 111 112 By this point the Unabomber had been the target of the most expensive investigation in FBI history at the time 113 114 A 2000 report by the United States Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement stated that the task force had spent over 50 million throughout the course of the investigation 115 After his capture theories emerged naming Kaczynski as the Zodiac Killer who murdered five people in Northern California from 1968 to 1969 Among the links that raised suspicion was that Kaczynski lived in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1967 to 1969 the same period that most of the Zodiac s confirmed killings occurred in California that both individuals were highly intelligent with an interest in bombs and codes and that both wrote letters to newspapers demanding the publication of their works with the threat of continued violence if the demand was not met Additionally Kaczynski s whereabouts could not be verified for all of the killings Since the gun and knife murders committed by the Zodiac Killer differed from Kaczynski s bombings authorities did not pursue him as a suspect Robert Graysmith author of the 1986 book Zodiac said the similarities are fascinating but purely coincidental 116 At one point in 1993 investigators sought an individual whose first name was Nathan because the name was imprinted on the envelope of a letter sent to the media 56 Guilty plea nbsp U S Marshals Service mugshot of Kaczynski 1996A federal grand jury indicted Kaczynski in June 1996 on ten counts of illegally transporting mailing and using bombs 117 Kaczynski s lawyers headed by Montana federal public defenders Michael Donahoe and Judy Clarke attempted to enter an insanity defense to avoid the death penalty but Kaczynski rejected this strategy On January 8 1998 he asked to dismiss his lawyers and hire Tony Serra as his counsel Serra had agreed not to use an insanity defense and instead promised to base a defense on Kaczynski s anti technology views 118 119 120 After this request was unsuccessful Kaczynski tried to kill himself on January 9 121 Sally Johnson the psychiatrist who examined Kaczynski concluded that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia 122 Forensic psychiatrist Park Dietz said Kaczynski was not psychotic but had a schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder 123 In his 2010 book Technological Slavery Kaczynski said that two prison psychologists who visited him frequently for four years told him they saw no indication that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and the diagnosis was ridiculous and a political diagnosis 124 Some contemporary authors suggested that multiple people most notably Kaczynski s brother and mother purposely spread the image of Kaczynski as mentally ill with the aim to save him from execution 125 On January 21 1998 Kaczynski was declared competent to stand trial by federal prison psychiatrist Johnson despite the psychiatric diagnoses 126 and prosecutors sought the death penalty Kaczynski pled guilty to all charges on January 22 1998 accepting life imprisonment without the possibility of parole He later tried to withdraw this plea claiming the judge had coerced him but Judge Garland Ellis Burrell Jr denied his request and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld that denial 127 128 In 2006 Burrell ordered that items from Kaczynski s cabin be sold at a reasonably advertised Internet auction Items considered to be bomb making materials such as diagrams and recipes for bombs were excluded The net proceeds went toward the 15 million in restitution Burrell had awarded Kaczynski s victims 129 Kaczynski s correspondence and other personal papers were also auctioned 130 131 132 Burrell ordered the removal before sale of references in those documents to Kaczynski s victims Kaczynski unsuccessfully challenged those redactions as a violation of his freedom of speech 133 134 135 The auction ran for two weeks in 2011 and raised over 232 000 136 Incarceration and death nbsp Kaczynski in prison 1999 Almost immediately after being convicted Kaczynski began serving his eight life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence a supermax prison in Florence Colorado 133 137 Early in his imprisonment Kaczynski befriended Ramzi Yousef and Timothy McVeigh the perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing respectively they discussed religion and politics and formed a friendship which lasted until McVeigh s execution in 2001 138 Kaczynski stated about Timothy McVeigh On a personal level I like McVeigh and I imagine that most people would like him but also stated assuming that the Oklahoma City bombing was intended as a protest against the U S government in general and against the government s actions at Waco in particular I will say that I think the bombing was a bad action because it was unnecessarily inhumane 139 In October 2005 Kaczynski offered to donate two rare books to the Melville J Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern University s campus in Evanston Illinois the location of his first two attacks The library rejected the offer on the grounds that it already had copies of the works 140 The Labadie Collection part of the University of Michigan s Special Collections Library houses Kaczynski s correspondence with over 400 people since his arrest including replies legal documents publications and clippings 141 142 His writings are among the most popular selections in the University of Michigan s special collections 92 The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until 2049 141 143 In 2012 Kaczynski responded to the Harvard Alumni Association s directory inquiry for the fiftieth reunion of the class of 1962 he listed his occupation as prisoner and his eight life sentences as awards 144 In 2011 Kaczynski was a person of interest in the Chicago Tylenol murders Kaczynski was willing to provide a DNA sample to the FBI but later withheld it as a bargaining chip for his legal efforts against the FBI s private auction of his confiscated property 145 The U S government seized Kaczynski s cabin which they put on display at the Newseum in Washington D C until late 2019 when it was transferred to a nearby FBI museum 146 147 On December 14 2021 the 79 year old Kaczynski was transferred to the Federal Medical Center Butner North Carolina 148 6 At 12 23 a m on June 10 2023 Kaczynski was found in his cell unresponsive He was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead Prison officials believe his death to be a suicide He was also in the late stages of cancer 5 6 LegacyKaczynski has been portrayed in and inspired multiple artistic works in the realm of popular culture 149 These include the 1996 television film Unabomber The True Story 150 the 2011 play P O Box Unabomber 151 Manhunt Unabomber the 2017 season of the television series Manhunt 152 and the 2021 film Ted K 153 He was portrayed by Sharlto Copley and Paul Bettany in Ted K and Manhunt respectively The moniker Unabomber was also applied to the Italian Unabomber a terrorist who conducted attacks similar to Kaczynski s in Italy from 1994 to 2006 154 Prior to the 1996 United States presidential election a campaign called Unabomber for President was launched with the goal of electing Kaczynski as president through write in votes 155 In his book The Age of Spiritual Machines 1999 futurist Ray Kurzweil quoted a passage from Kaczynski s manifesto Industrial Society and Its Future 156 In turn Kaczynski was referenced by Bill Joy co founder of Sun Microsystems in the 2000 Wired article Why the Future Doesn t Need Us Joy stated that Kaczynski is clearly a Luddite but simply saying this does not dismiss his argument 157 158 Professor Jean Marie Apostolides has raised questions surrounding the ethics of spreading Kaczynski s views 159 Various radical movements and extremists have been influenced by Kaczynski 94 People inspired by Kaczynski s ideas show up in unexpected places from nihilist anarchist and eco extremist movements to conservative intellectuals 47 Anders Behring Breivik the far right perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks 160 published a manifesto which copied large portions from Industrial Society and Its Future with certain terms substituted e g replacing leftists with cultural Marxists and multiculturalists 161 162 Over twenty years after Kaczynski s imprisonment his views had inspired an online community of primitivists and neo Luddites One explanation for the renewal of interest in his views is the television series Manhunt Unabomber which aired in 2017 163 Kaczynski is also frequently referred to by ecofascists online 164 Although some militant fascist and neo Nazi groups idolize him Kaczynski described fascism in his manifesto as a kook ideology and Nazism as evil 163 Merrick Garland who would later serve as United States Attorney General has cited the Unabomber case as among the most important cases he worked on 165 Published worksMathematical Kaczynski Theodore June July 1964 Another Proof of Wedderburn s Theorem American Mathematical Monthly 71 6 652 653 doi 10 2307 2312328 JSTOR 2312328 A proof of Wedderburn s little theorem in abstract algebra June July 1964 Advanced Problem 5210 American Mathematical Monthly 71 6 689 doi 10 2307 2312349 JSTOR 2312349 A challenge problem in abstract algebra June July 1965 Distributivity and 1 x x Advanced Problem 5210 with Solution by Bilyeu R G American Mathematical Monthly 72 6 677 678 doi 10 2307 2313887 JSTOR 2313887 Reprint and solution to Advanced Problem 5210 above July 1965 Boundary Functions for Functions Defined in a Disk Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics 14 4 589 612 November 1966 On a Boundary Property of Continuous Functions Michigan Mathematical Journal 13 3 313 320 doi 10 1307 mmj 1031732782 1967 Boundary Functions PDF PhD University of Michigan Kaczynski s doctoral dissertation Complete dissertation available for purchase from ProQuest with publication number 6717790 March April 1968 Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe Mathematics Magazine 41 2 84 86 doi 10 2307 2689056 JSTOR 2689056 A brief paper in number theory concerning the digits of numbers March 1969 Boundary Functions for Bounded Harmonic Functions PDF Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 137 203 209 doi 10 2307 1994796 JSTOR 1994796 Archived PDF from the original on January 16 2017 July 1969 Boundary Functions and Sets of Curvilinear Convergence for Continuous Functions PDF Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 141 107 125 doi 10 2307 1995093 JSTOR 1995093 Archived PDF from the original on August 12 2017 November 1969 The Set of Curvilinear Convergence of a Continuous Function Defined in the Interior of a Cube PDF Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 23 2 323 327 doi 10 2307 2037166 JSTOR 2037166 Archived PDF from the original on August 2 2017 January February 1971 Problem 787 Mathematics Magazine 44 1 41 doi 10 2307 2688865 JSTOR 2688865 A challenge problem in geometry November December 1971 A Match Stick Problem Problem 787 with Solutions by Gibbs R A and Breisch R L Mathematics Magazine 44 5 294 296 doi 10 2307 2688646 JSTOR 2688646 Reprint and solutions to Problem 787 above Philosophical Kaczynski Theodore 1995 Industrial Society and Its Future The Washington Post Kaczynski Theodore 2008 The Road to Revolution Editions Xenia ISBN 978 2 888920 65 6 2010 Technological Slavery revised and expanded 2nd ed Feral House ISBN 978 1 932595 80 2 2019 Technological Slavery Volume 1 revised and expanded 3rd ed Fitch amp Madison Publishers ISBN 978 1 944228 01 9 2022 Technological Slavery Volume 1 enhanced 4th ed Fitch amp Madison Publishers ISBN 978 1 944228 03 3 Kaczynski Theodore 2016 Anti Tech Revolution Why and How Fitch amp Madison Publishers ISBN 978 1 944228 00 2 2020 Anti Tech Revolution Why and How revised and expanded 2nd ed Fitch amp Madison Publishers ISBN 978 1 944228 02 6 See also nbsp Politics portal nbsp Mathematics portal nbsp United States portal nbsp Biography portalDownshifting Choosing to adopt a simpler way of living Green Scare US government action against the radical environmental movement Operation Backfire Multi agency operation against criminal actions by the radical environmental movement Philosophy of technology Studies of the nature of technologyNotes As stated in the Additional Findings section of the FBI affidavit where a balanced listing of other uncorrelated evidence and contrary determinations also appeared 203 Latent fingerprints attributable to devices mailed and or placed by the UNABOM subject were compared to those found on the letters attributed to Theodore Kaczynski According to the FBI Laboratory no forensic correlation exists between those samples 48 References Mahan amp Griset 2008 p 132 Haberfeld amp von Hassell 2009 p 40 Gautney 2010 p 199 a b Excerpts From Letter by Terrorist Group FC Which Says It Sent Bombs The New York Times April 26 1995 Archived from the original on August 7 2017 a b Thrush Glenn June 11 2023 Kaczynski Died by Suicide Prompting Questions of Prison Security The New York Times p A20 Archived from the original on June 10 2023 Retrieved July 26 2023 a b c Sisak Michael R Balsamo Mike Offenhartz Jake June 11 2023 Unabomber Ted Kaczynski died by suicide in prison medical center AP sources say Associated Press Archived from the original on June 12 2023 Retrieved July 26 2023 The Unabomber s family photo album Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on April 21 2019 Retrieved May 19 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k McFadden Robert D May 26 1996 Prisoner of Rage A special report From a Child of Promise to the Unabom Suspect The New York Times Archived from the original on August 9 2017 Chase 2004 p 161 The Kaczynski brothers and neighbors Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on August 17 2017 Retrieved February 23 2021 Chase 2004 pp 107 108 Kaczynski Too smart too shy to fit in USA Today Associated Press November 13 1996 Archived from the original on November 11 2020 Retrieved July 5 2017 a b c d Achenbach Joel Kovaleski Serge F April 7 1996 The Profile of a Loner The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 11 2017 a b Martin Andrew Becker Robert April 16 1996 Egghead Kaczynski Was Loner in High School Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on August 11 2017 Hickey 2003 p 268 Song David May 21 2012 Theodore J Kaczynski The Harvard Crimson Archived from the original on August 19 2017 Knothe Alli Andersen Travis May 23 2012 Unabomber lists self as prisoner in Harvard directory The Boston Globe Archived from the original on September 1 2017 Unabomber in Harvard reunion note BBC May 24 2012 Archived from the original on September 1 2017 a b c d Stampfl Karl March 16 2006 He came Ted Kaczynski he left The Unabomber The Michigan Daily Archived from the original on January 14 2017 a b c d e Alston Chase June 2000 Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber The Atlantic Monthly Vol 285 no 6 Archived from the original on October 24 2014 Retrieved November 4 2022 Moreno Jonathan D May 25 2012 Harvard s Experiment on the Unabomber Class of 62 Psychology Today Archived from the original on December 21 2017 Retrieved February 23 2021 Haas Michaela February 25 2016 My Brother the Unabomber Medium Archived from the original on April 9 2016 Retrieved April 9 2016 Gitlin Todd March 2 2003 A Dangerous Mind The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 8 2018 Mather Robert D April 26 2020 U S Government Mind Control Experiments Hypnosis LSD and the Unabomber Psychology Today Retrieved June 10 2023 Project MKULTRA was the Central Intelligence Agency s CIA mind control program that used LSD and hypnosis techniques to brainwash individuals Theodore Kaczynski also known as the Unabomber was a participant in one of Henry Murray s experiments at Harvard where Murray s team bullied harassed and psychologically broke down participants Henry Murray had previously worked for the CIA s predecessor and may have been funded by the clandestine MKULTRA program Murray was a professor at Harvard University and had worked for the Office of Strategic Services the predecessor to the CIA during World War II He wrote Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler which was the psychological analysis of Hitler that was used by the military During this time he also helped develop tests to screen soldiers conducted tests on brainwashing and determined how well soldiers could withstand interrogations The CIA s MKULTRA program consisted of 162 secret CIA backed projects at 80 institutions with 185 researchers Eschner 2017 Most of the records of the program were destroyed on the orders of CIA Director Richard Helms in 1973 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Bellevue Literary Press ISBN 978 1 934137 43 7 Sperber Michael 2010 Dostoyevsky s Stalker and Other Essays on Psychopathology and the Arts Lanham Maryland University Press of America ISBN 978 0 7618 4993 3 Wiehl Lis W 2020 Hunting the Unabomber the FBI Ted Kaczynski and the capture of America s most notorious domestic terrorist Nashville Tennessee Thomas Nelson ISBN 978 0 7180 9234 4 External linksTed Kaczynski at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Data from Wikidata Ted Kaczynski britannica com Kaczynski Ted encyclopedia com Unabomber Profile The Canadian Encyclopedia Unabomber FBI fbi gov Anarchist Library writings of Theodore Kaczynski Kaczynski s Psychiatric Competency Report Ted Kaczynski at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ted Kaczynski amp oldid 1180996846, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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