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World Trade Center (1973–2001)

April 12, 2024

This article is about the World Trade Center building complex prior to the September 11 attacks. For the current building complex, see World Trade Center (2001–present). For the 2006 film, see World Trade Center (film).
"Twin Towers" redirects here. For other uses, see Twin Towers (disambiguation).

The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) at 1,368 feet (417 m), and 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower) at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space and, prior to its completion, was projected to accommodate an estimated 130,000 people.[6]

World Trade Center
The original complex in March 2001. The tower on the left, with antenna spire, was 1 WTC. The tower on the right was 2 WTC. All seven buildings of the WTC complex are partially visible. The red granite-clad building left of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center. In the background is the East River.
Record height
Tallest in the world from 1970 to 1973[I]
Preceded byEmpire State Building
Surpassed byWillis Tower
General information
StatusDestroyed
Architectural style
LocationLower Manhattan, New York, New York, U.S.
Coordinates40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W / 40.71167°N 74.01250°W / 40.71167; -74.01250
GroundbreakingAugust 5, 1966 (August 5, 1966)
January 18, 1967 (South Tower)
Construction started
  • 1 WTC: August 6, 1968
  • 2 WTC: January 1969
  • 3 WTC: March 1979
  • 4 WTC: 1974
  • 5 WTC: 1970
  • 6 WTC: 1969
  • 7 WTC: October 2, 1984
Topped-out
  • 1 WTC: December 23, 1970
  • 2 WTC: July 19, 1971
Completed
  • 1 WTC: 1972
  • 2 WTC: 1973
  • 3 WTC: April 1, 1981
  • 4 WTC: 1975
  • 5 WTC: 1972
  • 6 WTC: 1973
  • 7 WTC: March 1987
Opening
  • 1 WTC: December 15, 1970
  • 2 WTC: January 1972
  • 3 WTC: July 1, 1981[1]
  • 4 WTC: January 1977
  • 5 WTC: March 1972
  • 6 WTC: January 1974
  • 7 WTC: May 1987
InauguratedApril 4, 1973 (April 4, 1973)[2]
DestroyedSeptember 11, 2001; 22 years ago (2001-09-11)
OwnerPort Authority of New York and New Jersey
Other information
Height
Antenna spire1 WTC: 1,728 feet (526.7 m)
Roof
  • 1 WTC: 1,368 feet (417.0 m)
  • 2 WTC: 1,362 feet (415.1 m)
  • 3 WTC: 250 feet (76.2 m)
  • 4 and 5 WTC: 120 feet (36.6 m)
  • 6 WTC: 110 feet (33.5 m)
  • 7 WTC: 610 feet (185.9 m)
Top floor
  • 1 WTC: 1,355 feet (413 m)
  • 2 WTC: 1,348 ft (411 m)
Technical details
Floor count
  • 1 and 2 WTC: 110 floors
  • 3 WTC: 22 floors
  • 4 and 5 WTC: 9 floors
  • 6 WTC: 8 floors
  • 7 WTC: 47 floors
Floor area
  • 1 and 2 WTC: 4,300,000 sq ft (400,000 m2) each
  • 4, 5, and 6 WTC: 500,000 sq ft (50,000 m2) each
  • 7 WTC: 1,868,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)
Lifts/elevators99 (North Tower); 95 (South Tower)
Design and construction
Architect(s)
DeveloperPort Authority of New York and New Jersey
EngineerWorthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson,[3] Leslie E. Robertson Associates
Main contractorTishman Realty & Construction Company
References
I. ^ . Emporis. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015.
[4][5]

The core complex was built between 1966 and 1975, at a cost of ~$400 million (equivalent to ~$3.80 billion in 2023[7]).[8] The idea was suggested by David Rockefeller to help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, and his brother Nelson, then New York's 49th governor, signed the legislation to build it.[9][10] The buildings at the complex were designed by Minoru Yamasaki.[11] In 1998, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to privatize it by leasing the buildings to a private company to manage. It awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001.[12] During its existence, the World Trade Center symbolized globalization and the economic prosperity of the U.S.[13] Although its design was initially criticized by New Yorkers and professional critics[14]—"they put up the boxes instead of the buildings"—the Twin Towers became an icon of New York City.[15] It had a major role in popular culture, and according to one estimate was depicted in 472 films. The Twin Towers were also used in Philippe Petit's tightrope-walking performance on August 7, 1974.[16] Following the September 11 attacks, mentions of the complex in various media were altered or deleted, and several dozen "memorial films" were created.[17]

The World Trade Center experienced several major crime and terrorist incidents, including a fire on February 13, 1975;[18] a bombing on February 26, 1993;[19] and a bank robbery on January 14, 1998.[20] During the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets, one into each of the Twin Towers; between 16,400 and 18,000 people were in the Twin Towers when they were struck.[21] The fires from the impacts were intensified by the planes' burning jet fuel, which, along with the initial damage to the buildings' structural columns, ultimately caused both towers to collapse.[22] The attacks killed 2,606 people in and around the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft.[23] Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires in several surrounding buildings that were initiated by falling debris, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the WTC complex's buildings, including 7 World Trade Center, and caused catastrophic damage to 10 other large structures in the surrounding area.

The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months, during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished. On May 30, 2002, the last piece of WTC steel was ceremonially removed.[24] A new World Trade Center complex is being built with six new skyscrapers and several other buildings, many of which are complete. A memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks, a new rapid transit hub, and an elevated park have opened. The memorial features two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood.[25] One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1,776 feet (541 m) and the lead building for the new complex, completed construction in May 2013 and opened in November 2014.

Before the World Trade Center

 
Radio Row and Cortlandt Street station (background) in 1936
 
Lower Manhattan in 1980 with the twin towers visible in the background

Site

The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River. The shoreline was in the vicinity of Greenwich Street, which is closer to the site's eastern border. It was on this shoreline, close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street, that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding him and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended beginning in 1797 and was discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of a second eighteenth-century ship were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers stood, about 20 feet (6.1 m) below the surface.[26]

Later, the area became New York City's Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966. The neighborhood was a warehouse district in what is now Tribeca and the Financial District. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually, the area held several blocks of electronics stores, with Cortlandt Street as its central axis. The used radios, war surplus electronics (e.g., AN/ARC-5 radios), junk, and parts were often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, attracting collectors and scroungers. According to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business.[27]

Establishment of the World Trade Center

The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project,[28] but the plans were put on hold in 1949.[29] During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center there.[30]

Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center. They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street Seaport; or the west side, near the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) station, Hudson Terminal.[31] Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center.[32] As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project.[33] Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate.[34]

At the time, ridership on New Jersey's H&M Railroad had declined substantially—from a high of 113 million riders in 1927, to 26 million in 1958—after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River.[35] In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority offered to take over the H&M Railroad. They also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan, a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH.[34] With the new location and the Port Authority's acquisition of the H&M Railroad, New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project.[36] As part of the deal, the Port Authority renamed the H&M "Port Authority Trans-Hudson", or PATH for short.[37]

To compensate Radio Row business owners for their displacement, the Port Authority gave each business $3,000 without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous it was.[38] The Port Authority began purchasing properties in the area for the World Trade Center by March 1965,[39] and demolition of Radio Row began in March 1966.[40] It was completely demolished by the end of the year.[41]

Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council. Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues. On August 3, 1966, an agreement was reached whereby the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.[42] In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased.[43]

Development

Main article: Construction of the World Trade Center

Design

Video of the World Trade Center in the 1960s and early 70s, including scenes of its construction
 
A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers
 
The schematic of the prefabricated composite floor truss system used in the construction of the towers
 
The exterior frame of the Twin Towers in 1979
 
Twin Tower framed tube structure

On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects.[44] Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[45] but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m2) of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.[46]

Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side.[45][47] The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches (46 cm) wide, which reflected Yamasaki's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure.[48] His design included building facades clad in aluminum-alloy.[49] The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.[50] He was also inspired by Islamic architecture, elements of which he incorporated in the building's design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group.[51][52]

A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators; the taller the building, the more elevators are needed to service it, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks.[53] Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two "sky lobbies"—floors where people could switch from a large-capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. This system, inspired by the local-express train operation used in New York City's subway system,[54] allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently. This increased the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts.[55] Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.[56]

The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing the framed-tube structural system used in the twin towers.[57] The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers, Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers, and Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B) as mechanical engineers. Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and Rino M. Monti, the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, oversaw the project.[58] As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to the local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. Nonetheless, the World Trade Center's structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's new 1968 building codes.[59]

The framed-tube design, introduced in the 1960s by Bangladeshi-American structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan,[60] was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads. Each of the World Trade Center towers had 236 high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses.[61][57] The perimeter columns were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core columns.[57] The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, each consisting of three columns, three stories tall, connected by spandrel plates.[62] The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop.[63] Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, transmitting shear stress between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not on the same floor.[59] Below the 7th floor to the foundation, there were fewer, wider-spaced perimeter columns to accommodate doorways.[62][57]

The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower. The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads, providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls.[64] The floors consisted of 4-inch (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors.[62] The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants.

Hat trusses (or "outrigger trusses") located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building.[62] Only 1 WTC (North Tower) actually had a spire antenna fitted, which was added in May 1979.[65][66][67] The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower.[62]

The framed-tube design, using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire-resistant material, created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures, such as the Empire State Building that has thick, heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements.[68] During the design process, wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces.[69] Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate; however, many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects.[70] One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sways. These viscoelastic dampers, used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications, reduced the building sway to an acceptable level.[71]

Gallery

  •  
    World Trade Center lobby interior with large cathedral-like arched windows
  •  
    Exterior entrance trident columns with Ideogram sculpture
  •  
    Exterior view from plaza
  •  
    Exterior view with Cloud Fortress sculpture in front

Construction

 
The World Trade Center under construction in May 1970
 
The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in May 1973

In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.[39] Demolition work began on March 21, 1966, to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for its construction.[40] Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.[72]

The site of the World Trade Center was located on filled land with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below.[73] To construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build a "bathtub" with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson River out.[74] The slurry method selected by the Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr., involved digging a trench, and as excavation proceeded, filling the space with a slurry consisting of a mixture of bentonite and water, which plugged holes and kept groundwater out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in, forcing the slurry out. It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed. It was necessary before the excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin.[75] The 1,200,000 cubic yards (920,000 m3) of excavated material were used (along with other fill and dredge material) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City.[76][77]

In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers.[78] Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968, and construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969.[79] The original Hudson Tubes, which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service during the construction process until 1971, when a new station opened.[80] The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970, while 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurred on July 19, 1971.[79] Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process, and the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 15, 1970, while it was still under construction,[81][5] while the South Tower began accepting tenants in January 1972.[82] When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.[83] The ribbon cutting ceremony took place on April 4, 1973.[84]

In addition to the twin towers, the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low-rise buildings, which were built in the early 1970s. The 47-story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s, to the north of the main complex. Altogether, the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16-acre (65,000 m2) superblock.[85][86]

Complex

The World Trade Center complex housed more than 430 companies that were engaged in various commercial activities.[87] The complex hosted 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space,[88][89] which according to a 1970 account was supposed to accommodate 130,000 people.[6] On a typical weekday, an estimated 50,000 people worked in the complex and another 140,000 passed through as visitors.[87] The World Trade Center was so large that it had its own zip code: 10048.[90] The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower. The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise. It became a New York icon, in the same league as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty.[91] The World Trade Center was compared to Rockefeller Center, which David Rockefeller's brother Nelson Rockefeller had developed in midtown Manhattan.[92]

North and South Towers

 
View from the ground, 1999
 
North Tower lobby, looking south along the east side of the building, 2000

One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center, commonly referred to as the Twin Towers, were designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls.[93][94] They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center.[79] Construction of the North Tower at One World Trade Center began in 1966 with the South Tower at Two World Trade Center.[95] When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after its 40-year reign. The North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall[95] and featured a 362 foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 (upgraded in 1999 to accommodate DTV broadcasts). With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m).[96] Chicago's Willis Tower, then called Sears Tower which was finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop.[97]

When completed in 1973, the South Tower became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet (415 m). Its rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft (415 m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft (400 m) high.[96] Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000 m2) of the total 16 acres (65,000 m2) of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His tongue-in-cheek response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale."[98] Architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design of the twin towers when they were first announced, saying: "Here we have the world's daintiest architecture for the world's biggest buildings."[99][100]

The twin towers had more floors (at 110) than any other building before the completion of the Sears Tower in 1973.[96] Their floor counts were not matched until the construction of the Sears Tower, and they were not surpassed until the construction of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010.[101][102] Each tower had a total mass of around 500,000 tons.[103]

Austin J. Tobin Plaza

 
World Trade Center Plaza in 1976 with The Sphere by German artist Fritz Koenig
 
The Austin J. Tobin Plaza in 1995, looking west toward the Vista Hotel in 3 World Trade Center

The original World Trade Center had a five-acre (two-hectare) plaza around which all of the buildings in the complex, including the twin towers, were centered. World Trade Center officials had wanted the plaza to be a "contemplative space" or a Zen garden.[104] In 1982, the plaza was renamed after Port Authority's late chairman, Austin J. Tobin, who authorized the construction of the original World Trade Center.[105][106] During the summer, the Port Authority installed a portable stage, typically backed up against the North Tower within Tobin Plaza for musicians and performers.[107] These series of concerts and events were called "CenterStage at the World Trade Center".[108] At the center of the plaza stood the monumental sculpture The Sphere by German artist Fritz Koenig. The world's largest bronze sculpture of modern times was surrounded by a fountain. The site had other sculptures such as Ideogram, Cloud Fortress, and the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial fountain.[109] The plaza was pervaded by Muzak background music that came from installed loudspeakers.[110][111]

For many years, the Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers.[112] Some gusts were so strong that pedestrians' travel had to be aided by ropes.[113] In 1997 Tony May opened an Italian restaurant in the plaza next to 4 World Trade Center called "Gemelli".[114] The following year, he opened another restaurant in an adjacent place called "Pasta Break".[115] On June 9, 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million in renovations.[116][117] This involved replacing marble pavers with over 40,000 gray and pink granite stones, as well as adding benches, planters, food kiosks, and outdoor dining areas.[104]

Top of the World observation deck

 
Visitors on the viewing platform on the South Tower's roof, looking north toward Midtown Manhattan in 1984

Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off-limits to the public, the South Tower featured a public glass-enclosed observation deck on the 107th floor called Top of the World and an open-air deck with the height of 110 stories.[118][119][120] The observation deck was operative since December 1975 and the opening times were from 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. (June – August) and from 9:30 a.m. – 9:30 p.m. (September – May).[121][122] After paying an entrance fee in the second floor, visitors were required to pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[123] They were then sent to the 107th-floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet (400 m) by a dedicated express elevator.[119] The exterior columns were narrowed to allow 28 inches of window width between them. In 1995, the Port Authority leased operation of the observatory to Ogden Entertainment, which decided to renovate it.[124] On April 30, 1997, the Top of the World tour reopened after renovations were finished.[125] Attractions added to the observation deck included 24 video monitors, which provided descriptions of 44 points of interest in six languages; a theater showing a film of a simulated helicopter tour around the city called "Manhattan Magic";[126][119][127] a model of Manhattan with 750 buildings; a Kodak photo booth and two gift shops.[126] The 107th-floor also featured a subway-themed food court that featured Sbarro Street Station and Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs with a dining area that simulated Central Park.[96][128]

Weather permitting, visitors could ride two short escalators up from the 107th-floor viewing area to an outdoor platform at a height of 1,377 ft (420 m).[129][119][130] On a clear day, visitors could see up to 50 miles (80 km).[96] An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing. This left the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building.[128]

Windows on the World Restaurant

Main article: Windows on the World

Windows on the World, the restaurant on the North Tower's 106th and 107th floors,[131] opened in April 1976. It was developed by restaurateur Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17 million.[132] As well as the main restaurant, two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower: Hors d'Oeuvrerie (offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening) and Cellar in the Sky (a small wine bar).[133] Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly, who published a book on the course.[134]

Windows on the World was forced to close following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as the explosion damaged receiving areas, storage and parking spots used by the restaurant complex.[132] On May 12, 1994, the Joseph Baum & Michael Whiteman Company won the contract to run the restaurants after Windows's former operator, Inhilco, gave up its lease.[135] After its reopening on June 26, 1996, the Greatest Bar on Earth and Cellar in the Sky (reopened after Labor Day)[136] replaced the original restaurant offshoots.[133] In 1999, Cellar in the Sky was changed into an American steakhouse and renamed as Wild Blue.[137] In 2000 (its last full year of operation), Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.[138] The Skydive Restaurant, which was a 180-seat cafeteria on the 44th floor of 1 WTC conceived for office workers, was also operated by Windows on the World.[133][139]

In its last iteration, Windows on the World received mixed reviews. Ruth Reichl, a New York Times food critic, said in December 1996 that "nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat, but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York's favorite tourist destinations". She gave the restaurant two out of four stars, signifying a "very good" quality.[140] In his 2009 book Appetite, William Grimes wrote that, "At Windows, New York was the main course".[141] In 2014, Ryan Sutton of Eater.com compared the now-destroyed restaurant's cuisine to that of its replacement, One World Observatory. He said, "Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself, rather than a lazy by-product of the vital institution it resided in."[142]

Other buildings

 
(Counterclockwise)
A view of 4, 5 and 6 World Trade Center (the black buildings) surrounding the central plaza and Twin Towers, in 1976

Five smaller buildings stood on the 16-acre (65,000 m2) block.[143] One was the 22-floor hotel, which opened at the southwest corner of the site in 1981 as the Vista Hotel;[144] in 1995, it became the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC).[143] Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC), which were steel-framed office buildings, also stood around the plaza.[145][146] 6 World Trade Center, at the northwest corner, housed the United States Customs Service.[147] 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station, and 4 World Trade Center, located at the southeast corner,[146][148] housed the U.S. Commodities Exchange.[147] In 1987, construction was completed on a 47-floor office building, 7 World Trade Center, located to the north of the superblock.[149] Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall. It had connections to various mass transit facilities, including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority's PATH trains.[150][151]

One of the world's largest gold depositories was located underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault.[152] Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks, $230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC. This included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce silver bars.[153]

Major events

February 13, 1975 fire

Main article: 1975 World Trade Center fire

On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor. It spread to the 9th and 14th floors after igniting telephone cable insulation in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors. Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately; the original fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor, fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower. In addition to fire damage on the 9th through the 14th floors, the water used to extinguish the fire damaged a few of the floors below. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems.[18] On March 12, 1981, the Port Authority announced a $45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center.[154]

February 26, 1993 bombing

Main article: 1993 World Trade Center bombing
 
The World Trade Center following the 1993 bombing

The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives (planted by Ramzi Yousef) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage.[19] The blast opened a 100 ft (30 m) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3.[155] Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in the attacks, some from smoke inhalation.[156][157] Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman[158] and four other individuals[159] were later convicted for their involvement in the bombing,[158][159] while Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted for carrying out the bombing.[160] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers.[161]

Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns.[162] The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and the loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side. The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5, which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex, was heavily damaged.[163] After the bombing, the Port Authority installed photoluminescent pathway markings in the stairwells.[164] The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system were destroyed.[165] A memorial to the victims of the bombing, a reflecting pool, was installed with the names of those who were killed in the blast.[166] It was later destroyed following the September 11 attacks. The names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.[167]

January 14, 1998 robbery

Main article: 1998 Bank of America robbery
 
The World Trade Center as seen from Austin J. Tobin Plaza in 1995

In January 1998, an DeCavalcante crime family member Ralph Guarino gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center. He arranged a three-man crew for a heist that netted over $2 million from a Brinks delivery to the North Tower's 11th floor.[20]

Other events

On the morning of August 7, 1974, Philippe Petit performed a high-wire walk between the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center. For his unauthorized feat 1,312 feet (400 m) above the ground, he rigged a 440-pound (200 kg) cable and used a custom-made 30-foot-long (9.1 m), 55-pound (25 kg) balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire.[168] Though Petit was charged with criminal trespass and disorderly conduct, he was later freed in exchange for performing for children in Central Park.[169]

On February 20, 1981, an Aerolíneas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers after radar signals indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower (1 WTC). The aircraft, which departed from José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and was scheduled to land at nearby JFK Airport, was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations recommended.[170]

The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower.[171]

On February 8, 2000, a worker was crushed to death and another was injured by an industrial cooling unit.[172][173]

Proposed lease

 
The World Trade Center seen from the Hudson River five months prior to the September 11 attacks in April 2001

Slow leasing was a hallmark of the old World Trade Center complex. The Twin Towers suffered high vacancy rates for decades. The complex achieved 95% occupancy only in mid-2001.[174]

Following the Port Authority's approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center in the late 1990s,[175] they sought to lease it to a private entity in 2001. Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust; a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties;[176] and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group.[12] Privatizing the World Trade Center would add it to the city's tax rolls[12] and provide funds for other Port Authority projects.[177]

On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the World Trade Center lease, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.[178] Vornado outbid Silverstein by $600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease, which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.[179] Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26, 2001,[180] and closed on July 24, 2001.[181]

Destruction

Main article: Collapse of the World Trade Center
See also: September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 11, and United Airlines Flight 175
 
A fireball rises in the immediate aftermath of United Airlines Flight 175 hitting the South Tower during the September 11 attacks.
 
The World Trade Center site after the September 11 attacks seen from above the original building locations (outlined in yellow)

On September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists hijacked two flights and crashed them into the Twin Towers. One group led by Mohamed Atta crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower[182] at 8:46:40 a.m.; the aircraft struck between the 93rd and 99th floors. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03:11 a.m.,[a] a second group led by Marwan al-Shehhi crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking it between the 77th and 85th floors.[187]

The terrorist organization al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, carried out the attacks in retaliation for certain aspects of American foreign policy, particularly U.S. support of Israel and the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people.[188] Flight 175 had a much more off-centered impact compared to Flight 11, and a single stairwell was left intact; however, only a few people managed to descend successfully before the tower collapsed. Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower, thus affecting more floors, a smaller number (fewer than 700) were killed instantly or trapped.[189]

At 9:59 a.m., the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. The fire caused steel structural elements, already weakened from the plane's impact, to fail. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m., after burning for approximately 102 minutes.[190] At 5:20 p.m., 7 World Trade Center began to collapse with the crumbling of the east penthouse and collapsed completely at 5:21 p.m.[191] due to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure.[192]

The Marriott World Trade Center hotel was destroyed during the two towers' collapse. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later demolished.[193] The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months.[194] The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned because of the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside; it was deconstructed, with work completed in early 2011.[195][196] The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned due to extensive damage, and it was demolished and completely rebuilt.[197]

In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks, as over 50,000 people could have been inside the World Trade Center. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated approximately 17,400 individuals were in the towers at the time of the attacks.[198] Ultimately, 2,753 death certificates (excluding those for hijackers) were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks.[23]

There were 2,192 civilians who died in and around the World Trade Center, including 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. (an investment bank on the 101st to 105th floors of One World Trade Center),[199] 295 employees of Marsh & McLennan Companies (located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 to 101, the location of Flight 11's impact), and 175 employees of Aon Corporation.[200] In addition to the civilian deaths, 414 sworn personnel were also killed: 343 New York City Fire Department (FDNY) firefighters, including 2 FDNY paramedics and 1 FDNY chaplain, and 71 law enforcement officers, including 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) and 23 members of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). Eight EMS personnel from private agencies also died in the attacks.[201][202][203] Ten years after the attacks, the remains of only 1,629 victims had been identified.[204] Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed, only 20 were pulled out alive.[205]

New World Trade Center

Main article: World Trade Center (2001–present)
 
The New World Trade Center in September 2020

Over the following years, plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process,[206] organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design.[207] Memory Foundations, designed by Daniel Libeskind, was selected as the master plan;[208] however, substantial changes were made to the design.[209]

The first new building at the site was 7 WTC, which opened on May 23, 2006.[210] The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11, 2011,[211] and the museum opened on May 21, 2014.[212] 1 WTC opened on November 3, 2014;[213] 4 WTC opened on November 13, 2013;[214] and 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018.[215]

In November 2013, according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc., the new 2 WTC would not be built to its full height until sufficient space was leased to make the building financially viable.[216] Above-ground construction of 5 WTC was also suspended due to a lack of tenants[217] as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.[218] In mid-2015, Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned 2 WTC, to be designed by Bjarke Ingels and completed by 2020 with News Corp as anchor tenant.[219] Four years later, with no anchor tenant for 2 WTC, Silverstein expressed his intent to resume work on the tower regardless of whether a tenant had signed.[220]

Impact and legacy

Main articles: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks and Post-9/11

Reception

 
The WTC site building arrangement

Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial. Its site was the location of Radio Row, home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents, many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation.[221] A group of affected small businesses sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority's power of an eminent domain.[222] The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court;, which refused to hear the case.[223]

Private real-estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York, led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien, expressed concerns about this much "subsidized" office space going on the open market, competing with the private sector, when there was already a glut of vacancies;[224][225] the World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979, and only then due to subsidies.[226] Another critic questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a "mistaken social priority".[227]

The World Trade Center's design aesthetics attracted criticism from the American Institute of Architects and other groups.[49][228] Lewis Mumford, author of The City in History and other works on urban planning, criticized the project, describing it and other new skyscrapers as "just glass-and-metal filing cabinets".[229] The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to "the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in".[230] Cultural critic Paul Fussell dismissed the Twin Towers for being "charmless, merely tall, and huge blunt buildings" in his 1991 book BAD Or, The Dumbing of America, adding that they were "brutal and despotic. Dull and witless, expressive only of dumb, raw power, they are widely touted as among the major achievements of the late twentieth century."[231] In his 1996 book Home from Nowhere, James Howard Kunstler wrote in regard to skyscrapers like the Twin Towers and the Empire State Building that "it was probably necessary for mankind's collective ego to prove that such buildings . . . could be built," but he added that they were not worth the "distortions of population density" that they produced, and that they also "overload neighborhoods and strain the infrastructure."[232]

In his book The Pentagon of Power, Lewis Mumford described the World Trade Center as an "example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city".[86] Other critics disliked the twin towers' narrow office windows, which were 18 inches (46 cm) wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow slots.[48] Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs argued the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers to enjoy.[233] Retrospectively, the American Institute of Architects ranked the World Trade Center complex as 19th among 150 buildings in its List of America's Favorite Architecture, published in 2007.[234]

On the surrounding community

 
The World Trade Center seen from a nearby street in 2000

The original World Trade Center created a superblock that cut through the area's street grid, isolating the complex from the rest of the community.[85][235][236] The Port Authority had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center. The project involved combining the 12-block area bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets on the north, east, south, and west, respectively.[235][237] 7 World Trade Center was built on the superblock's north side in the late 1980s over another block of Greenwich Street. The building acted as a physical barrier separating Tribeca to the north and the Financial District to the south.[238] The underground mall at the World Trade Center also drew shoppers away from surrounding streets.[239]

The project was seen as being monolithic and overambitious,[240] with the design having had no public input.[241] By contrast, the rebuilding plans had significant public input.[242] The public supported rebuilding a street grid through the World Trade Center site.[241][235][243] One of the rebuilding proposals included building an enclosed shopping street along the path of Cortlandt Street, one of the streets demolished to make room for the original World Trade Center.[239] The Port Authority ultimately decided to rebuild Cortlandt, Fulton, and Greenwich Streets, which were destroyed during the original World Trade Center's construction.[235]

As popular culture icon

Main article: World Trade Center in popular culture
 
The World Trade Center seen from Liberty Island in 1995

Before its destruction, the World Trade Center was a New York City icon, and the Twin Towers were the centerpiece that represented the entire complex. They were used in film and TV projects as "establishing shots", standing for New York City as a whole.[17] In 1999, one writer noted: "Nearly every guidebook in New York City lists the Twin Towers among the city's top ten attractions."[15] Among the films that used the complex as a filming location was Sidney Lumet's The Wiz (1978), where the World Trade Center was used to represent Emerald City.[244]

There were several high-profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center. The most notable was held at the original WTC in 1974. French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the two towers on a tightrope,[245] as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire (2008)[246] and depicted in the feature film The Walk (2015).[247] Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable.[248][245] In 1975, Owen J. Quinn base-jumped from the roof of the North Tower and safely landed on the plaza between the buildings.[249] Quinn claimed that he was trying to publicize the plight of the poor.[249] On May 26, 1977, Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower.[250] He later said, "It looked unscalable; I thought I'd like to try it."[251][252] Six years later, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers.[253][254]

The complex was featured in numerous works of popular culture; in 2006, it was estimated that the World Trade Center had appeared in some form in 472 films.[17] Several iconic meanings were attributed to the World Trade Center. Film critic David Sterritt, who lived near the complex, said that the World Trade Center's appearance in the 1978 film Superman "summarized a certain kind of American grandeur [...] the grandeur, I would say, of sheer American powerfulness".[255] Remarking on the towers' destruction in the 1996 film Independence Day, Sterritt said: "The Twin Towers have been destroyed in various disaster movies that were made before 9/11. That became something that you couldn't do even retroactively after 9/11." Other motifs included romance, depicted in the 1988 film Working Girl, and corporate avarice, depicted in Wall Street (1987) and The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990).[255] Comic books, animated cartoons, television shows, video games, and music videos also used the complex as a setting.[256]

After the September 11 attacks

See also: List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks and List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks
 
 
1973–1993 and 1993–2001 logos of the World Trade Center
 
View of Manhattan from the Brooklyn Bridge with the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center visible between the two

After the September 11 attacks, some movies and TV shows deleted scenes or episodes set within the World Trade Center.[257][258][259][260] For example, The Simpsons episode "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", which first aired in 1997, was removed from syndication after the attacks because a scene showed the World Trade Center.[261] Songs that mentioned the World Trade Center were no longer aired on radio, and the release dates of some films, such as the 2001–2002 films Sidewalks of New York; People I Know; and Spider-Man were delayed so producers could remove film and poster scenes that included the World Trade Center.[257][256] The 2001 film Kissing Jessica Stein, which was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival the day before the attacks, had to be modified before its general public release so the filmmakers could delete scenes that depicted the World Trade Center.[257]

Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts.[258] The production of some family-oriented films was also sped up due to a large demand for the genre after the attacks. Demand for horror and action films decreased, but within a short time demand returned to normal.[260] By the attacks' first anniversary, over sixty "memorial films" had been created.[262] Filmmakers were criticized for removing scenes related to the World Trade Center. Rita Kempley of The Washington Post said "if we erase the towers from our art, we erase it [sic] from our memories".[263] Author Donald Langmead compared the phenomenon to the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, where historic mentions of events are retroactively "rectified".[264] Other filmmakers such as Michael Bay, who directed the 1998 film Armageddon, opposed retroactively removing references to the World Trade Center based on post-9/11 attitudes.[257]

Oliver Stone's film World Trade Center—the first movie that specifically examined the attacks' effects on the World Trade Center as contrasted with the effects elsewhere—was released in 2006.[264] Several years after the attacks, works such as "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson" were placed back in syndication. The National September 11 Museum has preserved many of the works that feature depictions of the original World Trade Center.[257]

The World Trade Center used two different logos over its lifetime. The first logo, used from 1973 to 1993, consisted of two open rectangles with one upside down. Following the complex's reopening after the 1993 bombing, a new logo was unveiled, consisting of the towers encircled by a globe. This logo was found throughout the complex and was printed on commemorative mugs given out to tenants with the caption "Welcome back to the World Trade Center".[265]

Gallery

  •  
    World Trade Center exterior with Brooklyn Bridge in foreground, 1973
  •  
    World Trade Center exterior. Twilight view from harbor, 1976
  •  
    View to the South from 1 World Trade Center, 1992
  •  
    View of Manhattan skyline from Brooklyn, 1978
  •  
    The Twin Towers seen from Jersey City, 1978
  •  
    Brooklyn Bridge and East River, 1982
  •  
    View of the World Trade Center from the ground, 2000
  •  
    The Twin Towers seen from across the Hudson River, 2001
  •  
    World Trade Center from Battery Park City in May of 2001.
  •  
    One of the towers of the World Trade Center seen from the ground.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The exact time is disputed. The 9/11 Commission report says 9:03:11,[183][184] NIST reports 9:02:59,[185] some other sources report 9:03:02.[186]

References

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  3. ^ Nalder, Eric (February 27, 1993). "Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  4. ^ . Emporis. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015.
  5. ^ a b "History of the Twin Towers". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. June 1, 2014. from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  6. ^ a b Ferretti, Fred (October 28, 1970). "Its Ambiance Will Go From Snack to Posh". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  7. ^ "Inflation Calculator".
  8. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
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  14. ^ Stewart, Henry (September 8, 2016). "Why New Yorkers Couldn't Stand The Twin Towers". Gothamist. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
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  30. ^ Gillespie (1999), pp. 32–33.
  31. ^ Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 56.
  32. ^ Gillespie (1999), pp. 34–35.
  33. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 38.
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  47. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 7.
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  55. ^ Gillespie (1999), pp. 75–78.
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  62. ^ a b c d e NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 10.
  63. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 8.
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  261. ^ Snierson, Dan (March 27, 2011). "'Simpsons' exec producer Al Jean: 'I completely understand' if reruns with nuclear jokes are pulled". Entertainment Weekly. from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
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Bibliography

  • Cudahy, Brian J. (2002), Rails Under the Mighty Hudson (2nd ed.), New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0-82890-257-1, OCLC 911046235
  • Darton, Eric (1999). Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01727-0.
  • Dixon, W. W. (2004). Film and Television After 9/11. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2556-6.
  • Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2742-0.
  • Glanz, James & Lipton, Eric (2003). City in the Sky. Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7691-2.
  • Goldberger, Paul (2004). Up from Zero: Politics, Architecture, and the Rebuilding of New York. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-58836-422-7.
  • Langmead, Donald (2009). Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center. Greenwood icons. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  • "World Trade Center Building Performance Study". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 2002. from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  • Design and Construction of Structural Systems. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). September 2005.
    • Fanella, David A.; Derecho, Arnaldo T.; Ghosh, S.K. (September 2005). "Design and Construction of Structural Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1A)" (PDF). NIST. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
    • Lew, Hai S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). "Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1)" (PDF). NIST. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
    • Gross, John L.; McAllister, Therese P. (September 2005). "Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers (NIST NCSTAR 1–6)" (PDF). NIST. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  • Sivaraj Shyam-Sunder; Richard G. Gann; William L. Grosshandler; Hai S. Lew; Richard W. Bukowski; Fahim Sadek; Frank W. Gayle; John L. Gross; Therese P. McAllister (September 2005). Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Tower (NIST NCSTAR 1) (PDF). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center (1970–2001).
  • World Trade Center – Silverstein Properties
  • – – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
  • World Trade Center at Curlie
  • – slideshow by Life magazine
  • New York: A Documentary film August 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center in the seventh and final episode of the series directed by Ric Burns.
  • Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970
  • Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-6369, "World Trade Center Site", 103 photos, 21 data pages, 8 photo caption pages
Records
Preceded by Tallest building in the world
1970–1974 (North Tower) 		Succeeded by
Tallest building in the United States
1970–1974 (North Tower)
Tallest building with the most floors
1970–2001
Tallest building in New York City
1970–2001 (North Tower) 		Succeeded by
Empire State Building
Tallest building with the most floors ever
1970–2008 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Tallest twin towers in the world
1970–1998 		Succeeded by

April 12, 2024
world, trade, center, 1973, 2001, this, article, about, world, trade, center, building, complex, prior, september, attacks, current, building, complex, world, trade, center, 2001, present, 2006, film, world, trade, center, film, twin, towers, redirects, here, . This article is about the World Trade Center building complex prior to the September 11 attacks For the current building complex see World Trade Center 2001 present For the 2006 film see World Trade Center film Twin Towers redirects here For other uses see Twin Towers disambiguation The original World Trade Center WTC was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City It opened on April 4 1973 and was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001 At the time of their completion the Twin Towers the original 1 World Trade Center the North Tower at 1 368 feet 417 m and 2 World Trade Center the South Tower at 1 362 feet 415 1 m were the tallest buildings in the world Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center 3 WTC 4 WTC 5 WTC 6 WTC and 7 WTC The complex contained 13 400 000 square feet 1 240 000 m2 of office space and prior to its completion was projected to accommodate an estimated 130 000 people 6 World Trade CenterThe original complex in March 2001 The tower on the left with antenna spire was 1 WTC The tower on the right was 2 WTC All seven buildings of the WTC complex are partially visible The red granite clad building left of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center In the background is the East River Record heightTallest in the world from 1970 to 1973 I Preceded byEmpire State BuildingSurpassed byWillis TowerGeneral informationStatusDestroyedArchitectural styleNew Formalism Buildings 1 2 4 5 6 LocationLower Manhattan New York New York U S Coordinates40 42 42 N 74 00 45 W 40 71167 N 74 01250 W 40 71167 74 01250GroundbreakingAugust 5 1966 August 5 1966 January 18 1967 South Tower Construction started1 WTC August 6 19682 WTC January 19693 WTC March 19794 WTC 19745 WTC 19706 WTC 19697 WTC October 2 1984Topped out1 WTC December 23 19702 WTC July 19 1971Completed1 WTC 19722 WTC 19733 WTC April 1 19814 WTC 19755 WTC 19726 WTC 19737 WTC March 1987Opening1 WTC December 15 19702 WTC January 19723 WTC July 1 1981 1 4 WTC January 19775 WTC March 19726 WTC January 19747 WTC May 1987InauguratedApril 4 1973 April 4 1973 2 DestroyedSeptember 11 2001 22 years ago 2001 09 11 OwnerPort Authority of New York and New JerseyOther informationHeightAntenna spire1 WTC 1 728 feet 526 7 m Roof1 WTC 1 368 feet 417 0 m 2 WTC 1 362 feet 415 1 m 3 WTC 250 feet 76 2 m 4 and 5 WTC 120 feet 36 6 m 6 WTC 110 feet 33 5 m 7 WTC 610 feet 185 9 m Top floor1 WTC 1 355 feet 413 m 2 WTC 1 348 ft 411 m Technical detailsFloor count1 and 2 WTC 110 floors3 WTC 22 floors4 and 5 WTC 9 floors6 WTC 8 floors7 WTC 47 floorsFloor area1 and 2 WTC 4 300 000 sq ft 400 000 m2 each4 5 and 6 WTC 500 000 sq ft 50 000 m2 each7 WTC 1 868 000 sq ft 170 000 m2 Lifts elevators99 North Tower 95 South Tower Design and constructionArchitect s Minoru YamasakiEmery Roth amp SonsDeveloperPort Authority of New York and New JerseyEngineerWorthington Skilling Helle amp Jackson 3 Leslie E Robertson AssociatesMain contractorTishman Realty amp Construction CompanyReferencesI World Trade Center Emporis Archived from the original on September 30 2015 4 5 The core complex was built between 1966 and 1975 at a cost of 400 million equivalent to 3 80 billion in 2023 7 8 The idea was suggested by David Rockefeller to help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan and his brother Nelson then New York s 49th governor signed the legislation to build it 9 10 The buildings at the complex were designed by Minoru Yamasaki 11 In 1998 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to privatize it by leasing the buildings to a private company to manage It awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001 12 During its existence the World Trade Center symbolized globalization and the economic prosperity of the U S 13 Although its design was initially criticized by New Yorkers and professional critics 14 they put up the boxes instead of the buildings the Twin Towers became an icon of New York City 15 It had a major role in popular culture and according to one estimate was depicted in 472 films The Twin Towers were also used in Philippe Petit s tightrope walking performance on August 7 1974 16 Following the September 11 attacks mentions of the complex in various media were altered or deleted and several dozen memorial films were created 17 The World Trade Center experienced several major crime and terrorist incidents including a fire on February 13 1975 18 a bombing on February 26 1993 19 and a bank robbery on January 14 1998 20 During the terrorist attacks on September 11 2001 al Qaeda affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets one into each of the Twin Towers between 16 400 and 18 000 people were in the Twin Towers when they were struck 21 The fires from the impacts were intensified by the planes burning jet fuel which along with the initial damage to the buildings structural columns ultimately caused both towers to collapse 22 The attacks killed 2 606 people in and around the towers as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft 23 Falling debris from the towers combined with fires in several surrounding buildings that were initiated by falling debris led to the partial or complete collapse of all the WTC complex s buildings including 7 World Trade Center and caused catastrophic damage to 10 other large structures in the surrounding area The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished On May 30 2002 the last piece of WTC steel was ceremonially removed 24 A new World Trade Center complex is being built with six new skyscrapers and several other buildings many of which are complete A memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks a new rapid transit hub and an elevated park have opened The memorial features two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood 25 One World Trade Center the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1 776 feet 541 m and the lead building for the new complex completed construction in May 2013 and opened in November 2014 Contents 1 Before the World Trade Center 1 1 Site 1 2 Establishment of the World Trade Center 2 Development 2 1 Design 2 1 1 Gallery 2 2 Construction 3 Complex 3 1 North and South Towers 3 2 Austin J Tobin Plaza 3 3 Top of the World observation deck 3 4 Windows on the World Restaurant 3 5 Other buildings 4 Major events 4 1 February 13 1975 fire 4 2 February 26 1993 bombing 4 3 January 14 1998 robbery 4 4 Other events 4 5 Proposed lease 5 Destruction 6 New World Trade Center 7 Impact and legacy 7 1 Reception 7 2 On the surrounding community 7 3 As popular culture icon 7 3 1 After the September 11 attacks 8 Logo 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External linksBefore the World Trade Center nbsp Radio Row and Cortlandt Street station background in 1936 nbsp Lower Manhattan in 1980 with the twin towers visible in the backgroundSite The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River The shoreline was in the vicinity of Greenwich Street which is closer to the site s eastern border It was on this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block s ship Tyger burned to the waterline in November 1613 stranding him and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island They built the first European settlement in Manhattan The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended beginning in 1797 and was discovered during excavation work in 1916 The remains of a second eighteenth century ship were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site The ship believed to be a Hudson River sloop was found just south of where the Twin Towers stood about 20 feet 6 1 m below the surface 26 Later the area became New York City s Radio Row which existed from 1921 to 1966 The neighborhood was a warehouse district in what is now Tribeca and the Financial District Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921 and eventually the area held several blocks of electronics stores with Cortlandt Street as its central axis The used radios war surplus electronics e g AN ARC 5 radios junk and parts were often piled so high they would spill out onto the street attracting collectors and scroungers According to a business writer it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business 27 Establishment of the World Trade Center The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943 The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E Dewey to begin developing plans for the project 28 but the plans were put on hold in 1949 29 During the late 1940s and 1950s economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center there 30 Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey Church Liberty and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world s first world trade center They had two choices the east side of Lower Manhattan near the South Street Seaport or the west side near the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad H amp M station Hudson Terminal 31 Initial plans made public in 1961 identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center 32 As a bi state agency the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey New Jersey Governor Robert B Meyner objected to New York getting a 335 million project 33 Toward the end of 1961 negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate 34 At the time ridership on New Jersey s H amp M Railroad had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River 35 In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J Hughes the Port Authority offered to take over the H amp M Railroad They also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH 34 With the new location and the Port Authority s acquisition of the H amp M Railroad New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project 36 As part of the deal the Port Authority renamed the H amp M Port Authority Trans Hudson or PATH for short 37 To compensate Radio Row business owners for their displacement the Port Authority gave each business 3 000 without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous it was 38 The Port Authority began purchasing properties in the area for the World Trade Center by March 1965 39 and demolition of Radio Row began in March 1966 40 It was completely demolished by the end of the year 41 Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues On August 3 1966 an agreement was reached whereby the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants 42 In subsequent years the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased 43 DevelopmentMain article Construction of the World Trade Center Design source source source source source source Video of the World Trade Center in the 1960s and early 70s including scenes of its construction nbsp A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers nbsp The schematic of the prefabricated composite floor truss system used in the construction of the towers nbsp The exterior frame of the Twin Towers in 1979 nbsp Twin Tower framed tube structureOn September 20 1962 the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth amp Sons as associate architects 44 Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall 45 but to meet the Port Authority s requirement for 10 000 000 square feet 930 000 m2 of office space the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall 46 Yamasaki s design for the World Trade Center unveiled to the public on January 18 1964 called for a square plan approximately 208 feet 63 m in dimension on each side 45 47 The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches 46 cm wide which reflected Yamasaki s fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure 48 His design included building facades clad in aluminum alloy 49 The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki s gothic modernist tendencies 50 He was also inspired by Islamic architecture elements of which he incorporated in the building s design having previously designed Saudi Arabia s Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group 51 52 A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators the taller the building the more elevators are needed to service it requiring more space consuming elevator banks 53 Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two sky lobbies floors where people could switch from a large capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section This system inspired by the local express train operation used in New York City s subway system 54 allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently This increased the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts 55 Altogether the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators 56 The structural engineering firm Worthington Skilling Helle amp Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki s design developing the framed tube structural system used in the twin towers 57 The Port Authority s Engineering Department served as foundation engineers Joseph R Loring amp Associates as electrical engineers and Jaros Baum amp Bolles JB amp B as mechanical engineers Tishman Realty amp Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project Guy F Tozzoli director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority and Rino M Monti the Port Authority s Chief Engineer oversaw the project 58 As an interstate agency the Port Authority was not subject to the local laws and regulations of the City of New York including building codes Nonetheless the World Trade Center s structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City s new 1968 building codes 59 The framed tube design introduced in the 1960s by Bangladeshi American structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan 60 was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads Each of the World Trade Center towers had 236 high strength load bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses 61 57 The perimeter columns were spaced closely together to form a strong rigid wall structure supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads and sharing the gravity load with the core columns 57 The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces each consisting of three columns three stories tall connected by spandrel plates 62 The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off site at the fabrication shop 63 Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid span of the columns and spandrels The spandrel plates were located at each floor transmitting shear stress between columns allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads The joints between modules were staggered vertically so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not on the same floor 59 Below the 7th floor to the foundation there were fewer wider spaced perimeter columns to accommodate doorways 62 57 The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts restrooms three stairwells and other support spaces The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet 27 by 41 m and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower The large column free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls 64 The floors consisted of 4 inch 10 cm thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors 62 The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch 2 03 m centers The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants Hat trusses or outrigger trusses located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building 62 Only 1 WTC North Tower actually had a spire antenna fitted which was added in May 1979 65 66 67 The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower 62 The framed tube design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures such as the Empire State Building that has thick heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements 68 During the design process wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces 69 Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate however many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects 70 One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sways These viscoelastic dampers used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications reduced the building sway to an acceptable level 71 Gallery nbsp World Trade Center lobby interior with large cathedral like arched windows nbsp Exterior entrance trident columns with Ideogram sculpture nbsp Exterior view from plaza nbsp Exterior view with Cloud Fortress sculpture in frontConstruction nbsp The World Trade Center under construction in May 1970 nbsp The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in May 1973 In March 1965 the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site 39 Demolition work began on March 21 1966 to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for its construction 40 Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5 1966 72 The site of the World Trade Center was located on filled land with the bedrock located 65 feet 20 m below 73 To construct the World Trade Center it was necessary to build a bathtub with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site to keep water from the Hudson River out 74 The slurry method selected by the Port Authority s chief engineer John M Kyle Jr involved digging a trench and as excavation proceeded filling the space with a slurry consisting of a mixture of bentonite and water which plugged holes and kept groundwater out When the trench was dug out a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in forcing the slurry out It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed It was necessary before the excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin 75 The 1 200 000 cubic yards 920 000 m3 of excavated material were used along with other fill and dredge material to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City 76 77 In January 1967 the Port Authority awarded 74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers 78 Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 and construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969 79 The original Hudson Tubes which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal remained in service during the construction process until 1971 when a new station opened 80 The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC North Tower took place on December 23 1970 while 2 WTC s ceremony South Tower occurred on July 19 1971 79 Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process and the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 15 1970 while it was still under construction 81 5 while the South Tower began accepting tenants in January 1972 82 When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed the total costs to the Port Authority had reached 900 million 83 The ribbon cutting ceremony took place on April 4 1973 84 In addition to the twin towers the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low rise buildings which were built in the early 1970s The 47 story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s to the north of the main complex Altogether the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16 acre 65 000 m2 superblock 85 86 ComplexThe World Trade Center complex housed more than 430 companies that were engaged in various commercial activities 87 The complex hosted 13 400 000 square feet 1 240 000 m2 of office space 88 89 which according to a 1970 account was supposed to accommodate 130 000 people 6 On a typical weekday an estimated 50 000 people worked in the complex and another 140 000 passed through as visitors 87 The World Trade Center was so large that it had its own zip code 10048 90 The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower The Twin Towers became known worldwide appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise It became a New York icon in the same league as the Empire State Building the Chrysler Building and the Statue of Liberty 91 The World Trade Center was compared to Rockefeller Center which David Rockefeller s brother Nelson Rockefeller had developed in midtown Manhattan 92 North and South Towers nbsp View from the ground 1999 nbsp North Tower lobby looking south along the east side of the building 2000 One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center commonly referred to as the Twin Towers were designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki as framed tube structures which provided tenants with open floor plans uninterrupted by columns or walls 93 94 They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center 79 Construction of the North Tower at One World Trade Center began in 1966 with the South Tower at Two World Trade Center 95 When completed in 1972 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years surpassing the Empire State Building after its 40 year reign The North Tower stood 1 368 feet 417 m tall 95 and featured a 362 foot 110 m telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 upgraded in 1999 to accommodate DTV broadcasts With this addition the highest point of the North Tower reached 1 730 feet 530 m 96 Chicago s Willis Tower then called Sears Tower which was finished in May 1973 reached 1 450 feet 440 m at the rooftop 97 When completed in 1973 the South Tower became the second tallest building in the world at 1 362 feet 415 m Its rooftop observation deck was 1 362 ft 415 m high and its indoor observation deck was 1 310 ft 400 m high 96 Each tower stood over 1 350 feet 410 m high and occupied about 1 acre 4 000 m2 of the total 16 acres 65 000 m2 of the site s land During a press conference in 1973 Yamasaki was asked Why two 110 story buildings Why not one 220 story building His tongue in cheek response was I didn t want to lose the human scale 98 Architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design of the twin towers when they were first announced saying Here we have the world s daintiest architecture for the world s biggest buildings 99 100 The twin towers had more floors at 110 than any other building before the completion of the Sears Tower in 1973 96 Their floor counts were not matched until the construction of the Sears Tower and they were not surpassed until the construction of the Burj Khalifa which opened in 2010 101 102 Each tower had a total mass of around 500 000 tons 103 Austin J Tobin Plaza nbsp World Trade Center Plaza in 1976 with The Sphere by German artist Fritz Koenig nbsp The Austin J Tobin Plaza in 1995 looking west toward the Vista Hotel in 3 World Trade Center The original World Trade Center had a five acre two hectare plaza around which all of the buildings in the complex including the twin towers were centered World Trade Center officials had wanted the plaza to be a contemplative space or a Zen garden 104 In 1982 the plaza was renamed after Port Authority s late chairman Austin J Tobin who authorized the construction of the original World Trade Center 105 106 During the summer the Port Authority installed a portable stage typically backed up against the North Tower within Tobin Plaza for musicians and performers 107 These series of concerts and events were called CenterStage at the World Trade Center 108 At the center of the plaza stood the monumental sculpture The Sphere by German artist Fritz Koenig The world s largest bronze sculpture of modern times was surrounded by a fountain The site had other sculptures such as Ideogram Cloud Fortress and the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial fountain 109 The plaza was pervaded by Muzak background music that came from installed loudspeakers 110 111 For many years the Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers 112 Some gusts were so strong that pedestrians travel had to be aided by ropes 113 In 1997 Tony May opened an Italian restaurant in the plaza next to 4 World Trade Center called Gemelli 114 The following year he opened another restaurant in an adjacent place called Pasta Break 115 On June 9 1999 the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing 12 million in renovations 116 117 This involved replacing marble pavers with over 40 000 gray and pink granite stones as well as adding benches planters food kiosks and outdoor dining areas 104 Top of the World observation deck nbsp Visitors on the viewing platform on the South Tower s roof looking north toward Midtown Manhattan in 1984Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off limits to the public the South Tower featured a public glass enclosed observation deck on the 107th floor called Top of the World and an open air deck with the height of 110 stories 118 119 120 The observation deck was operative since December 1975 and the opening times were from 9 30 a m to 11 30 p m June August and from 9 30 a m 9 30 p m September May 121 122 After paying an entrance fee in the second floor visitors were required to pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing 123 They were then sent to the 107th floor indoor observatory at a height of 1 310 feet 400 m by a dedicated express elevator 119 The exterior columns were narrowed to allow 28 inches of window width between them In 1995 the Port Authority leased operation of the observatory to Ogden Entertainment which decided to renovate it 124 On April 30 1997 the Top of the World tour reopened after renovations were finished 125 Attractions added to the observation deck included 24 video monitors which provided descriptions of 44 points of interest in six languages a theater showing a film of a simulated helicopter tour around the city called Manhattan Magic 126 119 127 a model of Manhattan with 750 buildings a Kodak photo booth and two gift shops 126 The 107th floor also featured a subway themed food court that featured Sbarro Street Station and Nathan s Famous Hot Dogs with a dining area that simulated Central Park 96 128 Weather permitting visitors could ride two short escalators up from the 107th floor viewing area to an outdoor platform at a height of 1 377 ft 420 m 129 119 130 On a clear day visitors could see up to 50 miles 80 km 96 An anti suicide fence was placed on the roof itself with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it requiring only an ordinary railing This left the view unobstructed unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building 128 Windows on the World Restaurant Main article Windows on the World Windows on the World the restaurant on the North Tower s 106th and 107th floors 131 opened in April 1976 It was developed by restaurateur Joe Baum at a cost of more than 17 million 132 As well as the main restaurant two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower Hors d Oeuvrerie offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening and Cellar in the Sky a small wine bar 133 Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly who published a book on the course 134 Windows on the World was forced to close following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as the explosion damaged receiving areas storage and parking spots used by the restaurant complex 132 On May 12 1994 the Joseph Baum amp Michael Whiteman Company won the contract to run the restaurants after Windows s former operator Inhilco gave up its lease 135 After its reopening on June 26 1996 the Greatest Bar on Earth and Cellar in the Sky reopened after Labor Day 136 replaced the original restaurant offshoots 133 In 1999 Cellar in the Sky was changed into an American steakhouse and renamed as Wild Blue 137 In 2000 its last full year of operation Windows on the World reported revenues of 37 million making it the highest grossing restaurant in the United States 138 The Skydive Restaurant which was a 180 seat cafeteria on the 44th floor of 1 WTC conceived for office workers was also operated by Windows on the World 133 139 In its last iteration Windows on the World received mixed reviews Ruth Reichl a New York Times food critic said in December 1996 that nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York s favorite tourist destinations She gave the restaurant two out of four stars signifying a very good quality 140 In his 2009 book Appetite William Grimes wrote that At Windows New York was the main course 141 In 2014 Ryan Sutton of Eater com compared the now destroyed restaurant s cuisine to that of its replacement One World Observatory He said Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself rather than a lazy by product of the vital institution it resided in 142 Other buildings nbsp Counterclockwise A view of 4 5 and 6 World Trade Center the black buildings surrounding the central plaza and Twin Towers in 1976Five smaller buildings stood on the 16 acre 65 000 m2 block 143 One was the 22 floor hotel which opened at the southwest corner of the site in 1981 as the Vista Hotel 144 in 1995 it became the Marriott World Trade Center 3 WTC 143 Three low rise buildings 4 WTC 5 WTC and 6 WTC which were steel framed office buildings also stood around the plaza 145 146 6 World Trade Center at the northwest corner housed the United States Customs Service 147 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station and 4 World Trade Center located at the southeast corner 146 148 housed the U S Commodities Exchange 147 In 1987 construction was completed on a 47 floor office building 7 World Trade Center located to the north of the superblock 149 Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall It had connections to various mass transit facilities including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority s PATH trains 150 151 One of the world s largest gold depositories was located underneath the World Trade Center owned by a group of commercial banks The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault 152 Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks 230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC This included 3 800 100 Troy ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30 000 1 000 ounce silver bars 153 Major eventsFebruary 13 1975 fire Main article 1975 World Trade Center fire On February 13 1975 a three alarm fire broke out on the North Tower s 11th floor It spread to the 9th and 14th floors after igniting telephone cable insulation in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately the original fire was put out in a few hours Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor fueled by cabinets filled with paper alcohol based fluid for office machines and other office equipment Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower In addition to fire damage on the 9th through the 14th floors the water used to extinguish the fire damaged a few of the floors below At that time the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems 18 On March 12 1981 the Port Authority announced a 45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center 154 February 26 1993 bombing Main article 1993 World Trade Center bombing nbsp The World Trade Center following the 1993 bombingThe first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26 1993 at 12 17 p m A Ryder truck filled with 1 500 pounds 680 kg of explosives planted by Ramzi Yousef detonated in the North Tower s underground garage 19 The blast opened a 100 ft 30 m hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3 155 Six people were killed and 1 042 others were injured in the attacks some from smoke inhalation 156 157 Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman 158 and four other individuals 159 were later convicted for their involvement in the bombing 158 159 while Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted for carrying out the bombing 160 According to a presiding judge the conspirators chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower toppling both skyscrapers 161 Following the bombing floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns 162 The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and the loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5 which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex was heavily damaged 163 After the bombing the Port Authority installed photoluminescent pathway markings in the stairwells 164 The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system were destroyed 165 A memorial to the victims of the bombing a reflecting pool was installed with the names of those who were killed in the blast 166 It was later destroyed following the September 11 attacks The names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial amp Museum 167 January 14 1998 robbery Main article 1998 Bank of America robbery nbsp The World Trade Center as seen from Austin J Tobin Plaza in 1995In January 1998 an DeCavalcante crime family member Ralph Guarino gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center He arranged a three man crew for a heist that netted over 2 million from a Brinks delivery to the North Tower s 11th floor 20 Other events On the morning of August 7 1974 Philippe Petit performed a high wire walk between the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center For his unauthorized feat 1 312 feet 400 m above the ground he rigged a 440 pound 200 kg cable and used a custom made 30 foot long 9 1 m 55 pound 25 kg balancing pole He performed for 45 minutes making eight passes along the wire 168 Though Petit was charged with criminal trespass and disorderly conduct he was later freed in exchange for performing for children in Central Park 169 On February 20 1981 an Aerolineas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers after radar signals indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower 1 WTC The aircraft which departed from Jose Joaquin de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil Ecuador and was scheduled to land at nearby JFK Airport was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations recommended 170 The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower 171 On February 8 2000 a worker was crushed to death and another was injured by an industrial cooling unit 172 173 Proposed lease nbsp The World Trade Center seen from the Hudson River five months prior to the September 11 attacks in April 2001Slow leasing was a hallmark of the old World Trade Center complex The Twin Towers suffered high vacancy rates for decades The complex achieved 95 occupancy only in mid 2001 174 Following the Port Authority s approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center in the late 1990s 175 they sought to lease it to a private entity in 2001 Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties 176 and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group 12 Privatizing the World Trade Center would add it to the city s tax rolls 12 and provide funds for other Port Authority projects 177 On February 15 2001 the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the World Trade Center lease paying 3 25 billion for the 99 year lease 178 Vornado outbid Silverstein by 600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to 3 22 billion However Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal including a shorter 39 year lease which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable 179 Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein s bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26 2001 180 and closed on July 24 2001 181 DestructionMain article Collapse of the World Trade Center See also September 11 attacks American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 nbsp A fireball rises in the immediate aftermath of United Airlines Flight 175 hitting the South Tower during the September 11 attacks nbsp The World Trade Center site after the September 11 attacks seen from above the original building locations outlined in yellow On September 11 2001 Islamist terrorists hijacked two flights and crashed them into the Twin Towers One group led by Mohamed Atta crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower 182 at 8 46 40 a m the aircraft struck between the 93rd and 99th floors Seventeen minutes later at 9 03 11 a m a a second group led by Marwan al Shehhi crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower striking it between the 77th and 85th floors 187 The terrorist organization al Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden carried out the attacks in retaliation for certain aspects of American foreign policy particularly U S support of Israel and the presence of U S troops in Saudi Arabia The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone trapping 1 344 people 188 Flight 175 had a much more off centered impact compared to Flight 11 and a single stairwell was left intact however only a few people managed to descend successfully before the tower collapsed Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower thus affecting more floors a smaller number fewer than 700 were killed instantly or trapped 189 At 9 59 a m the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes The fire caused steel structural elements already weakened from the plane s impact to fail The North Tower collapsed at 10 28 a m after burning for approximately 102 minutes 190 At 5 20 p m 7 World Trade Center began to collapse with the crumbling of the east penthouse and collapsed completely at 5 21 p m 191 due to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure 192 The Marriott World Trade Center hotel was destroyed during the two towers collapse The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later demolished 193 The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months 194 The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned because of the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside it was deconstructed with work completed in early 2011 195 196 The Borough of Manhattan Community College s Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned due to extensive damage and it was demolished and completely rebuilt 197 In the immediate aftermath of the attacks media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks as over 50 000 people could have been inside the World Trade Center The National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST estimated approximately 17 400 individuals were in the towers at the time of the attacks 198 Ultimately 2 753 death certificates excluding those for hijackers were filed relating to the 9 11 attacks 23 There were 2 192 civilians who died in and around the World Trade Center including 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L P an investment bank on the 101st to 105th floors of One World Trade Center 199 295 employees of Marsh amp McLennan Companies located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 to 101 the location of Flight 11 s impact and 175 employees of Aon Corporation 200 In addition to the civilian deaths 414 sworn personnel were also killed 343 New York City Fire Department FDNY firefighters including 2 FDNY paramedics and 1 FDNY chaplain and 71 law enforcement officers including 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department PAPD and 23 members of the New York City Police Department NYPD Eight EMS personnel from private agencies also died in the attacks 201 202 203 Ten years after the attacks the remains of only 1 629 victims had been identified 204 Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed only 20 were pulled out alive 205 New World Trade CenterMain article World Trade Center 2001 present nbsp The New World Trade Center in September 2020Over the following years plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation LMDC established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process 206 organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design 207 Memory Foundations designed by Daniel Libeskind was selected as the master plan 208 however substantial changes were made to the design 209 The first new building at the site was 7 WTC which opened on May 23 2006 210 The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial amp Museum opened on September 11 2011 211 and the museum opened on May 21 2014 212 1 WTC opened on November 3 2014 213 4 WTC opened on November 13 2013 214 and 3 WTC opened on June 11 2018 215 In November 2013 according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc the new 2 WTC would not be built to its full height until sufficient space was leased to make the building financially viable 216 Above ground construction of 5 WTC was also suspended due to a lack of tenants 217 as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation 218 In mid 2015 Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned 2 WTC to be designed by Bjarke Ingels and completed by 2020 with News Corp as anchor tenant 219 Four years later with no anchor tenant for 2 WTC Silverstein expressed his intent to resume work on the tower regardless of whether a tenant had signed 220 Impact and legacyMain articles Aftermath of the September 11 attacks and Post 9 11 Reception nbsp The WTC site building arrangementPlans to build the World Trade Center were controversial Its site was the location of Radio Row home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants property owners small businesses and approximately 100 residents many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation 221 A group of affected small businesses sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority s power of an eminent domain 222 The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court which refused to hear the case 223 Private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A Wien expressed concerns about this much subsidized office space going on the open market competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies 224 225 the World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979 and only then due to subsidies 226 Another critic questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a mistaken social priority 227 The World Trade Center s design aesthetics attracted criticism from the American Institute of Architects and other groups 49 228 Lewis Mumford author of The City in History and other works on urban planning criticized the project describing it and other new skyscrapers as just glass and metal filing cabinets 229 The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in 230 Cultural critic Paul Fussell dismissed the Twin Towers for being charmless merely tall and huge blunt buildings in his 1991 book BAD Or The Dumbing of America adding that they were brutal and despotic Dull and witless expressive only of dumb raw power they are widely touted as among the major achievements of the late twentieth century 231 In his 1996 book Home from Nowhere James Howard Kunstler wrote in regard to skyscrapers like the Twin Towers and the Empire State Building that it was probably necessary for mankind s collective ego to prove that such buildings could be built but he added that they were not worth the distortions of population density that they produced and that they also overload neighborhoods and strain the infrastructure 232 In his book The Pentagon of Power Lewis Mumford described the World Trade Center as an example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city 86 Other critics disliked the twin towers narrow office windows which were 18 inches 46 cm wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow slots 48 Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs argued the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers to enjoy 233 Retrospectively the American Institute of Architects ranked the World Trade Center complex as 19th among 150 buildings in its List of America s Favorite Architecture published in 2007 234 On the surrounding community nbsp The World Trade Center seen from a nearby street in 2000The original World Trade Center created a superblock that cut through the area s street grid isolating the complex from the rest of the community 85 235 236 The Port Authority had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center The project involved combining the 12 block area bounded by Vesey Church Liberty and West Streets on the north east south and west respectively 235 237 7 World Trade Center was built on the superblock s north side in the late 1980s over another block of Greenwich Street The building acted as a physical barrier separating Tribeca to the north and the Financial District to the south 238 The underground mall at the World Trade Center also drew shoppers away from surrounding streets 239 The project was seen as being monolithic and overambitious 240 with the design having had no public input 241 By contrast the rebuilding plans had significant public input 242 The public supported rebuilding a street grid through the World Trade Center site 241 235 243 One of the rebuilding proposals included building an enclosed shopping street along the path of Cortlandt Street one of the streets demolished to make room for the original World Trade Center 239 The Port Authority ultimately decided to rebuild Cortlandt Fulton and Greenwich Streets which were destroyed during the original World Trade Center s construction 235 As popular culture icon Main article World Trade Center in popular culture nbsp The World Trade Center seen from Liberty Island in 1995Before its destruction the World Trade Center was a New York City icon and the Twin Towers were the centerpiece that represented the entire complex They were used in film and TV projects as establishing shots standing for New York City as a whole 17 In 1999 one writer noted Nearly every guidebook in New York City lists the Twin Towers among the city s top ten attractions 15 Among the films that used the complex as a filming location was Sidney Lumet s The Wiz 1978 where the World Trade Center was used to represent Emerald City 244 There were several high profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center The most notable was held at the original WTC in 1974 French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the two towers on a tightrope 245 as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire 2008 246 and depicted in the feature film The Walk 2015 247 Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable 248 245 In 1975 Owen J Quinn base jumped from the roof of the North Tower and safely landed on the plaza between the buildings 249 Quinn claimed that he was trying to publicize the plight of the poor 249 On May 26 1977 Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower 250 He later said It looked unscalable I thought I d like to try it 251 252 Six years later high rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers 253 254 The complex was featured in numerous works of popular culture in 2006 it was estimated that the World Trade Center had appeared in some form in 472 films 17 Several iconic meanings were attributed to the World Trade Center Film critic David Sterritt who lived near the complex said that the World Trade Center s appearance in the 1978 film Superman summarized a certain kind of American grandeur the grandeur I would say of sheer American powerfulness 255 Remarking on the towers destruction in the 1996 film Independence Day Sterritt said The Twin Towers have been destroyed in various disaster movies that were made before 9 11 That became something that you couldn t do even retroactively after 9 11 Other motifs included romance depicted in the 1988 film Working Girl and corporate avarice depicted in Wall Street 1987 and The Bonfire of the Vanities 1990 255 Comic books animated cartoons television shows video games and music videos also used the complex as a setting 256 After the September 11 attacks See also List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks and List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks nbsp nbsp 1973 1993 and 1993 2001 logos of the World Trade Center nbsp View of Manhattan from the Brooklyn Bridge with the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center visible between the twoAfter the September 11 attacks some movies and TV shows deleted scenes or episodes set within the World Trade Center 257 258 259 260 For example The Simpsons episode The City of New York vs Homer Simpson which first aired in 1997 was removed from syndication after the attacks because a scene showed the World Trade Center 261 Songs that mentioned the World Trade Center were no longer aired on radio and the release dates of some films such as the 2001 2002 films Sidewalks of New York People I Know and Spider Man were delayed so producers could remove film and poster scenes that included the World Trade Center 257 256 The 2001 film Kissing Jessica Stein which was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival the day before the attacks had to be modified before its general public release so the filmmakers could delete scenes that depicted the World Trade Center 257 Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts 258 The production of some family oriented films was also sped up due to a large demand for the genre after the attacks Demand for horror and action films decreased but within a short time demand returned to normal 260 By the attacks first anniversary over sixty memorial films had been created 262 Filmmakers were criticized for removing scenes related to the World Trade Center Rita Kempley of The Washington Post said if we erase the towers from our art we erase it sic from our memories 263 Author Donald Langmead compared the phenomenon to the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty Four where historic mentions of events are retroactively rectified 264 Other filmmakers such as Michael Bay who directed the 1998 film Armageddon opposed retroactively removing references to the World Trade Center based on post 9 11 attitudes 257 Oliver Stone s film World Trade Center the first movie that specifically examined the attacks effects on the World Trade Center as contrasted with the effects elsewhere was released in 2006 264 Several years after the attacks works such as The City of New York vs Homer Simpson were placed back in syndication The National September 11 Museum has preserved many of the works that feature depictions of the original World Trade Center 257 LogoThe World Trade Center used two different logos over its lifetime The first logo used from 1973 to 1993 consisted of two open rectangles with one upside down Following the complex s reopening after the 1993 bombing a new logo was unveiled consisting of the towers encircled by a globe This logo was found throughout the complex and was printed on commemorative mugs given out to tenants with the caption Welcome back to the World Trade Center 265 Gallery nbsp World Trade Center exterior with Brooklyn Bridge in foreground 1973 nbsp World Trade Center exterior Twilight view from harbor 1976 nbsp View to the South from 1 World Trade Center 1992 nbsp View of Manhattan skyline from Brooklyn 1978 nbsp The Twin Towers seen from Jersey City 1978 nbsp Brooklyn Bridge and East River 1982 nbsp View of the World Trade Center from the ground 2000 nbsp The Twin Towers seen from across the Hudson River 2001 nbsp World Trade Center from Battery Park City in May of 2001 nbsp One of the towers of the World Trade Center seen from the ground See alsoArtwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks List of tallest freestanding steel structures List of tallest freestanding structuresNotes The exact time is disputed The 9 11 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Center Disaster National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center 1970 2001 World Trade Center Silverstein Properties World Trade Center 1997 World Trade Center 2001 Port Authority of New York amp New Jersey World Trade Center at Curlie Building the Twin Towers A Tribute slideshow by Life magazine New York A Documentary film Archived August 10 2017 at the Wayback Machine features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center in the seventh and final episode of the series directed by Ric Burns Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970 Historic American Buildings Survey HABS No NY 6369 World Trade Center Site 103 photos 21 data pages 8 photo caption pagesRecordsPreceded byEmpire State Building Tallest building in the world1970 1974 North Tower Succeeded byWillis TowerTallest building in the United States1970 1974 North Tower Tallest building with the most floors1970 2001Tallest building in New York City1970 2001 North Tower Succeeded byEmpire State BuildingTallest building with the most floors ever1970 2008 Succeeded byBurj KhalifaPreceded byCity National Plaza Tallest twin towers in the world1970 1998 Succeeded byPetronas Towers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title World Trade Center 1973 2001 amp oldid 1217209328, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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