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4 World Trade Center

February 05, 2023

4 World Trade Center (4 WTC; also known as 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street at the southeastern corner of the World Trade Center site. Fumihiko Maki designed the 978 ft-tall (298 m) building.[8] It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).[9]

4 World Trade Center
4 World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan
Alternative names4 WTC
150 Greenwich Street
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeOffice, Retail
Architectural styleModern
Location150 Greenwich Street
Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Coordinates40°42′37″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7104°N 74.0119°W / 40.7104; -74.0119Coordinates: 40°42′37″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7104°N 74.0119°W / 40.7104; -74.0119
Construction startedJanuary 2008; 15 years ago (2008-01)
OpenedNovember 13, 2013; 9 years ago (2013-11-13)[3]
CostUSD $1.67 billion[1]
OwnerSilverstein Properties
Height
Roof978 ft (298 m)
Top floor74[2]
Technical details
Floor count78 (including 4 basement floors)
Floor area2,500,004 sq ft (232,258.0 m2)
Lifts/elevators55
Design and construction
Architect(s)Fumihiko Maki
DeveloperSilverstein Properties
EngineerJaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP)
Structural engineerLeslie E. Robertson Associates
Main contractorTishman Realty & Construction
References
[4][5][6][7]

The current 4 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this address. The original building was a nine-story structure at the southeast corner of the World Trade Center complex. It was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, along with the rest of the World Trade Center. The current building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, and it opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. The building has 2.3 million square feet (210,000 m2) of space.

Site

Main article: World Trade Center site

4 World Trade Center is at 150 Greenwich Street,[10] within the new World Trade Center (WTC) complex, in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west, Cortlandt Way to the north, Church Street to the east, and Liberty Street to the south.[11][12] Within the World Trade Center complex, nearby structures include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and Liberty Park to the southwest; the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to the west; One World Trade Center to the northwest; and the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. 2 World Trade Center, and 3 World Trade Center to the north.[13] Outside World Trade Center, nearby buildings include 195 Broadway and the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown hotel to the northeast; the American Stock Exchange Building to the south; One Liberty Plaza to the east; and Zuccotti Park to the southeast.[14][15]

Original building (1975–2001)

See also: World Trade Center (1973–2001) and List of tenants in 4 World Trade Center

The old 4 World Trade Center was a nine-story low-rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft (36 m) tall, and located in the southeast corner of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki and Emery Roth & Sons. The first tenants, the Commodities Exchange Center, started to move into the building in January 1977.[16] On July 1, 1977, the Mercantile Traders finalized the move.[17] The building's major tenants were Deutsche Bank (Floor 4, 5, and 6) and the New York Board of Trade (Floors 7, 8, and 9). The building's side facing Liberty Street housed the entrance to The Mall at the World Trade Center on the basement concourse level of the WTC.

4 World Trade Center was home to commodities exchanges on what was at the time one of the world's largest trading floors (featured in the Eddie Murphy movie Trading Places). These commodities exchanges collectively had 12 trading pits.[18][19]

Destruction

The World Trade Center's twin towers were destroyed during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, creating debris that destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, such as the original 4 World Trade Center.[20] Much of the southern two-thirds of the building was destroyed, and the remaining north portion virtually destroyed, as a result of the collapse of the South Tower. The structure was subsequently razed.

At the time of the September 11 attacks, the building's commodities exchanges had 30.2 million ounces (860,000,000 g) of silver coins and 379,036 ounces (10,745,500 g) of gold coins in the basement.[21] The coins in the basement were worth an estimated $200 million.[22] Much of the coins had been removed by November 2001;[22] trucks transported the coins out of the basement through an intact but abandoned section of the Downtown Hudson Tubes.[23] Many coins belonging to the Bank of Nova Scotia were purchased in 2002, repackaged by the Professional Coin Grading Service, and resold to collectors.[24]

Gallery

  •  

    Former site plan, with original 4 World Trade Center at the southeast corner.

  •  

    WTC complex and neighboring buildings, on September 23, 2001. Remaining portion of 4 WTC visible at southeast corner. Footprints of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC highlighted.

  •  

    Site of 4 WTC in NOAA aerial image, oriented with south at left of image (September 23, 2001). Much of 4 WTC is destroyed (entire left of image), with only the damaged northern portion identifiable (at right).

  •  

    A bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center complex, September 17, 2001, with the original locations of the buildings.

Current building

Site redevelopment

Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001.[25] His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.[26] In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[27] The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003.[28][29] The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.[30][31] By July 2004, two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site: the 62-story 3 World Trade Center and the 58-story 4 World Trade Center.[30] The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.[32] The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.[33][34]

Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki was hired to design the new 4 World Trade Center, on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 150 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers were selected as the architects for 2 and 3 World Trade Center, respectively.[35][36] The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.[11][12] 4 World Trade Center would be a 61-story, 947-foot-tall (289 m) building.[11][37][38] The building would have contained 146,000 sq ft (13,600 m2) of retail space in its base and 1.8×10^6 sq ft (170,000 m2) of offices. The lower stories would have had a trapezoidal plan, changing to a parallelogram on the upper stories.[11] The lowest stories of 4 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall.[39] The same month, PANYNJ agreed to occupy 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) within 4 WTC,[40] paying $59 per square foot ($640/m2), a lower rental rate than what Silverstein had wanted.[41][42] The city government offered to rent another 581,000 square feet (54,000 m2),[43] thus allowing Silverstein to obtain a mortgage loan for the tower's construction.[44] Silverstein would be allowed to evict the city government if he could rent out the space at market rate.[43]

As part of the project, Cortlandt Street (which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center) was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC.[45] The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC, as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street, connecting the two buildings.[46] The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path.[47] Final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007.[48][49] The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center, contrasting with the memorial in the complex's western section.[50] At the time, construction of 4 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008.[51] As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ, Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011.[52]

Construction

Initial progress

 
Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild

In 2007, the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub, a 6.7-acre (2.7 ha) site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC.[53] The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of 70 feet (21 m), then constructing a slurry wall around the site.[54] The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007; the contractors would have received a $10 million bonus if they had completed the work early.[55] If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1, 2008, the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein $300,000 per day until the site was transferred.[53][56] The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17, 2008.[57][58] The PANYNJ paid a $14.4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline.[55]

The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC's completion to April 2012.[52][59] Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk.[60] A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC, the first of Silverstein's three towers at the World Trade Center site, would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[61] 4 WTC's construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit.[62] Disputes between the PANYNJ and Silverstein continued through late 2008, when Silverstein claimed that the agency owed him $300,000 per day for failing to demolish a barrier around the site, as the barrier prevented him from erecting the tower's foundations. The PANYNJ claimed that the barrier was several feet outside the excavation site and that it did not owe Silverstein anything.[63] That December, an arbitration panel ruled that the PANYNJ owed Silverstein an extra $20.1 million.[64]

By May 2009, Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC, but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein.[65][66] At the time, the PANYNJ had leased one-third of 4 WTC's office space, but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC.[67] Silverstein also held an option to lease space to the city government for $59 per square foot ($640/m2), but he was reluctant to exercise the option, since he believed that market-rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened.[66] Silverstein expressed confidence that the building would attract financial tenants since it was close to Wall Street.[68] Three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC's power.[69] By the end of that year, the building had reached the tenth story; the project to date had been funded entirely by insurance proceeds.[70]

Funding and completion

A New York state board voted in November 2010 to allow Silverstein to finance 4 WTC and another tower with up to $200 million of bonds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.[71] Silverstein also wanted to sell $1.36 billion worth of Liberty bonds to fund 4 WTC's completion.[72] Silverstein decided in December 2010 to postpone the bond offering because of instability in the municipal bond market.[70][73] Early the next year, he exercised his option to lease space to the New York City government.[74][75] After the muni market stabilized, the PANYNJ planned to vote on the Liberty bond offering in early 2011.[76] The vote was delayed after several institutional investors objected to the fact that the Liberty bonds would have greater seniority than a bond offering that had previously been placed on the building.[77] If the Liberty bonds were not sold by the end of that year, Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower.[78]

Meanwhile, during early 2011, the building was constructed at an average rate of one floor per week,[79][80] and the building had reached the 23rd floor by May 2011.[80][81] After five months of negotiations, the PANYNJ announced a revised financing plan for the tower in September 2011, in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the existing bond offering.[82][83] The agency started selling Liberty bonds in November 2011.[84][85] The building's steel frame was built first, followed by the concrete core and the exterior curtain wall.[79] The building had reached the 61st story by the beginning of 2012.[86] A cable on one of the building's construction cranes snapped on February 16, 2012, dropping a steel beam 40 stories;[87][88] no one was seriously injured, and work resumed shortly afterward.[89] The building's superstructure was topped out on June 26, 2012, when workers installed the final steel beam on the 72nd floor.[90][91] In the two days after the tower's topping-out, there were two construction accidents, neither of which resulted in serious injuries.[92]

The building's basements were flooded in late 2012 during Hurricane Sandy, although the tower was still expected to be completed the following year.[93] Structural steel and concrete completed by June 1, 2013, followed by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013.[94] The building opened on November 13, 2013, along with the neighboring section of Greenwich Street.[95][96] It was the second tower to open as part of the new World Trade Center, after 7 World Trade Center.[97] 4 World Trade Center had cost US$1.67 billion to build, having been funded by insurance payouts and Liberty bonds.[98] At the time, the PANYNJ and the city government were the building's only tenants.[99][100] Though the two governmental tenants collectively occupied around 60 percent of the building,[101][102] the Financial Times reported that some of the space could be subleased.[101] Janno Lieber of Silverstein Properties expressed optimism that the building's design would attract tenants, saying: "We have a building that's going to feel like a tower on Park Avenue."[99]

  •  

    Construction on March 26, 2011.

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    Construction on August 7, 2011.

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    Construction on October 4, 2011.

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    Construction on March 12, 2012.

  •  

    Construction on October 17, 2012.

Usage

The first tenants to move in were the PANYNJ and the city government.[103] The New York City government leased 581,642 sq ft (54,036.3 m2) of space in the completed building.[104] The PANYNJ leased approximately 600,766 sq ft (55,813.0 m2) for its headquarters,[105][104] having relocated in 2015 from 225 Park Avenue South in Gramercy Park, Manhattan.[106] When 4 WTC opened, there was relatively low demand for office space in lower Manhattan, in part because many of the area's financial firms were downsizing their spaces.[107][108] There was so little demand for office space in the new tower that Silverstein rented out the vacant space for events, charging $50,000 per day for each floor.[109][110] According to The Wall Street Journal, these included a Super Bowl commercial, a film shoot for the 2014 movie Annie, and a wine-tasting event.[110]

By July 2015, the tower was 62 percent leased.[111] A February 2017 announcement by Spotify that it would lease floors 62 through 72 for its United States headquarters, along with a subsequent expansion announcement that July, brought 4 World Trade Center to full occupancy.[112][113] SportsNet New York, carrier of New York Mets broadcasts, moved its headquarters from 1271 Avenue of the Americas to an 83,000 sq ft (7,700 m2) facility in 4 WTC.[114] The SportsNet New York studios in 4 WTC also double as the New York City studios for NFL Network, hosting their morning show Good Morning Football.[115]

Silver Art Projects, a nonprofit organization operated by Larry Silverstein's grandson Cory Silverstein, opened 28 art studios on the 28th floor in 2020.[116][117] Twenty-five of the studios are reserved for the program's artists, who are selected through an annual application process and occupy each studio for free, while the remaining three studios are for the program's mentors.[117]

Architecture

4 WTC is described as being either 977 feet (298 m)[98][118] or 978 feet (298 m) tall,[119][120] with 2.3 million square feet (210,000 m2) of office space.[121]

Form and facade

 
4 World Trade Center reflecting water of the Hudson River, viewed from One World Observatory in 2017

The facade is a curtain wall with glass panes that span the full height of each story.[79] The facade consists of glass panes measuring 5 feet (1.5 m) wide and 13 or 14 feet (4.0 or 4.3 m) tall.[102] Most of the facade is made of reflective glass, except at the lobby, where the facade is made of clear glass.[122] Five of the lowest stories are mechanical floors and contain narrow vertical louvers. The western facade of the tower, which faces the National September 11 Memorial, does not have louvers.[98] The New York Daily News wrote that Maki and Associates wanted the building's design to "pay deference to the memorial".[97] Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the MEP engineer.[123]

According to Engineering News-Record, Maki and Associates had designed 4 WTC as a "minimalist tower with an abstract sculptural presence".[79] The upper floors accommodate offices using two distinct floor shapes. Floors 7 to 46 each span 44,000 square feet (4,100 m2) and are parallelogram in plan, reflecting the shape of the World Trade Center site. the shape of a parallelogram. Floors 48 to 63 each cover 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2) and are trapezoidal in plan.[79] At the two obtuse angles of the parallelogram, there are deep grooves along the facade.[98] The top story contains a penthouse office.[124]

Structural features

The structural engineer for the building is Leslie E. Robertson Associates, founded by Robertson, the chief engineer for the original Twin Towers in the 1960s.[125] The tower's foundation is composed of concrete footings that descend to the underlying bedrock. When the original World Trade Center was developed, the contractors found that there was a gap in the bedrock at the southeast corner of the site. Although the bedrock under most of the site is 70 feet (21 m) deep, the southeast corner contains a pothole, where the bedrock descends to 110 feet (34 m) because of erosion during the Last Glacial Period.[126] The current tower's foundation is surrounded by a slurry wall.[54] The slurry wall is largely anchored to the bedrock, except at the southeast corner of the site, where the pothole made this impossible.[126]

DCM Erectors manufactured the steel for the building's superstructure.[127][128] The superstructure consists of a steel frame weighing 25,000 short tons (22,000 long tons; 23,000 t). In addition, the building uses 100,000 cubic yards (76,000 m3) of concrete and 17,000 short tons (15,000 long tons; 15,000 t) of rebar. The center of the tower contains a mechanical core made of reinforced concrete, which includes mechanical equipment, stairs, and elevators.[79] Schindler manufactured the building's elevators, which operate at a speed of 1,800 feet per minute (550 m/min).[129][130] The retail space on the lower stories contains six escalators, two passenger elevators, and two freight elevators. The upper stories are served by 37 elevators, which consist of 34 passenger elevators and three service elevators.[130]

Interior

Lower stories

Six floors are used for retail. They consist of the ground floor, the three floors immediately above the ground floor as well as the two floors below ground.[79] The retail space occupies the eastern part of the ground floor.[98] The lower levels of the building are used by retail businesses, including Eataly.[131] These are connected via an underground shopping mall and concourse, connecting to the PATH and the New York City Subway via the World Trade Center Transportation Hub.[95][132]

The building's ground-floor lobby is two stories high,[133] with a 46-foot (14 m) ceiling.[132][118] The lobby occupies the western part of the ground floor, facing the National September 11 Memorial.[98][134] The space contains wood-beamed ceilings, white-granite floors,[95] and Swedish black granite walls.[98][134] Suspended from the lobby's ceiling is Kozo Nishino's sculpture Sky Memory,[119][135] which consists of seven pieces of titanium trusses collectively weighing 474 pounds (215 kg).[122] Sky Memory measures 98 feet (30 m) across and hangs 22 feet (6.7 m) above the floor.[122][135] The lobby also contains Vandal Gummy, a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) sculpture of a bear by street artist WhIsBe.[136][137] The artist Ivan Navarro designed an LED sculpture near the bottom of the lobby's escalators.[137] Leading from the lobby are three hallways, where video art is displayed on wood-paneled walls.[133][138] The Wall Street Journal wrote that 4 WTC's lobby "will be the largest lobby by volume in New York".[138]

Critical reception

When the building was being constructed, David W. Dunlap of The New York Times wrote that 4 WTC was "the biggest skyscraper New Yorkers have never heard of".[139] The Wall Street Journal wrote that the lobby "offers a grand front to the World Trade Center Memorial" and that the effect of the lobby's design "is intriguingly calming for a building soon to rest at the heart of the Financial District."[138] Upon the tower's opening, Daniel Libeskind wrote: "The WTC site has emerged from 12 years of contention and construction to become what we all hoped it would be: a place that will show the world everything that is great about cities, especially New York."[140]

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Four World Trade Center.
  • 4WTC.com - 4 World Trade Center - 150 Greenwich Street - Official site

February 05, 2023
world, trade, center, also, known, greenwich, street, skyscraper, constructed, part, world, trade, center, lower, manhattan, york, city, tower, located, greenwich, street, southeastern, corner, world, trade, center, site, fumihiko, maki, designed, tall, buildi. 4 World Trade Center 4 WTC also known as 150 Greenwich Street is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan New York City The tower is located on Greenwich Street at the southeastern corner of the World Trade Center site Fumihiko Maki designed the 978 ft tall 298 m building 8 It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey PANYNJ 9 4 World Trade Center4 World Trade Center in Lower ManhattanAlternative names4 WTC150 Greenwich StreetGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeOffice RetailArchitectural styleModernLocation150 Greenwich StreetManhattan New York City New York U S Coordinates40 42 37 N 74 00 43 W 40 7104 N 74 0119 W 40 7104 74 0119 Coordinates 40 42 37 N 74 00 43 W 40 7104 N 74 0119 W 40 7104 74 0119Construction startedJanuary 2008 15 years ago 2008 01 OpenedNovember 13 2013 9 years ago 2013 11 13 3 CostUSD 1 67 billion 1 OwnerSilverstein PropertiesHeightRoof978 ft 298 m Top floor74 2 Technical detailsFloor count78 including 4 basement floors Floor area2 500 004 sq ft 232 258 0 m2 Lifts elevators55Design and constructionArchitect s Fumihiko MakiDeveloperSilverstein PropertiesEngineerJaros Baum amp Bolles MEP Structural engineerLeslie E Robertson AssociatesMain contractorTishman Realty amp ConstructionReferences 4 5 6 7 The current 4 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this address The original building was a nine story structure at the southeast corner of the World Trade Center complex It was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001 along with the rest of the World Trade Center The current building s groundbreaking took place in January 2008 and it opened to tenants and the public on November 13 2013 The building has 2 3 million square feet 210 000 m2 of space Contents 1 Site 2 Original building 1975 2001 2 1 Destruction 2 2 Gallery 3 Current building 3 1 Site redevelopment 3 2 Construction 3 2 1 Initial progress 3 2 2 Funding and completion 3 3 Usage 4 Architecture 4 1 Form and facade 4 2 Structural features 4 3 Interior 4 3 1 Lower stories 5 Critical reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksSite EditMain article World Trade Center site 4 World Trade Center is at 150 Greenwich Street 10 within the new World Trade Center WTC complex in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City The land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west Cortlandt Way to the north Church Street to the east and Liberty Street to the south 11 12 Within the World Trade Center complex nearby structures include St Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and Liberty Park to the southwest the National September 11 Memorial amp Museum to the west One World Trade Center to the northwest and the World Trade Center Transportation Hub 2 World Trade Center and 3 World Trade Center to the north 13 Outside World Trade Center nearby buildings include 195 Broadway and the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown hotel to the northeast the American Stock Exchange Building to the south One Liberty Plaza to the east and Zuccotti Park to the southeast 14 15 Original building 1975 2001 EditIt has been suggested that this article should be split into a new article titled 4 World Trade Center 1975 2001 discuss September 2022 See also World Trade Center 1973 2001 and List of tenants in 4 World Trade Center The old 4 World Trade Center was a nine story low rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft 36 m tall and located in the southeast corner of the World Trade Center site The building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki and Emery Roth amp Sons The first tenants the Commodities Exchange Center started to move into the building in January 1977 16 On July 1 1977 the Mercantile Traders finalized the move 17 The building s major tenants were Deutsche Bank Floor 4 5 and 6 and the New York Board of Trade Floors 7 8 and 9 The building s side facing Liberty Street housed the entrance to The Mall at the World Trade Center on the basement concourse level of the WTC 4 World Trade Center was home to commodities exchanges on what was at the time one of the world s largest trading floors featured in the Eddie Murphy movie Trading Places These commodities exchanges collectively had 12 trading pits 18 19 Destruction Edit The World Trade Center s twin towers were destroyed during the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks creating debris that destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings such as the original 4 World Trade Center 20 Much of the southern two thirds of the building was destroyed and the remaining north portion virtually destroyed as a result of the collapse of the South Tower The structure was subsequently razed At the time of the September 11 attacks the building s commodities exchanges had 30 2 million ounces 860 000 000 g of silver coins and 379 036 ounces 10 745 500 g of gold coins in the basement 21 The coins in the basement were worth an estimated 200 million 22 Much of the coins had been removed by November 2001 22 trucks transported the coins out of the basement through an intact but abandoned section of the Downtown Hudson Tubes 23 Many coins belonging to the Bank of Nova Scotia were purchased in 2002 repackaged by the Professional Coin Grading Service and resold to collectors 24 Gallery Edit Former site plan with original 4 World Trade Center at the southeast corner WTC complex and neighboring buildings on September 23 2001 Remaining portion of 4 WTC visible at southeast corner Footprints of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC highlighted Site of 4 WTC in NOAA aerial image oriented with south at left of image September 23 2001 Much of 4 WTC is destroyed entire left of image with only the damaged northern portion identifiable at right A bird s eye view of the World Trade Center complex September 17 2001 with the original locations of the buildings Current building EditSite redevelopment Edit Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001 25 His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks 26 In the months following the attacks architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site 27 The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003 28 29 The master plan included five towers a 9 11 memorial and a transportation hub 30 31 By July 2004 two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site the 62 story 3 World Trade Center and the 58 story 4 World Trade Center 30 The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers 32 The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006 Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty bonds for 2 3 and 4 WTC 33 34 Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki was hired to design the new 4 World Trade Center on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 150 Greenwich Street in May 2006 Meanwhile Norman Foster and Richard Rogers were selected as the architects for 2 and 3 World Trade Center respectively 35 36 The plans for 2 3 and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006 11 12 4 World Trade Center would be a 61 story 947 foot tall 289 m building 11 37 38 The building would have contained 146 000 sq ft 13 600 m2 of retail space in its base and 1 8 10 6 sq ft 170 000 m2 of offices The lower stories would have had a trapezoidal plan changing to a parallelogram on the upper stories 11 The lowest stories of 4 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall 39 The same month PANYNJ agreed to occupy 600 000 square feet 56 000 m2 within 4 WTC 40 paying 59 per square foot 640 m2 a lower rental rate than what Silverstein had wanted 41 42 The city government offered to rent another 581 000 square feet 54 000 m2 43 thus allowing Silverstein to obtain a mortgage loan for the tower s construction 44 Silverstein would be allowed to evict the city government if he could rent out the space at market rate 43 As part of the project Cortlandt Street which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC 45 The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street connecting the two buildings 46 The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path 47 Final designs for 2 3 and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007 48 49 The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center contrasting with the memorial in the complex s western section 50 At the time construction of 4 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008 51 As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011 52 Construction Edit Initial progress Edit Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild In 2007 the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub a 6 7 acre 2 7 ha site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC 53 The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of 70 feet 21 m then constructing a slurry wall around the site 54 The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007 the contractors would have received a 10 million bonus if they had completed the work early 55 If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1 2008 the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein 300 000 per day until the site was transferred 53 56 The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17 2008 57 58 The PANYNJ paid a 14 4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline 55 The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC s completion to April 2012 52 59 Meanwhile police officials expressed concern that the building s all glass design posed a security risk 60 A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC the first of Silverstein s three towers at the World Trade Center site would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the financial crisis of 2007 2008 61 4 WTC s construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit 62 Disputes between the PANYNJ and Silverstein continued through late 2008 when Silverstein claimed that the agency owed him 300 000 per day for failing to demolish a barrier around the site as the barrier prevented him from erecting the tower s foundations The PANYNJ claimed that the barrier was several feet outside the excavation site and that it did not owe Silverstein anything 63 That December an arbitration panel ruled that the PANYNJ owed Silverstein an extra 20 1 million 64 By May 2009 Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein 65 66 At the time the PANYNJ had leased one third of 4 WTC s office space but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC 67 Silverstein also held an option to lease space to the city government for 59 per square foot 640 m2 but he was reluctant to exercise the option since he believed that market rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened 66 Silverstein expressed confidence that the building would attract financial tenants since it was close to Wall Street 68 Three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010 providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC s power 69 By the end of that year the building had reached the tenth story the project to date had been funded entirely by insurance proceeds 70 Funding and completion Edit A New York state board voted in November 2010 to allow Silverstein to finance 4 WTC and another tower with up to 200 million of bonds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 71 Silverstein also wanted to sell 1 36 billion worth of Liberty bonds to fund 4 WTC s completion 72 Silverstein decided in December 2010 to postpone the bond offering because of instability in the municipal bond market 70 73 Early the next year he exercised his option to lease space to the New York City government 74 75 After the muni market stabilized the PANYNJ planned to vote on the Liberty bond offering in early 2011 76 The vote was delayed after several institutional investors objected to the fact that the Liberty bonds would have greater seniority than a bond offering that had previously been placed on the building 77 If the Liberty bonds were not sold by the end of that year Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower 78 Meanwhile during early 2011 the building was constructed at an average rate of one floor per week 79 80 and the building had reached the 23rd floor by May 2011 80 81 After five months of negotiations the PANYNJ announced a revised financing plan for the tower in September 2011 in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the existing bond offering 82 83 The agency started selling Liberty bonds in November 2011 84 85 The building s steel frame was built first followed by the concrete core and the exterior curtain wall 79 The building had reached the 61st story by the beginning of 2012 86 A cable on one of the building s construction cranes snapped on February 16 2012 dropping a steel beam 40 stories 87 88 no one was seriously injured and work resumed shortly afterward 89 The building s superstructure was topped out on June 26 2012 when workers installed the final steel beam on the 72nd floor 90 91 In the two days after the tower s topping out there were two construction accidents neither of which resulted in serious injuries 92 The building s basements were flooded in late 2012 during Hurricane Sandy although the tower was still expected to be completed the following year 93 Structural steel and concrete completed by June 1 2013 followed by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013 94 The building opened on November 13 2013 along with the neighboring section of Greenwich Street 95 96 It was the second tower to open as part of the new World Trade Center after 7 World Trade Center 97 4 World Trade Center had cost US 1 67 billion to build having been funded by insurance payouts and Liberty bonds 98 At the time the PANYNJ and the city government were the building s only tenants 99 100 Though the two governmental tenants collectively occupied around 60 percent of the building 101 102 the Financial Times reported that some of the space could be subleased 101 Janno Lieber of Silverstein Properties expressed optimism that the building s design would attract tenants saying We have a building that s going to feel like a tower on Park Avenue 99 Construction on March 26 2011 Construction on August 7 2011 Construction on October 4 2011 Construction on March 12 2012 Construction on October 17 2012 Usage Edit The first tenants to move in were the PANYNJ and the city government 103 The New York City government leased 581 642 sq ft 54 036 3 m2 of space in the completed building 104 The PANYNJ leased approximately 600 766 sq ft 55 813 0 m2 for its headquarters 105 104 having relocated in 2015 from 225 Park Avenue South in Gramercy Park Manhattan 106 When 4 WTC opened there was relatively low demand for office space in lower Manhattan in part because many of the area s financial firms were downsizing their spaces 107 108 There was so little demand for office space in the new tower that Silverstein rented out the vacant space for events charging 50 000 per day for each floor 109 110 According to The Wall Street Journal these included a Super Bowl commercial a film shoot for the 2014 movie Annie and a wine tasting event 110 By July 2015 the tower was 62 percent leased 111 A February 2017 announcement by Spotify that it would lease floors 62 through 72 for its United States headquarters along with a subsequent expansion announcement that July brought 4 World Trade Center to full occupancy 112 113 SportsNet New York carrier of New York Mets broadcasts moved its headquarters from 1271 Avenue of the Americas to an 83 000 sq ft 7 700 m2 facility in 4 WTC 114 The SportsNet New York studios in 4 WTC also double as the New York City studios for NFL Network hosting their morning show Good Morning Football 115 Silver Art Projects a nonprofit organization operated by Larry Silverstein s grandson Cory Silverstein opened 28 art studios on the 28th floor in 2020 116 117 Twenty five of the studios are reserved for the program s artists who are selected through an annual application process and occupy each studio for free while the remaining three studios are for the program s mentors 117 Architecture Edit4 WTC is described as being either 977 feet 298 m 98 118 or 978 feet 298 m tall 119 120 with 2 3 million square feet 210 000 m2 of office space 121 Form and facade Edit 4 World Trade Center reflecting water of the Hudson River viewed from One World Observatory in 2017The facade is a curtain wall with glass panes that span the full height of each story 79 The facade consists of glass panes measuring 5 feet 1 5 m wide and 13 or 14 feet 4 0 or 4 3 m tall 102 Most of the facade is made of reflective glass except at the lobby where the facade is made of clear glass 122 Five of the lowest stories are mechanical floors and contain narrow vertical louvers The western facade of the tower which faces the National September 11 Memorial does not have louvers 98 The New York Daily News wrote that Maki and Associates wanted the building s design to pay deference to the memorial 97 Jaros Baum amp Bolles was the MEP engineer 123 According to Engineering News Record Maki and Associates had designed 4 WTC as a minimalist tower with an abstract sculptural presence 79 The upper floors accommodate offices using two distinct floor shapes Floors 7 to 46 each span 44 000 square feet 4 100 m2 and are parallelogram in plan reflecting the shape of the World Trade Center site the shape of a parallelogram Floors 48 to 63 each cover 36 000 square feet 3 300 m2 and are trapezoidal in plan 79 At the two obtuse angles of the parallelogram there are deep grooves along the facade 98 The top story contains a penthouse office 124 Structural features Edit The structural engineer for the building is Leslie E Robertson Associates founded by Robertson the chief engineer for the original Twin Towers in the 1960s 125 The tower s foundation is composed of concrete footings that descend to the underlying bedrock When the original World Trade Center was developed the contractors found that there was a gap in the bedrock at the southeast corner of the site Although the bedrock under most of the site is 70 feet 21 m deep the southeast corner contains a pothole where the bedrock descends to 110 feet 34 m because of erosion during the Last Glacial Period 126 The current tower s foundation is surrounded by a slurry wall 54 The slurry wall is largely anchored to the bedrock except at the southeast corner of the site where the pothole made this impossible 126 DCM Erectors manufactured the steel for the building s superstructure 127 128 The superstructure consists of a steel frame weighing 25 000 short tons 22 000 long tons 23 000 t In addition the building uses 100 000 cubic yards 76 000 m3 of concrete and 17 000 short tons 15 000 long tons 15 000 t of rebar The center of the tower contains a mechanical core made of reinforced concrete which includes mechanical equipment stairs and elevators 79 Schindler manufactured the building s elevators which operate at a speed of 1 800 feet per minute 550 m min 129 130 The retail space on the lower stories contains six escalators two passenger elevators and two freight elevators The upper stories are served by 37 elevators which consist of 34 passenger elevators and three service elevators 130 Interior Edit Lower stories Edit Six floors are used for retail They consist of the ground floor the three floors immediately above the ground floor as well as the two floors below ground 79 The retail space occupies the eastern part of the ground floor 98 The lower levels of the building are used by retail businesses including Eataly 131 These are connected via an underground shopping mall and concourse connecting to the PATH and the New York City Subway via the World Trade Center Transportation Hub 95 132 The building s ground floor lobby is two stories high 133 with a 46 foot 14 m ceiling 132 118 The lobby occupies the western part of the ground floor facing the National September 11 Memorial 98 134 The space contains wood beamed ceilings white granite floors 95 and Swedish black granite walls 98 134 Suspended from the lobby s ceiling is Kozo Nishino s sculpture Sky Memory 119 135 which consists of seven pieces of titanium trusses collectively weighing 474 pounds 215 kg 122 Sky Memory measures 98 feet 30 m across and hangs 22 feet 6 7 m above the floor 122 135 The lobby also contains Vandal Gummy a 7 foot tall 2 1 m sculpture of a bear by street artist WhIsBe 136 137 The artist Ivan Navarro designed an LED sculpture near the bottom of the lobby s escalators 137 Leading from the lobby are three hallways where video art is displayed on wood paneled walls 133 138 The Wall Street Journal wrote that 4 WTC s lobby will be the largest lobby by volume in New York 138 Critical reception EditWhen the building was being constructed David W Dunlap of The New York Times wrote that 4 WTC was the biggest skyscraper New Yorkers have never heard of 139 The Wall Street Journal wrote that the lobby offers a grand front to the World Trade Center Memorial and that the effect of the lobby s design is intriguingly calming for a building soon to rest at the heart of the Financial District 138 Upon the tower s opening Daniel Libeskind wrote The WTC site has emerged from 12 years of contention and construction to become what we all hoped it would be a place that will show the world everything that is great about cities especially New York 140 See also EditList of tallest buildings in New York City Marriott World Trade CenterReferences Edit Dunlap David W June 24 2012 A 977 Foot Tower You May Not See Assuming You ve Even Heard of It City Room Archived from the original on September 9 2021 Retrieved October 26 2016 Stacking Diagram 4 World Trade Center Silverstein Properties 4wtc com Archived from the original on November 16 2013 Retrieved February 3 2014 World Trade Center Wtc com December 31 2013 Archived from the original on December 26 2018 Retrieved February 3 2014 Emporis building ID 252969 Emporis Archived from the original on March 6 2016 4 World Trade Center SkyscraperPage 4 World Trade Center at Structurae 4 World Trade Center Skyscraper Center CTBUH Archived from the original on May 6 2021 Retrieved January 18 2017 Designs for the Three World Trade Center Towers Unveiled Press release Lower Manhattan Development Corporation September 7 2006 Archived from the original on October 17 2006 Retrieved May 23 2010 Contact Us Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Archived from the original on December 10 2019 Retrieved January 5 2019 The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Corporate Offices 4 World Trade Center 150 Greenwich Street New York NY 10007 Satow Julie July 18 2012 Sundered Greenwich Street Will Be Rejoined The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 2 2022 a b c d Dunlap David W September 8 2006 A First Look at Freedom Tower s Neighbors The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 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Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved October 2 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Four World Trade Center 4WTC com 4 World Trade Center 150 Greenwich Street Official site Emporis entry on this buildingLists of tenants of the WTC complex on 9 111 WTC 2 WTC 4 WTC 5 WTC 6 WTC 7 WTC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 4 World Trade Center amp oldid 1137553979, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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