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Douglas DC-4

January 26, 2023

"DC-4" redirects here. For the original aircraft designated "DC-4", see Douglas DC-4E. For other uses, see DC4 (disambiguation).

The Douglas DC-4 is an American four-engined (piston), propeller-driven airliner developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Military versions of the plane, the C-54 and R5D, served during World War II, in the Berlin Airlift and into the 1960s. From 1945, many civil airlines operated the DC-4 worldwide.

DC-4
Role Airliner/transport aircraft
National origin United States
Manufacturer Douglas Aircraft Company
First flight 14 February 1942 (production series)[1]
Introduction 1942 with United Airlines
Retired 1991
Status In very limited use
Primary users South African Airways Museum Society
United Airlines (historical)
American Airlines (historical)
Trans World Airlines (historical)
Buffalo Airways (historical)
Produced 1942 – August 1947
Number built 80[2] DC-4 and 1,163 C-54/R5D
Variants C-54 Skymaster
Canadair North Star
Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair
Developed into Douglas DC-6

Design and development

Following proving flights by United Airlines of the DC-4E, it became obvious that the 52-seat airliner was too inefficient and unreliable to operate economically and the partner airlines, American Airlines, Eastern, Pan American, Trans World and United, recommended a lengthy list of changes to the design. Douglas took the new requirements and produced an entirely new, much smaller design, the DC-4A, with a simpler, still unpressurized fuselage, Pratt & Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasp engines, and a single fin and rudder. A tricycle landing gear was retained.

With the entry of the United States into World War II, in December 1941, the United States Army Air Forces took over the provisional orders for the airlines and allocated them the designation C-54 Skymaster. The first C-54 flew from Clover Field in Santa Monica, California, on 14 February 1942.

 
DC-4 cabin
 
Pan Am DC-4 in Trinidad in the 1950s

To meet military requirements, the first production aircraft had four additional auxiliary fuel tanks in the main cabin, which reduced the passenger seats to 26. The following batch of aircraft was the first built to military specifications, and was designated C-54A and built with a stronger floor and a cargo door with a hoist and winch. The first C-54A was delivered in February 1943. With the introduction of the C-54B in March 1944, the outer wings were changed to hold integral fuel tanks, allowing two of the cabin tanks to be removed; this allowed 49 seats (or 16 stretchers) to be fitted. The C-54C was a hybrid for Presidential use, it had a C-54A fuselage with four cabin fuel tanks and the C-54B wings with built-in tanks to achieve maximum range.

The most common variant was the C-54D, which entered service in August 1944, essentially a C-54B with more powerful R-2000-11 engines. With the C-54E the last two cabin fuel tanks were moved to the wings, which allowed more freight or 44 passenger seats.

In total, 1,163 C-54s (or R5D in US Navy service) were built for the United States military between 1942 and January 1946 and another 79 DC-4s were built after the war. A later variant, with more powerful Merlin engines allowing it to fly over 40% faster, was built in Canada as the Canadair North Star.

Operational history

The DC-4/C-54 proved to be a popular and reliable type, with 1,245 being built between May 1942 and August 1947, including 79 postwar DC-4s. Several remain in service as of 2022.

Douglas continued to develop the type during the war in preparation for a return to airline use when peace returned. Sales of new aircraft had to compete against 500 wartime ex-military C-54s and R5Ds which came onto the civilian market, many of which were converted to DC-4 standard by Douglas. DC-4s were a favorite of charter airlines such as Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines, and Transocean Airlines. In the 1950s, Transocean (Oakland, California) was the largest civilian C-54/DC-4 operator.

 
Aerolíneas Argentinas DC-4 starting engines at Buenos Aires international airport, circa 1958
 
Pan American DC-4 in flight

Douglas produced 79 new-build DC-4s between January 1946 and August 9, 1947, the last example being delivered to South African Airways. Pressurization was an option, but all civilian DC-4s (and C-54s) were built unpressurized.

A total of 330 DC-4s and C-54s were used in the Berlin Airlift, which made them one of the most numerous types involved.

Purchasers of new-build DC-4s included Pan American Airways, National Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and Western Airlines in the US, and KLM Royal Dutch Air Lines, Scandinavian Airlines System, Iberia Airlines of Spain, Swissair, Air France, Sabena Belgian World Airlines, Cubana de Aviación, Avianca, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946), and South African Airways overseas.[3] Several airlines used new-build DC-4s to start scheduled transatlantic flights between Latin America and Europe. Among the earliest were Aerolíneas Argentinas (1946), Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946), Iberia Airlines of Spain (1946), and Cubana de Aviación (1948).

Basic prices for a new DC-4 in 1946–47 were around £140,000-£160,000. In 1960, used DC-4s were available for around £80,000.[4]

As of June 2020, two DC-4s were used for charters in South Africa by the South African Airways Museum Society, with both aircraft (ZS-BMH and ZS-AUB) carrying historical South African Airways livery.[5][6]

Buffalo Airways of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories continues to operate the type commercially.[7]

Variants

Main article: List of Douglas DC-4 variants
DC-4
Main production airliner, postwar
Canadair North Star
Canadian production of a Rolls-Royce Merlin-powered variant, plus a single example powered with Pratt & Whitney R-2800s
Aviation Traders Carvair
British cargo and car ferry with a modified nose with a raised cockpit to allow cars to be loaded more easily

Operators

Main article: List of Douglas DC-4 operators
 
The Douglas DC-4 Skymaster is depicted on this 1946 U.S. Airmail stamp. The DC-4 was used extensively for airmail service.

Accidents and incidents

Main article: List of accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-4

Surviving aircraft

 
A DC-4 painted in the KLM "Flying Dutchman" scheme of the Dutch Dakota Association, Lelystad, Holland

Very few DC-4s remain in service today.[8]

  • The last two passenger DC-4s operating worldwide are based in Johannesburg, South Africa. They fly with old South African Airways (SAA) livery. They are ZS-AUB Outeniqua and ZS-BMH Lebombo and are owned by the South African Airways Museum Society[9][10] and operated by Skyclass Aviation,[11] a company specialising in classic and VIP charters to exotic destinations in Africa.
  • A 1944-built DC-4/C-54 is on display at Historical Aircraft Restoration Society in New South Wales, Australia, with a planned restoration to airworthiness.[12]
  • Buffalo Airways in Canada's Northwest Territories owned 11 DC-4s (former C-54s of various versions), four for hauling cargo and three for aerial firefighting. However, they have all recently been retired in favor of using the Lockheed L-188 Electra for these purposes. All 11 are listed for sale on Buffalo Airways's website.[13][14][15]
  • A 1945-built DC-4 (C-54D) 43-17228 is being operated by Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation as a flying museum of the Berlin Airlift. Called the Spirit of Freedom, it replaced a previous C-54 (44-9144) damaged by a tornado in 2020.[16]
  • Alaska Air Fuel[17] also operates two DC4s out of Palmer, Alaska, United States.
  • One ex-Buffalo DC-4[18] (N55CW c/n 10673, currently registered to Aircraft Guaranty Corp Trustee) is fitted with spray bars on top of the wings and is currently based in Florida on standby for oil pollution control.[19]
  • A 1945-built C-54 (C-54E-5-DO) c/n 27289, USAAF serial 44-9063, was recovered from Reconstruction Finance Corporation by Douglas aircraft for conversion to DC-4. It served with Pan American World Airways from 1946 to 1952 as NC-88887, then with a succession of carriers and private owners until retired in 1989 as N88887. Around 1990 it was placed on display at the Berlin Airlift Memorial at Frankfurt Airport.[20]

Specifications (DC-4-1009)

 
3-view line drawing of the Douglas R5D-2 Skymaster

Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1947,[21] McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I[22]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 4
  • Capacity: Day transport: 44 pax with baggage and freight; Sleeper transport: 22 pax with baggage and freight; — later, up to 86 in high density seating
  • Length: 93 ft 10 in (28.60 m)
  • Wingspan: 117 ft 6 in (35.81 m)
  • Height: 27 ft 6 in (8.38 m)
  • Wing area: 1,460 sq ft (136 m2)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 23016; tip: NACA 23012[23]
  • Empty weight: 43,300 lb (19,641 kg)
  • Gross weight: 63,500 lb (28,803 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 73,000 lb (33,112 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 2,868 US gal (2,388 imp gal; 10,860 l) normal capacity or 3,592 US gal (2,991 imp gal; 13,600 l) with alternative inner wing tanks
  • Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney R-2000-2SD13-G Twin Wasp 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,450 hp (1,080 kW) each for take-off
1,100 hp (820 kW) at 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton-Standard Hydromatic, 13 ft 1 in (3.99 m) diameter constant-speed propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 280 mph (450 km/h, 240 kn) at 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
  • Cruise speed: 227 mph (365 km/h, 197 kn) 60% power at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
Maximum cruise speed 246 mph (214 kn; 396 km/h) in high blower at 20,800 ft (6,300 m)
  • Range: 3,300 mi (5,300 km, 2,900 nmi) at 10% above max L/D speed
  • Ferry range: 4,250 mi (6,840 km, 3,690 nmi) with inner wing fuel cells
  • Wing loading: 50.1 lb/sq ft (245 kg/m2) at maximum gross weight
  • Power/mass: 0.0787 hp/lb (0.1294 kW/kg) at maximum gross weight with take-off power

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

References

  1. ^ "History: Products: DC-4/C-54 Skymaster Transport". Boeing. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  2. ^ Piston Engine Airliner Production List 1996
  3. ^ Berry 1967, pp. 70–73.
  4. ^ "de havilland | 1960 | 2687 | Flight Archive". Flight. 18 November 1960. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  5. ^ "SkyClassic". SkyClass Aviation. South Africa. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  6. ^ "Our Aircraft". South African Airways Museum Society. South Africa. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  7. ^ Stapleton, Rob (15 August 2009). "Brooks Fuel keeps Alaska supplied using legacy aircraft". Alaska Journal of Commerce. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  8. ^ Blewett 2007, p. 101.
  9. ^ ""Outeniqua" Douglas DC-4 1009 ZS-AUB c/n 42984". South African Airways Museum Society. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  10. ^ ""Lebombo" Douglas DC-4 1009 ZS-BMH c/n 43157". South African Airways Museum Society. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  11. ^ "Portfolios: SkyClassic". SkyClass Aviation. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  12. ^ "DC4, Vampire planes on display at HARS Aviation Museum Tarmac Days in December 2022". thesenior.com.au. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Buffalo Airways Aircraft Fleet". Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  14. ^ McBryan, Mikey (28 January 2019). Plane Savers E26 "Live Stream". Retrieved 13 March 2022 – via YouTube.
  15. ^ "Wanted and for sale". US: Buffalo Airways. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  16. ^ "Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation". Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  17. ^ "City: airport's future bright".
  18. ^ "Douglas DC-4 "Oil Bomber" Spray Plane at KCGI". seMissourian.com. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  19. ^ "N55CW (1942 DOUGLAS C54D-DC owned by AIRCRAFT GUARANTY CORP TRUSTEE) Aircraft Registration ✈ FlightAware".
  20. ^ "Registration Details for N88887". PlaneLogger. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  21. ^ Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1947). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1947. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. p. 219c.
  22. ^ Francillon, René J. (1988). McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I. London: Naval Institute Press. pp. 313–333. ISBN 0870214284.
  23. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

  • Aro, Chuck. "Talkback". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. p. 80. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Berry, Peter et al. The Douglas DC-4. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 1967.
  • Blewett, R. Survivors. Coulsden, UK: Aviation Classics, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9530413-4-3.
  • Francillon, René. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-87021-428-4.
  • Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-85310-261-X.
  • Yenne, Bill. McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-517-44287-6.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Douglas DC-4.
  • Boeing: Historical Snapshot: DC-4/C-54 Skymaster Transport
  • The last DC-4s flying passenger service 2017-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
  • Life magazine photos by Eliot Elisofon of first production batch of DC-4s being completed (partly outdoors) as military C-54s (note absence of cargo door on these), and including early air-to-air photos of 42-10237 the first DC-4/C-54 to fly
  • Popular Mechanics Article about testing prototype DC-4. Incl photo of triple-tail prototype

January 26, 2023
douglas, redirects, here, original, aircraft, designated, other, uses, disambiguation, american, four, engined, piston, propeller, driven, airliner, developed, douglas, aircraft, company, military, versions, plane, served, during, world, berlin, airlift, into,. DC 4 redirects here For the original aircraft designated DC 4 see Douglas DC 4E For other uses see DC4 disambiguation The Douglas DC 4 is an American four engined piston propeller driven airliner developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company Military versions of the plane the C 54 and R5D served during World War II in the Berlin Airlift and into the 1960s From 1945 many civil airlines operated the DC 4 worldwide DC 4Role Airliner transport aircraftNational origin United StatesManufacturer Douglas Aircraft CompanyFirst flight 14 February 1942 production series 1 Introduction 1942 with United AirlinesRetired 1991Status In very limited usePrimary users South African Airways Museum SocietyUnited Airlines historical American Airlines historical Trans World Airlines historical Buffalo Airways historical Produced 1942 August 1947Number built 80 2 DC 4 and 1 163 C 54 R5DVariants C 54 Skymaster Canadair North Star Aviation Traders ATL 98 CarvairDeveloped into Douglas DC 6 Contents 1 Design and development 2 Operational history 3 Variants 4 Operators 5 Accidents and incidents 6 Surviving aircraft 7 Specifications DC 4 1009 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External linksDesign and development EditFollowing proving flights by United Airlines of the DC 4E it became obvious that the 52 seat airliner was too inefficient and unreliable to operate economically and the partner airlines American Airlines Eastern Pan American Trans World and United recommended a lengthy list of changes to the design Douglas took the new requirements and produced an entirely new much smaller design the DC 4A with a simpler still unpressurized fuselage Pratt amp Whitney R 2000 Twin Wasp engines and a single fin and rudder A tricycle landing gear was retained With the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941 the United States Army Air Forces took over the provisional orders for the airlines and allocated them the designation C 54 Skymaster The first C 54 flew from Clover Field in Santa Monica California on 14 February 1942 DC 4 cabin Pan Am DC 4 in Trinidad in the 1950s To meet military requirements the first production aircraft had four additional auxiliary fuel tanks in the main cabin which reduced the passenger seats to 26 The following batch of aircraft was the first built to military specifications and was designated C 54A and built with a stronger floor and a cargo door with a hoist and winch The first C 54A was delivered in February 1943 With the introduction of the C 54B in March 1944 the outer wings were changed to hold integral fuel tanks allowing two of the cabin tanks to be removed this allowed 49 seats or 16 stretchers to be fitted The C 54C was a hybrid for Presidential use it had a C 54A fuselage with four cabin fuel tanks and the C 54B wings with built in tanks to achieve maximum range The most common variant was the C 54D which entered service in August 1944 essentially a C 54B with more powerful R 2000 11 engines With the C 54E the last two cabin fuel tanks were moved to the wings which allowed more freight or 44 passenger seats In total 1 163 C 54s or R5D in US Navy service were built for the United States military between 1942 and January 1946 and another 79 DC 4s were built after the war A later variant with more powerful Merlin engines allowing it to fly over 40 faster was built in Canada as the Canadair North Star Operational history EditThe DC 4 C 54 proved to be a popular and reliable type with 1 245 being built between May 1942 and August 1947 including 79 postwar DC 4s Several remain in service as of 2022 Douglas continued to develop the type during the war in preparation for a return to airline use when peace returned Sales of new aircraft had to compete against 500 wartime ex military C 54s and R5Ds which came onto the civilian market many of which were converted to DC 4 standard by Douglas DC 4s were a favorite of charter airlines such as Great Lakes Airlines North American Airlines Universal Airlines and Transocean Airlines In the 1950s Transocean Oakland California was the largest civilian C 54 DC 4 operator Aerolineas Argentinas DC 4 starting engines at Buenos Aires international airport circa 1958 Pan American DC 4 in flight Douglas produced 79 new build DC 4s between January 1946 and August 9 1947 the last example being delivered to South African Airways Pressurization was an option but all civilian DC 4s and C 54s were built unpressurized A total of 330 DC 4s and C 54s were used in the Berlin Airlift which made them one of the most numerous types involved Purchasers of new build DC 4s included Pan American Airways National Airlines Northwest Airlines and Western Airlines in the US and KLM Royal Dutch Air Lines Scandinavian Airlines System Iberia Airlines of Spain Swissair Air France Sabena Belgian World Airlines Cubana de Aviacion Avianca Aerolineas Argentinas Aeropostal of Venezuela 1946 and South African Airways overseas 3 Several airlines used new build DC 4s to start scheduled transatlantic flights between Latin America and Europe Among the earliest were Aerolineas Argentinas 1946 Aeropostal of Venezuela 1946 Iberia Airlines of Spain 1946 and Cubana de Aviacion 1948 Basic prices for a new DC 4 in 1946 47 were around 140 000 160 000 In 1960 used DC 4s were available for around 80 000 4 As of June 2020 update two DC 4s were used for charters in South Africa by the South African Airways Museum Society with both aircraft ZS BMH and ZS AUB carrying historical South African Airways livery 5 6 Buffalo Airways of Yellowknife Northwest Territories continues to operate the type commercially 7 Variants EditMain article List of Douglas DC 4 variants DC 4 Main production airliner postwar Canadair North Star Canadian production of a Rolls Royce Merlin powered variant plus a single example powered with Pratt amp Whitney R 2800sAviation Traders Carvair British cargo and car ferry with a modified nose with a raised cockpit to allow cars to be loaded more easilyOperators EditMain article List of Douglas DC 4 operators The Douglas DC 4 Skymaster is depicted on this 1946 U S Airmail stamp The DC 4 was used extensively for airmail service Accidents and incidents EditMain article List of accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC 4Surviving aircraft Edit A DC 4 painted in the KLM Flying Dutchman scheme of the Dutch Dakota Association Lelystad Holland Very few DC 4s remain in service today 8 The last two passenger DC 4s operating worldwide are based in Johannesburg South Africa They fly with old South African Airways SAA livery They are ZS AUB Outeniqua and ZS BMH Lebombo and are owned by the South African Airways Museum Society 9 10 and operated by Skyclass Aviation 11 a company specialising in classic and VIP charters to exotic destinations in Africa A 1944 built DC 4 C 54 is on display at Historical Aircraft Restoration Society in New South Wales Australia with a planned restoration to airworthiness 12 Buffalo Airways in Canada s Northwest Territories owned 11 DC 4s former C 54s of various versions four for hauling cargo and three for aerial firefighting However they have all recently been retired in favor of using the Lockheed L 188 Electra for these purposes All 11 are listed for sale on Buffalo Airways s website 13 14 15 A 1945 built DC 4 C 54D 43 17228 is being operated by Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation as a flying museum of the Berlin Airlift Called the Spirit of Freedom it replaced a previous C 54 44 9144 damaged by a tornado in 2020 16 Alaska Air Fuel 17 also operates two DC4s out of Palmer Alaska United States One ex Buffalo DC 4 18 N55CW c n 10673 currently registered to Aircraft Guaranty Corp Trustee is fitted with spray bars on top of the wings and is currently based in Florida on standby for oil pollution control 19 A 1945 built C 54 C 54E 5 DO c n 27289 USAAF serial 44 9063 was recovered from Reconstruction Finance Corporation by Douglas aircraft for conversion to DC 4 It served with Pan American World Airways from 1946 to 1952 as NC 88887 then with a succession of carriers and private owners until retired in 1989 as N88887 Around 1990 it was placed on display at the Berlin Airlift Memorial at Frankfurt Airport 20 Specifications DC 4 1009 Edit 3 view line drawing of the Douglas R5D 2 Skymaster Data from Jane s all the World s Aircraft 1947 21 McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 Volume I 22 General characteristicsCrew 4 Capacity Day transport 44 pax with baggage and freight Sleeper transport 22 pax with baggage and freight later up to 86 in high density seating Length 93 ft 10 in 28 60 m Wingspan 117 ft 6 in 35 81 m Height 27 ft 6 in 8 38 m Wing area 1 460 sq ft 136 m2 Airfoil root NACA 23016 tip NACA 23012 23 Empty weight 43 300 lb 19 641 kg Gross weight 63 500 lb 28 803 kg Max takeoff weight 73 000 lb 33 112 kg Fuel capacity 2 868 US gal 2 388 imp gal 10 860 l normal capacity or 3 592 US gal 2 991 imp gal 13 600 l with alternative inner wing tanks Powerplant 4 Pratt amp Whitney R 2000 2SD13 G Twin Wasp 14 cylinder air cooled radial piston engines 1 450 hp 1 080 kW each for take off1 100 hp 820 kW at 14 000 ft 4 300 m dd dd dd Propellers 3 bladed Hamilton Standard Hydromatic 13 ft 1 in 3 99 m diameter constant speed propellersPerformance Maximum speed 280 mph 450 km h 240 kn at 14 000 ft 4 300 m Cruise speed 227 mph 365 km h 197 kn 60 power at 10 000 ft 3 000 m Maximum cruise speed 246 mph 214 kn 396 km h in high blower at 20 800 ft 6 300 m dd dd dd Range 3 300 mi 5 300 km 2 900 nmi at 10 above max L D speed Ferry range 4 250 mi 6 840 km 3 690 nmi with inner wing fuel cells Wing loading 50 1 lb sq ft 245 kg m2 at maximum gross weight Power mass 0 0787 hp lb 0 1294 kW kg at maximum gross weight with take off powerSee also EditRelated development Aviation Traders Carvair Canadair North Star Douglas DC 4E Douglas C 54 Skymaster Douglas DC 6 Douglas DC 7Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era Boeing 307 Stratoliner Lockheed Constellation Lockheed L 049 ConstellationRelated lists List of aircraft List of civil aircraftNotes EditReferences Edit History Products DC 4 C 54 Skymaster Transport Boeing Retrieved 20 January 2015 Piston Engine Airliner Production List 1996 Berry 1967 pp 70 73 de havilland 1960 2687 Flight Archive Flight 18 November 1960 Retrieved 28 February 2017 SkyClassic SkyClass Aviation South Africa Retrieved 7 June 2020 Our Aircraft South African Airways Museum Society South Africa Retrieved 7 June 2020 Stapleton Rob 15 August 2009 Brooks Fuel keeps Alaska supplied using legacy aircraft Alaska Journal of Commerce Retrieved 27 February 2017 Blewett 2007 p 101 Outeniqua Douglas DC 4 1009 ZS AUB c n 42984 South African Airways Museum Society Retrieved 21 January 2015 Lebombo Douglas DC 4 1009 ZS BMH c n 43157 South African Airways Museum Society Retrieved 21 January 2015 Portfolios SkyClassic SkyClass Aviation 31 March 2014 Retrieved 20 January 2015 DC4 Vampire planes on display at HARS Aviation Museum Tarmac Days in December 2022 thesenior com au 7 December 2022 Retrieved 5 January 2023 Buffalo Airways Aircraft Fleet Retrieved 17 November 2015 McBryan Mikey 28 January 2019 Plane Savers E26 Live Stream Retrieved 13 March 2022 via YouTube Wanted and for sale US Buffalo Airways Retrieved 13 March 2022 Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation Retrieved 25 August 2021 City airport s future bright Douglas DC 4 Oil Bomber Spray Plane at KCGI seMissourian com 28 June 2011 Retrieved 9 February 2016 N55CW 1942 DOUGLAS C54D DC owned by AIRCRAFT GUARANTY CORP TRUSTEE Aircraft Registration FlightAware Registration Details for N88887 PlaneLogger Retrieved 22 November 2021 Bridgman Leonard ed 1947 Jane s all the World s Aircraft 1947 London Sampson Low Marston amp Co p 219c Francillon Rene J 1988 McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 Volume I London Naval Institute Press pp 313 333 ISBN 0870214284 Lednicer David The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage m selig ae illinois edu Retrieved 16 April 2019 Bibliography EditAro Chuck Talkback Air Enthusiast No 18 April July 1982 p 80 ISSN 0143 5450 Berry Peter et al The Douglas DC 4 Tonbridge Kent UK Air Britain Historians Ltd 1967 Blewett R Survivors Coulsden UK Aviation Classics 2007 ISBN 978 0 9530413 4 3 Francillon Rene McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920 Volume I London Putnam 1979 ISBN 0 87021 428 4 Pearcy Arthur Douglas Propliners DC 1 DC 7 Shrewsbury UK Airlife Publishing 1995 ISBN 1 85310 261 X Yenne Bill McDonnell Douglas A Tale of Two Giants Greenwich Connecticut Bison Books 1985 ISBN 0 517 44287 6 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Douglas DC 4 Boeing Historical Snapshot DC 4 C 54 Skymaster Transport The last DC 4s flying passenger service Archived 2017 02 17 at the Wayback Machine Vintage Wings of Canada Canadair North Star showing RR Merlin installation Life magazine photos by Eliot Elisofon of first production batch of DC 4s being completed partly outdoors as military C 54s note absence of cargo door on these and including early air to air photos of 42 10237 the first DC 4 C 54 to fly Popular Mechanics Article about testing prototype DC 4 Incl photo of triple tail prototype Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Douglas DC 4 amp oldid 1133638139, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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