A conglomerate is a large company composed of a number of smaller companies (subsidiaries) engaged in generally unrelated businesses.
Some media conglomerates use their access in multiple areas to share various kinds of content such as: news, video and music, between users. The media sector's tendency to consolidate has caused formerly diversified companies to appear less diverse to prospective investors in comparison with similar companies that are traded publicly and privately. Therefore, the term media group may also be applied, however, it has not yet replaced the more traditional term.[2]
Critics have accused the large media conglomerates of dominating the media and using unfair practices. During a protest in November 2007, critics such as Jesse Jackson spoke out against consolidation of the media.[3] This can be seen in the news industry, where corporations refuse to publicize information that would be harmful to their interests. Because some corporations do not publish any material that criticizes them or their interests, media conglomerates have been criticized for limiting free speech or not protecting free speech.[4] These practices are also suspected of contributing to the merging of entertainment and news (sensationalism[5]) at the expense of the coverage of serious issues. They are also accused of being a leading force behind the standardization of culture (see globalization,[4]Americanization) and are frequently criticized by groups that perceive news organizations as being biased toward special interests of the owners.[4]
Because there are fewer independent media, there is less diversity in news and entertainment and therefore less competition. This can result in the reduction of different points of view as well as vocalization about different issues.[6] There is also a lack of ethnic and gender diversity as a majority of those in media are white, middle-class men.[7][8][9] There is a concern that their views are being shared disproportionately more than other groups, such as women and ethnic minorities.[10] Women and minorities also have less ownership of media.[10] Women have less than 7 percent of TV and radio licenses, and minorities have around 7 percent of radio licenses and 3 percent of TV licenses.[11]
In 1984, fifty independent media companies owned the majority of media interests within the United States. By 2011, 90% of the United States's media was controlled by six media conglomerates: GE/Comcast (NBC, Universal), News Corp (Fox News, Wall Street Journal, New York Post), Disney (ABC, ESPN, Pixar), Viacom (MTV, BET, Paramount Pictures), Time Warner (CNN, HBO, Warner Bros.), and CBS (Showtime, NFL.com).[13][14]
Between 1941 and 1975, several laws that restricted channel ownership within radio and television were enacted in order to maintain unbiased and diverse media. However under the Reagan administration, Congress and the Federal Communications Commission, then led by FCC Chairman Mark S. Fowler, began a concerted deregulation over the years 1981 and 1985. The number of television stations a single entity can own increased from seven to 12 stations.[citation needed]
The industry continued to deregulate with enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Signed by President Bill Clinton on 8 February 1996, it was considered by the FCC to be the "first major overhaul of telecommunications law in almost 62 years".[15] In the radio industry, the 40-station ownership cap was lifted, leading to an unprecedented amount of consolidation. Since this period, Clear Channel Communications grew from 40 stations to 1200 stations, in all 50 states, while Viacom grew to owning 180 stations across 41 markets.[citation needed]
As media consolidation grew, some in the nation began to speculate how it might negatively impact society at large. In the case of Minot, North Dakota,[16] the concerns regarding media consolidation is realized. On 18 January 2002, a train containing hazardous chemicals derailed in the middle of the night, exposing countless Minot residents to toxic waste. Upon trying to get out an emergency broadcast, the Minot police were unable to reach anyone. They were instead forwarded to the same automated message, as all the broadcast stations in Minot were single-handedly owned by Clear Channel Communications. As the FCC reviews media ownership rules, broadcasters continued to petition it for the elimination of all rules, while those who are against this easing would often cite the incident in Minot as how consolidation could be harmful.[citation needed]
^Although Hulu is now fully controlled by Disney after Comcast relinquished its control, Comcast still owned 33% stakes of Hulu as a silent partner with their agreement for Disney to purchase the ownership stakes of Comcast in Hulu by 2024.[23]
^Moglen, Eben, Michael Pertschuck, and Scott Sherman, (1999). "Editorials" (Nation, 269: 18). p. 12. ISSN 0027-8378
^"A distinction between Business Groups and Conglomerates:The Limited Liability Effect". SSRN Electronic Journal 01/2009; DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.134299. 1 January 2009. from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
^"Critics Turn Out To Protest Media Consolidation". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. 1 November 2007. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
^ abcStoll, Mary Lyn (June 2006). "Infotainment and the Moral Obligations of the Multimedia Conglomerate". Journal of Business Ethics. 66 (2–3): 253–260. doi:10.1007/s10551-005-5590-2. S2CID 153666046.
^Kenix, Linda Jean. "Independent Websites Not So Different from Group-Owned". Newspaper Research Journal. 35 (2).
^Shah, Anup. "Media Conglomerates, Mergers, Concentration of Ownership". Global Issues.
^"The Abysmal State of Media Ownership Diversity in America". The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights.
^Beresteanu, Arie &, Ellickson, Paul B. "Minority and Female Ownership in Media Enterprises" (PDF). docs.fcc.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
^ abGamson, Joshua; Latteier, Pearl (Summer 2004). "Do media monsters devour diversity?". Contexts. American Sociological Association. 3 (3): 26–32. doi:10.1525/ctx.2004.3.3.26. S2CID 62715815. Retrieved 9 March 2022. Studies routinely find that the individuals appearing in mass media are disproportionately white, middle-class men between the ages of 20 and 60. ... the rapid consolidation of deregulated media companies makes it even less likely that companies and stations will be minority-owned today.
^"Diversity in Media Ownership". Free Press. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
^"Global 2000 - The World's Largest Public Companies". Forbes.
^Lutz, Ashley (14 June 2012). "These 6 Corporations Control 90% of the Media in America". Business Insider. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^"Timeline". Moyers on America. PBS. 2006. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
^"Telecommunications Act of 1986". Federal Communications Commission. FCC. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
^Fisher, Marc. "Sounds Familiar for a Reason". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
^Hope, Wayne; Myllylahti, Merja. "Financialisation of Media Ownership in New Zealand". New Zealand Sociology. 28 (3).
^O'Reilly, Lara. "The 30 Biggest Media Companies in the World". Business Insider.
^"Holdings by Industry". AccessIndustries.com. Access Industries. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^Hipes, Patrick (18 April 2017). "Len Blavatnik's Access Acquires RatPac Entertainment Stake". Deadline.
^"Blavatnik Increases Stake in RGE Media Group". Haaretz. 30 April 2010.
^Sherman, Lauren Feiner, Christine Wang, Alex (14 May 2019). "Disney to take full control over Hulu, Comcast has option to sell its stake in 5 years". CNBC. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^Williams, Christopher (20 August 2016). "Blavatnik's Perform Group rebuffs tech investors to build 'Netflix for sport'". The Telegraph.
^. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
^"Hasbro's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^"Sony Pictures's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
^"Sony/ATV's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^"Sony Music's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^"Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. (TV)". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^"The BCCL empire—towering over the competition". www.thehoot.org/. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
January 17, 2023
media, conglomerate, indonesian, media, company, media, group, media, conglomerate, media, group, media, institution, company, that, owns, numerous, companies, involved, mass, media, enterprises, such, music, television, radio, publishing, motion, pictures, th. For the Indonesian media company see Media Group A media conglomerate media group or media institution is a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises such as music television radio publishing motion pictures theme parks or the Internet According to the magazine The Nation Media conglomerates strive for policies that facilitate their control of the markets around the world 1 Contents 1 Terminology 2 Criticism 3 Examples by country 3 1 United States 3 2 International 4 See also 5 ReferencesTerminology EditA conglomerate is a large company composed of a number of smaller companies subsidiaries engaged in generally unrelated businesses Some media conglomerates use their access in multiple areas to share various kinds of content such as news video and music between users The media sector s tendency to consolidate has caused formerly diversified companies to appear less diverse to prospective investors in comparison with similar companies that are traded publicly and privately Therefore the term media group may also be applied however it has not yet replaced the more traditional term 2 Criticism EditMain article Concentration of media ownership Critics have accused the large media conglomerates of dominating the media and using unfair practices During a protest in November 2007 critics such as Jesse Jackson spoke out against consolidation of the media 3 This can be seen in the news industry where corporations refuse to publicize information that would be harmful to their interests Because some corporations do not publish any material that criticizes them or their interests media conglomerates have been criticized for limiting free speech or not protecting free speech 4 These practices are also suspected of contributing to the merging of entertainment and news sensationalism 5 at the expense of the coverage of serious issues They are also accused of being a leading force behind the standardization of culture see globalization 4 Americanization and are frequently criticized by groups that perceive news organizations as being biased toward special interests of the owners 4 Because there are fewer independent media there is less diversity in news and entertainment and therefore less competition This can result in the reduction of different points of view as well as vocalization about different issues 6 There is also a lack of ethnic and gender diversity as a majority of those in media are white middle class men 7 8 9 There is a concern that their views are being shared disproportionately more than other groups such as women and ethnic minorities 10 Women and minorities also have less ownership of media 10 Women have less than 7 percent of TV and radio licenses and minorities have around 7 percent of radio licenses and 3 percent of TV licenses 11 Examples by country EditFurther information Media cross ownership in the United States Category Mass media companies of Canada Category Mass media companies of Australia Category Mass media companies of the Philippines and Category Mass media companies of New Zealand In the 2022 Forbes Global 2000 list Comcast is America s largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue with The Walt Disney Company Paramount Global Warner Bros Discovery and Fox Corporation completing the top four 12 In 1984 fifty independent media companies owned the majority of media interests within the United States By 2011 90 of the United States s media was controlled by six media conglomerates GE Comcast NBC Universal News Corp Fox News Wall Street Journal New York Post Disney ABC ESPN Pixar Viacom MTV BET Paramount Pictures Time Warner CNN HBO Warner Bros and CBS Showtime NFL com 13 14 Between 1941 and 1975 several laws that restricted channel ownership within radio and television were enacted in order to maintain unbiased and diverse media However under the Reagan administration Congress and the Federal Communications Commission then led by FCC Chairman Mark S Fowler began a concerted deregulation over the years 1981 and 1985 The number of television stations a single entity can own increased from seven to 12 stations citation needed The industry continued to deregulate with enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 Signed by President Bill Clinton on 8 February 1996 it was considered by the FCC to be the first major overhaul of telecommunications law in almost 62 years 15 In the radio industry the 40 station ownership cap was lifted leading to an unprecedented amount of consolidation Since this period Clear Channel Communications grew from 40 stations to 1200 stations in all 50 states while Viacom grew to owning 180 stations across 41 markets citation needed As media consolidation grew some in the nation began to speculate how it might negatively impact society at large In the case of Minot North Dakota 16 the concerns regarding media consolidation is realized On 18 January 2002 a train containing hazardous chemicals derailed in the middle of the night exposing countless Minot residents to toxic waste Upon trying to get out an emergency broadcast the Minot police were unable to reach anyone They were instead forwarded to the same automated message as all the broadcast stations in Minot were single handedly owned by Clear Channel Communications As the FCC reviews media ownership rules broadcasters continued to petition it for the elimination of all rules while those who are against this easing would often cite the incident in Minot as how consolidation could be harmful citation needed Like the United States Canada Australia the Philippines and New Zealand 17 also experience the concentration of multiple media enterprises in a few companies This concentration is an ongoing concern for the Canadian Radio television and Telecommunications Commission the Australian Communications and Media Authority the Philippine National Telecommunications Commission and New Zealand s Broadcasting Standards Authority Other countries that have large media conglomerates with impacts on the world include Japan Germany the United Kingdom Italy France China and Brazil Media conglomerates outside of the United States include Fujisankei Communications Group Fuji Media Holdings Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings Hubert Burda Media ITV ProSiebenSat 1 Mediaset Axel Springer JCDecaux China Central Television Alibaba Group ABS CBN Corporation GMA Network Inc TV5 Network Inc Viva Entertainment Asahi Shimbun Company Grupo Globo Baidu and Bertelsmann 18 United States Edit The Walt Disney Company Comcast Warner Bros Discovery Paramount Global Access Industries 19 Hasbro AmazonMovie production Walt Disney Studios NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment Warner Bros Pictures Group Paramount Pictures Corporation AI Film UK RatPac Dune Entertainment controlling stake 20 Access Entertainment US Entertainment One Films Amazon Studios MGM StudiosTV production Disney TV Studios It s a Laugh Productions Disney TV Animation FX Productions Freeform Productions Universal Studio Group Sky Studios DWA Television WB TV Studios WB Animation WBITVP Cartoon Network Studios Discovery Studios All3Media 50 Paramount TV Studios Nickelodeon Animation Studio CBS Studios Amedia majority stake 21 RU Entertainment One Television Amazon Studios MGM TelevisionBroadcast TV network ABC Localish US RTL Zwei 15 75 DE NBC Cozi TV Sky Telemundo TeleXitos The CW 12 5 CBS The CW 12 5 Chilevision R G E Group 33 22 IL Cable channels Disney Channels UTV net A amp E Networks 50 Fox Nets Group Freeform FX Networks NatGeo Net 73 NBCUniversal Cable Sky TBS TNT TruTV Cartoon Network Adult Swim HBO Discovery Channel Animal Planet Food Network HGTV TLC Discovery Family 60 Warner Bros Discovery International Paramount Media Networks Paramount International Networks Discovery Family 40 EpixNews business channels operations ABC News ABC News Radio NBCUniversal News Group Sky News CNN HLN CBS News CBS News streaming serviceNational sports networks operations ESPN Inc 80 NBC Sports Group Sky Sports NHL Network 15 6 WBD Sports MLB Network 16 NBA TV Eurosport Europe DSport India Play Sports Group 71 U K CBS Sports Sports Channel IL Audio industry ABC Audio Disney Music Group Marvel New Media Radio Disney Networks Back Lot Music WaterTower Music Williams Street Records Paramount Music Warner Music GroupPublishing Marvel Comics National Geographic 73 Disney Publishing Worldwide DC Comics MAD Magazine Golf Digest Golf World Motor Trend Group joint venture Simon amp Schuster Amazon Publishing Kindle Direct PublishingOTT Disney Star Hotstar Star Hulu a ESPN Marvel Unlimited Comics Peacock Now Sky Go Xumo HBO Max Boomerang DC Universe Infinite Comics Discovery GolfTV Paramount Pluto TV BET Noggin Showtime DAZN 85 24 25 Amazon Prime Video Freevee Amazon Music Twitch Gaming ComiXology Comics Internet Disney Online Disney Digital Network Fandango 70 Rooster Teeth Fandango 30 MTV New Media Deezer Box Office Mojo IMDbTelecommunications Xfinity Sky Broadband ICE GroupVideo games Disney Games and Interactive Experiences Marvel Games Lucasfilm Games Universal Brand Development Warner Bros Interactive Entertainment Rooster Teeth Games Adult Swim Games Paramount Digital Entertainment Archetype Entertainment Tuque Games Amazon Games Amazon Digital Game Store2020 Revenues US 65 39 Billion NBCUniversal US 34 32 Billion WarnerMedia US 30 4 BillionDiscovery Inc US 10 6 Billion 26 US 25 29 Billion US 17 Billion US 4 7 Billion 27 Notes Although Hulu is now fully controlled by Disney after Comcast relinquished its control Comcast still owned 33 stakes of Hulu as a silent partner with their agreement for Disney to purchase the ownership stakes of Comcast in Hulu by 2024 23 International Edit Sony Japan Bertelsmann Germany Vivendi France Liberty Global UK US NL Essel Group India CT Corp Indonesia Televisa Mexico Grupo Globo Brazil ABS CBN Corporation Philippines The Times Group India PLDT Philippines Viva Entertainment Philippines Movie production Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group PlayStation Productions Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan Japan UFA StudioCanal FR Lionsgate Films US 3 5 Zee Studios Transinema Pictures Videocine Globo Filmes Star Cinema Skylight Films Black Sheep SCX Mirchi Movies Limited Junglee Pictures Limited Cignal Entertainment VIVA FilmsTV production Sony Pictures Television US Fremantle UK Red Production Company UK TANDEM Productions GR All3Media UK 50 Lionsgate Television US 3 5 Essel Vision Productions Estudios Globo ABS CBN Entertainment Dreamscape Entertainment Star Creatives TV RCD Narratives RGE Drama Unit RSB Scripted Format Metropolitan Media Company Limited Viva TelevisionBroadcast TV network GetTV US Buzzr US RTL Group LU Canal Group Telenet BE 58 Ziggo NL 50 ITV plc UK minority Virgin Media Television IRL Zee Media Corporation Zee Entertainment Enterprises Trans TV Trans7 Las Estrellas Canal 5 Canal 9 FOROtv TV Globo ABS CBN Kapamilya Channel Times Global Broadcasting and Zoom Entertainment Network TV5 TV5 entertainment production partner Cable channels Sony Pictures Television Networks Televisa Networks Canais Globo Globo Internacional Creative Programs ABS CBN Global Times Music Movies Now Romedy Now PBA Rush Sari Sari Channel PBO Viva Cinema Sari Sari Channel TMC Tagalized Movie Channel History Crime amp Investigation Network Lifetime Celestial Movies PinoyNews business channels operations CNews Zee News CNN Indonesia franchise CNBC Indonesia franchise GloboNews ABS CBN News ABS CBN News Channel DZMM TeleRadyo ET Now Lead India Mirror Now Times Now News5 One News One PHNational sports networks operations Sony ESPN India Sports Channel IL Canal Sport Ziggo Sport NL 50 Golf Channel Indonesia JV Golf TDN SporTV ABS CBN Sports ABS CBN Sports Action One Sports One Sports TV channel One Sports Audio industry Sony Music Group US EMI Music Publishing UK Sony Music Entertainment Japan Japan BMG Zee Music Company Trans Talent Management Som Livre MOR Philippines Radyo Patrol Star Music One Music Zoom Radio Mirchi Radyo5 Halo Halo RadioPublishing Gruner Jahr Penguin Random House US UK 53 Bertelsmann Printing Group Prisma Press Editis Editorial Televisa Intermex Editora Globo ABS CBN Publishing The Times of India The Economic Times Navbharat Times The Illustrated Weekly of India The Philippine Star 51 BusinessWorld 70 Viva Books Publishing Inc OTT Crunchyroll Videoland Netherlands ZEE5 Blim Globoplay iWantTFC Gaana MX Player Cignal Play VivamaxInternet Dailymotion playwin detik Network Comercio Mas Televisa Digital Globo com ABS CBN Digital Media BoxTV com CricBuzz TimesJobs SimplyMarry MagicBricks ZigWheelsTelecommunications Sony Mobile So net UPC Broadband Europe Virgin Media UK Telenet Belgium 58 Vodafone Netherlands 50 Izzi Telecom ABS CBN Convergence 68 Sky Cable Corporation 59 4 PLDT Smart TNT Sun Cellular Cignal TVVideo games Sony Interactive Entertainment Unties Gameloft ABS CBN Multimedia2018 Revenues Sony Entertainment US 15 1 billion 28 29 30 US 20 30 billion 16 02 billion US 12 billion US 110 million Trans Corp US 207 6 million US 4 81 billion 31 US 4 4 billion US 760 million US 1 5 billion 2016 32 US 3 381 millionSee also EditMedia imperialism Media proprietor Multinational corporation Lists of corporate assetsReferences Edit Moglen Eben Michael Pertschuck and Scott Sherman 1999 Editorials Nation 269 18 p 12 ISSN 0027 8378 A distinction between Business Groups and Conglomerates The Limited Liability Effect SSRN Electronic Journal 01 2009 DOI 10 2139 ssrn 134299 1 January 2009 Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 Retrieved 16 February 2016 Critics Turn Out To Protest Media Consolidation The Washington Post and Times Herald 1 November 2007 ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 5 August 2018 a b c Stoll Mary Lyn June 2006 Infotainment and the Moral Obligations of the Multimedia Conglomerate Journal of Business Ethics 66 2 3 253 260 doi 10 1007 s10551 005 5590 2 S2CID 153666046 Kenix Linda Jean Independent Websites Not So Different from Group Owned Newspaper Research Journal 35 2 Shah Anup Media Conglomerates Mergers Concentration of Ownership Global Issues Diversity in Media Ownership Free Press The Abysmal State of Media Ownership Diversity in America The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Beresteanu Arie amp Ellickson Paul B Minority and Female Ownership in Media Enterprises PDF docs fcc gov Retrieved 12 June 2007 a b Gamson Joshua Latteier Pearl Summer 2004 Do media monsters devour diversity Contexts American Sociological Association 3 3 26 32 doi 10 1525 ctx 2004 3 3 26 S2CID 62715815 Retrieved 9 March 2022 Studies routinely find that the individuals appearing in mass media are disproportionately white middle class men between the ages of 20 and 60 the rapid consolidation of deregulated media companies makes it even less likely that companies and stations will be minority owned today Diversity in Media Ownership Free Press Retrieved 6 November 2017 Global 2000 The World s Largest Public Companies Forbes Lutz Ashley 14 June 2012 These 6 Corporations Control 90 of the Media in America Business Insider Retrieved 2 June 2020 Timeline Moyers on America PBS 2006 Retrieved 27 October 2017 Telecommunications Act of 1986 Federal Communications Commission FCC 20 June 2013 Retrieved 27 October 2017 Fisher Marc Sounds Familiar for a Reason The Washington Post Retrieved 27 October 2017 Hope Wayne Myllylahti Merja Financialisation of Media Ownership in New Zealand New Zealand Sociology 28 3 O Reilly Lara The 30 Biggest Media Companies in the World Business Insider Holdings by Industry AccessIndustries com Access Industries Retrieved 27 June 2019 Hipes Patrick 18 April 2017 Len Blavatnik s Access Acquires RatPac Entertainment Stake Deadline Amedia Access Industries Blavatnik Increases Stake in RGE Media Group Haaretz 30 April 2010 Sherman Lauren Feiner Christine Wang Alex 14 May 2019 Disney to take full control over Hulu Comcast has option to sell its stake in 5 years CNBC Retrieved 11 August 2019 Williams Christopher 20 August 2016 Blavatnik s Perform Group rebuffs tech investors to build Netflix for sport The Telegraph Perform Access Industries Archived from the original on 27 June 2019 Retrieved 3 July 2019 Discovery Inc 2018 10 K PDF Report p 39 Hasbro s Competitors Revenue Number of Employees Funding and Acquisitions owler com Retrieved 2 September 2019 Sony Pictures s Competitors Revenue Number of Employees Funding and Acquisitions owler com Retrieved 29 March 2019 Sony ATV s Competitors Revenue Number of Employees Funding and Acquisitions owler com Retrieved 5 May 2019 Sony Music s Competitors Revenue Number of Employees Funding and Acquisitions owler com Retrieved 5 May 2019 Grupo Televisa S A B TV finance yahoo com Retrieved 14 June 2018 The BCCL empire towering over the competition www thehoot org Retrieved 27 July 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Media conglomerate amp oldid 1131235938, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
