Wolio language
Wolio is an Austronesian language spoken in and around Baubau on Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Wotu–Wolio branch of the Celebic subgroup.[2][3] Also known as Buton, it is a trade language and the former court language of the Sultan at Baubau. Today it is an official regional language; street signs are written in the Buri Wolio alphabet, based on the Arabic script.
| Wolio | |
|---|---|
| Region | Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 65,000 (2004)[1] |
| Buri Wolio (Arabic script) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wlo |
| Glottolog | woli1241 |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Phonology edit
The five vowels are /i e a o u/. The consonant system is characterized by the presence of prenasalized stops, which are treated as a single sound in Wolio.[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | plain | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| prenasalized | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᶮc | ᵑk | |||
| voiced | plain | b | d | ɟ | g | ||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑg | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
/b, d, f/ are found in loans, mostly from Arabic.[5]
Stress is on the penultimate syllable, and only open syllables are allowed.[6]
Grammar edit
Wolio personal pronouns have one independent form, and three bound forms.[7]
| independent | actor | object | possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | iaku | ku- | -aku | -ngku |
| 1.pl. incl. | ingkita | ta- | -kita | -ta |
| 1.pl. excl. | ingkami | ta- | -kami | -mami |
| 2.sg. | ingkoo | u- | -ko | -mu |
| 2.pl. | ingkomiu | u- | -komiu | -miu |
| 3. | incia | a- | -a/-ia | -na |
Number is not distinguished in third person. Optionally, plural number can be expressed by means of the plural-marker manga: manga incia 'they'.[8]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Wolio at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Donohue (2004), p. 33.
- ^ Mead (2003), p. 135.
- ^ Anceaux (1988), pp. 4–5.
- ^ Anceaux (1988), p. 6.
- ^ Anceaux (1988), p. 9.
- ^ Anceaux (1988), pp. 25, 27, 34, 36, 42.
- ^ Anceaux (1988), p. 36.
Bibliography edit
- Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis (1988). The Wolio Language. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004286320.
- Donohue, Mark (2004). "The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group". In Bowden, J.; Himmelmann, N. (eds.). Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology. Pacific Linguistics 563. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 21–36. doi:10.15144/PL-563.21. hdl:1885/146183.
- Mead, David (2003). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup". In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 115–141. doi:10.15144/PL-550.115. hdl:1885/146173.
Further reading edit
- Wolio - Indonesian Dictionary https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2958/1/kamus%20wolio%20indonesia%20%20%20%20%20205.pdf ()
- Mead, David; Smith, Joanna. "The voice systems of Wotu, Barang-barang and Wolio: Synchronic and diachronic perspectives". In Malcolm D. Ross; I Wayan Arka (eds.). Language Change in Austronesian languages: papers from 12-ICAL, Volume 3. Asia-Pacific linguistics 018 / Studies on Austronesian languages 004. pp. 51–78. hdl:1885/13386.
- van den Berg, René (2008). "Notes on the historical phonology and classification of Wolio". In Yury A. Lander; Alexander K. Ogloblin (eds.). Language and Text in the Austronesian World: Studies in honor of Ülo Sirk. München: Lincom. pp. 89–113.