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Berlin Tegel Airport

January 01, 1970

"Berlin-Tegel" redirects here. For the locality in the Berlin borough of Reinickendorf, see Tegel.

Berlin Tegel "Otto Lilienthal" Airport (German: Flughafen Berlin-Tegel „Otto Lilienthal“) (IATA: TXL, ICAO: EDDT) was the primary international airport of Berlin, the capital of Germany. The airport was named after aviation pioneer Otto Lilienthal and was the fourth busiest airport in Germany, with over 24 million passengers in 2019. In 2016, Tegel handled over 60% of all airline passenger traffic in Berlin.[6] The airport served as a base for Eurowings, Ryanair and easyJet.[7] It featured flights to several European metropolitan and leisure destinations as well as some intercontinental routes. It was situated in Tegel, a section of the northern borough of Reinickendorf, eight kilometres (five miles) northwest of the city centre of Berlin. Tegel Airport was notable for its hexagonal main terminal building around an open square, which made walking distances as short as 30 m (100 ft) from the aircraft to the terminal exit.

Berlin Tegel "Otto Lilienthal" Airport

Flughafen Berlin-Tegel „Otto Lilienthal“
Tegel Airport in September 2011.
Summary
Airport typeDefunct
OperatorFlughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH
Serves
LocationReinickendorf, Berlin, Germany
Opened1 April 1974 (1974-04-01)
(commercial flights)
Closed4 May 2021 (2021-05-04)
(decommissioned)[1]
Passenger services ceased8 November 2020 (2020-11-08)
(last aircraft departed)[2][3]
Hub for
Built5 November 1948 (1948-11-05)
(Cold War)
Elevation AMSL122 ft / 37 m
Coordinates52°33′35″N 013°17′16″E / 52.55972°N 13.28778°E / 52.55972; 13.28778
Websitewww.berlin-airport.de/en/travellers-txl/index.php
Map
TXL
Location within Berlin
TXL
TXL (Germany)
TXL
TXL (Europe)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
08L/26R 3,023 9,918 Asphalt concrete (Closed)
08R/26L 2,428 7,966 Asphalt concrete (Closed)
Statistics (2019)
Passengers24,227,570
Passenger change 18–19 +10.1%
Sources: Passenger Traffic, ACI Europe[4]
German AIP at EUROCONTROL[5]

TXL saw its last flight on 8 November 2020[2] after all traffic had been transferred gradually to the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport until that date.[8][9] It was legally decommissioned as an airfield after a mandatory transitional period on 4 May 2021.[1] All government flights were also relocated to the new airport with the exception of helicopter operations which will stay at a separate area on the northern side of Tegel Airport until 2029.[10]

The airport's grounds are due to be redeveloped into a new city quarter dedicated to scientific and industrial research named Urban Tech Republic which is to retain the airport's main building and tower as a repurposed landmark.[11]

History edit

The beginnings edit

 
Zeppelin LZ 3 airship at Tegel in 1909

The area of today's airport originally was part of the Jungfernheide forest, which served as a hunting ground for the Prussian nobility. During the 19th century, it was used as an artillery firing range. Aviation history dates back to the early 20th century, when the Royal Prussian Airship battalion was based there and the area became known as Luftschiffhafen Reinickendorf. In 1906, a hangar was built for testing of Groß-Basenach and Parseval type airships.[12]

Soon after the outbreak of World War I, on 20 August 1914, the area was dedicated to military training of aerial reconnaissance crews. Following the war, all aviation industry was removed as a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles, which prohibited Germany from having any armed aircraft. On 27 September 1930, Rudolf Nebel launched an experimental rocket testing and research facility on the site. It became known as Raketenschießplatz Tegel and attracted a small group of eminent aerospace engineers, which included German rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun. In 1937, the rocket pioneers left Tegel in favour of the secret Peenemünde army research centre.[13]

During World War II, the area served once again as a military training area, mostly for Flak troops. It was destroyed in Allied air raids.[14]

Cold War era (1948–1990) edit

Berlin Airlift edit

 
Overview of Berlin's airports

Plans for converting the area into allotment gardens were shelved due to the Berlin Blockade, which began on 24 June 1948. In the ensuing US-led Berlin Airlift, it quickly turned out that Berlin's existing main airport at Tempelhof was not big enough to accommodate all relief aircraft. As a consequence, the French military authorities in charge of Tegel at that time ordered the construction of a 2,428 m (7,966 ft) long runway, the longest in Europe at the time,[15] as well as provisional airport buildings and basic infrastructure. Groundbreaking took place on 5 August 1948, and only 90 days later, on 5 November, a United States Air Force (USAF) Douglas C-54 Skymaster became the first aircraft to land at the new airport. The United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) commander-in-chief, General Cannon, and the chief-of-staff of the Anglo-American airlift, General Tunner, arrived at Tegel on this aircraft.[16]

British Dakota and Hastings aircraft carrying essential goods and raw materials began using Tegel on a regular basis from 17 November 1948. Generally, the former carried food and fuel while the latter were loaded with coal. Regular cargo flights with American C-54s followed from 14 December 1948. December 1948 also saw three Armée de l'Air Junkers Ju 52/3m transport planes participating in the airlift for the first time. However, the Armée de l'Air contributed to the overall airlift effort in a very small and symbolic way only. As a result of committing the French transport fleet to the growing war effort in Indochina, as well as the joint Anglo-American decision to employ only four-engined planes for the remainder of the airlift to increase the number of flights and the amount of cargo carried on each flight by taking advantage of those aircraft's higher speeds and greater capacities, the French participation ceased.[16]

Base aérienne 165 Berlin Tegel edit

Following the end of the Berlin Airlift in May 1949, Tegel became the Berlin base of the Armée de l'Air, eventually leading to the establishment of Base aérienne 165 at Berlin Tegel on 1 August 1964.[16] (The end of the Cold War and German reunification resulted in the deactivation of the Western Allies' armed forces in Berlin in July 1994. This in turn led to the decommissioning of Base aérienne 165 the same year.[16]). Tegel was home to a small detachment of the French Army Light Aviation, which used single engined Cessna O-1 Bird Dog from 1968 to 1993, and Sud-Ouest Alouette III Helicopters from May 1987 until June 1994. The Armée de l'Air had a single Max Holste MH1521 Broussard until 1988, which was replaced by a DeHavilland Canada DHC-6-300 Twin Otter for liaison and surveillance flights.

Commercial operations edit

 
Arrival at Berlin Tegel of a former Nigerian information minister on an official visit to West Berlin on 20 June 1963 (note the original terminal on the airport's north side in the background).

In the late 1950s, the runways at West Berlin's city centre Tempelhof Airport had become too short to accommodate the new-generation jet aircraft such as the Aérospatiale Caravelle, Boeing 707, de Havilland Comet,[nb 1] and Douglas DC-8, without imposing payload or range restrictions that made commercial operations unviable.[17]

West Berlin's special legal status during the Cold War era (1945–1990) meant that all air traffic through the Allied air corridors linking the exclave with West Germany was restricted to airlines headquartered in the United States, the United Kingdom, or France – three of the four victorious powers of World War II. In addition, all flightdeck crew[nb 2] flying aircraft into and out of West Berlin were required to hold American, British, or French passports.[18] During that period, the majority of Tegel's regular commercial flights served West German domestic routes, hub airports in Frankfurt, London, Paris, Amsterdam, points in the United States, and popular holiday resorts in the Mediterranean and Canary Islands.[19]

Initially, all commercial flights used the original terminal building (a pre-fabricated shed), which was situated to the North of the runway, at what is today the military part of the airport.[19]

In 1988, Berlin Tegel was named after German aviation pioneer Otto Lilienthal.[16]

Air France edit

 
Air France Sud-Aviation Caravelle landing at Berlin Tegel Airport in 1964

Air France was the first airline to commence regular commercial operations at Tegel on 2 January 1960.[20][21]

On that day, Air France, which had served Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Munich, Nuremberg, and its main base at Paris Le Bourget/Orly during the previous decade from Tempelhof with Douglas DC-4, Sud-Est Languedoc, and Lockheed Constellation/Super Constellation piston equipment, shifted its entire Berlin operation to Tegel because Tempelhof's runways were too short to permit the introduction of the Sud-Aviation Caravelle, the French flag carrier's new short-haul jet, with a viable payload.[20][22][23][24] (Air France's Caravelle IIIs lacked thrust reversers that would have permitted them to land safely on Tempelhof's short runways with a full commercial payload.[25][26])

Following the move to Tegel, Air France initially used Lockheed Super Constellation piston equipment on all Berlin flights. On 24 February 1960, Air France became the first airline to introduce jet aircraft on its Berlin routes when the new Caravelles began replacing the Super Constellations. It also became the first and at the time the only one to offer two classes[nb 3] on short-haul flights serving West Berlin.[20][27][28]

Following the mid- to late 1960s' introduction by Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) and British European Airways (BEA) of jet aircraft with short-field capabilities that were not payload-restricted on Tempelhof's short runways, Air France experienced a traffic decline on those routes where it competed with Pan Am and BEA, mainly as a result of Tegel's greater distance and poorer accessibility from West Berlin's city centre. Over this period, the French airline's market share halved from 9% to less than 5%, despite having withdrawn from Tegel–Düsseldorf in summer 1964 and concentrating its limited resources on Tegel–Frankfurt and Tegel–Munich to maximise the competitive impact on the latter two routes (Air France had already discontinued Berlin–Nuremberg services prior to its move to Tegel). To reverse growing losses on its Berlin routes resulting from load factors as low as 30%, Air France decided to withdraw from the internal German market entirely. This reduced its presence at Tegel to direct scheduled services from/to Paris Orly only. (Initially, Air France continued serving Tegel twice daily from Orly, with one service routing via Frankfurt and the other operating non-stop. The one-stop service was subsequently dropped. This further reduced the airline's presence at Tegel to a single daily, non-stop return flight to/from Paris Orly.[29]) In spring 1969, Air France entered into a joint venture with BEA. This arrangement entailed BEA taking over Air France's two remaining German domestic routes to Frankfurt and Munich and operating these with its own aircraft and flightdeck crews from Tempelhof. The Air France-BEA joint venture terminated in autumn 1972.[22][23][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]

From 1 November 1972, the daily Air France service between Orly and Tegel routed via Cologne in both directions to maintain the airline's internal German traffic rights from/to Berlin.[22][33][34][35]

On 1 April 1973, Air France re-introduced a daily non-stop Orly–Tegel rotation to complement the daily service via Cologne. The additional daily service consisted of an evening inbound and early morning outbound flight, which included a night stop for both aircraft and crew in Berlin.[38] To improve capacity utilisation on its Berlin services and cut down on aircraft parking as well as crew accommodation costs, from 1 April 1974, Air France routed both of its daily Orly–Tegel services via Cologne, with aircraft and crew returning to their base at Paris Orly the same day. From 1 November that year, Air France's Berlin flights switched to the French capital's then new Charles de Gaulle (CDG) Airport.[39][40]

The arrival at Berlin Tegel of an Air France Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde on 17 January 1976 marked the Berlin debut of the Anglo-French supersonic airliner. Two-and-a-half months later, at the start of the 1976 summer timetable, Air France introduced a third daily CDG–Tegel frequency. The new night-stopping service routed via Düsseldorf and utilised the Boeing 727-200, a bigger aircraft than the Caravelles used on the company's other services from/to Berlin.[27][41]

Air France subsequently routed all of its CDG–Tegel flights via Düsseldorf and standardised the aircraft equipment on the 727-200/200 Adv.[42] The 727-200/200 Adv continued to operate most of Air France's Berlin services until the end of the 1980s, when they were gradually replaced with state-of-the-art Airbus A320s and more modern Boeing 737s.[27][43] Indeed, the first ever A320 commercial service was a flight between Paris and Berlin Tegel via Düsseldorf, on 8 April 1988.

Pan American World Airways edit

Pan Am followed Air France into Tegel in May 1964, with a year-round, thrice-weekly direct service to New York JFK, which was operated with Boeing 707s or Douglas DC-8s. These aircraft could not operate from Tempelhof – the airline's West Berlin base at the time – with a viable payload.[44][45] Launched with DC-8 equipment routing through Glasgow Prestwick in Scotland,[45][46][47][48][49] frequency subsequently increased to four flights a week, while the intermediate stop was cut out.[50] Following the introduction in April 1971 of a daily Berlin Tempelhof–Hamburg Fuhlsbüttel–London–Heathrow 727 feeder flight that connected with the airline's transatlantic services at the latter airport,[51] Pan Am withdrew its non-stop Tegel–JFK service at the end of the summer timetable, in October of that year.[52]

Following the cessation of direct Tegel–New York City scheduled services, Pan Am continued to operate affinity group/Advance Booking Charter (ABC) flights from Tegel to the US on an ad hoc basis.[53][54][55]

From the start of the 1974–75 winter season, Pan Am began operating a series of short- and medium-haul week-end charter flights from Tegel under contract to a leading West German tour operator. These flights served popular resorts in the Alpine region and the Mediterranean. Following a major reduction in the airline's scheduled activities at Tempelhof as a result of co-ordinating its flight times with British Airways (rather than operating competitive schedules), this helped increase utilisation of the 727s based at that airport, especially on weekends.[40][56][57]

In addition to operating a limited number of commercial flights from Tegel prior to its move from Tempelhof on 1 September 1975, Pan Am used it as a diversion airfield.[58][59] The move from Tempelhof to Tegel resulted in all of Pan Am's Berlin operations being concentrated at the latter.[60]

1976 was the first year since 1972 the steady decline in scheduled domestic air traffic from and to West Berlin was arrested and reversed. The first expansion in Pan Am's Berlin operation since the move to Tegel occurred during that year's Easter festival period, when the airline temporarily stationed a Boeing 707-320B at the airport to cope with the seasonal rush on the prime Berlin–Frankfurt route.[22][35][37][41][61]

From late 1979, Pan Am began updating its Berlin fleet. This entailed phasing out all 727-100s by 1983. The first stage involved replacing two of the 13 German-based aircraft with a pair of stretched Boeing 727-200s originally destined for Ozark Air Lines to add more capacity to Berlin–Frankfurt.[62][63] This was followed by an order for eight additional 727-200s, with deliveries slated to begin in October 1981.[64] After initially cancelling the order due to the airline's deteriorating finances and economic environment, it was subsequently reinstated, with deliveries due to commence in December 1981.[65][66]

In the interim, a number of Boeing 737-200/200 Adv were leased from 1982.[67][68][69][70][71]

The largest-ever expansion of Pan Am's scheduled internal German services occurred during summer 1984, when the airline's aircraft movements at Tegel increased by 20%. This coincided with the relocation of the US carrier's German and Central European headquarters from Frankfurt to Berlin on 1 May 1984.[72]

Pan Am began introducing wide-body aircraft on its Berlin routes in the mid-1980s. Up to four Airbus A300s replaced 727-200s on Berlin–Frankfurt. The A300s were subsequently replaced with Airbus A310s. The longer-range A310-300s that joined Pan Am's fleet from 1987 enabled reintroduction of non-stop, daily Tegel–JFK scheduled services.[73][74][75][76][77]

Pan Am Express, the regional commuter arm of Pan Am, began operating from Berlin Tegel in November 1987 with two ATR 42 commuter turboprops. It operated year-round scheduled services to secondary and tertiary destinations that could not be viably served with Pan Am's Tegel-based "mainline" fleet of Boeing 727-200s and Airbus A310s. These included Basel, Bremen, Dortmund, Hanover, Innsbruck, Kassel, Kiel, Milan, Salzburg, Stockholm and Vienna. In addition, Pan Am Express also helped Pan Am increase the number of flights on some of the other scheduled routes it used to serve from Berlin such as Tegel–Zürich by operating additional off-peak frequencies.[78]

British Airways edit

British Airways was the last of West Berlin's three main scheduled carriers to commence regular operations from Tegel following the move from Tempelhof on 1 September 1975. However, like Pan Am, it and its predecessor BEA had used the airport as a diversion airfield before.[58][59][79] Initially, all British Airways services from Tegel—with the exception of the daily non-stop service to London Heathrow—continued to be operated by BAC One-Eleven 500s. The daily London–Heathrow non-stop was operated with Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E/3B equipment based at that airport until the end of the 1975 summer season.[79] (It subsequently reverted to a One-Eleven 500 operation.[80])

From 1983, British Airways began updating its Berlin fleet. This entailed phasing out the ageing One-Elevens, which were replaced with new Boeing 737-200 Adv.[81] During the second half of the 1980s, British Airways augmented its Berlin 737s with regional airliners. These initially comprised British Aerospace (BAe) 748s (from 1986) and subsequently BAe ATPs (from 1989). The introduction of these turboprops enabled the airline to serve shorter and thinner regional domestic routes from Berlin more economically. It also permitted a frequency increase, thereby enhancing competitiveness.[82][83][84][85][86]

Other operators edit

 
British Midland Boeing 707-320 at Berlin Tegel Airport in 1972
 
World Airways Boeing 747-200 at Berlin Tegel Airport in 1973

From 1966 until 1968, UK independent Lloyd International was contracted by Neckermann und Reisen, the tour operator of West German mail-order concern Neckermann, to launch a series of inclusive tour (IT) flights from Tegel. These flights were operated with Bristol Britannia turboprops.[87] They served principal European holiday resorts in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands.[88]

From April 1968, all non-scheduled services, i.e. primarily the rapidly growing number of IT holiday flights that several UK independent[nb 4] airlines as well as a number of US supplemental carriers[nb 5] had mainly operated from Tempelhof since the early 1960s under contract to West Berlin's leading package tour operators, were concentrated at Tegel. This traffic redistribution between West Berlin's two commercial airports was intended to alleviate Tempelhof's increasing congestion and to make better use of Tegel, which was underutilised at the time.[19]

During that period, the Allied charter carriers had begun replacing their obsolete propliners with contemporary turboprop and jet aircraft types, which suffered payload and range restrictions on Tempelhof's short runways. The absence of such restrictions at Tegel gave airlines greater operational flexibility regarding aircraft types and destinations. This was the reason charter carriers favoured Tegel despite being less popular than Tempelhof because of its greater distance from West Berlin's city centre and poor public transport links.[23][36]

A new passenger handling facility exclusively dedicated to charter airline passengers was opened to accommodate the additional traffic.[19] Both this facility (a wooden shed) and the original terminal used by Air France's and Pan Am's scheduled passengers were located on the airport's north side.[19]

Following the transfer of all charter traffic to Tegel, British Eagle, Dan-Air Services, Invicta International Airlines, Laker Airways and Modern Air Transport began stationing several of their jets at the airport.[19][89][90]

While British Eagle's and Invicta's presence at Tegel lasted only for the 1968 summer season, Dan-Air, Laker Airways, and Modern Air were present at the airport for a number of years.[19][89][90]

In March 1971, Channel Airways began stationing aircraft at Tegel as well; however, its presence at the airport lasted only until the end of that year's summer season.[91][92]

Channel Airways's collapse in early 1972 provided the impetus for Dan-Air to take over the failed carrier's charter contracts and to expand its own operations at Tegel.[93]

Dan-Air, one of Britain's foremost wholly private, independent airlines during the 1970s and 80s, eventually became the third-biggest operator at Tegel Airport, ahead of Air France. In addition to firmly establishing itself as the airport's and West Berlin's leading charter airline, it also operated scheduled services linking Tegel with Amsterdam Schiphol, Saarbrücken and London–Gatwick, its main operating base. By the time that airline was taken over by British Airways at the end of October 1992, it had served Tegel Airport for a quarter of a century.[94][95]

Modern Air's departure in October 1974 coincided with Aeroamerica's arrival.[55][96] That carrier's departure following the end of the 1979 summer season was followed by Air Berlin USA's arrival.[97]

Laker Airways's decision to replace its Tegel-based BAC One-Eleven fleet with one of its newly acquired Airbus A300 B4 widebodies from the 1981 summer season resulted in Monarch Airlines taking over that airline's long-standing charter contract with Flug-Union Berlin, one of West Berlin's leading contemporary tour operators.[98][99][100]

In the late 1980s, Monarch Airlines provided the aircraft as well as the flightdeck crew and maintenance support for Euroberlin France, a Tegel-based scheduled airline headquartered in Paris, France. Euroberlin was jointly owned by Air France and Lufthansa, with the former holding a 51% majority stake, thereby making it a French legal entity and enabling it to conduct commercial airline operations in West Berlin.[36][101][102]

The following airlines operated regular services to/from Tegel Airport during the Cold War era as well:

  • Court Line Aviation was a major British independent airline of the early 1970s that served Berlin Tegel with a series of regular charter flights from its base at London–Luton and Paris Le Bourget Airport between 1970 and 1974 under contract to the students travel company of Berlin's Technical University.[39]
  • Touraine Air Transport was a French regional airline serving Berlin Tegel from Saarbrücken several times a day on a year-round basis from late 1978 until early 1984.[103]
  • Berlin European UK was a Berlin-based UK regional airline founded in 1986 as Berlin Regional UK by a former British Airways general manager for that airline's Berlin operation to begin domestic and international regional scheduled services to destinations not served by any of West Berlin's contemporary scheduled operators from April 1987, utilising BAe Jetstream commuter turboprop planes.[78][104][105]
  • Trans World Airlines (TWA), the other major US flag carrier of that era, used to operate affinity group/ABC flights from Tegel to the USA on an ad hoc basis during the early 1970s.[53][54][55] When it entered the West Berlin scheduled market in the late 1980s, it initially served Brussels twice daily from Berlin Tegel (from 2 August 1987[24][106]). Daily flights to Frankfurt Airport followed (from 1989[107]). Eventually, Berlin Tegel became an important spoke for TWA in Europe, following the launch of additional services to Zürich (via Stuttgart) and Amsterdam (via Hamburg). The Berlin Boeing 727-100s connected with transatlantic 747s and L-1011s at Brussels, Frankfurt, Zürich and Amsterdam.[24][108]

In addition to the aforementioned airlines, a host of others – mainly British independents and US supplementals – were frequent visitors to Berlin Tegel, especially during the early 1970s. These included Britannia Airways, British Airtours, British United, Caledonian, Caledonian/BUA / British Caledonian, Capitol International Airways, Overseas National Airways, Saturn Airways, Trans International Airlines, Transamerica Airlines and World Airways. During that period, the airport scene at Berlin Tegel could be very colourful, with Air France Caravelles, the UK independents' BAC One-Elevens, de Havilland Comets, and Hawker Siddeley Tridents as well as the US supplementals' Boeing 707s, Convair Coronados and Douglas DC-8s congregating on its ramp.[53][54][55] During 1974 alone, 22 airlines were operating at Tegel Airport.[109]

Tegel's new terminal takes shape edit

 
The main building with Terminals A and B inaugurated in November 1974
 
Tegel Airport was famous for its short walking distances, as seen here in Terminal A: buses, taxis and cars can drop off passengers outside the windows on the right, check-in and direct gate access is on the left

Construction of a new, hexagonally shaped terminal complex on the airport's south side began during the 1960s. This coincided with the lengthening of the runways to permit fully laden widebodied aircraft to take off and land without restricting their range and construction of a motorway and access road linking the new terminal to the city centre.[110][111] It became operational on 1 November 1974.

A British Airways L-1011 Tristar 1,[96][112] a Laker Airways McDonnell-Douglas DC-10-10,[113] a Pan Am Boeing 747-100[114] and an Air France Airbus A300 B2[113] were among the widebodied aircraft specially flown in for a pre-inauguration of the new terminal on 23 October 1974.[40][109][115] Dan-Air operated the first commercial flight to arrive at the airport's new terminal at 06.00 am local time with a BAC One-Eleven that was inbound from Tenerife.[109][115]

Tegel becomes West Berlin's main airport edit

Following Pan Am's and British Airways's move from Tempelhof to Tegel on 1 September 1975, the latter replaced Tempelhof as the main airport of West Berlin.[60]

Early post-reunification era (1990–1995) edit

 
TWA Lockheed L-1011 at Berlin Tegel Airport in 1991

Following Germany's reunification on 3 October 1990, all access restrictions to the former West Berlin airports were lifted.[116]

Lufthansa resumed flights to Berlin on 28 October 1990, initially operating twelve daily pairs of flights on a limited number of routes, including Tegel–Cologne, Tegel–Frankfurt and Tegel–London Gatwick.[117] To facilitate the German flag carrier's resumption of services from/to Berlin, it purchased Pan Am's Internal German Services (IGS) division[110] for US$150 million. This included Pan Am's internal German traffic rights as well as its gates and slots at Tegel. This agreement, under which Lufthansa contracted up to seven of Pan Am's Tegel-based Boeing 727-200s operated by that airline's flightdeck and cabin crews to ply its scheduled routes to Munich, Nuremberg and Stuttgart until mid-1991, also facilitated Pan Am's orderly exit from the internal German air transport market after 40 years' uninterrupted service as European Union (EU) legislation prevented it from participating in the internal air transport market of the EU/European Economic Area (EEA) as a non-EU/EEA headquartered carrier.[116][117] However, Pan Am continued operating its non-stop Tegel–JFK service until Delta Air Lines assumed most of Pan Am's transatlantic scheduled services in November 1991. Pan Am Express, which was not included in Pan Am's IGS sale to Lufthansa, continued operating all of its domestic and international regional scheduled routes from Tegel as an independent legal entity until its acquisition by TWA in 1991. Following TWA's takeover of Pan Am Express, the former Pan Am Express Berlin operations were closed. Until December 1994, Lufthansa also contracted Euroberlin to operate some of its internal German flights from its new Tegel base, making use of that airline's gates and slots at Tegel as well.

As a US-registered airline, Air Berlin found itself in the same situation as Pan Am following German reunification. It chose to reconstitute itself as a German company.

These were the days when liberalisation of the EU/EEA internal air transport market was still in progress and when domestic traffic rights were reserved for each member country's own airlines. The German government therefore insisted that all non-German EU/EEA carriers either withdraw their internal German scheduled services from Berlin or transfer them to majority German-owned subsidiaries by the end of 1992.[86] It also wanted the bulk of all charter flights from Berlin to be operated by German airlines. These measures were squarely aimed at UK carriers with a major presence in the internal German air transport market from Berlin as well as the city's charter market, specifically British Airways and Dan-Air. Lufthansa and other German airlines reportedly lobbied their government to curtail British Airways's and Dan-Air's activities in Berlin, arguing that German airlines enjoyed no equivalent rights in the UK.[86] This resulted in British Airways taking a 49% stake in Friedrichshafen-based German regional airline Delta Air, renaming it Deutsche BA (DBA) and transferring its internal German traffic rights to the new airline.[118] BA also replaced the commuter aircraft DBA had inherited from Delta Air with new Boeing 737-300s.[119] These in turn replaced the Boeing 737-200 Adv and BAe ATP airliners British Airways had used on its internal German scheduled services from Berlin.[86]

At the time of German reunification, Dan-Air's Berlin fleet numbered five aircraft, comprising three Boeing 737s (one −400, one −300 and one 200 Adv) and two HS 748s.[120] The former were used to fly locally based holidaymakers from Tegel to overseas resorts on IT flights under contract to German package tour operators. The latter operated the airline's scheduled routes linking Tegel with Amsterdam and Saarbrücken. Dan-Air discontinued its charter operations from Berlin on behalf of German tour operators at the end of the 1990–91 winter season and replaced the ageing 748 turboprop it had used on its Amsterdam schedule since the mid-1980s with larger, more advanced BAe 146 100 series jets. It also introduced new direct scheduled air links from Berlin to Manchester and Newcastle via Amsterdam.[120][121][122] The Saarbrücken route was withdrawn at the end of the 1991 summer season, while the Amsterdam route was gradually taken over by NLM Cityhopper, the contemporary regional arm of Dutch flag carrier KLM.[123][124] This reduced Dan-Air's presence in Berlin to a single daily scheduled service as well as up to four weekly charter flights linking the airline's Gatwick base with its former overseas base at Tegel. Flights were operated by Gatwick aircraft and crews until the firm's takeover by British Airways at the end of October 1992.[125][126] The restructuring of Dan-Air's long-established Berlin operation was not only the result of political changes. It was also driven by its own corporate restructuring, which aimed to refocus the airline as a Gatwick-based short-haul "mainline" scheduled operator and involved phasing out its smaller aircraft and thinner routes.[127]

Other airlines that commenced/resumed scheduled operations from Berlin Tegel at the beginning of the post-reunification era included Aero Lloyd, Alitalia, American Airlines, Austrian Airlines, SAS Eurolink, Swissair, TWA and United Airlines.[128][129]

Aero Lloyd, Germania and Condor Berlin began operating charter flights from Berlin Tegel during that period.[128]

1995 onwards edit

 
Berlin Tegel Airport in 2014
 
Check-in-area at Terminal C
 
Apron of Terminal D

The events of the early post-reunification years (1990–1995) were followed by further, high-profile international route launches and growing consolidation among German airlines with a major presence at Tegel.

Amongst the former were the December 2005 launch of Tegel Airport's first-ever scheduled service to the Qatari capital Doha by Qatar Airways, operated non-stop at an initial frequency of four flights a week, and Air Berlin's November 2010 launch of non-stop, thrice-weekly Tegel–Dubai flights (another first). This was followed by the latter's May 2011 launch of a non-stop, four-times-a-week Tegel–JFK service.[130][131][132][133][134]

The latter began with British Airways mid-2003 sale for a symbolic €1 (72p) of its German subsidiary DBA to Intro Verwaltungsgesellschaft, a Nuremberg-based consultancy and investment company headed by German entrepreneur Hans Rudolf Wöhrl who founded German charter airline Eurowings and also was a former DBA board member.[135][136] Further consolidation among Tegel's German airlines took place when Air Berlin entered into an agreement to assume Germania's management shortly before the death of that airline's founder, took over DBA and gained control of LTU. These events occurred in November 2005, August 2006 and March 2007, respectively.[137][138][139]

On 9 October 2017, Air Berlin announced termination of all of its own operations, excluding wetleases, by the end of the month[140] leading to the loss of the airport's largest customer. On 28 October 2017, easyJet announced it would take over some of bankrupt Air Berlin's former assets at Tegel Airport to gradually start its own base operations there on 7 January 2018. Previously, it only served Berlin Schönefeld Airport, which is already an easyJet base.[141][7]

As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, passenger numbers at Tegel declined significantly.[142] On 29 April 2020, airport management announced plans to close Tegel temporarily from 1 June 2020.[143] However, shortly after this plan was cancelled with the airport remaining operational until early November 2020.[8]

Closure and legacy of Tegel Airport edit

On 1 October 2020, the new airport received final approval for opening on 31 October 2020, meaning a closure of Tegel shortly after.[144] In the days leading up to Tegel's closure, many airlines and their aircraft received water salutes before entering the runway for the last time. At this point, the tower and the main terminal were lit up in red with the #DankeTXL hashtag projected on them at night. The final scheduled flight to leave the airport was operated by Air France to Paris–Charles de Gaulle on 8 November 2020.[2] Lufthansa concluded their Tegel operations on 7 November 2020 with the last scheduled flight to Munich, specially operated by an Airbus A350-900 to mark the occasion.[145] Sundair also operated a special commemorative flight from Tegel to the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport using an Airbus A320 that still had the base colours of Air Berlin. Many former Air Berlin employees also came to the airport in their old Air Berlin uniforms.

Due to legal and safety reasons, Tegel had been held operational for air traffic for another six months without handling any scheduled services before being decommissioned as an aviation facility.[146] The separate minor military area on the northern side of Tegel (Tegel Nord) will still be used for governmental helicopter flights until 2029.[147]

The airport was decommissioned on 4 May 2021.[1] At the same time, the first facilities, including interim terminal C2 and baggage halls have been already torn down while the main terminal, which will be kept, had been emptied of most facilities.[148]

The airport terminal building was used as a COVID-19 vaccination centre during the coronavirus pandemic.[149] In March 2022, the former airport was converted into temporary shelters for refugees fleeing Ukraine.[150]

Future development edit

The airport was scheduled to close in June 2012 after Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) opened. Due to the delays with BER, the future of Tegel had long remained uncertain.[151][152]

A campaign was launched to keep Tegel Airport open, which gathered signatures for a referendum for voters to decide on the future of the airport.[153] In September 2017, a public quorum was held parallel to the German federal election to decide whether Tegel Airport should remain open once Berlin Brandenburg Airport starts its operations. The majority of voters voted in favour of Tegel remaining open;[154] however, the federal authorities and the state of Brandenburg, which together hold a majority against Berlin over the airport's ownership, overrode the vote shortly afterwards, leading to the shutdown of Tegel.[155]

Terminals edit

 
Terminal layout as of 2010; the apron was subsequently extended to the southeast of Terminal C
 
Aerial view of Berlin Tegel Airport

Tegel consisted of five terminals. As the airport was small compared to other major airports handling the same number of passengers, these terminals might be regarded as "halls" or "boarding areas"; nevertheless, they are officially referred to as "terminals", even if most of them shared the same building.

Tegel Airport was originally planned to have a second hexagonal terminal like the main building right next to it.[156] The second terminal ring was never built because of Berlin municipal budgetary constraints and the post-reunification decision to replace the former West Berlin airports with the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport.

Terminals A and B edit

The main building was the original part of the airport. It consisted of two parts:

  • Terminal A was a hexagon-shaped ring concourse with a parking area, taxi stands and bus stops in its middle. It featured 14 jet bridges which correspond to 16 respective check-in counters (A00–A15), with jetways 1 and 14 each serving two check-in counters. There was no transit zone, which means that each gate has its own security clearance checkpoint and exit for arriving passengers. Therefore, direct flight connections without leaving the airside area were not possible. Most major airlines arrived and departed here, especially "prestigious" flights like intercontinental services or flights to the busy European hub airports; for example United Airlines flights to Newark and Lufthansa services to Munich and Frankfurt were handled here. The whole rooftop worked as a visitor platform.[157] Terminal A was capable of handling wide-bodied aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 767-400ER or Airbus A330-300 on two positions but with only one jet bridge attached to each. The short distance from street to aircraft also put the airport at a disadvantage regarding its extra income as shops and restaurants were restricted to few and small spaces. The last flight from the airport, Air France flight AF1235, operated by an Airbus A320 (F-GKXP), departed from Terminal A, and its parking location is marked by a short gate centreline with a plaque-like sign beneath it: 08.11.2020 letzter Flug AF1235 TXL-CDG AIR FRANCE.
  • Terminal B (also called "Nebel-Hall" after German spaceflight pioneer Rudolf Nebel) was a converted former waiting area in a side wing of the main building and featured check-in counters B20–B39. There was only one walk-boarding aircraft stand directly serving it. This single stand, however, could have handled widebody aircraft up to the size of the Boeing 777-300ER – operated into Tegel by Qatar Airways – and Boeing 747-400, which were not regular visitors.

Terminal C edit

Terminal C was opened in May 2007 as a temporary solution because all other terminals were operating at their maximum capacity. It was largely used by Air Berlin until its demise. It featured 26 check-in counters and gates numbered C38-C51, C60–C67 (Section C2), and C80-C89 (in the newest addition Section C3). From 2008 until August 2009, 5 additional aircraft stands were constructed and the building was expanded by approximately 50% of its original size, in order to handle another 1.5 million passengers per year. The extended terminal housed a transit zone for connecting passengers which did not exist at any other terminal at Tegel Airport. Due to noise protection treaties, the overall number of aircraft stands at the airport was restricted, thus aircraft stands on the apron (serving Terminals A and D) had to be removed for compensation.[158] Terminal C was able to handle widebody-aircraft like Air Berlin's former Airbus A330-200s up to the size of a Boeing 747-400 but featured no jet bridges.

Terminal D edit

Terminal D was opened in 2001 and is a converted car park. It featured 22 check-in counters (D70–D91), with one bus-boarding gate and two walk-boarding gates. Most passengers of airlines operating smaller aircraft (like Embraer 190s for example) were brought to the remote aircraft stands by bus from here. Terminal D was the only part of the airport that remained open all night long. The lower level arrival area was called Terminal E (Gates E16-E18).

Former airlines and destinations edit

Tegel was the primary airport of Berlin and therefore saw flights by most major European airlines including British Airways and Air France to many large European cities as well as frequent services to leisure routes mainly around the Mediterranean. After the demise of Air Berlin, which maintained a hub here, Tegel served as a base for easyJet and Ryanair — which both also operated out of Berlin Schönefeld Airport — alongside Eurowings. German flag carrier Lufthansa however only maintained two routes to connect their hubs in Frankfurt and Munich with several flights per day. Despite the size and importance of Berlin as one of Europe's largest capital cities, Tegel handled only eight long-haul routes prior to the COVID-19 pandemic,[159] several of them seasonal — most notably by Qatar Airways to Doha, United Airlines to Newark and Scoot to Singapore.[160]

Statistics edit

Annual passenger traffic edit

Annual passenger traffic at TXL airport. See Wikidata query.
Annual passenger traffic 2000–20[161]
year passengers % change
2000 10,343,697  
2001 9,909,453   −4.2%
2002 9,879,888   −0.3%
2003 11,104,106   12.4%
2004 11,047,954   −0.1%
2005 11,532,302   4.3%
2006 11,812,623   2.4%
2007 13,357,741   13%
2008 14,486,610   8.4%
2009 14,180,237   −2%
2010 15,025,600   6%
2011 16,919,820   12.6%
2012 18,164,203   7.3%
2013 19,591,838   8%
2014 20,688,016   5.6%
2015 21,005,215   1.5%
2016 21,253,959   1.1%
2017 20,455,278   −3.7%
2018 22,000,430   7.5%
2019 24,227,570   10.1%
2020 9,097,788   -74.48%[162]

Busiest routes edit

Busiest domestic routes in 2019   [163]
rank destination all passengers operating airlines
1   Munich 1,972,901 easyJet, Lufthansa
2   Frankfurt 1,956,370 easyJet, Lufthansa
3   Cologne/Bonn 1,232,847 easyJet, Eurowings
4   Düsseldorf 1,144,793 easyJet, Eurowings
5   Stuttgart 1,037,326 easyJet, Eurowings
Busiest European routes in 2019[163]
rank destination all passengers operating airlines
1   Zürich 980,950 easyJet, Swiss
2   Paris-Charles de Gaulle 867,378 easyJet, Joon
3   London-Heathrow 774,372 British Airways, Eurowings
4   Vienna 714,409 Austrian, easyJet
5   Amsterdam 590,625 KLM
Busiest Continental routes in 2018 and 2019[164]
rank destination airport passengers
2019		 % change passengers
2018		 departures
2019		 % change departures
2018
1   Zürich 587,865   19.83% 490,600 5,261   42.69% 3.687
2   Vienna 461,391   30.09% 354,673 4,312   51.4% 2.848
3   Paris–Charles de Gaulle 420,056   –1.78% 427,669 2,782   –4.69% 2.919
4   Palma de Mallorca 407,039   74.18% 233,688 2,848   79.8% 1.584
5   London–Heathrow 401,583   4.48% 384,370 3,340   2.42% 3.261
6   Amsterdam 326,970   11.08% 294,354 2,388   11.75% 2.137
7   Istanbul 274,000   5.56% 259,565 1,579   –5.22% 1.666
8   Helsinki-Vantaa 233,391   –5.41% 246,730 1,819   –5.36% 1.922
9   Madrid 173,562   53.38% 113,161 1,163   49.1% 0 780
10   Copenhagen 170,673   –8.83% 187,210 1,498   –2.73% 1.540
11   Brussels 165,961   4.11% 159,412 1,481   –4.14% 1.545
12   Paris–Orly 160,250   781.12% 018,187 1,038   565.38% 0 156
13   Rome–Fiumicino 149,880   8.95% 137,567 1,080   7.57% 1.004
14   Stockholm–Arlanda 141,711   –31.63% 207,278 1,133   –31.21% 1.647
15   Antalya 120,783   21.6% 099,330 0 764   20.13% 0 636
16   London–Gatwick 086,077 new route 00000 0 0 591 new route 000 0
17   Barcelona 083,355   –7.77% 090,379 0 530   –11.22% 0 597
18   Dublin 081,685   10.93% 073,634 0 611   4.98% 0 582
19   Lisbon 081,558   12.72% 072,357 0 614   10.43% 0 556
20   Milan–Malpensa 074,234 new route 00000 0 0 488 new route 000 0
These statistics include departures only.

Ground transportation edit

Tegel Airport did not have a direct rail connection, but was served by several bus routes and motorways. An underground station directly serving Tegel Airport had been planned since the 1960s, but was never built. Note that the Alt-Tegel U-Bahn station and Tegel S-Bahn station do not serve Tegel Airport, but rather the Tegel-quarter of Berlin. Extensions of the tram system from Hauptbahnhof and the U6 branch from Kurt-Schumacher Platz to the airport were discussed, but not implemented before its closure.

Car edit

The airport has a direct connection to motorway A111 (Exit Flughafen Tegel) which further links it to motorways A10, A110 and A115 (via A110) reaching out in all directions.[165] Taxis and car hire were available at the airport.

Bus edit

The airport was linked by several BVG bus lines, which offered connection to the U-Bahn and S-Bahn, as well as to Regional Express trains and long-distance trains:[166]

Tegel Airport was in the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg's Berlin B fare zone, with no additional fare for BVG services to and from the airport.

Incidents and accidents edit

There are no recorded fatal accidents involving commercial airline operations at Berlin Tegel itself. However, two commercial flights, one of which was due to arrive at Tegel Airport and the other of which had departed the airport, were involved in fatal accidents. These accidents are listed below:

  • On 15 November 1966, Clipper München, a Pan Am Boeing 727-21 (registration N317PA) operating the return leg of the airline's daily cargo flight to Berlin from Frankfurt Rhein-Main Airport (flight number PA 708) was due to land that night at Tegel Airport, rather than Tempelhof, due to runway resurfacing work taking place at that time at the latter. Berlin Control had cleared flight 708 for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach to Tegel Airport's runway 08, soon after the crew had begun its descent from Flight Level (FL) 090 to FL 030 before entering the southwest air corridor over East Germany on the last stretch of its journey to Berlin. The aircraft impacted the ground near Dallgow, East Germany, almost immediately after the crew had acknowledged further instructions received from Berlin Control, just 10 mi (16 km) from Tegel Airport. All three crew members died in this accident. Visibility was poor, and it was snowing at the time of the accident. Following the accident, the Soviet military authorities in East Germany returned only half of the aircraft's wreckage to their US counterparts in West Berlin. This excluded vital parts, such as the flight data recorder (FDR), the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) as well as the plane's flight control systems, its navigation and communication equipment. The subsequent National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation report concluded that the aircraft's descent below its altitude clearance limit was the accident's probable cause. However, the NTSB was unable to establish the factors that had caused the crew to descend below its cleared minimum altitude.[167][168][169]

The following notable, non-fatal incidents involving airline operations occurred at Tegel. These include commercial flights that were about to depart or had actually departed/arrived as well as unscheduled stopovers:

  • Between 1969 and 1982, Berlin Tegel was the destination of several aircraft hijackings involving LOT Polish Airlines domestic flights within Poland. The hijackings were a means of forcing the authorities in communist Poland to let the hijackers emigrate from the Eastern Bloc. Once the aircraft had landed at Tegel, the French military authorities in charge of the airport during the Cold War era let the hijackers and anyone else who did not wish to return to Poland disembark and claim political asylum in West Berlin. The aircraft, its crew and those passengers who did not want to disembark were subsequently returned to Poland.[170][171]
  • Upon completing the repair and run-up of the faulty engine that had caused a rejected takeoff due to an engine oil warning at Berlin Tegel during the late 1980s, a Dan-Air Boeing 727-200 Adv collided with a jetway at the airport's terminal building while maintenance engineers taxied the aircraft back to its stand. This badly injured the ground crew member manning the jetway and ruptured the fully refuelled aircraft's centre wing tank at the left wing root. As a result, a large quantity of jet fuel spilled onto the tarmac. The maintenance engineers' failure to pressurise the aircraft's hydraulics had resulted in a complete loss of hydraulic pressure just before reaching the stand, making it impossible to steer the aircraft and rendering the brakes ineffective.[172]
  • On 7 January 1997, Austrian Airlines flight 104, a McDonnell Douglas MD-87 en route to Vienna International Airport, was hijacked shortly after takeoff from Tegel Airport by a Bosnian male carrying a knife (which was small enough to be allowed on board under then valid safety regulations). The pilots were forced to return to Berlin, where the perpetrator was overpowered by German police forces.[173]
  • On 6 November 1997, an Air France Boeing 737-500 skidded off the runway while landing at Berlin Tegel due to a suspected brake defect. There were no injuries.[174]

There were also two Cold war era incidents relating to an American and a British airliner that had departed Tegel on international non-scheduled passenger services. Both of these occurred in Bulgarian airspace. The former was a charter flight carrying German holidaymakers to the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, the latter a migrant charter en route to Turkey:

  • On 28 May 1971, a Modern Air CV-990A with 45 passengers on board en route from Berlin Tegel to Bulgaria was unexpectedly denied permission to enter Bulgarian airspace, as a result of a new policy adopted by that country's then-communist government to deny any aircraft whose flight had originated or was going to terminate at a West Berlin airport the right to take off and land at any of its airports. This resulted in the aircraft having to turn back to Berlin, where it landed safely at the city's Tegel Airport.[175]
  • The same year, a Dan-Air Comet carrying Turkish migrant workers from Berlin Tegel to Istanbul was "escorted" by Bulgarian fighter planes into Sofia. The crew flying the aircraft was attempting to take the shortest route to Istanbul when leaving Yugoslav airspace by entering Bulgarian airspace, instead of taking the longer route through Greek airspace. They were not aware of the then communist government of Bulgaria's decision not to let any aircraft enter its airspace whose flight had originated or was going to terminate at a West Berlin airport, without stopping en route at another airport outside West Berlin. The aircraft landed safely at Sofia. It was released along with its crew and passengers when the flight's commander paid with the company's credit card the fine the Bulgarian authorities had imposed for violating their country's airspace.[176]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ except the 4B series, which could operate viably at Tempelhof with a restricted payload
  2. ^ pilots, flight engineers, and navigators
  3. ^ including a 16-seat first class section on Caravelles (in addition to a 64-seat economy section)
  4. ^ independent from government-owned corporations
  5. ^ holders of supplemental air carrier certificates authorised to operate non-scheduled passenger and cargo services to supplement the scheduled operations of certificated route air carriers; airlines holding supplemental air carrier certificates are also known as "nonskeds" in the US

Citations edit

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Bibliography edit

  • Berlin Airport Company (Berliner Flughafen Gesellschaft [BFG]) – Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports, several issues, 1964–1992 (in German). West Berlin, Germany: Berlin Airport Company.
  • "Flight International". Flight International - Marketing Stories. Sutton, UK: Reed Business Information. ISSN 0015-3710. (various backdated issues relating to commercial air transport at Berlin Tegel)
  • "OAG Flight Guide Worldwide". Oag Flight Guide. Dunstable, UK: OAG Worldwide Ltd. ISSN 1466-8718. (October 1990 until December 1994)
  • In Flight – Dan-Air's English language in-flight magazine (Special Silver Jubilee Edition), 1978. London, UK: Dan Air Services Ltd.
  • Kompass – Dan-Air's German language in-flight magazine, various copies 1975–1990 (in German). West Berlin, Germany: Dan Air Services Ltd.
  • . Airways: A Global Review of Commercial Flight. 17, 6. Sandpoint, ID, US: Airways International Inc. August 2010. ISSN 1074-4320. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010.
  • Simons, Graham M. (1993). The Spirit of Dan-Air. Peterborough, UK: GMS Enterprises. ISBN 1-870384-20-2.
  • Eglin, Roger & Ritchie, Berry (1980). Fly me, I'm Freddie. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77746-7.
  • Tietz, Jürgen; Jessen-Klingenberg, Detlef, eds. (2020). TXL: Berlin Tegel Airport (in German and English). Zurich: Park Books. ISBN 978-3-03860-202-6. OCLC 1224011596.

Further reading edit

  • William Durie, "The United States Garrison Berlin 1945-1994", Aug 2014, ISBN 978-3864080685.
  • Bonjour Deutschland – Luftverkehr unter Nachbarn: 1926–2006 (in German)

External links edit

  Media related to Berlin-Tegel Airport at Wikimedia Commons

  • Official website
  • Current weather for EDDT at NOAA/NWS
  • Accident history for TXL at Aviation Safety Network
  • Berlin Tegel: Farewell to the airport that wouldn't die (CNN)

January 01, 1970
berlin, tegel, airport, berlin, tegel, redirects, here, locality, berlin, borough, reinickendorf, tegel, berlin, tegel, otto, lilienthal, airport, german, flughafen, berlin, tegel, otto, lilienthal, iata, icao, eddt, primary, international, airport, berlin, ca. Berlin Tegel redirects here For the locality in the Berlin borough of Reinickendorf see Tegel Berlin Tegel Otto Lilienthal Airport German Flughafen Berlin Tegel Otto Lilienthal IATA TXL ICAO EDDT was the primary international airport of Berlin the capital of Germany The airport was named after aviation pioneer Otto Lilienthal and was the fourth busiest airport in Germany with over 24 million passengers in 2019 In 2016 Tegel handled over 60 of all airline passenger traffic in Berlin 6 The airport served as a base for Eurowings Ryanair and easyJet 7 It featured flights to several European metropolitan and leisure destinations as well as some intercontinental routes It was situated in Tegel a section of the northern borough of Reinickendorf eight kilometres five miles northwest of the city centre of Berlin Tegel Airport was notable for its hexagonal main terminal building around an open square which made walking distances as short as 30 m 100 ft from the aircraft to the terminal exit Berlin Tegel Otto Lilienthal AirportFlughafen Berlin Tegel Otto Lilienthal Tegel Airport in September 2011 IATA TXLICAO EDDTSummaryAirport typeDefunctOperatorFlughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbHServesWest Berlin 1948 1990 Berlin 1990 2020 LocationReinickendorf Berlin GermanyOpened1 April 1974 1974 04 01 commercial flights Closed4 May 2021 2021 05 04 decommissioned 1 Passenger services ceased8 November 2020 2020 11 08 last aircraft departed 2 3 Hub forBritish Airways 1975 1990 Pan American World Airways 1975 1990 Pan Am Express 1987 1991 Ransome Airlines 1987 1991 Euroberlin France 1988 1994 Air Berlin 1979 2017 Sundair 2017 2020 Built5 November 1948 1948 11 05 Cold War Elevation AMSL122 ft 37 mCoordinates52 33 35 N 013 17 16 E 52 55972 N 13 28778 E 52 55972 13 28778Websitewww wbr berlin airport wbr de wbr en wbr travellers txl wbr index wbr phpMapTXLLocation within BerlinShow map of BerlinTXLTXL Germany Show map of GermanyTXLTXL Europe Show map of EuropeRunwaysDirection Length Surface m ft 08L 26R 3 023 9 918 Asphalt concrete Closed 08R 26L 2 428 7 966 Asphalt concrete Closed Statistics 2019 Passengers24 227 570Passenger change 18 19 10 1 Sources Passenger Traffic ACI Europe 4 German AIP at EUROCONTROL 5 TXL saw its last flight on 8 November 2020 2 after all traffic had been transferred gradually to the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport until that date 8 9 It was legally decommissioned as an airfield after a mandatory transitional period on 4 May 2021 1 All government flights were also relocated to the new airport with the exception of helicopter operations which will stay at a separate area on the northern side of Tegel Airport until 2029 10 The airport s grounds are due to be redeveloped into a new city quarter dedicated to scientific and industrial research named Urban Tech Republic which is to retain the airport s main building and tower as a repurposed landmark 11 Contents 1 History 1 1 The beginnings 1 2 Cold War era 1948 1990 1 2 1 Berlin Airlift 1 2 2 Base aerienne 165 Berlin Tegel 1 2 3 Commercial operations 1 2 4 Air France 1 2 5 Pan American World Airways 1 2 6 British Airways 1 2 7 Other operators 1 2 8 Tegel s new terminal takes shape 1 2 9 Tegel becomes West Berlin s main airport 1 3 Early post reunification era 1990 1995 1 4 1995 onwards 1 4 1 Closure and legacy of Tegel Airport 2 Future development 3 Terminals 3 1 Terminals A and B 3 2 Terminal C 3 3 Terminal D 4 Former airlines and destinations 5 Statistics 5 1 Annual passenger traffic 5 2 Busiest routes 6 Ground transportation 6 1 Car 6 2 Bus 7 Incidents and accidents 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Notes 9 2 Citations 9 3 Bibliography 9 4 Further reading 10 External linksHistory editThe beginnings edit nbsp Zeppelin LZ 3 airship at Tegel in 1909 The area of today s airport originally was part of the Jungfernheide forest which served as a hunting ground for the Prussian nobility During the 19th century it was used as an artillery firing range Aviation history dates back to the early 20th century when the Royal Prussian Airship battalion was based there and the area became known as Luftschiffhafen Reinickendorf In 1906 a hangar was built for testing of Gross Basenach and Parseval type airships 12 Soon after the outbreak of World War I on 20 August 1914 the area was dedicated to military training of aerial reconnaissance crews Following the war all aviation industry was removed as a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles which prohibited Germany from having any armed aircraft On 27 September 1930 Rudolf Nebel launched an experimental rocket testing and research facility on the site It became known as Raketenschiessplatz Tegel and attracted a small group of eminent aerospace engineers which included German rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun In 1937 the rocket pioneers left Tegel in favour of the secret Peenemunde army research centre 13 During World War II the area served once again as a military training area mostly for Flak troops It was destroyed in Allied air raids 14 Cold War era 1948 1990 edit Berlin Airlift edit nbsp Overview of Berlin s airports Plans for converting the area into allotment gardens were shelved due to the Berlin Blockade which began on 24 June 1948 In the ensuing US led Berlin Airlift it quickly turned out that Berlin s existing main airport at Tempelhof was not big enough to accommodate all relief aircraft As a consequence the French military authorities in charge of Tegel at that time ordered the construction of a 2 428 m 7 966 ft long runway the longest in Europe at the time 15 as well as provisional airport buildings and basic infrastructure Groundbreaking took place on 5 August 1948 and only 90 days later on 5 November a United States Air Force USAF Douglas C 54 Skymaster became the first aircraft to land at the new airport The United States Air Forces in Europe USAFE commander in chief General Cannon and the chief of staff of the Anglo American airlift General Tunner arrived at Tegel on this aircraft 16 British Dakota and Hastings aircraft carrying essential goods and raw materials began using Tegel on a regular basis from 17 November 1948 Generally the former carried food and fuel while the latter were loaded with coal Regular cargo flights with American C 54s followed from 14 December 1948 December 1948 also saw three Armee de l Air Junkers Ju 52 3m transport planes participating in the airlift for the first time However the Armee de l Air contributed to the overall airlift effort in a very small and symbolic way only As a result of committing the French transport fleet to the growing war effort in Indochina as well as the joint Anglo American decision to employ only four engined planes for the remainder of the airlift to increase the number of flights and the amount of cargo carried on each flight by taking advantage of those aircraft s higher speeds and greater capacities the French participation ceased 16 Base aerienne 165 Berlin Tegel edit Following the end of the Berlin Airlift in May 1949 Tegel became the Berlin base of the Armee de l Air eventually leading to the establishment of Base aerienne 165 at Berlin Tegel on 1 August 1964 16 The end of the Cold War and German reunification resulted in the deactivation of the Western Allies armed forces in Berlin in July 1994 This in turn led to the decommissioning of Base aerienne 165 the same year 16 Tegel was home to a small detachment of the French Army Light Aviation which used single engined Cessna O 1 Bird Dog from 1968 to 1993 and Sud Ouest Alouette III Helicopters from May 1987 until June 1994 The Armee de l Air had a single Max Holste MH1521 Broussard until 1988 which was replaced by a DeHavilland Canada DHC 6 300 Twin Otter for liaison and surveillance flights Commercial operations edit nbsp Arrival at Berlin Tegel of a former Nigerian information minister on an official visit to West Berlin on 20 June 1963 note the original terminal on the airport s north side in the background In the late 1950s the runways at West Berlin s city centre Tempelhof Airport had become too short to accommodate the new generation jet aircraft such as the Aerospatiale Caravelle Boeing 707 de Havilland Comet nb 1 and Douglas DC 8 without imposing payload or range restrictions that made commercial operations unviable 17 West Berlin s special legal status during the Cold War era 1945 1990 meant that all air traffic through the Allied air corridors linking the exclave with West Germany was restricted to airlines headquartered in the United States the United Kingdom or France three of the four victorious powers of World War II In addition all flightdeck crew nb 2 flying aircraft into and out of West Berlin were required to hold American British or French passports 18 During that period the majority of Tegel s regular commercial flights served West German domestic routes hub airports in Frankfurt London Paris Amsterdam points in the United States and popular holiday resorts in the Mediterranean and Canary Islands 19 Initially all commercial flights used the original terminal building a pre fabricated shed which was situated to the North of the runway at what is today the military part of the airport 19 In 1988 Berlin Tegel was named after German aviation pioneer Otto Lilienthal 16 Air France edit nbsp Air France Sud Aviation Caravelle landing at Berlin Tegel Airport in 1964 Air France was the first airline to commence regular commercial operations at Tegel on 2 January 1960 20 21 On that day Air France which had served Dusseldorf Frankfurt Munich Nuremberg and its main base at Paris Le Bourget Orly during the previous decade from Tempelhof with Douglas DC 4 Sud Est Languedoc and Lockheed Constellation Super Constellation piston equipment shifted its entire Berlin operation to Tegel because Tempelhof s runways were too short to permit the introduction of the Sud Aviation Caravelle the French flag carrier s new short haul jet with a viable payload 20 22 23 24 Air France s Caravelle IIIs lacked thrust reversers that would have permitted them to land safely on Tempelhof s short runways with a full commercial payload 25 26 Following the move to Tegel Air France initially used Lockheed Super Constellation piston equipment on all Berlin flights On 24 February 1960 Air France became the first airline to introduce jet aircraft on its Berlin routes when the new Caravelles began replacing the Super Constellations It also became the first and at the time the only one to offer two classes nb 3 on short haul flights serving West Berlin 20 27 28 Following the mid to late 1960s introduction by Pan American World Airways Pan Am and British European Airways BEA of jet aircraft with short field capabilities that were not payload restricted on Tempelhof s short runways Air France experienced a traffic decline on those routes where it competed with Pan Am and BEA mainly as a result of Tegel s greater distance and poorer accessibility from West Berlin s city centre Over this period the French airline s market share halved from 9 to less than 5 despite having withdrawn from Tegel Dusseldorf in summer 1964 and concentrating its limited resources on Tegel Frankfurt and Tegel Munich to maximise the competitive impact on the latter two routes Air France had already discontinued Berlin Nuremberg services prior to its move to Tegel To reverse growing losses on its Berlin routes resulting from load factors as low as 30 Air France decided to withdraw from the internal German market entirely This reduced its presence at Tegel to direct scheduled services from to Paris Orly only Initially Air France continued serving Tegel twice daily from Orly with one service routing via Frankfurt and the other operating non stop The one stop service was subsequently dropped This further reduced the airline s presence at Tegel to a single daily non stop return flight to from Paris Orly 29 In spring 1969 Air France entered into a joint venture with BEA This arrangement entailed BEA taking over Air France s two remaining German domestic routes to Frankfurt and Munich and operating these with its own aircraft and flightdeck crews from Tempelhof The Air France BEA joint venture terminated in autumn 1972 22 23 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 From 1 November 1972 the daily Air France service between Orly and Tegel routed via Cologne in both directions to maintain the airline s internal German traffic rights from to Berlin 22 33 34 35 On 1 April 1973 Air France re introduced a daily non stop Orly Tegel rotation to complement the daily service via Cologne The additional daily service consisted of an evening inbound and early morning outbound flight which included a night stop for both aircraft and crew in Berlin 38 To improve capacity utilisation on its Berlin services and cut down on aircraft parking as well as crew accommodation costs from 1 April 1974 Air France routed both of its daily Orly Tegel services via Cologne with aircraft and crew returning to their base at Paris Orly the same day From 1 November that year Air France s Berlin flights switched to the French capital s then new Charles de Gaulle CDG Airport 39 40 The arrival at Berlin Tegel of an Air France Aerospatiale BAC Concorde on 17 January 1976 marked the Berlin debut of the Anglo French supersonic airliner Two and a half months later at the start of the 1976 summer timetable Air France introduced a third daily CDG Tegel frequency The new night stopping service routed via Dusseldorf and utilised the Boeing 727 200 a bigger aircraft than the Caravelles used on the company s other services from to Berlin 27 41 Air France subsequently routed all of its CDG Tegel flights via Dusseldorf and standardised the aircraft equipment on the 727 200 200 Adv 42 The 727 200 200 Adv continued to operate most of Air France s Berlin services until the end of the 1980s when they were gradually replaced with state of the art Airbus A320s and more modern Boeing 737s 27 43 Indeed the first ever A320 commercial service was a flight between Paris and Berlin Tegel via Dusseldorf on 8 April 1988 Pan American World Airways edit Pan Am followed Air France into Tegel in May 1964 with a year round thrice weekly direct service to New York JFK which was operated with Boeing 707s or Douglas DC 8s These aircraft could not operate from Tempelhof the airline s West Berlin base at the time with a viable payload 44 45 Launched with DC 8 equipment routing through Glasgow Prestwick in Scotland 45 46 47 48 49 frequency subsequently increased to four flights a week while the intermediate stop was cut out 50 Following the introduction in April 1971 of a daily Berlin Tempelhof Hamburg Fuhlsbuttel London Heathrow 727 feeder flight that connected with the airline s transatlantic services at the latter airport 51 Pan Am withdrew its non stop Tegel JFK service at the end of the summer timetable in October of that year 52 Following the cessation of direct Tegel New York City scheduled services Pan Am continued to operate affinity group Advance Booking Charter ABC flights from Tegel to the US on an ad hoc basis 53 54 55 From the start of the 1974 75 winter season Pan Am began operating a series of short and medium haul week end charter flights from Tegel under contract to a leading West German tour operator These flights served popular resorts in the Alpine region and the Mediterranean Following a major reduction in the airline s scheduled activities at Tempelhof as a result of co ordinating its flight times with British Airways rather than operating competitive schedules this helped increase utilisation of the 727s based at that airport especially on weekends 40 56 57 In addition to operating a limited number of commercial flights from Tegel prior to its move from Tempelhof on 1 September 1975 Pan Am used it as a diversion airfield 58 59 The move from Tempelhof to Tegel resulted in all of Pan Am s Berlin operations being concentrated at the latter 60 1976 was the first year since 1972 the steady decline in scheduled domestic air traffic from and to West Berlin was arrested and reversed The first expansion in Pan Am s Berlin operation since the move to Tegel occurred during that year s Easter festival period when the airline temporarily stationed a Boeing 707 320B at the airport to cope with the seasonal rush on the prime Berlin Frankfurt route 22 35 37 41 61 From late 1979 Pan Am began updating its Berlin fleet This entailed phasing out all 727 100s by 1983 The first stage involved replacing two of the 13 German based aircraft with a pair of stretched Boeing 727 200s originally destined for Ozark Air Lines to add more capacity to Berlin Frankfurt 62 63 This was followed by an order for eight additional 727 200s with deliveries slated to begin in October 1981 64 After initially cancelling the order due to the airline s deteriorating finances and economic environment it was subsequently reinstated with deliveries due to commence in December 1981 65 66 In the interim a number of Boeing 737 200 200 Adv were leased from 1982 67 68 69 70 71 The largest ever expansion of Pan Am s scheduled internal German services occurred during summer 1984 when the airline s aircraft movements at Tegel increased by 20 This coincided with the relocation of the US carrier s German and Central European headquarters from Frankfurt to Berlin on 1 May 1984 72 Pan Am began introducing wide body aircraft on its Berlin routes in the mid 1980s Up to four Airbus A300s replaced 727 200s on Berlin Frankfurt The A300s were subsequently replaced with Airbus A310s The longer range A310 300s that joined Pan Am s fleet from 1987 enabled reintroduction of non stop daily Tegel JFK scheduled services 73 74 75 76 77 Pan Am Express the regional commuter arm of Pan Am began operating from Berlin Tegel in November 1987 with two ATR 42 commuter turboprops It operated year round scheduled services to secondary and tertiary destinations that could not be viably served with Pan Am s Tegel based mainline fleet of Boeing 727 200s and Airbus A310s These included Basel Bremen Dortmund Hanover Innsbruck Kassel Kiel Milan Salzburg Stockholm and Vienna In addition Pan Am Express also helped Pan Am increase the number of flights on some of the other scheduled routes it used to serve from Berlin such as Tegel Zurich by operating additional off peak frequencies 78 British Airways edit British Airways was the last of West Berlin s three main scheduled carriers to commence regular operations from Tegel following the move from Tempelhof on 1 September 1975 However like Pan Am it and its predecessor BEA had used the airport as a diversion airfield before 58 59 79 Initially all British Airways services from Tegel with the exception of the daily non stop service to London Heathrow continued to be operated by BAC One Eleven 500s The daily London Heathrow non stop was operated with Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E 3B equipment based at that airport until the end of the 1975 summer season 79 It subsequently reverted to a One Eleven 500 operation 80 From 1983 British Airways began updating its Berlin fleet This entailed phasing out the ageing One Elevens which were replaced with new Boeing 737 200 Adv 81 During the second half of the 1980s British Airways augmented its Berlin 737s with regional airliners These initially comprised British Aerospace BAe 748s from 1986 and subsequently BAe ATPs from 1989 The introduction of these turboprops enabled the airline to serve shorter and thinner regional domestic routes from Berlin more economically It also permitted a frequency increase thereby enhancing competitiveness 82 83 84 85 86 Other operators edit nbsp British Midland Boeing 707 320 at Berlin Tegel Airport in 1972 nbsp World Airways Boeing 747 200 at Berlin Tegel Airport in 1973 From 1966 until 1968 UK independent Lloyd International was contracted by Neckermann und Reisen the tour operator of West German mail order concern Neckermann to launch a series of inclusive tour IT flights from Tegel These flights were operated with Bristol Britannia turboprops 87 They served principal European holiday resorts in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands 88 From April 1968 all non scheduled services i e primarily the rapidly growing number of IT holiday flights that several UK independent nb 4 airlines as well as a number of US supplemental carriers nb 5 had mainly operated from Tempelhof since the early 1960s under contract to West Berlin s leading package tour operators were concentrated at Tegel This traffic redistribution between West Berlin s two commercial airports was intended to alleviate Tempelhof s increasing congestion and to make better use of Tegel which was underutilised at the time 19 During that period the Allied charter carriers had begun replacing their obsolete propliners with contemporary turboprop and jet aircraft types which suffered payload and range restrictions on Tempelhof s short runways The absence of such restrictions at Tegel gave airlines greater operational flexibility regarding aircraft types and destinations This was the reason charter carriers favoured Tegel despite being less popular than Tempelhof because of its greater distance from West Berlin s city centre and poor public transport links 23 36 A new passenger handling facility exclusively dedicated to charter airline passengers was opened to accommodate the additional traffic 19 Both this facility a wooden shed and the original terminal used by Air France s and Pan Am s scheduled passengers were located on the airport s north side 19 Following the transfer of all charter traffic to Tegel British Eagle Dan Air Services Invicta International Airlines Laker Airways and Modern Air Transport began stationing several of their jets at the airport 19 89 90 While British Eagle s and Invicta s presence at Tegel lasted only for the 1968 summer season Dan Air Laker Airways and Modern Air were present at the airport for a number of years 19 89 90 In March 1971 Channel Airways began stationing aircraft at Tegel as well however its presence at the airport lasted only until the end of that year s summer season 91 92 Channel Airways s collapse in early 1972 provided the impetus for Dan Air to take over the failed carrier s charter contracts and to expand its own operations at Tegel 93 Dan Air one of Britain s foremost wholly private independent airlines during the 1970s and 80s eventually became the third biggest operator at Tegel Airport ahead of Air France In addition to firmly establishing itself as the airport s and West Berlin s leading charter airline it also operated scheduled services linking Tegel with Amsterdam Schiphol Saarbrucken and London Gatwick its main operating base By the time that airline was taken over by British Airways at the end of October 1992 it had served Tegel Airport for a quarter of a century 94 95 Modern Air s departure in October 1974 coincided with Aeroamerica s arrival 55 96 That carrier s departure following the end of the 1979 summer season was followed by Air Berlin USA s arrival 97 Laker Airways s decision to replace its Tegel based BAC One Eleven fleet with one of its newly acquired Airbus A300 B4 widebodies from the 1981 summer season resulted in Monarch Airlines taking over that airline s long standing charter contract with Flug Union Berlin one of West Berlin s leading contemporary tour operators 98 99 100 In the late 1980s Monarch Airlines provided the aircraft as well as the flightdeck crew and maintenance support for Euroberlin France a Tegel based scheduled airline headquartered in Paris France Euroberlin was jointly owned by Air France and Lufthansa with the former holding a 51 majority stake thereby making it a French legal entity and enabling it to conduct commercial airline operations in West Berlin 36 101 102 The following airlines operated regular services to from Tegel Airport during the Cold War era as well Court Line Aviation was a major British independent airline of the early 1970s that served Berlin Tegel with a series of regular charter flights from its base at London Luton and Paris Le Bourget Airport between 1970 and 1974 under contract to the students travel company of Berlin s Technical University 39 Touraine Air Transport was a French regional airline serving Berlin Tegel from Saarbrucken several times a day on a year round basis from late 1978 until early 1984 103 Berlin European UK was a Berlin based UK regional airline founded in 1986 as Berlin Regional UK by a former British Airways general manager for that airline s Berlin operation to begin domestic and international regional scheduled services to destinations not served by any of West Berlin s contemporary scheduled operators from April 1987 utilising BAe Jetstream commuter turboprop planes 78 104 105 Trans World Airlines TWA the other major US flag carrier of that era used to operate affinity group ABC flights from Tegel to the USA on an ad hoc basis during the early 1970s 53 54 55 When it entered the West Berlin scheduled market in the late 1980s it initially served Brussels twice daily from Berlin Tegel from 2 August 1987 24 106 Daily flights to Frankfurt Airport followed from 1989 107 Eventually Berlin Tegel became an important spoke for TWA in Europe following the launch of additional services to Zurich via Stuttgart and Amsterdam via Hamburg The Berlin Boeing 727 100s connected with transatlantic 747s and L 1011s at Brussels Frankfurt Zurich and Amsterdam 24 108 In addition to the aforementioned airlines a host of others mainly British independents and US supplementals were frequent visitors to Berlin Tegel especially during the early 1970s These included Britannia Airways British Airtours British United Caledonian Caledonian BUA British Caledonian Capitol International Airways Overseas National Airways Saturn Airways Trans International Airlines Transamerica Airlines and World Airways During that period the airport scene at Berlin Tegel could be very colourful with Air France Caravelles the UK independents BAC One Elevens de Havilland Comets and Hawker Siddeley Tridents as well as the US supplementals Boeing 707s Convair Coronados and Douglas DC 8s congregating on its ramp 53 54 55 During 1974 alone 22 airlines were operating at Tegel Airport 109 Tegel s new terminal takes shape edit nbsp The main building with Terminals A and B inaugurated in November 1974 nbsp Tegel Airport was famous for its short walking distances as seen here in Terminal A buses taxis and cars can drop off passengers outside the windows on the right check in and direct gate access is on the left Construction of a new hexagonally shaped terminal complex on the airport s south side began during the 1960s This coincided with the lengthening of the runways to permit fully laden widebodied aircraft to take off and land without restricting their range and construction of a motorway and access road linking the new terminal to the city centre 110 111 It became operational on 1 November 1974 A British Airways L 1011 Tristar 1 96 112 a Laker Airways McDonnell Douglas DC 10 10 113 a Pan Am Boeing 747 100 114 and an Air France Airbus A300 B2 113 were among the widebodied aircraft specially flown in for a pre inauguration of the new terminal on 23 October 1974 40 109 115 Dan Air operated the first commercial flight to arrive at the airport s new terminal at 06 00 am local time with a BAC One Eleven that was inbound from Tenerife 109 115 Tegel becomes West Berlin s main airport edit Following Pan Am s and British Airways s move from Tempelhof to Tegel on 1 September 1975 the latter replaced Tempelhof as the main airport of West Berlin 60 Early post reunification era 1990 1995 edit nbsp TWA Lockheed L 1011 at Berlin Tegel Airport in 1991 Following Germany s reunification on 3 October 1990 all access restrictions to the former West Berlin airports were lifted 116 Lufthansa resumed flights to Berlin on 28 October 1990 initially operating twelve daily pairs of flights on a limited number of routes including Tegel Cologne Tegel Frankfurt and Tegel London Gatwick 117 To facilitate the German flag carrier s resumption of services from to Berlin it purchased Pan Am s Internal German Services IGS division 110 for US 150 million This included Pan Am s internal German traffic rights as well as its gates and slots at Tegel This agreement under which Lufthansa contracted up to seven of Pan Am s Tegel based Boeing 727 200s operated by that airline s flightdeck and cabin crews to ply its scheduled routes to Munich Nuremberg and Stuttgart until mid 1991 also facilitated Pan Am s orderly exit from the internal German air transport market after 40 years uninterrupted service as European Union EU legislation prevented it from participating in the internal air transport market of the EU European Economic Area EEA as a non EU EEA headquartered carrier 116 117 However Pan Am continued operating its non stop Tegel JFK service until Delta Air Lines assumed most of Pan Am s transatlantic scheduled services in November 1991 Pan Am Express which was not included in Pan Am s IGS sale to Lufthansa continued operating all of its domestic and international regional scheduled routes from Tegel as an independent legal entity until its acquisition by TWA in 1991 Following TWA s takeover of Pan Am Express the former Pan Am Express Berlin operations were closed Until December 1994 Lufthansa also contracted Euroberlin to operate some of its internal German flights from its new Tegel base making use of that airline s gates and slots at Tegel as well As a US registered airline Air Berlin found itself in the same situation as Pan Am following German reunification It chose to reconstitute itself as a German company These were the days when liberalisation of the EU EEA internal air transport market was still in progress and when domestic traffic rights were reserved for each member country s own airlines The German government therefore insisted that all non German EU EEA carriers either withdraw their internal German scheduled services from Berlin or transfer them to majority German owned subsidiaries by the end of 1992 86 It also wanted the bulk of all charter flights from Berlin to be operated by German airlines These measures were squarely aimed at UK carriers with a major presence in the internal German air transport market from Berlin as well as the city s charter market specifically British Airways and Dan Air Lufthansa and other German airlines reportedly lobbied their government to curtail British Airways s and Dan Air s activities in Berlin arguing that German airlines enjoyed no equivalent rights in the UK 86 This resulted in British Airways taking a 49 stake in Friedrichshafen based German regional airline Delta Air renaming it Deutsche BA DBA and transferring its internal German traffic rights to the new airline 118 BA also replaced the commuter aircraft DBA had inherited from Delta Air with new Boeing 737 300s 119 These in turn replaced the Boeing 737 200 Adv and BAe ATP airliners British Airways had used on its internal German scheduled services from Berlin 86 At the time of German reunification Dan Air s Berlin fleet numbered five aircraft comprising three Boeing 737s one 400 one 300 and one 200 Adv and two HS 748s 120 The former were used to fly locally based holidaymakers from Tegel to overseas resorts on IT flights under contract to German package tour operators The latter operated the airline s scheduled routes linking Tegel with Amsterdam and Saarbrucken Dan Air discontinued its charter operations from Berlin on behalf of German tour operators at the end of the 1990 91 winter season and replaced the ageing 748 turboprop it had used on its Amsterdam schedule since the mid 1980s with larger more advanced BAe 146 100 series jets It also introduced new direct scheduled air links from Berlin to Manchester and Newcastle via Amsterdam 120 121 122 The Saarbrucken route was withdrawn at the end of the 1991 summer season while the Amsterdam route was gradually taken over by NLM Cityhopper the contemporary regional arm of Dutch flag carrier KLM 123 124 This reduced Dan Air s presence in Berlin to a single daily scheduled service as well as up to four weekly charter flights linking the airline s Gatwick base with its former overseas base at Tegel Flights were operated by Gatwick aircraft and crews until the firm s takeover by British Airways at the end of October 1992 125 126 The restructuring of Dan Air s long established Berlin operation was not only the result of political changes It was also driven by its own corporate restructuring which aimed to refocus the airline as a Gatwick based short haul mainline scheduled operator and involved phasing out its smaller aircraft and thinner routes 127 Other airlines that commenced resumed scheduled operations from Berlin Tegel at the beginning of the post reunification era included Aero Lloyd Alitalia American Airlines Austrian Airlines SAS Eurolink Swissair TWA and United Airlines 128 129 Aero Lloyd Germania and Condor Berlin began operating charter flights from Berlin Tegel during that period 128 1995 onwards edit nbsp Berlin Tegel Airport in 2014 nbsp Check in area at Terminal C nbsp Apron of Terminal D The events of the early post reunification years 1990 1995 were followed by further high profile international route launches and growing consolidation among German airlines with a major presence at Tegel Amongst the former were the December 2005 launch of Tegel Airport s first ever scheduled service to the Qatari capital Doha by Qatar Airways operated non stop at an initial frequency of four flights a week and Air Berlin s November 2010 launch of non stop thrice weekly Tegel Dubai flights another first This was followed by the latter s May 2011 launch of a non stop four times a week Tegel JFK service 130 131 132 133 134 The latter began with British Airways mid 2003 sale for a symbolic 1 72p of its German subsidiary DBA to Intro Verwaltungsgesellschaft a Nuremberg based consultancy and investment company headed by German entrepreneur Hans Rudolf Wohrl who founded German charter airline Eurowings and also was a former DBA board member 135 136 Further consolidation among Tegel s German airlines took place when Air Berlin entered into an agreement to assume Germania s management shortly before the death of that airline s founder took over DBA and gained control of LTU These events occurred in November 2005 August 2006 and March 2007 respectively 137 138 139 On 9 October 2017 Air Berlin announced termination of all of its own operations excluding wetleases by the end of the month 140 leading to the loss of the airport s largest customer On 28 October 2017 easyJet announced it would take over some of bankrupt Air Berlin s former assets at Tegel Airport to gradually start its own base operations there on 7 January 2018 Previously it only served Berlin Schonefeld Airport which is already an easyJet base 141 7 As a consequence of the COVID 19 pandemic in Germany passenger numbers at Tegel declined significantly 142 On 29 April 2020 airport management announced plans to close Tegel temporarily from 1 June 2020 143 However shortly after this plan was cancelled with the airport remaining operational until early November 2020 8 Closure and legacy of Tegel Airport edit On 1 October 2020 the new airport received final approval for opening on 31 October 2020 meaning a closure of Tegel shortly after 144 In the days leading up to Tegel s closure many airlines and their aircraft received water salutes before entering the runway for the last time At this point the tower and the main terminal were lit up in red with the DankeTXL hashtag projected on them at night The final scheduled flight to leave the airport was operated by Air France to Paris Charles de Gaulle on 8 November 2020 2 Lufthansa concluded their Tegel operations on 7 November 2020 with the last scheduled flight to Munich specially operated by an Airbus A350 900 to mark the occasion 145 Sundair also operated a special commemorative flight from Tegel to the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport using an Airbus A320 that still had the base colours of Air Berlin Many former Air Berlin employees also came to the airport in their old Air Berlin uniforms Due to legal and safety reasons Tegel had been held operational for air traffic for another six months without handling any scheduled services before being decommissioned as an aviation facility 146 The separate minor military area on the northern side of Tegel Tegel Nord will still be used for governmental helicopter flights until 2029 147 The airport was decommissioned on 4 May 2021 1 At the same time the first facilities including interim terminal C2 and baggage halls have been already torn down while the main terminal which will be kept had been emptied of most facilities 148 The airport terminal building was used as a COVID 19 vaccination centre during the coronavirus pandemic 149 In March 2022 the former airport was converted into temporary shelters for refugees fleeing Ukraine 150 Future development editThe airport was scheduled to close in June 2012 after Berlin Brandenburg Airport BER opened Due to the delays with BER the future of Tegel had long remained uncertain 151 152 A campaign was launched to keep Tegel Airport open which gathered signatures for a referendum for voters to decide on the future of the airport 153 In September 2017 a public quorum was held parallel to the German federal election to decide whether Tegel Airport should remain open once Berlin Brandenburg Airport starts its operations The majority of voters voted in favour of Tegel remaining open 154 however the federal authorities and the state of Brandenburg which together hold a majority against Berlin over the airport s ownership overrode the vote shortly afterwards leading to the shutdown of Tegel 155 Terminals edit nbsp Terminal layout as of 2010 the apron was subsequently extended to the southeast of Terminal C nbsp Aerial view of Berlin Tegel Airport Tegel consisted of five terminals As the airport was small compared to other major airports handling the same number of passengers these terminals might be regarded as halls or boarding areas nevertheless they are officially referred to as terminals even if most of them shared the same building Tegel Airport was originally planned to have a second hexagonal terminal like the main building right next to it 156 The second terminal ring was never built because of Berlin municipal budgetary constraints and the post reunification decision to replace the former West Berlin airports with the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport Terminals A and B edit The main building was the original part of the airport It consisted of two parts Terminal A was a hexagon shaped ring concourse with a parking area taxi stands and bus stops in its middle It featured 14 jet bridges which correspond to 16 respective check in counters A00 A15 with jetways 1 and 14 each serving two check in counters There was no transit zone which means that each gate has its own security clearance checkpoint and exit for arriving passengers Therefore direct flight connections without leaving the airside area were not possible Most major airlines arrived and departed here especially prestigious flights like intercontinental services or flights to the busy European hub airports for example United Airlines flights to Newark and Lufthansa services to Munich and Frankfurt were handled here The whole rooftop worked as a visitor platform 157 Terminal A was capable of handling wide bodied aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 767 400ER or Airbus A330 300 on two positions but with only one jet bridge attached to each The short distance from street to aircraft also put the airport at a disadvantage regarding its extra income as shops and restaurants were restricted to few and small spaces The last flight from the airport Air France flight AF1235 operated by an Airbus A320 F GKXP departed from Terminal A and its parking location is marked by a short gate centreline with a plaque like sign beneath it 08 11 2020 letzter Flug AF1235 TXL CDG AIR FRANCE Terminal B also called Nebel Hall after German spaceflight pioneer Rudolf Nebel was a converted former waiting area in a side wing of the main building and featured check in counters B20 B39 There was only one walk boarding aircraft stand directly serving it This single stand however could have handled widebody aircraft up to the size of the Boeing 777 300ER operated into Tegel by Qatar Airways and Boeing 747 400 which were not regular visitors Terminal C edit Terminal C was opened in May 2007 as a temporary solution because all other terminals were operating at their maximum capacity It was largely used by Air Berlin until its demise It featured 26 check in counters and gates numbered C38 C51 C60 C67 Section C2 and C80 C89 in the newest addition Section C3 From 2008 until August 2009 5 additional aircraft stands were constructed and the building was expanded by approximately 50 of its original size in order to handle another 1 5 million passengers per year The extended terminal housed a transit zone for connecting passengers which did not exist at any other terminal at Tegel Airport Due to noise protection treaties the overall number of aircraft stands at the airport was restricted thus aircraft stands on the apron serving Terminals A and D had to be removed for compensation 158 Terminal C was able to handle widebody aircraft like Air Berlin s former Airbus A330 200s up to the size of a Boeing 747 400 but featured no jet bridges Terminal D edit Terminal D was opened in 2001 and is a converted car park It featured 22 check in counters D70 D91 with one bus boarding gate and two walk boarding gates Most passengers of airlines operating smaller aircraft like Embraer 190s for example were brought to the remote aircraft stands by bus from here Terminal D was the only part of the airport that remained open all night long The lower level arrival area was called Terminal E Gates E16 E18 Former airlines and destinations editTegel was the primary airport of Berlin and therefore saw flights by most major European airlines including British Airways and Air France to many large European cities as well as frequent services to leisure routes mainly around the Mediterranean After the demise of Air Berlin which maintained a hub here Tegel served as a base for easyJet and Ryanair which both also operated out of Berlin Schonefeld Airport alongside Eurowings German flag carrier Lufthansa however only maintained two routes to connect their hubs in Frankfurt and Munich with several flights per day Despite the size and importance of Berlin as one of Europe s largest capital cities Tegel handled only eight long haul routes prior to the COVID 19 pandemic 159 several of them seasonal most notably by Qatar Airways to Doha United Airlines to Newark and Scoot to Singapore 160 Statistics editAnnual passenger traffic edit Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Annual passenger traffic at TXL airport See Wikidata query Annual passenger traffic 2000 20 161 year passengers change 2000 10 343 697 nbsp 2001 9 909 453 nbsp 4 2 2002 9 879 888 nbsp 0 3 2003 11 104 106 nbsp 12 4 2004 11 047 954 nbsp 0 1 2005 11 532 302 nbsp 4 3 2006 11 812 623 nbsp 2 4 2007 13 357 741 nbsp 13 2008 14 486 610 nbsp 8 4 2009 14 180 237 nbsp 2 2010 15 025 600 nbsp 6 2011 16 919 820 nbsp 12 6 2012 18 164 203 nbsp 7 3 2013 19 591 838 nbsp 8 2014 20 688 016 nbsp 5 6 2015 21 005 215 nbsp 1 5 2016 21 253 959 nbsp 1 1 2017 20 455 278 nbsp 3 7 2018 22 000 430 nbsp 7 5 2019 24 227 570 nbsp 10 1 2020 9 097 788 nbsp 74 48 162 Busiest routes edit Busiest domestic routes in 2019 nbsp 163 rank destination all passengers operating airlines 1 nbsp Munich 1 972 901 easyJet Lufthansa 2 nbsp Frankfurt 1 956 370 easyJet Lufthansa 3 nbsp Cologne Bonn 1 232 847 easyJet Eurowings 4 nbsp Dusseldorf 1 144 793 easyJet Eurowings 5 nbsp Stuttgart 1 037 326 easyJet Eurowings Busiest European routes in 2019 163 rank destination all passengers operating airlines 1 nbsp Zurich 980 950 easyJet Swiss 2 nbsp Paris Charles de Gaulle 867 378 easyJet Joon 3 nbsp London Heathrow 774 372 British Airways Eurowings 4 nbsp Vienna 714 409 Austrian easyJet 5 nbsp Amsterdam 590 625 KLM Busiest Continental routes in 2018 and 2019 164 rank destination airport passengers 2019 change passengers 2018 departures 2019 change departures 2018 1 nbsp Zurich 587 865 nbsp 19 83 490 600 5 261 nbsp 42 69 3 687 2 nbsp Vienna 461 391 nbsp 30 09 354 673 4 312 nbsp 51 4 2 848 3 nbsp Paris Charles de Gaulle 420 056 nbsp 1 78 427 669 2 782 nbsp 4 69 2 919 4 nbsp Palma de Mallorca 407 039 nbsp 74 18 233 688 2 848 nbsp 79 8 1 584 5 nbsp London Heathrow 401 583 nbsp 4 48 384 370 3 340 nbsp 2 42 3 261 6 nbsp Amsterdam 326 970 nbsp 11 08 294 354 2 388 nbsp 11 75 2 137 7 nbsp Istanbul 274 000 nbsp 5 56 259 565 1 579 nbsp 5 22 1 666 8 nbsp Helsinki Vantaa 233 391 nbsp 5 41 246 730 1 819 nbsp 5 36 1 922 9 nbsp Madrid 173 562 nbsp 53 38 113 161 1 163 nbsp 49 1 0 780 10 nbsp Copenhagen 170 673 nbsp 8 83 187 210 1 498 nbsp 2 73 1 540 11 nbsp Brussels 165 961 nbsp 4 11 159 412 1 481 nbsp 4 14 1 545 12 nbsp Paris Orly 160 250 nbsp 781 12 0 18 187 1 038 nbsp 565 38 0 156 13 nbsp Rome Fiumicino 149 880 nbsp 8 95 137 567 1 080 nbsp 7 57 1 004 14 nbsp Stockholm Arlanda 141 711 nbsp 31 63 207 278 1 133 nbsp 31 21 1 647 15 nbsp Antalya 120 783 nbsp 21 6 0 99 330 0 764 nbsp 20 13 0 636 16 nbsp London Gatwick 0 86 077 new route 00000 0 0 591 new route 000 0 17 nbsp Barcelona 0 83 355 nbsp 7 77 0 90 379 0 530 nbsp 11 22 0 597 18 nbsp Dublin 0 81 685 nbsp 10 93 0 73 634 0 611 nbsp 4 98 0 582 19 nbsp Lisbon 0 81 558 nbsp 12 72 0 72 357 0 614 nbsp 10 43 0 556 20 nbsp Milan Malpensa 0 74 234 new route 00000 0 0 488 new route 000 0 These statistics include departures only Ground transportation editTegel Airport did not have a direct rail connection but was served by several bus routes and motorways An underground station directly serving Tegel Airport had been planned since the 1960s but was never built Note that the Alt Tegel U Bahn station and Tegel S Bahn station do not serve Tegel Airport but rather the Tegel quarter of Berlin Extensions of the tram system from Hauptbahnhof and the U6 branch from Kurt Schumacher Platz to the airport were discussed but not implemented before its closure Car edit The airport has a direct connection to motorway A111 Exit Flughafen Tegel which further links it to motorways A10 A110 and A115 via A110 reaching out in all directions 165 Taxis and car hire were available at the airport Bus edit The airport was linked by several BVG bus lines which offered connection to the U Bahn and S Bahn as well as to Regional Express trains and long distance trains 166 The TXL express bus ran to Beusselstrasse S Bahn station Berlin Central station and initially further to Alexanderplatz within 20 minutes with frequent departures between 7 am and 10 pm The X9 express bus ran to Jakob Kaiser Platz U Bahn station within 5 minutes Jungfernheide S Bahn and Regional Express station and Zoologischer Garten U Bahn S Bahn Regional Express station within 20 minutes The 109 bus ran to Jakob Kaiser Platz U Bahn station Charlottenburg S Bahn and Regional Express station within 20 minutes and Zoologischer Garten U Bahn S Bahn Regional Express station within 30 minutes runs via Kurfurstendamm The 128 bus ran to Kurt Schumacher Platz U Bahn station within 10 minutes and Osloer Strasse U Bahn station within 25 minutes Tegel Airport was in the Verkehrsverbund Berlin Brandenburg s Berlin B fare zone with no additional fare for BVG services to and from the airport Incidents and accidents editThere are no recorded fatal accidents involving commercial airline operations at Berlin Tegel itself However two commercial flights one of which was due to arrive at Tegel Airport and the other of which had departed the airport were involved in fatal accidents These accidents are listed below On 15 November 1966 Clipper Munchen a Pan Am Boeing 727 21 registration N317PA operating the return leg of the airline s daily cargo flight to Berlin from Frankfurt Rhein Main Airport flight number PA 708 was due to land that night at Tegel Airport rather than Tempelhof due to runway resurfacing work taking place at that time at the latter Berlin Control had cleared flight 708 for an Instrument Landing System ILS approach to Tegel Airport s runway 08 soon after the crew had begun its descent from Flight Level FL 090 to FL 030 before entering the southwest air corridor over East Germany on the last stretch of its journey to Berlin The aircraft impacted the ground near Dallgow East Germany almost immediately after the crew had acknowledged further instructions received from Berlin Control just 10 mi 16 km from Tegel Airport All three crew members died in this accident Visibility was poor and it was snowing at the time of the accident Following the accident the Soviet military authorities in East Germany returned only half of the aircraft s wreckage to their US counterparts in West Berlin This excluded vital parts such as the flight data recorder FDR the cockpit voice recorder CVR as well as the plane s flight control systems its navigation and communication equipment The subsequent National Transportation Safety Board NTSB investigation report concluded that the aircraft s descent below its altitude clearance limit was the accident s probable cause However the NTSB was unable to establish the factors that had caused the crew to descend below its cleared minimum altitude 167 168 169 The following notable non fatal incidents involving airline operations occurred at Tegel These include commercial flights that were about to depart or had actually departed arrived as well as unscheduled stopovers Between 1969 and 1982 Berlin Tegel was the destination of several aircraft hijackings involving LOT Polish Airlines domestic flights within Poland The hijackings were a means of forcing the authorities in communist Poland to let the hijackers emigrate from the Eastern Bloc Once the aircraft had landed at Tegel the French military authorities in charge of the airport during the Cold War era let the hijackers and anyone else who did not wish to return to Poland disembark and claim political asylum in West Berlin The aircraft its crew and those passengers who did not want to disembark were subsequently returned to Poland 170 171 Upon completing the repair and run up of the faulty engine that had caused a rejected takeoff due to an engine oil warning at Berlin Tegel during the late 1980s a Dan Air Boeing 727 200 Adv collided with a jetway at the airport s terminal building while maintenance engineers taxied the aircraft back to its stand This badly injured the ground crew member manning the jetway and ruptured the fully refuelled aircraft s centre wing tank at the left wing root As a result a large quantity of jet fuel spilled onto the tarmac The maintenance engineers failure to pressurise the aircraft s hydraulics had resulted in a complete loss of hydraulic pressure just before reaching the stand making it impossible to steer the aircraft and rendering the brakes ineffective 172 On 7 January 1997 Austrian Airlines flight 104 a McDonnell Douglas MD 87 en route to Vienna International Airport was hijacked shortly after takeoff from Tegel Airport by a Bosnian male carrying a knife which was small enough to be allowed on board under then valid safety regulations The pilots were forced to return to Berlin where the perpetrator was overpowered by German police forces 173 On 6 November 1997 an Air France Boeing 737 500 skidded off the runway while landing at Berlin Tegel due to a suspected brake defect There were no injuries 174 There were also two Cold war era incidents relating to an American and a British airliner that had departed Tegel on international non scheduled passenger services Both of these occurred in Bulgarian airspace The former was a charter flight carrying German holidaymakers to the Bulgarian Black Sea coast the latter a migrant charter en route to Turkey On 28 May 1971 a Modern Air CV 990A with 45 passengers on board en route from Berlin Tegel to Bulgaria was unexpectedly denied permission to enter Bulgarian airspace as a result of a new policy adopted by that country s then communist government to deny any aircraft whose flight had originated or was going to terminate at a West Berlin airport the right to take off and land at any of its airports This resulted in the aircraft having to turn back to Berlin where it landed safely at the city s Tegel Airport 175 The same year a Dan Air Comet carrying Turkish migrant workers from Berlin Tegel to Istanbul was escorted by Bulgarian fighter planes into Sofia The crew flying the aircraft was attempting to take the shortest route to Istanbul when leaving Yugoslav airspace by entering Bulgarian airspace instead of taking the longer route through Greek airspace They were not aware of the then communist government of Bulgaria s decision not to let any aircraft enter its airspace whose flight had originated or was going to terminate at a West Berlin airport without stopping en route at another airport outside West Berlin The aircraft landed safely at Sofia It was released along with its crew and passengers when the flight s commander paid with the company s credit card the fine the Bulgarian authorities had imposed for violating their country s airspace 176 See also editBerlin Brandenburg Airport Berlin Schonefeld Airport Berlin Tempelhof Airport Otto Lilienthal the aviator after whom the airport is named Flughafensee List of airports in Germany Transport in GermanyReferences editNotes edit except the 4B series which could operate viably at Tempelhof with a restricted payload pilots flight engineers and navigators including a 16 seat first class section on Caravelles in addition to a 64 seat economy section independent from government owned corporations holders of supplemental air carrier certificates authorised to operate non scheduled passenger and cargo services to supplement the scheduled operations of certificated route air carriers airlines holding supplemental air carrier certificates are also known as nonskeds in the US Citations edit a b c rnd de Tegel Airport finally closed German 4 May 2021 a b c Matthies Bernd 29 September 2020 TXL Schliessung am 8 November Der letzte Flug von Tegel geht mit Air France nach Paris Closure on November 8th The last flight from Tegel is with Air France to Paris Der Tagesspiegel in German Retrieved 2 November 2020 aerotelegraph com That s how airlines say Goodbye to Tegel German 8 November 2020 Passenger record 2016 32 9 million passengers at Berlin s airports Retrieved 12 January 2017 EAD Basic Euro Control Retrieved 6 June 2012 Berliner Flughafen steigern 2016 ihre Passagierzahlen um elf Prozent airliners de Berlin 12 January 2017 Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 Retrieved 19 March 2017 a b routesonline com easyJet outlines Berlin Tegel network from Jan 2018 6 December 2017 a b rbb24 de Airport stays open until November Archived 8 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine German 3 June 2020 aerotelegraph com Moving schedule German 1 October 2020 rbb24 de Archived 9 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine German 21 October 2020 Detail Berlin TXL Archived from the original on 2 April 2019 Retrieved 13 March 2019 The legend of the battalion Stollwerck in German Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 Retrieved 12 July 2017 Art at Tegel Airport in German frankkoebsch wordpress com 19 March 2012 Retrieved 12 July 2017 Duds in Tegel are cleared in the spring Berliner Morgenpost in German Retrieved 12 July 2017 Berlin Tegel Airport History Berlin Tegel AIRwise Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine a b c d e La base aerienne 165 de Berlin Tegel Archived 19 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine in French Berlin Airport Company Special Report on Air France s 25th Anniversary at Berlin Tegel March 1985 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1985 in German Berlin Airport Company Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin various editions April 1968 October 1990 in German a b c d e f g Berlin Airport Company April and August 1968 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1968 in German a b c Berlin Airport Company Airline Portrait Air France March 1975 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1975 Page non trouvee Air France la saga Page 13 archive is 16 January 2013 Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b c d BEA in Berlin Air Transport Flight International 10 August 1972 pp 180 1 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b c Aeroplane Pan Am and the IGS Vol 116 No 2972 p 5 Temple Press London 2 October 1968 a b c The battle for Berlin Flight International 23 April 1988 pp 19 21 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Commercial Aircraft Survey Flight International 23 November 1967 p 871 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Aviation Photo 1219906 Sud SE 210 Caravelle III Air France Airliners net Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b c Bonjour Deutschland Luftverkehr unter Nachbarn Air France in Berlin p 15 in German Probert Encyclopaedia SE 210 probertencyclopaedia com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Aeroplane Commercial BEA German services Vol 116 No 2972 p 10 Temple Press London 2 October 1968 One Eleven 500 into service Flight International 7 November 1968 p 742 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Aeroplane The Battle of Berlin Vol 111 No 2842 p 16 Temple Press London 7 April 1966 Berlin deal goes ahead Air Transport Flight International 3 October 1968 p 520 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Berlin Change Air Transport Flight International 25 May 1972 p 755 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Berlin Airport Company November 1972 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1972 in German a b c British Airways Super One Eleven Division Internal German Services Air Transport Flight International 1 August 1974 p 104 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b c The airline from Berlin Flight International 5 August 1989 p 29 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Pan Am Berlin balance Air Transport Flight International 26 July 1973 pp 124 5 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company April 1973 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1973 in German a b Berlin Airport Company April 1974 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1974 in German a b c Berlin Airport Company November 1974 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1974 in German a b Berlin Airport Company April 1976 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1976 The airline from Berlin Flight International 5 August 1989 pp 29 31 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company May 1988 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1988 in German Berlin Airport Company June 1964 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1964 a b Pan American and its 727s Air Transport Flight International 1 April 1965 p 482 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Aeroplane World Transport Affairs Pan American to operate direct N Y Berlin services Vol 107 No 2728 p 8 Temple Press London 30 January 1964 Aeroplane World Transport Affairs Prestwick served on P A A New York Berlin route Vol 107 No 2729 p 12 Temple Press London 6 February 1964 Aeroplane Transport Affairs Protests over new Pan Am Berlin service Vol 108 No 2750 p 7 Temple Press London 2 July 1964 West Germany Hot Route in the Cold War Time 3 July 1964 Retrieved 13 March 2019 via content time com Aeroplane Commercial continued Pan Am 727s take over in Berlin Vol 111 No 2853 p 11 Temple Press London 23 June 1966 Pan American Air Transport Flight International 15 April 1971 p 517 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company October 1971 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1971 in German a b c Berlin Airport Company August 1972 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1972 in German a b c Berlin Airport Company August 1973 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1973 in German a b c d Berlin Airport Company October 1974 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1974 in German Berlin Airport Company July 1975 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1975 in German West Berlin exchange approved Air Transport Flight International 8 May 1975 pp 726 7 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Aeroplane World Transport Affairs B E A leases B O A C DC 7Cs for Berlin flights Vol 104 No 2669 p 11 Temple Press London 13 December 1962 a b Berlin Airport Company Summary of 1969 Annual Report February 1970 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1970 in German a b Berlin Airport Company September and October 1975 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1975 in German The battle for Berlin Flight International 23 April 1988 pp 19 21 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company November 1979 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1979 Airliner market Pan American Air Transport Flight International 10 November 1979 p 1551 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Airliner market Pan Am Air Transport Flight International 15 March 1980 p 827 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Airliner market Pan Am Air Transport Flight International 12 September 1981 p 780 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Airliner market Pan Am Air Transport Flight International 26 December 1981 p 1883 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company April 1982 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1982 in German Airliner market Air Chicago Air Transport Flight International 16 January 1982 p 106 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Air Florida drops 737 orders Air Transport Flight International 29 May 1982 p 1369 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Airliner market Pan Am Air Transport Flight International 19 June 1982 p 1595 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Pan Am improves Air Transport Flight International 21 August 1982 p 399 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Pan Am sets up Berlin HQ Air Transport Flight International 28 April 1984 p 1144 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Pan Am goes firm on 28 Airbuses Paris Report Flight International 8 June 1985 p 6 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Pan Am goes for night cargo Air Transport Flight International 25 May 1985 p 4 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company August 1986 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1986 in German Pan Am receives first A310 300 Air Transport Flight International 11 July 1987 p 6 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company April 1988 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1988 in German a b Berlin s commuter market grows Flight International 2 April 1988 pp 6 8 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Berlin Airport Company Airline Portrait British Airways February 1975 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1975 Berlin Airport Company November 1975 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1975 in German Berlin Airport Company April 1983 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1983 in German Berlin Airport Company September 1986 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1986 Berlin s commuter market grows Air Transport Flight International 2 April 1988 p 8 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company April 1989 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1989 in German World Airline Directory British Airways Flight International 1 April 1989 p 67 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b c d BA stays in Germany by buying into Delta Air Headlines Flight International 25 31 March 1992 p 4 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Aviation Photo 1238224 Bristol 175 Britannia 312 F Lloyd International Airways Airliners net Retrieved 13 March 2019 Lloyd s West German IT deal Flight International 3 March 1966 p 339 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Flying to the sun A history of Britain s holiday airlines 6 Into the jet age British Eagle International Airlines Woodley C The History Press Stroud 2016 p 101 a b Flying to the sun A history of Britain s holiday airlines 6 Into the jet age British Eagle International Airlines Woodley C The History Press Stroud 2016 pp 99 100 Berlin Airport Company Summary of 1971 Annual Report February 1972 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1972 in German Flying to the sun A history of Britain s holiday airlines 6 Into the jet age Channel Airlways Woodley C The History Press Stroud 2016 p 91 Berlin Airport Company April 1972 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1972 Berlin Airport Company April 1981 January 1984 April 1990 and November 1992 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1981 1984 1990 1992 in German Kompass various editions Dan Air Services Ltd West Berlin 1976 1986 in German a b Air Transport Flight International 7 November 1974 p 628 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company April 1980 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1980 in German Sir Freddie on brink of European legal action Air Transport Flight International 7 March 1981 p 612 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 New operators for Boeing 737 Flight International 18 October 1980 p 1493 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company April 1981 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1981 in German Berlin carrier named Flight International 27 August 1988 p 14 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company October 1987 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1987 in German Berlin Airport Company November 1978 and January 1984 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1978 and 1984 in German Berlin Regional service to start Flight International 14 June 1986 p 6 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company April 1987 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1987 in German Berlin Airport Company July 1987 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1987 in German Berlin Airport Company April 1989 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1989 in German Airways Berry M L Pigship Probation Vol 17 No 6 pp 33 4 Airways International Inc Sandpoint August 2010 a b c Berlin Airport Company Summary of 1974 Annual Report February 1975 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1975 in German a b Aeroplane Pan Am and the IGS Vol 116 No 2972 pp 4 8 Temple Press London 2 October 1968 Hansa Jet for Berlin flights Air Transport Light Commercial amp Business Flight International 29 January 1970 p 149 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Aviation Photo 1298110 Lockheed L 1011 385 1 TriStar 1 British Airways Airliners net Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Aviation Photo 1325862 Airbus A300B2 101 Air France Airliners net Retrieved 13 March 2019 Aviation Photo 1325763 Boeing 747 121 Pan American World Airways Pan Am Airliners net Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Berlin Airport Company News December 1974 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1974 in German a b East is West and West is Comment Flight International 26 September 2 October 1990 p 3 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Berlin Return boosts Lufthansa s bid for Interflug Operations Air Transport Flight International 7 13 November 1990 p 10 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Challenging Germany s Goliath Flight International 24 30 March 1995 p 42 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Challenging Germany s Goliath Fleet Strategy Flight International 24 30 March 1995 p 43 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Chairman s progress report on implementation of Dan Air s scheduled service strategy James D N 1991 EGM Gatwick Hilton Hotel October 1991 Dan Air 1990 91 Winter Timetable Dan Air Services Ltd October 1990 Berlin Airport Company November 1990 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company Berlin 1990 in German Dan Air 1991 92 Winter Timetable Dan Air Services Ltd October 1991 Berlin Airport Company October 1991 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company Berlin 1991 in German Dan Air Services www airtimes com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin Airport Company April and October 1992 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company Berlin 1992 in German Scheduled Transition Flight International 6 12 June 1990 p 34 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Berlin Airport Company October 1990 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company West Berlin 1990 in German Berlin Airport Company March 1991 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports Berlin Airport Company Berlin 1991 in German Qatar Airways launches flights to German capital AMEinfo com 15 December 2005 Archived 29 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine airberlin com Your airline Home gt Company gt Press gt Press Releases gt airberlin s inaugural flight from Berlin to Dubai 04 11 2010 Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 6 December 2010 airberlin com Your airline Home gt Company gt Press gt Press Releases gt airberlin flies non stop from Berlin to New York 22 September 2010 Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 6 December 2010 Air Berlin to launch Berlin JFK route Business Traveller Retrieved 13 March 2019 airberlin com Your airline Home gt Company gt News gt airberlin Festive Launch of Maiden Flight from Berlin to New York 01 05 2011 Archived from the original on 1 July 2011 Retrieved 3 May 2011 German investor takes DBA off BA s hands Business Flight International 10 16 June 2003 p 35 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 British Airways pays 49m to offload loss making Deutsche BA Business The Independent 3 June 2003 independent co uk Retrieved 13 March 2019 dead link Airways Magazine Rohde A Low cost Consolidation in Germany Vol 13 No 3 Iss 123 May 2006 Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Airways Qubein R The Two Faces of Air Berlin Vol 17 No 9 pp 30 33 Airways International Inc Sandpoint November 2010 airberlin com Your airline Home gt Company gt Corporate profile gt Interactive Time Travel gt 2006 gt airberlin is floated on the stock exchange And shortly afterwards takes over dba Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine aero de Air Berlin starts descent German 9 October 2017 spiegel de easyJet buys parts of Air Berlin German 28 October 2017 dfnionline com Berlin airports see drastic slump in passenger numbers morgenpost de Corona Krise Flughafen Tegel schliesst am 1 Juni berliner kurier de 1 October 2020 aerotelegraph com German 14 October 2020 berliner woche de German 10 October 2020 Bundesregierung halt bis 2029 am Flughafen Tegel fest in German Tagesspiegel 25 March 2020 airportzentrale de German 5 May 2021 Coronavirus Vaccination Centre at Tegel Airport 16 February 2021 Grieshaber Kirsten 17 March 2022 Berlin train station turns into refugee town for Ukrainians Associated Press Retrieved 26 March 2022 Jetzt keine BER eroeffnung jahr permanent dead link Paul Ulrich 10 December 2009 Konzept vorgestellt Grune Industrie soll nach Tegel Berliner Zeitung Retrieved 1 April 2017 Kwasniewski Nicolai 21 March 2017 Organisatoren sammeln 247 000 Unterschriften fur Tegel Der Spiegel Agence France Presse Retrieved 1 April 2017 Ringelstein Ronja 20 October 2017 CDU hat es beim Flughafen TXL jetzt eilig Die Union diskutiert mit Experten wie Tegel offen bleiben kann Zentrale Forderungen ein Gutachten zur BER Kapazitat und Larmschutzzonen Conservatives are now in a hurry conservatives discussing with experts how Tegel may remain open central demand is an analysis concerning capacity and airplane noise tagesspiegel Retrieved 22 October 2017 aero de German federal state not to move away from Tegel closure German 26 October 2017 Original designs for the airport by Gerkan Marg und Partner Documentation of the first location conference on the future of TXL permanent dead link Text in German the designs are shown on page 21 Tegel Airport visitor platform Archived 11 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Tegel Airport to be expanded before BBI inauguration translated article title Town Planning translated section title Berliner Morgenpost German newspaper 3 December 2008 in German airliners de German 5 June 2020 berlin airport de Flights retrieved 8 November 2020 Unsere Flughafen Regionale Starke Globaler Anschluss www adv aero in German Traffic Statistics a b DeStatis Publikation Transport amp Verkehr Luftverkehr auf Hauptverkehrsflughafen Statistisches Bundesamt Destatis in German Auto Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2019 Berlin public transport network Retrieved 13 October 2017 bvg de Retrieved 13 March 2019 Ranter Harro ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727 21 N317PA Dallgow aviation safety net Retrieved 13 March 2019 Aeroplane Safety Berlin crash mystery Vol 116 No 2968 p 11 Temple Press London 4 September 1968 727 crash cause uncertain Air Transport Flight International 18 July 1968 p 92 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Ranter Harro Aviation Safety Network gt ASN Aviation Safety Database gt ASN Aviation Safety Database results aviation safety net Retrieved 13 March 2019 To extradite or not Air Transport Flight International 30 October 1969 p 654 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 WELCOME ABOARD DAN AIR Remembered gt Enter gt People gt Dan Air Directory gt C gt Capt Alan Carter More About Alan gt Captain Alan Carter Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ranter Harro ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC 9 87 MD 87 registration unknown Berlin Tegel Airport TXL aviation safety net Retrieved 13 March 2019 Virgin arrives at Heathrow short of wheels Air Transport Flight International 12 18 November 1997 p 11 flightglobal com Retrieved 13 March 2019 Detour via Schonefeld translated article title Aviation translated section title Der Spiegel German news magazine vol 29 1971 12 July 1971 p 41 in German The Spirit of Dan Air Simons G M GMS Enterprises Peterborough 1993 p 54 Bibliography edit Berlin Airport Company Berliner Flughafen Gesellschaft BFG Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports several issues 1964 1992 in German West Berlin Germany Berlin Airport Company Flight International Flight International Marketing Stories Sutton UK Reed Business Information ISSN 0015 3710 various backdated issues relating to commercial air transport at Berlin Tegel OAG Flight Guide Worldwide Oag Flight Guide Dunstable UK OAG Worldwide Ltd ISSN 1466 8718 October 1990 until December 1994 In Flight Dan Air s English language in flight magazine Special Silver Jubilee Edition 1978 London UK Dan Air Services Ltd Kompass Dan Air s German language in flight magazine various copies 1975 1990 in German West Berlin Germany Dan Air Services Ltd Airways A Global Review of Commercial Flight Berlin Adventure Flying TWA s Pigships pp 30 38 Airways A Global Review of Commercial Flight 17 6 Sandpoint ID US Airways International Inc August 2010 ISSN 1074 4320 Archived from the original on 25 October 2010 Simons Graham M 1993 The Spirit of Dan Air Peterborough UK GMS Enterprises ISBN 1 870384 20 2 Eglin Roger amp Ritchie Berry 1980 Fly me I m Freddie London UK Weidenfeld and Nicolson ISBN 0 297 77746 7 Tietz Jurgen Jessen Klingenberg Detlef eds 2020 TXL Berlin Tegel Airport in German and English Zurich Park Books ISBN 978 3 03860 202 6 OCLC 1224011596 Further reading edit William Durie The United States Garrison Berlin 1945 1994 Aug 2014 ISBN 978 3864080685 Bonjour Deutschland Luftverkehr unter Nachbarn 1926 2006 in German External links edit nbsp Media related to Berlin Tegel Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Current weather for EDDT at NOAA NWS Accident history for TXL at Aviation Safety Network Berlin Tegel Farewell to the airport that wouldn t die CNN Portals nbsp Germany nbsp Aviation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Berlin Tegel Airport amp oldid 1226095379, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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