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Timeline of modern American conservatism

July 03, 2023

This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States. With the decline of the conservative wing of the Democratic Party after 1960, the movement is most closely associated with the Republican Party (GOP). Economic conservatives favor less government regulation, lower taxes and weaker labor unions while social conservatives focus on moral issues and neoconservatives focus on democracy worldwide. Conservatives generally distrust the United Nations and Europe and apart from the libertarian wing favor a strong military and give enthusiastic support to Israel.[1]

Ronald Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 (excerpt)

Although conservatism has much older roots in American history, the modern movement began to gel in the mid–1930s when intellectuals and politicians collaborated with businessmen to oppose the liberalism of the New Deal led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, newly energized labor unions and big city Democratic machines. After World War II, that coalition gained strength from new philosophers and writers who developed an intellectual rationale for conservatism.[2]

Richard Nixon's victory in the 1968 presidential election is often considered a realigning election in American politics. From 1932 to 1968, the Democratic Party was the majority party as during that time period the Democrats had won seven out of nine presidential elections and their agenda gravely affected that undertaken by the Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, but the election of 1968 reversed the situation completely. The Vietnam War split the Democratic Party. White ethnics in the North and white Southerners felt the national Democratic Party had deserted them. The white South has voted Republican at the presidential level since the 1950s and at the state and local level since the 1990s.

In the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan rejuvenated the conservative Republican ideology, with tax cuts, greatly increased defense spending, deregulation, a policy of rolling back communism, a greatly strengthened military and appeals to family values and conservative Judeo-Christian morality. His impact has led historians to call the 1980s the Reagan Era.[3] The Reagan model remains the conservative standard for social, economic and foreign policy issues. In recent years, social issues such as abortion, gun control and gay marriage have become important. Since 2009, the Tea Party movement has energized conservatives at the local level against the policies made by the presidency of Barack Obama, leading to Republican success in the 2010 and 2014 mid-term elections, and the 2016 election, in which Donald Trump was elected president.

Chronology of events

Main articles: Conservatism in the United States and History of the United States Republican Party

1930s

As the nation plunges into its deepest depression ever, Republicans and conservatives fall into disfavor in 1930, 1932 and 1934, losing more and more of their seats. Liberals (mostly Democrats with a few Republicans and independents) come to power with the landslide 1932 election of liberal Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his first 100 days Roosevelt pushes through a series of dramatic economic programs known as the New Deal.[4]

The major metropolitan newspapers generally opposed the New Deal, as typified by William Randolph Hearst and his chain (Hearst had supported Roosevelt in 1932, but he parted ways in 1934.[5] Robert R. McCormick, owner of the Chicago Tribune, compared the New Deal to communism. He was also an America First isolationist who strongly opposed entering World War II to rescue the British Empire. McCormick also railed against the League of Nations, the World Court, and socialism.[6]

1934
1935
1936
 
1937 cartoon by Joseph L. Parrish in the Chicago Tribune warning Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive branch reorganization plan is a power grab
  • President Roosevelt calls his opponents "conservatives" as a term of abuse, they reply that they are "true liberals".[11]
  • Most publishers favor Republican moderate Alf Landon for president. In the nation's 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70% of the circulation, while Roosevelt won 69% of the actual voters.[12]
  • Roosevelt carries 46 of the 48 states and liberals gain in both the House and the Senate, thanks to newly energized labor unions, city machines, and the WPA.[13] Since 1928 the GOP has lost 178 House seats, 40 Senate seats, and 19 governorships; it retains a mere 89 seats in the House and 16 in the Senate.[14]
1937
  • Roosevelt's plan to pack the Supreme Court alienates conservative Democrats; most newspapers which supported FDR in 1936 oppose the plan, with many warning it was a prelude to dictatorship.[15]
  • Conservative Republicans (nearly all from the North) and conservative Democrats (most from the South), form the Conservative Coalition and block most new liberal proposals until the 1960s.[16]
  • The Conservative Manifesto (originally titled "An Address to the People of the United States") rallies the opposition to Roosevelt. It is drafted by Senators Josiah Bailey (D-NC) and Arthur H. Vandenberg (R-MI).[17]
  • The liberal American Federation of Labor (AFL) and more leftist Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) labor federations are both growing and both support FDR. Their bitter feud over jurisdiction, however, produces numerous strikes, angers public opinion and weakens their political power.[18]
1938
  • Opponents of conservatism weaken sharply. FDR's allies in the AFL and CIO battle each other; his court-packing plan is rejected; his attempt to purge the conservatives from the Democratic Party fails and strengthens them; the sharp recession of 1937–1938 discredits his argument that New Deal policies would lead to full recovery.[19]
  • The Republicans make major gains in the House and Senate in the 1938 elections.[20]
  • Leo Strauss (1899–1973), a refugee from Nazi Germany, teaches political philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York (1938–49) and the University of Chicago (1949–1969). He was not an activist but his ideas have been influential.[21]
1939
  • As Republican senator from Ohio (1939–53), Robert A. Taft leads the conservative opposition to liberal policies (apart from public housing and aid to education, which he supported). Taft opposed most of the New Deal, entry into World War II, NATO, and sending troops to the Korean War. He was not so much an "isolationist" as a staunch opponent of the ever-expanding powers of the White House. The growth of this power, Taft feared, would lead to dictatorship or at least spoil American democracy, republicanism and civil virtue.[22]

1940s

1943
  • Medical missionary Walter Judd (1898–1994) enters Congress (1943–63) and defines the conservative position on China as all-out support for the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek and opposition to the Communists under Mao. Judd redoubled his support after the Nationalists in 1949 fled to Formosa (Taiwan).[23]
  • The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is founded in Washington "to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism—limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate."[24]
1944
 
Party change of House seats in 1946 showcasing GOP landslide
  • March: Friedrich Hayek, an Austrian-born British economist, publishes The Road to Serfdom, which is widely read in America and Britain. He warns that well-intentioned government intervention in the economy is a slippery slope that will lead to tight government controls over people's lives, just as medieval serfdom had done.[25]
  • The weekly magazine Human Events is founded by Frank Hanighen and Felix Morley with a significant contribution from ex-New Dealer Henry Regnery.[26][27] Ronald Reagan later says that the magazine "helped me stop being a liberal Democrat."[28]
1945
  • Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973), having fled the Nazis, becomes professor of economics at New York University (1945–1969) where he disseminates Austrian School libertarianism.[29]
1946
 
Warning against communism, 1947
1947
  • June: Congress passes the Taft-Hartley Act, designed by conservatives to create what they consider a proper balance between the rights of management and the rights of labor. Unions call it a slave labor law; Truman vetoes it and both houses override the veto.[33]
1948

1950s

After the war, businessmen opposed to New Deal liberalism read Hayek, fight labor unions, and fund politicized think tanks such as American Enterprise Institute (founded 1943). They promote statewide right-to-work campaigns.[38]

1950
  • The intellectual reputation of conservatism reaches a low ebb; Lionel Trilling observes that "liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition" and dismisses conservatism as a series of "irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas."[39]
  • February: Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy gives a speech saying, "While I cannot take the time to name all the men in the State Department who have been named as members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring, I have here in my hand a list of 205." The speech marks the beginning of McCarthy's anti-communist pursuits.[40]
1951
  • Political philosopher Francis Wilson in The Case for Conservatism (1951) defines conservatism as "a philosophy of social evolution, in which certain lasting values are defended within the framework of the tension of political conflict. And when given values are at stake the conservative can even become a revolutionary."[41][42]
  • William F. Buckley Jr. with publisher Henry Regnery Company release God and Man at Yale to mixed reviews.
1952
1953
  • President Eisenhower works closely with Senator Taft, the new GOP majority leader, on domestic issues; they differ on foreign policy.[47]
1955
1957
1958
  • Vermont C. Royster (1914–1996) becomes editor of the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal (1958 to 1971). He wins two Pulitzer Prizes for his conservative interpretation of economic and political news.[52]
  • Conservatives try economic populism to appeal to blue collar workers forced to join labor unions. The GOP pushes "right-to-work" laws in California and elsewhere, but the unions counter-organize for the Democrats. Conservatives try again in 2011.[53][54]
  • November: In a deep economic recession the Democrats score a landslide victory, defeating many old-guard conservative Republicans. The new Congress has large Democratic majorities: 282 Democrats to 154 GOP in the House, 64 to 34 in the Senate. Nevertheless, the new Congress fails to pass any major liberal legislation as most committee chairs are Southern Democrats who support the Conservative Coalition.[55] Two Republicans score upsets in the face of the landslide—liberal Nelson Rockefeller as Governor of New York,[56] and Barry Goldwater as Senator from Arizona;[57] both become presidential prospects.
  • December: Businessman Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1899–1985) and twelve others found the John Birch Society, an anti-communist advocacy group with chapters across the country. Welch uses an elaborate control system that enables him to keep a very tight rein on each chapter. Its major activities are circulating petitions and supporting the local police. It becomes a favorite target of attack from the left and is disowned by many of the prominent conservatives of the day.[58]
1959
  • As late as 1959 William Buckley complains that conservatives were "bound together for the most part by negative response to liberalism," and that, philosophically, "there [is] no commonly-acknowledged conservative position."[59]

1960s

Liberalism made major gains after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, as Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) pushed through his liberal Great Society as well as civil rights laws. An unexpected bonanza helped conservatism in the late 1960s as liberalism came under intense attack from the New Left, especially in academe. This new element, says liberal historian Michael Kazin, worked to "topple the corrupted liberal order."[60] For the New Left "liberal" became a nasty epithet. Liberal commentator E. J. Dionne finds that, "If liberal ideology began to crumble intellectually in the 1960s it did so in part because the New Left represented a highly articulate and able wrecking crew."[61]

"A Time for Choosing" Speech
In support of Goldwater in 1964, Reagan delivers the TV address "A Time for Choosing", a speech which made Reagan the leader of movement conservatism
DateOctober 27, 1964 (1964-10-27)
Duration29:33
LocationLos Angeles, CA, United States
Also known as"The Speech"
TypeTelevised campaign speech
ParticipantsRonald Reagan
WebsiteVideo clip, audio, transcript

Movement conservatism emerges as grassroots activists react to liberal and New Left agendas. It develops a structure that supports Goldwater in 1964 and Ronald Reagan in 1976–80. By the late 1970s, local evangelical churches join the movement.[62][63] Liberalism faces a racial crisis nationwide. Within weeks of the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights law, "long hot summers" begin, lasting until 1970, with the worst outbreaks coming in the summer of 1967. Nearly 400 racial disorders in 298 cities saw blacks attacking shopkeepers and police, and looting stores.[64] Meanwhile, the urban crime rates shoot up. Demands for "law and order" escalate and the backlash causes disillusionment among working class whites with the liberalism of the Democratic Party.[65]

In the mid-1960s the GOP debates race and civil rights intensely. Republican liberals, led by Nelson Rockefeller, argue for a strong federal role because it was morally right and politically advantageous. Conservatives call for a more limited federal presence and discount the possibility of significant black voter support. Nixon avoids race issues in 1968.[66]

Highlights of the 1960 Republican convention in Chicago, Illinois
1960
 
Cover of Modern Age
  • Conservatives are angered when GOP presidential nominee Richard Nixon strikes a deal with liberal leader Nelson Rockefeller. Nixon agrees to put all 14 of Rockefeller's demands in the party platform, including promises that the executive branch be totally reorganized and that Rockefeller's liberal policies on economic growth, medical care for the aged and civil rights be included.[67] Led by Goldwater, conservatives vow to organize at the grass roots and take control of the GOP.[68]
  • Barry Goldwater publishes The Conscience of a Conservative. The book helps the Arizona Senator reignite the conservative movement which rallies behind the charismatic Arizona Senator.[69]
  • Fall: Frank S. Meyer's article, "Freedom, Tradition, Conservatism", is published in Modern Age, argues that traditional conservatism and libertarianism share a common philosophical heritage. The concept comes to be known as "fusionism" and unites the two strands of thought.[70]
  • September: William F. Buckley, Jr., forms a youth group called the Young Americans for Freedom; it helps Goldwater win the 1964 nomination but is otherwise ineffective and collapses in internal bickering.[71]
  • November: Nixon loses a close election to liberal Democrat John F. Kennedy.[72]
1961
1962
  • Buckley and the National Review launch denunciations of the John Birch Society; Goldwater agrees; the attack limits its influence to the conspiracy-minded.[75]
1963
The controversial "Daisy" Johnson TV commercial in 1964 attacks Goldwater foreign policy as inviting nuclear war[76]
  • January: Governor of Alabama, Democrat George Wallace, electrifies the white South by proclaiming "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!" Wallace's angry populist rhetoric appeals to the poor farmers and workers who comprise a major part of the New Deal Coalition. He does well in Democratic primaries in the industrial North as well as the rural South. He exploits distrust of government, racial fear, anti-communism and a yearning for "traditional" American values.[77]
In support of Goldwater, Reagan delivers the address, "A Time for Choosing", which speech launches Reagan to national prominence[78]
1964
 
In the 1964 presidential election, Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South
  • Jul: George Wallace gives a speech condemning the Civil Rights Act of 1964, claiming that it would threaten individual liberty, free enterprise and private property rights and that "The liberal left-wingers have passed it. Now let them employ some pinknik social engineers in Washington, D.C., to figure out what to do with it."[80]
  • July: Goldwater defeats liberal Republicans Rockefeller to win the GOP presidential nomination and launch a conservative crusade.
  • July: Under attack as an "extremist," Goldwater lashes back in his speech accepting the GOP nomination:

    I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice! And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue![81]

  • November: In the presidential election, Goldwater is defeated in a landslide, and many GOP congressmen are defeated with him.[82]
  • December: The American Conservative Union, the oldest conservative lobbying organization in the United States, is founded by William F. Buckley, Jr.[83]
1965
1966
1967
  • New Left students hold highly publicized rallies chanting, "Hey– Hey– LBJ– How many kids did you kill today?". Their confrontational rhetoric and efforts to disrupt the draft alienates millions of voters who move to the right.[88]
  • A generational rift opens as leftist students espouse Marxism, sexual freedom, marijuana, rock music and long hair that outrages the older generation. Elite colleges and universities come under heavy pressure (but not the smaller state schools and community colleges that generally remain calm).[89]
 
1968 presidential election results in which red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, blue denotes those won by Humphrey/Muskie and orange denotes states won by Wallace/LeMay
1968
  • Liberalism collapses politically as the Democratic Party splits into five factions over issues of Vietnam, race and attacks from New Left.[92] Richard Nixon is elected president over Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace (American Independent Party), emphasizing the need for law and order.[93] The New Left denounced Humphrey as a war criminal, Nixon attacked him as the New Left's enabler—a man with "a personal attitude of indulgence and permissiveness toward the lawless."[94] Beinart observes that "with the country divided against itself, contempt for Hubert Humphrey was the one thing on which left and right could agree."[95]
1969
  • Libertarian economists, especially Milton Friedman and Walter Oi, lead the intellectual charge against the draft. Nixon abolishes it as the Vietnam War ends in 1973.[96]
  • Young Americans for Freedom splits into competing, irreconcilable factions.[97] The libertarians, influenced by Ayn Rand, split from the traditionalists and form the Society for Individual Liberty.[98]

1970s

Historians Meg Jacobs and Julian Zelizer argue that the 1970s were characterized by "a vast shift toward social and political conservatism," as well as a sharp decline in the proportion of voters who identified with liberalism.[99] Neoconservatism emerges as liberals become disenchanted with Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society welfare programs. They increasingly focus on foreign policy, especially anti-communism, and support for Israel and for democracy in the Third World.[100]

While Nixon continues to antagonize and anger liberals, many of his programs upset conservatives. His foreign policy with Henry Kissinger focuses on détente with the USSR and China, and becomes a main target of conservatives. Nixon is uninterested in tax cuts or deregulation, but he does use executive orders and presidential authority to impose price and wage controls, expand the welfare state, require Affirmative Action, grow the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts, and create the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[101]

1970
1971
 
Number of Conservative Political Action Conference attendees over time
1972
  • Richard Nixon wins a landslide reelection, carrying 49 states against anti-war liberal George McGovern. Suspicious of Democratic trickery, Nixon sends agents to bug the Democratic National Headquarters, then covers up his tracks when they are caught in the Watergate scandal.
  • Phyllis Schlafly forms the "STOP (Stop Taking Our Privileges) ERA" movement; it blocks passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).[106]
  • Robert L. Bartley (1937–2003) becomes editor of the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal; he retires in 2002 after writing and supervising tens of thousands of editorials taking a conservative position on economic and political issues. He is called "the most influential editorial writer" of his day.[107]
1973
1974
  • Robert Grant founds the American Christian Cause as an effort to institutionalize the Christian right as a politically active social movement.[112]
  • January: The first March for Life attracts 20,000 supporters in Washington.[113]
  • August: Conservatives, led by Goldwater, desert Nixon when the "smoking gun" is discovered that proves Nixon covered up the crimes of the Watergate scandal. Nixon resigns in disgrace, but his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger stays on in the moderately conservative administration of Gerald R. Ford.[114]
 
William F. Buckley Jr. (left) and Ronald Reagan. two of the most visible conservatives of the 1970s and 1980s
1976
  • Commentary, a monthly Jewish magazine on politics, foreign policy, society and cultural issues that began as a liberal voice in the 1940s moves sharply to the right in the 1970s under editor Norman Podhoretz. It becomes an influential voice for Israel, anti-communism and neoconservatism by 1976, and supports Reagan in the 1980s.[116]
  • George H. Nash publishes The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, arguing that Buckley's National Review fused together the traditional, libertarian and anti-Communist traditions to forge a conservative intellectual movement.[117]
1977
1978
  • Robert Grant, Paul Weyrich, Terry Dolan, Howard Phillips, and Richard Viguerie found Christian Voice, to recruit, train, and organize evangelical Christians to participate in elections. Grant later ousts the others.[121]
  • June: California unleashes a tax revolt, with Proposition 13 to limit property taxes, promoted by Howard Jarvis (1903–1986), a long-time activist. The movement was backed by the United Organizations of Taxpayers, the Los Angeles Apartment Owners Association and realtors' associations.[122] Preconditions included steadily rising property taxes, "stagflation" and growing anger at government waste. California's tax revolt was followed by 30 other states.[123]
1979
  • In reaction against liberal and presidential support for the UN's International Women's Year, conservative women meet in Houston to coordinate their grass roots work. Led by Phyllis Schlafly, they block passage of the ERA and work to nominate Ronald Reagan as the Republican candidate for president.[124]
  • Beverly LaHaye and eight other women found Concerned Women for America (CWA) to oppose the Equal Rights Amendment. It later expands its scope to address socially conservative issues.[125] CWA has been described as "a key player in conservative evangelical politics" and according to CWA it is the largest women's organization in the United States.[126]
  • February: Irving Kristol is featured on the cover of Esquire under the caption, "the godfather of the most powerful new political force in America – neoconservatism."[127]
  • June: Jerry Falwell founds Moral Majority, marking the reentry of Fundamentalists into partisan politics.[128]
 
Washington for Jesus, 1980
 
First inaugural address of Ronald Reagan, 1981 (audio only)

1980s

The decade is marked by the rise of the Christian right and the Reagan Revolution.[129] A priority of Reagan's administration is the rollback of Soviet communism in Latin America, Africa and worldwide.[130] Reagan bases his economic policy, dubbed "Reaganomics", on supply-side economics.[131]

1980
1981
  • Reagan promotes "supply side economics", arguing that tax cuts will stimulate the economy, which suffers high unemployment and high inflation (called "stagflation").[135]
  • Reagan forms a coalition in Congress with conservative Democrats and passes his major tax cuts and increases in defense spending. He fails to cut welfare spending.[136]
  • The Cold War heats up as Reagan pursues a rollback strategy in Latin America and Africa. He supports the anti-Communist "Contra" rebels who attempt to overthrow the pro-Communist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua.[137] Liberal Democrats in Congress try to block his moves and undercut the Contras, leading to a series of battles in the halls of Congress in which Reagan (mostly) prevails.[138] The Sandinistas are forced to hold fair elections in 1990, which they lose by 41%–55%.[139]
1982
  • June: President Reagan tells the British Parliament that "the march of freedom and democracy will leave Marxism and Leninism on the ash heap of history"[140] and calls for a "crusade for freedom."[141]
1983
"Evil Empire"
Ronald Reagan delivers "Evil Empire" speech on March 8, 1983
1984
1986
  • September: Associate Justice William Rehnquist is confirmed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.[145] Reagan chooses Rehnquist in a deliberate effort to move the Court to the right, knowing he has the conservative constitutional agenda firmly in mind.[146]
  • Replacing Rehnquist as Associate Justice, Antonin Scalia is confirmed by the Senate 90–0. He has been called "the creative, brilliant, and outspoken intellectual leader of the Court's conservative majority."[147]
  • October: Congress enacts the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the second of the "Reagan Tax Cuts". The act simplifies the tax code, reduces the marginal income tax rate on the wealthiest Americans from 50% to 28%, and increases the marginal tax rate on the lowest-earning taxpayers from 10% to 15%.[148]
  • November: the Iran Contra scandal draws national attention and threatened to derail Reagan's progress. Working with the CIA Reagan had authorized National Security Council officials to engage in a complicated sale of missiles to Iran with the goal of funding the Contras fighting Nicaragua. Blame increasingly centered on the key operative, Oliver North. However, in week-long dramatic testimony North emerges a conservative hero. North is convicted on minor counts but the conviction is reversed on appeal because he did not receive a fair trial. Reagan's reputation survives and he leaves office more popular than he began.[149]
1987
"Tear down this wall"
Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate, June 12, 1987
1988
1989
  • November: the Berlin Wall falls as the satellite states free themselves from Soviet control. West Germany absorbs East Germany in 1990, and in late 1991 Communism collapses in Russia as the red flag is lowered for the last time. Reagan becomes a hero in Eastern Europe.[155]

1990s

Conservative think tanks 1990–97 mobilize to challenge the legitimacy of global warming as a social problem. They challenge the scientific evidence, argue that global warming will have benefits, and warn that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.[156]

1991
1992
"Read my lips: no new taxes"
George H. W. Bush speaking about taxes at the 1988 Republican National Convention
1994
  • September: The Contract with America is released on the steps of the Capitol.[159] Designed by GOP House Whip Newt Gingrich, it had the effect of "nationalizing" the off-year election, as most Republican candidates endorsed it and used it as a template to promote a conservative agenda in economic policy. The Contract avoided divisive social issues.[160]
  • November: in the Republican Revolution, Republicans take control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years. The Democrats lose 52 seats in the House and 8 in the Senate, giving the GOP margins of 230 to 204 and 53 to 47.[161]
1995
Legislation Result
Welfare reform Passed (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996)
Term limits for Congressmen Did not pass (U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton)
Balanced budget amendment Did not pass
Increase rights of victims of crime Passed (Taking Back Our Streets Act)
Pro-family tax credits Passed (American Dream Restoration Act)
Decrease United States role in the United Nations Did not pass
Capital gains tax cut Passed (Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act)
Limit punitive damages on product liability Passed, but vetoed (Product Liability Fairness Act)
1996
 
Fox News building on 48th Street
1997

2000s

The terror attack on September 11, 2001 reorients the administration towards foreign policy and terrorism issues, providing an opportunity for neoconservatives to have a greater influence on foreign policy. The Bush Doctrine leads to long-term interventions in Afghanistan (2001-2021) and Iraq (2003–2011).[170]

On the domestic front Bush promises compassionate conservatism and works to improve education, address poverty nationwide, increase financial aid to poor countries and help alleviate AIDS in Africa.[171]

 
At a joint session of Congress, President Bush pledges to defend America's freedom against the fear of terrorism, a policy known as the Bush Doctrine, September 20, 2001 (audio only)
2000
2001
  • June: President Bush signed his 10-year tax cut into law; in 2000 he had promised to return the federal budget surplus through an across-the-board reduction in federal income taxes.[173]
  • September: 9-11 terrorists attacks redefine the conservative role in foreign policy.[174]
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
  • January: Samuel Alito, nominated by George W. Bush, is confirmed as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court on a party-line vote in the Senate.[179]
  • November: Democrats make major gains in off-year elections, attacking the unpopular war in Iraq and the bungling of Hurricane Katrina relief.[180][181]
 
Yes on 8 rally in Fresno, California
2007
2008
  • August: Little-known Alaska Governor Sarah Palin becomes the first woman on a national GOP ticket as nominee for Vice President.[184]
  • November: Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain by 53% to 46%. Barack Obama was elected and officially inaugurated as president of the United States of America on January 20, 2009. He was re-elected president in November 2012 and was sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2013. The national exit poll shows self-identified conservatives comprise 34% of the voters and support McCain 78% to 20%. Liberals comprise 22% of the voters and support Obama 89% to 10%. Moderates comprise 44% of the voters and support Obama 60% to 39%.[185]
  • November: Proposition 8 which prescribes that marriage is between a man and a woman in California is passed with 52.2% of the vote.[186]
2009

2010s

Numerous historians after 1990 re-examined the role of conservatism in recent American history, according it much greater importance than before.[192] One school of thought rejects the older consensus that liberalism was the dominant ethos. Instead it argues conservatism dominated American politics since the 1920s, with the brief exceptions of the New Deal era (1933–36) and the Great Society (1963–66).[193] However Historian Julian Zelizer argues that "liberalism survived the rise of conservatism."[194]

2010
  • Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC holds that the free speech clause of the First Amendment applies to political speech during elections, making spending limits unconstitutional in certain cases. The Court majority upheld the libertarian approach to free speech, while the dissenters took an egalitarian approach.[195]
 
2010 House election results:dark blue denotes Democratic hold, blue denotes Democratic gain, dark red denotes Republican hold and red denotes Republican gain
  • November: in the largest GOP gain since 1938, 2010 became one of the most important elections in conservative history[196] as GOP candidates make major gains in midterm elections across the country for Congress, governorships and state legislatures. Conservative voters (self-identified) comprise 42% of the voters and support GOP House candidates 84% to 13%. Liberals comprise 20% of the voters and support Democrats 90% to 8%. Moderates comprise 38% of the voters and support the GOP 55% to 42%.[197] Republicans gain 63 seats in the House of Representatives and six seats in the U.S. Senate.
2012
  • A central concern for conservatives in the 2012 GOP primaries was whether front-runner Mitt Romney is conservative enough. Numerous other challengers on the right rose and fell, notably Herman Cain, Rick Santorum, Newt Gingrich, Rick Perry, and Michele Bachmann.[198] Romney moved sharply to the right and chose deficit hawk Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin as his running mate.[199] Obama, however, successfully mobilized his base and won reelection, as Democrats made small gains in the House and Senate.
2014
  • November: Republicans win majorities in both houses of Congress, and flip several governorships in the 2014 midterm elections.
2016

2017

  • April: Neil Gorsuch, nominated by Donald Trump, is confirmed as associate justice to the Supreme Court.

2018

  • October: Brett Kavanaugh, nominated by Donald Trump, is confirmed as associate justice to the Supreme Court.

2020s

2020

2021

2022

See also

Timelines

Footnotes

  1. ^ Michael T. Thomas (2007). American policy toward Israel: the power and limits of beliefs 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Routledge. pp. 42–43.
  2. ^ Patrick Allitt (2009). The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History. Yale University Press. ch 1–6 covers the story down to 1945.
  3. ^ Sean Wilentz The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008. (2009); John Ehrman The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan. (2008) pp. 3–8.
  4. ^ Anthony J. Badger (2009). FDR: the first hundred days. Hilland Wang. pp. 3–22, 74.
  5. ^ Graham J. White (1979). FDR and the Press. University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0226895123.
  6. ^ Richard Norton Smith (2003). The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880–1955. Northwestern University Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-0810120396. from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  7. ^ Rudolph Frederick (1950). "The American Liberty League, 1934–1940". American Historical Review. 56 (1): 19–33. doi:10.2307/1840619. JSTOR 1840619.
  8. ^ George Wolfskill (1962). The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934–1940. Houghton Mifflin. p. 249.
  9. ^ Kim Phillips-Fein (2010). Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal. W. W. Norton. p. 15. ISBN 978-0393337662. from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  10. ^ Gordon Lloyd and David Davenport, The New Deal and Modern American Conservatism: A Defining Rivalry (2013) excerpt and text search 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
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Bibliography

  • Allitt, Patrick. The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (2009)
  • Carey, George (2008). "Conservatism". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 93–95. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n61. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
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  • Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 (1965); Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 (1969); with new volumes every four years, 1973, 1977... etc. Highly detailed nonpartisan timelines of political activity in Washington.
  • Crane, Michael (2004). The Political Junkie Handbook. SP Books. ISBN 978-1561718917. elaborate details on hundreds of political groups and media across the spectrum
  • Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Right Made Political History (2nd ed. 2011)
  • Cunningham, Sean P. Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right (2010).
  • Filler, Louis. Dictionary of American Conservatism (Philosophical Library, 1987)
  • Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006); the most detailed reference
  • Nash, George H. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (1976)
  • Sandbrook, Dominic. Mad as Hell: The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right (Anchor, 2012) 544 pp; popular history
  • Schneider, Gregory. The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (2009)
  • Story, Ronald; Bruce Laurie (2007). Rise of Conservatism in America, 1945–2000: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's.
Videos

July 03, 2023
timeline, modern, american, conservatism, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, october, 2022, this, timeline, modern, american, conservatism, lists, important, events, devel. This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2022 This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States With the decline of the conservative wing of the Democratic Party after 1960 the movement is most closely associated with the Republican Party GOP Economic conservatives favor less government regulation lower taxes and weaker labor unions while social conservatives focus on moral issues and neoconservatives focus on democracy worldwide Conservatives generally distrust the United Nations and Europe and apart from the libertarian wing favor a strong military and give enthusiastic support to Israel 1 source source source source source source source source source source Ronald Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 excerpt Although conservatism has much older roots in American history the modern movement began to gel in the mid 1930s when intellectuals and politicians collaborated with businessmen to oppose the liberalism of the New Deal led by President Franklin D Roosevelt newly energized labor unions and big city Democratic machines After World War II that coalition gained strength from new philosophers and writers who developed an intellectual rationale for conservatism 2 Richard Nixon s victory in the 1968 presidential election is often considered a realigning election in American politics From 1932 to 1968 the Democratic Party was the majority party as during that time period the Democrats had won seven out of nine presidential elections and their agenda gravely affected that undertaken by the Republican Dwight D Eisenhower administration but the election of 1968 reversed the situation completely The Vietnam War split the Democratic Party White ethnics in the North and white Southerners felt the national Democratic Party had deserted them The white South has voted Republican at the presidential level since the 1950s and at the state and local level since the 1990s In the 1980s President Ronald Reagan rejuvenated the conservative Republican ideology with tax cuts greatly increased defense spending deregulation a policy of rolling back communism a greatly strengthened military and appeals to family values and conservative Judeo Christian morality His impact has led historians to call the 1980s the Reagan Era 3 The Reagan model remains the conservative standard for social economic and foreign policy issues In recent years social issues such as abortion gun control and gay marriage have become important Since 2009 the Tea Party movement has energized conservatives at the local level against the policies made by the presidency of Barack Obama leading to Republican success in the 2010 and 2014 mid term elections and the 2016 election in which Donald Trump was elected president Contents 1 Chronology of events 1 1 1930s 1 2 1940s 1 3 1950s 1 4 1960s 1 5 1970s 1 6 1980s 1 7 1990s 1 8 2000s 1 9 2010s 1 10 2020s 1 10 1 2021 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 BibliographyChronology of events EditMain articles Conservatism in the United States and History of the United States Republican Party 1930s Edit As the nation plunges into its deepest depression ever Republicans and conservatives fall into disfavor in 1930 1932 and 1934 losing more and more of their seats Liberals mostly Democrats with a few Republicans and independents come to power with the landslide 1932 election of liberal Democrat Franklin D Roosevelt In his first 100 days Roosevelt pushes through a series of dramatic economic programs known as the New Deal 4 The major metropolitan newspapers generally opposed the New Deal as typified by William Randolph Hearst and his chain Hearst had supported Roosevelt in 1932 but he parted ways in 1934 5 Robert R McCormick owner of the Chicago Tribune compared the New Deal to communism He was also an America First isolationist who strongly opposed entering World War II to rescue the British Empire McCormick also railed against the League of Nations the World Court and socialism 6 1934Opposition to New Deal policies first takes shape as the American Liberty League Led by conservative Democrats such as Al Smith it fades after Roosevelt s 1936 landslide and disbands in 1940 7 8 Businessmen begin organizing their opposition especially to labor unions 9 1935Former President Herbert Hoover develops his critique of New Deal liberalism based on the values of liberty limited government and constitutionalism 10 1936 1937 cartoon by Joseph L Parrish in the Chicago Tribune warning Franklin D Roosevelt s executive branch reorganization plan is a power grab President Roosevelt calls his opponents conservatives as a term of abuse they reply that they are true liberals 11 Most publishers favor Republican moderate Alf Landon for president In the nation s 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70 of the circulation while Roosevelt won 69 of the actual voters 12 Roosevelt carries 46 of the 48 states and liberals gain in both the House and the Senate thanks to newly energized labor unions city machines and the WPA 13 Since 1928 the GOP has lost 178 House seats 40 Senate seats and 19 governorships it retains a mere 89 seats in the House and 16 in the Senate 14 1937Roosevelt s plan to pack the Supreme Court alienates conservative Democrats most newspapers which supported FDR in 1936 oppose the plan with many warning it was a prelude to dictatorship 15 Conservative Republicans nearly all from the North and conservative Democrats most from the South form the Conservative Coalition and block most new liberal proposals until the 1960s 16 The Conservative Manifesto originally titled An Address to the People of the United States rallies the opposition to Roosevelt It is drafted by Senators Josiah Bailey D NC and Arthur H Vandenberg R MI 17 The liberal American Federation of Labor AFL and more leftist Congress of Industrial Organizations CIO labor federations are both growing and both support FDR Their bitter feud over jurisdiction however produces numerous strikes angers public opinion and weakens their political power 18 1938Opponents of conservatism weaken sharply FDR s allies in the AFL and CIO battle each other his court packing plan is rejected his attempt to purge the conservatives from the Democratic Party fails and strengthens them the sharp recession of 1937 1938 discredits his argument that New Deal policies would lead to full recovery 19 The Republicans make major gains in the House and Senate in the 1938 elections 20 Leo Strauss 1899 1973 a refugee from Nazi Germany teaches political philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York 1938 49 and the University of Chicago 1949 1969 He was not an activist but his ideas have been influential 21 1939 Robert A Taft As Republican senator from Ohio 1939 53 Robert A Taft leads the conservative opposition to liberal policies apart from public housing and aid to education which he supported Taft opposed most of the New Deal entry into World War II NATO and sending troops to the Korean War He was not so much an isolationist as a staunch opponent of the ever expanding powers of the White House The growth of this power Taft feared would lead to dictatorship or at least spoil American democracy republicanism and civil virtue 22 1940s Edit 1943Medical missionary Walter Judd 1898 1994 enters Congress 1943 63 and defines the conservative position on China as all out support for the Nationalists under Chiang Kai shek and opposition to the Communists under Mao Judd redoubled his support after the Nationalists in 1949 fled to Formosa Taiwan 23 The American Enterprise Institute AEI is founded in Washington to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism limited government private enterprise individual liberty and responsibility vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies political accountability and open debate 24 1944 Party change of House seats in 1946 showcasing GOP landslide March Friedrich Hayek an Austrian born British economist publishes The Road to Serfdom which is widely read in America and Britain He warns that well intentioned government intervention in the economy is a slippery slope that will lead to tight government controls over people s lives just as medieval serfdom had done 25 The weekly magazine Human Events is founded by Frank Hanighen and Felix Morley with a significant contribution from ex New Dealer Henry Regnery 26 27 Ronald Reagan later says that the magazine helped me stop being a liberal Democrat 28 1945Ludwig von Mises 1881 1973 having fled the Nazis becomes professor of economics at New York University 1945 1969 where he disseminates Austrian School libertarianism 29 1946Milton Friedman 1912 2006 is appointed professor of economics at the University of Chicago 30 Previously a Keynesian Friedman moves right under the influence of his close friend George Stigler 1911 1991 He founds the market oriented Chicago School of Economics which reshapes conservative economic theory Stigler opposes regulation of industry as counterproductive Friedman undermines Keynesian macroeconomics 31 Friedman wins the Nobel Prize in 1976 and Stigler in 1982 November 5 Republicans score landslide victories in the House and Senate in off year elections and set about enacting a conservative agenda in the 80th Congress 32 Warning against communism 1947 1947June Congress passes the Taft Hartley Act designed by conservatives to create what they consider a proper balance between the rights of management and the rights of labor Unions call it a slave labor law Truman vetoes it and both houses override the veto 33 1948Deep South Democrats led by Strom Thurmond split from the National Democratic Party to form the pro segregation States Rights Democratic Party or Dixiecrat party They are protesting support for civil rights legislation in the party platform and make Thurmond their nominee for president in the 1948 election Nearly all return to the Democratic party in 1949 34 Scholar Richard M Weaver publishes Ideas Have Consequences which influences intellectuals to question sophistic interpretations of literature 35 June Liberal Republican Thomas Dewey again wins the Republican nomination to the frustration of conservatives 36 November Pundits are astonished when Dewey loses to incumbent Democrat Harry S Truman in the presidential election 37 1950s Edit After the war businessmen opposed to New Deal liberalism read Hayek fight labor unions and fund politicized think tanks such as American Enterprise Institute founded 1943 They promote statewide right to work campaigns 38 1950The intellectual reputation of conservatism reaches a low ebb Lionel Trilling observes that liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition and dismisses conservatism as a series of irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas 39 February Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy gives a speech saying While I cannot take the time to name all the men in the State Department who have been named as members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring I have here in my hand a list of 205 The speech marks the beginning of McCarthy s anti communist pursuits 40 1951Political philosopher Francis Wilson in The Case for Conservatism 1951 defines conservatism as a philosophy of social evolution in which certain lasting values are defended within the framework of the tension of political conflict And when given values are at stake the conservative can even become a revolutionary 41 42 William F Buckley Jr with publisher Henry Regnery Company release God and Man at Yale to mixed reviews 1952In securing the Republican Party presidential nomination Dwight D Ike Eisenhower leads moderate and liberal Republicans to victory over Sen Robert A Taft the conservative champion 43 Ike then wins the presidency in a landslide by denouncing the failures of the Truman Administration in terms of Korea Communism and Corruption 44 Russell Kirk Four major works of intellectual history that would influence conservatism are published Daniel J Boorstin s The Genius of American Politics Peter Viereck s Conservatism From John Adams to Churchill Russell Kirk s The Conservative Mind and Robert Nisbet s Quest for Community 45 Intercollegiate Studies Institute ISI is founded by libertarian journalist Frank Chodorov 1887 1966 to counter the growing spread of collectivism its original name was Intercollegiate Society of Individualists 46 1953President Eisenhower works closely with Senator Taft the new GOP majority leader on domestic issues they differ on foreign policy 47 1955The National Review weekly magazine is founded by William F Buckley Jr 1925 2008 The editors include representative traditionalists Catholics libertarians and ex communists The most notable were Russell Kirk James Burnham Frank Meyer Willmoore Kendall L Brent Bozell Jr and Whittaker Chambers 48 In The Liberal Tradition in American Louis Hartz claims that there has never been a European style conservative tradition in America and that the sole mainstream tradition is Lockean liberalism 49 1957Russian born philosopher Ayn Rand 1905 1982 publishes her novel Atlas Shrugged it attracts the libertarian wing of American conservatism by promoting aggressive entrepreneurship and rejecting religion and altruism She influences even those conservative intellectuals who reject her ethical system such as Buckley and Whittaker Chambers 50 51 1958 Barry Goldwater Vermont C Royster 1914 1996 becomes editor of the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal 1958 to 1971 He wins two Pulitzer Prizes for his conservative interpretation of economic and political news 52 Conservatives try economic populism to appeal to blue collar workers forced to join labor unions The GOP pushes right to work laws in California and elsewhere but the unions counter organize for the Democrats Conservatives try again in 2011 53 54 November In a deep economic recession the Democrats score a landslide victory defeating many old guard conservative Republicans The new Congress has large Democratic majorities 282 Democrats to 154 GOP in the House 64 to 34 in the Senate Nevertheless the new Congress fails to pass any major liberal legislation as most committee chairs are Southern Democrats who support the Conservative Coalition 55 Two Republicans score upsets in the face of the landslide liberal Nelson Rockefeller as Governor of New York 56 and Barry Goldwater as Senator from Arizona 57 both become presidential prospects December Businessman Robert W Welch Jr 1899 1985 and twelve others found the John Birch Society an anti communist advocacy group with chapters across the country Welch uses an elaborate control system that enables him to keep a very tight rein on each chapter Its major activities are circulating petitions and supporting the local police It becomes a favorite target of attack from the left and is disowned by many of the prominent conservatives of the day 58 1959As late as 1959 William Buckley complains that conservatives were bound together for the most part by negative response to liberalism and that philosophically there is no commonly acknowledged conservative position 59 1960s Edit Liberalism made major gains after the assassination of John F Kennedy in 1963 as Lyndon B Johnson LBJ pushed through his liberal Great Society as well as civil rights laws An unexpected bonanza helped conservatism in the late 1960s as liberalism came under intense attack from the New Left especially in academe This new element says liberal historian Michael Kazin worked to topple the corrupted liberal order 60 For the New Left liberal became a nasty epithet Liberal commentator E J Dionne finds that If liberal ideology began to crumble intellectually in the 1960s it did so in part because the New Left represented a highly articulate and able wrecking crew 61 A Time for Choosing Speech source source source source source source track In support of Goldwater in 1964 Reagan delivers the TV address A Time for Choosing a speech which made Reagan the leader of movement conservatismDateOctober 27 1964 1964 10 27 Duration29 33LocationLos Angeles CA United StatesAlso known as The Speech TypeTelevised campaign speechParticipantsRonald ReaganWebsiteVideo clip audio transcriptMovement conservatism emerges as grassroots activists react to liberal and New Left agendas It develops a structure that supports Goldwater in 1964 and Ronald Reagan in 1976 80 By the late 1970s local evangelical churches join the movement 62 63 Liberalism faces a racial crisis nationwide Within weeks of the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights law long hot summers begin lasting until 1970 with the worst outbreaks coming in the summer of 1967 Nearly 400 racial disorders in 298 cities saw blacks attacking shopkeepers and police and looting stores 64 Meanwhile the urban crime rates shoot up Demands for law and order escalate and the backlash causes disillusionment among working class whites with the liberalism of the Democratic Party 65 In the mid 1960s the GOP debates race and civil rights intensely Republican liberals led by Nelson Rockefeller argue for a strong federal role because it was morally right and politically advantageous Conservatives call for a more limited federal presence and discount the possibility of significant black voter support Nixon avoids race issues in 1968 66 source source source source source source Highlights of the 1960 Republican convention in Chicago Illinois 1960 Cover of Modern Age Conservatives are angered when GOP presidential nominee Richard Nixon strikes a deal with liberal leader Nelson Rockefeller Nixon agrees to put all 14 of Rockefeller s demands in the party platform including promises that the executive branch be totally reorganized and that Rockefeller s liberal policies on economic growth medical care for the aged and civil rights be included 67 Led by Goldwater conservatives vow to organize at the grass roots and take control of the GOP 68 Barry Goldwater publishes The Conscience of a Conservative The book helps the Arizona Senator reignite the conservative movement which rallies behind the charismatic Arizona Senator 69 Fall Frank S Meyer s article Freedom Tradition Conservatism is published in Modern Age argues that traditional conservatism and libertarianism share a common philosophical heritage The concept comes to be known as fusionism and unites the two strands of thought 70 September William F Buckley Jr forms a youth group called the Young Americans for Freedom it helps Goldwater win the 1964 nomination but is otherwise ineffective and collapses in internal bickering 71 November Nixon loses a close election to liberal Democrat John F Kennedy 72 1961Christian Broadcasting Network CBN is founded by Pat Robertson its signature program The 700 Club launches in 1966 73 May Texas elects Senator John Tower he is the first Republican from the former Confederacy ever to win popular election and begins the growth of the GOP in that state 74 1962Buckley and the National Review launch denunciations of the John Birch Society Goldwater agrees the attack limits its influence to the conspiracy minded 75 1963 source source source source source source source source source source source source source source track track track track track track The controversial Daisy Johnson TV commercial in 1964 attacks Goldwater foreign policy as inviting nuclear war 76 January Governor of Alabama Democrat George Wallace electrifies the white South by proclaiming segregation now segregation tomorrow segregation forever Wallace s angry populist rhetoric appeals to the poor farmers and workers who comprise a major part of the New Deal Coalition He does well in Democratic primaries in the industrial North as well as the rural South He exploits distrust of government racial fear anti communism and a yearning for traditional American values 77 source source source source source source track In support of Goldwater Reagan delivers the address A Time for Choosing which speech launches Reagan to national prominence 78 1964June Senator Everett Dirksen R IL plays a key role in passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to end segregation but Goldwater joins Southern Democrats in voting against it 79 In the 1964 presidential election Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South Jul George Wallace gives a speech condemning the Civil Rights Act of 1964 claiming that it would threaten individual liberty free enterprise and private property rights and that The liberal left wingers have passed it Now let them employ some pinknik social engineers in Washington D C to figure out what to do with it 80 July Goldwater defeats liberal Republicans Rockefeller to win the GOP presidential nomination and launch a conservative crusade July Under attack as an extremist Goldwater lashes back in his speech accepting the GOP nomination I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue 81 November In the presidential election Goldwater is defeated in a landslide and many GOP congressmen are defeated with him 82 December The American Conservative Union the oldest conservative lobbying organization in the United States is founded by William F Buckley Jr 83 1965William F Buckley Jr gains national attention by running for mayor of New York City on the ticket of the new Conservative Party of New York State He loses the election but gains visibility and respectability for the cause in the aftermath of Goldwater s defeat 84 1966April Socialist Norman Thomas appears on the premiere episode of Firing Line with host William F Buckley The program remains on the air for 33 years and is the longest running television program with the same host 85 November Republicans score major gains in the off year elections emphasizing issues of law and order Liberal candidates endorsed by the AFL CIO do poorly 86 Ronald Reagan is elected governor of California 87 1967New Left students hold highly publicized rallies chanting Hey Hey LBJ How many kids did you kill today Their confrontational rhetoric and efforts to disrupt the draft alienates millions of voters who move to the right 88 A generational rift opens as leftist students espouse Marxism sexual freedom marijuana rock music and long hair that outrages the older generation Elite colleges and universities come under heavy pressure but not the smaller state schools and community colleges that generally remain calm 89 1968 presidential election results in which red denotes states won by Nixon Agnew blue denotes those won by Humphrey Muskie and orange denotes states won by Wallace LeMay The American Spectator monthly political magazine is founded by Emmett Tyrrell its name until 1977 was The Alternative An American Spectator 90 Phyllis Schlafly launches the Eagle Trust Fund a precursor to the conservative think tank Eagle Forum 91 1968Liberalism collapses politically as the Democratic Party splits into five factions over issues of Vietnam race and attacks from New Left 92 Richard Nixon is elected president over Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace American Independent Party emphasizing the need for law and order 93 The New Left denounced Humphrey as a war criminal Nixon attacked him as the New Left s enabler a man with a personal attitude of indulgence and permissiveness toward the lawless 94 Beinart observes that with the country divided against itself contempt for Hubert Humphrey was the one thing on which left and right could agree 95 1969Libertarian economists especially Milton Friedman and Walter Oi lead the intellectual charge against the draft Nixon abolishes it as the Vietnam War ends in 1973 96 Young Americans for Freedom splits into competing irreconcilable factions 97 The libertarians influenced by Ayn Rand split from the traditionalists and form the Society for Individual Liberty 98 1970s Edit Historians Meg Jacobs and Julian Zelizer argue that the 1970s were characterized by a vast shift toward social and political conservatism as well as a sharp decline in the proportion of voters who identified with liberalism 99 Neoconservatism emerges as liberals become disenchanted with Lyndon B Johnson s Great Society welfare programs They increasingly focus on foreign policy especially anti communism and support for Israel and for democracy in the Third World 100 While Nixon continues to antagonize and anger liberals many of his programs upset conservatives His foreign policy with Henry Kissinger focuses on detente with the USSR and China and becomes a main target of conservatives Nixon is uninterested in tax cuts or deregulation but he does use executive orders and presidential authority to impose price and wage controls expand the welfare state require Affirmative Action grow the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts and create the Environmental Protection Agency EPA 101 1970November James L Buckley is elected Senator for New York with 39 of the vote running as a candidate for the Conservative Party of New York 102 1971 Number of Conservative Political Action Conference attendees over time Socialist Michael Harrington popularizes the term neoconservative for liberals who switch on foreign policy and domestic issues 103 104 December 11 Libertarians meeting at the home of David Nolan organize the Libertarian Party which nominates John Hospers for president in 1972 John Hospers receives one electoral vote from a faithless elector 105 1972Richard Nixon wins a landslide reelection carrying 49 states against anti war liberal George McGovern Suspicious of Democratic trickery Nixon sends agents to bug the Democratic National Headquarters then covers up his tracks when they are caught in the Watergate scandal Phyllis Schlafly forms the STOP Stop Taking Our Privileges ERA movement it blocks passage of the Equal Rights Amendment ERA 106 Robert L Bartley 1937 2003 becomes editor of the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal he retires in 2002 after writing and supervising tens of thousands of editorials taking a conservative position on economic and political issues He is called the most influential editorial writer of his day 107 1973Traditional conservative Jesse Helms of North Carolina takes his Senate seat he retires in 2002 As long time chairman of the powerful Senate Foreign Relations Committee he demands a staunchly anti communist foreign policy that would reward America s friends abroad and punish its enemies His relations with the State Department are often acrimonious and he blocks numerous presidential appointees His National Congressional Club uses state of the art direct mail operation to raise millions for conservative candidates and for Helms own sharply contested reelections 108 The American Conservative Union and Young Americans for Freedom start the Conservative Political Action Conference CPAC as a small gathering of dedicated conservatives 109 The Heritage Foundation is founded by Paul Weyrich Edwin Feulner and Joseph Coors 110 May In response to the United States Supreme Court decision in Roe v Wade the National Right to Life Committee is formed the oldest and largest anti abortion organization in the United States 111 1974Robert Grant founds the American Christian Cause as an effort to institutionalize the Christian right as a politically active social movement 112 January The first March for Life attracts 20 000 supporters in Washington 113 August Conservatives led by Goldwater desert Nixon when the smoking gun is discovered that proves Nixon covered up the crimes of the Watergate scandal Nixon resigns in disgrace but his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger stays on in the moderately conservative administration of Gerald R Ford 114 William F Buckley Jr left and Ronald Reagan two of the most visible conservatives of the 1970s and 1980s November Liberal Democrats attack Watergate and score major victories in the off year elections 115 1976Commentary a monthly Jewish magazine on politics foreign policy society and cultural issues that began as a liberal voice in the 1940s moves sharply to the right in the 1970s under editor Norman Podhoretz It becomes an influential voice for Israel anti communism and neoconservatism by 1976 and supports Reagan in the 1980s 116 George H Nash publishes The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 arguing that Buckley s National Review fused together the traditional libertarian and anti Communist traditions to forge a conservative intellectual movement 117 1977Focus on the Family is founded by psychologist James Dobson 118 The New York Times later calls Dobson the nation s most influential evangelical leader 119 The Save Our Children movement is formed by celebrity singer Anita Bryant to oppose the gay rights movement 120 1978Robert Grant Paul Weyrich Terry Dolan Howard Phillips and Richard Viguerie found Christian Voice to recruit train and organize evangelical Christians to participate in elections Grant later ousts the others 121 June California unleashes a tax revolt with Proposition 13 to limit property taxes promoted by Howard Jarvis 1903 1986 a long time activist The movement was backed by the United Organizations of Taxpayers the Los Angeles Apartment Owners Association and realtors associations 122 Preconditions included steadily rising property taxes stagflation and growing anger at government waste California s tax revolt was followed by 30 other states 123 1979In reaction against liberal and presidential support for the UN s International Women s Year conservative women meet in Houston to coordinate their grass roots work Led by Phyllis Schlafly they block passage of the ERA and work to nominate Ronald Reagan as the Republican candidate for president 124 Beverly LaHaye and eight other women found Concerned Women for America CWA to oppose the Equal Rights Amendment It later expands its scope to address socially conservative issues 125 CWA has been described as a key player in conservative evangelical politics and according to CWA it is the largest women s organization in the United States 126 February Irving Kristol is featured on the cover of Esquire under the caption the godfather of the most powerful new political force in America neoconservatism 127 June Jerry Falwell founds Moral Majority marking the reentry of Fundamentalists into partisan politics 128 Washington for Jesus 1980 source source First inaugural address of Ronald Reagan 1981 audio only 1980s Edit The decade is marked by the rise of the Christian right and the Reagan Revolution 129 A priority of Reagan s administration is the rollback of Soviet communism in Latin America Africa and worldwide 130 Reagan bases his economic policy dubbed Reaganomics on supply side economics 131 1980April Washington for Jesus marches in support of Reagan s positions on social issues as Pat Robertson brings together a theologically diverse coalition of charismatics Pentecostals Southern Baptists and other evangelicals 132 November After denouncing Jimmy Carter s failed presidency Reagan is elected president running on a peace through strength platform 133 Republicans capture the Senate for the first time since 1953 134 1981Reagan promotes supply side economics arguing that tax cuts will stimulate the economy which suffers high unemployment and high inflation called stagflation 135 Reagan forms a coalition in Congress with conservative Democrats and passes his major tax cuts and increases in defense spending He fails to cut welfare spending 136 The Cold War heats up as Reagan pursues a rollback strategy in Latin America and Africa He supports the anti Communist Contra rebels who attempt to overthrow the pro Communist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua 137 Liberal Democrats in Congress try to block his moves and undercut the Contras leading to a series of battles in the halls of Congress in which Reagan mostly prevails 138 The Sandinistas are forced to hold fair elections in 1990 which they lose by 41 55 139 1982June President Reagan tells the British Parliament that the march of freedom and democracy will leave Marxism and Leninism on the ash heap of history 140 and calls for a crusade for freedom 141 1983March President Reagan in a speech delivered to the National Association of Evangelicals denounces the Soviet Union USSR as an Evil Empire 142 Evil Empire source source Ronald Reagan delivers Evil Empire speech on March 8 1983 The International Democrat Union also called the Conservative International a transnational alliance of conservative and liberal conservative political parties is founded in London Officers of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Vice President George H W Bush are instrumental in the founding 143 1984November proclaiming it s Morning in America Reagan is reelected in a 49 state landslide victory over liberal Democrat Walter Mondale 144 1986September Associate Justice William Rehnquist is confirmed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 145 Reagan chooses Rehnquist in a deliberate effort to move the Court to the right knowing he has the conservative constitutional agenda firmly in mind 146 Replacing Rehnquist as Associate Justice Antonin Scalia is confirmed by the Senate 90 0 He has been called the creative brilliant and outspoken intellectual leader of the Court s conservative majority 147 October Congress enacts the Tax Reform Act of 1986 the second of the Reagan Tax Cuts The act simplifies the tax code reduces the marginal income tax rate on the wealthiest Americans from 50 to 28 and increases the marginal tax rate on the lowest earning taxpayers from 10 to 15 148 November the Iran Contra scandal draws national attention and threatened to derail Reagan s progress Working with the CIA Reagan had authorized National Security Council officials to engage in a complicated sale of missiles to Iran with the goal of funding the Contras fighting Nicaragua Blame increasingly centered on the key operative Oliver North However in week long dramatic testimony North emerges a conservative hero North is convicted on minor counts but the conviction is reversed on appeal because he did not receive a fair trial Reagan s reputation survives and he leaves office more popular than he began 149 1987June In Berlin President Reagan announces American terms for ending the Cold War challenging Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to Tear down this wall Gorbachev allows the Berlin Wall to come down in November 1989 ending Soviet control over Eastern European satellites 150 Tear down this wall source source Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate June 12 1987 August The Federal Communications Commission abolishes the Fairness Doctrine Talk radio becomes dominated by conservative hosts 151 August Pat Robertson b 1930 an Evangelical minister founds the Christian Coalition which becomes a prominent voice in the Christian right Robertson also telecasts news and commentary on his own network the Christian Broadcasting Network CBN founded in 1961 He runs poorly in the 1988 GOP presidential race and withdraws 152 1988August The Rush Limbaugh Show debuts on Premiere Radio Networks and will become the highest rated talk radio show in the United States 153 November George H W Bush is elected president 154 1989November the Berlin Wall falls as the satellite states free themselves from Soviet control West Germany absorbs East Germany in 1990 and in late 1991 Communism collapses in Russia as the red flag is lowered for the last time Reagan becomes a hero in Eastern Europe 155 1990s Edit Clarence Thomas Conservative think tanks 1990 97 mobilize to challenge the legitimacy of global warming as a social problem They challenge the scientific evidence argue that global warming will have benefits and warn that proposed solutions would do more harm than good 156 1991October Clarence Thomas a black Republican is confirmed as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court after controversial hearings that focus less on his strongly conservative beliefs than his relationship with one of his aides Anita Hill who accuses him of sexual harassment 157 1992November George H W Bush is defeated by Bill Clinton in the presidential election Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge Read my lips no new taxes He also seemed much more interested in remote foreign affairs than the domestic issues that concerned most voters 158 Read my lips no new taxes source source track George H W Bush speaking about taxes at the 1988 Republican National Convention 1994September The Contract with America is released on the steps of the Capitol 159 Designed by GOP House Whip Newt Gingrich it had the effect of nationalizing the off year election as most Republican candidates endorsed it and used it as a template to promote a conservative agenda in economic policy The Contract avoided divisive social issues 160 November in the Republican Revolution Republicans take control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years The Democrats lose 52 seats in the House and 8 in the Senate giving the GOP margins of 230 to 204 and 53 to 47 161 1995January Newt Gingrich becomes Speaker of the House His Contract with America scores mixed results in Congress Its main points and their fate in Congress were 162 Legislation ResultWelfare reform Passed Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 Term limits for Congressmen Did not pass U S Term Limits Inc v Thornton Balanced budget amendment Did not passIncrease rights of victims of crime Passed Taking Back Our Streets Act Pro family tax credits Passed American Dream Restoration Act Decrease United States role in the United Nations Did not passCapital gains tax cut Passed Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act Limit punitive damages on product liability Passed but vetoed Product Liability Fairness Act dd September The Weekly Standard founded by William Kristol Fred Barnes and John Podhoretz publishes its first issue 163 It is known as a redoubt of conservatism 164 1996 Fox News building on 48th Street September Congress passes and Clinton signs the Defense of Marriage Act DOMA was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 2013 165 October Australian media mogul Rupert Murdoch launches Fox News Network Its strong appeal to conservative viewers on cable television soon gives it more viewers than arch rival Cable News Network CNN 166 1997Matt Drudge launches his news website the Drudge Report 167 His first assistant is Andrew Breitbart 1969 2012 who later becomes a prominent conservative voice on the web 168 The Drudge Report achieves national prominence on January 17 1998 when it publishes a story which comes to be known as the Monica Lewinsky scandal 167 September Christopher W Ruddy starts conservative news website Newsmax Its hourly updates provided timely ammunition to conservative talk show hosts 169 2000s Edit The terror attack on September 11 2001 reorients the administration towards foreign policy and terrorism issues providing an opportunity for neoconservatives to have a greater influence on foreign policy The Bush Doctrine leads to long term interventions in Afghanistan 2001 2021 and Iraq 2003 2011 170 On the domestic front Bush promises compassionate conservatism and works to improve education address poverty nationwide increase financial aid to poor countries and help alleviate AIDS in Africa 171 source source At a joint session of Congress President Bush pledges to defend America s freedom against the fear of terrorism a policy known as the Bush Doctrine September 20 2001 audio only 2000December George W Bush wins the 2000 presidential election after the Supreme Court halts a highly contentious recount in Florida 172 2001June President Bush signed his 10 year tax cut into law in 2000 he had promised to return the federal budget surplus through an across the board reduction in federal income taxes 173 September 9 11 terrorists attacks redefine the conservative role in foreign policy 174 2002Scott McConnell Patrick Buchanan and Taki Theodoracopulos found the paleoconservative magazine The American Conservative 175 2003November The Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act is enacted 176 2004November Conservatives mobilize to reelect President Bush he defeats John F Kerry 177 2005 Sarah Palin addresses the 2008 Republican National Convention Bush pushes for a private dimension to Social Security allowing workers to invest a portion of their Social Security taxes in stocks and bonds but it goes nowhere 178 2006January Samuel Alito nominated by George W Bush is confirmed as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court on a party line vote in the Senate 179 November Democrats make major gains in off year elections attacking the unpopular war in Iraq and the bungling of Hurricane Katrina relief 180 181 Yes on 8 rally in Fresno California 2007May Christian right leader and founder of the Moral Majority Jerry Falwell dies in his office in Lynchburg Virginia 182 Conservative talk show hosts mobilize fierce public opposition to the McCain Kennedy immigration reform bill which eventually fails 183 2008August Little known Alaska Governor Sarah Palin becomes the first woman on a national GOP ticket as nominee for Vice President 184 November Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain by 53 to 46 Barack Obama was elected and officially inaugurated as president of the United States of America on January 20 2009 He was re elected president in November 2012 and was sworn in for a second term on January 20 2013 The national exit poll shows self identified conservatives comprise 34 of the voters and support McCain 78 to 20 Liberals comprise 22 of the voters and support Obama 89 to 10 Moderates comprise 44 of the voters and support Obama 60 to 39 185 Taxpayer March on Washington November Proposition 8 which prescribes that marriage is between a man and a woman in California is passed with 52 2 of the vote 186 2009The Tea Party movement is founded in part emerging from libertarian conservative Ron Paul s 2008 campaign for the Republican nomination 187 188 189 The loosely organized conservative movement demands rigorous adherence to the Constitution lower taxes lower deficits restrictions on illegal immigrants and opposes Obama s health care proposals 190 Activists Hannah Giles and James O Keefe make sting videos compromising the integrity of Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now ACORN ACORN soon dissolves 191 2010s Edit Numerous historians after 1990 re examined the role of conservatism in recent American history according it much greater importance than before 192 One school of thought rejects the older consensus that liberalism was the dominant ethos Instead it argues conservatism dominated American politics since the 1920s with the brief exceptions of the New Deal era 1933 36 and the Great Society 1963 66 193 However Historian Julian Zelizer argues that liberalism survived the rise of conservatism 194 2010Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v FEC holds that the free speech clause of the First Amendment applies to political speech during elections making spending limits unconstitutional in certain cases The Court majority upheld the libertarian approach to free speech while the dissenters took an egalitarian approach 195 2010 House election results dark blue denotes Democratic hold blue denotes Democratic gain dark red denotes Republican hold and red denotes Republican gain November in the largest GOP gain since 1938 2010 became one of the most important elections in conservative history 196 as GOP candidates make major gains in midterm elections across the country for Congress governorships and state legislatures Conservative voters self identified comprise 42 of the voters and support GOP House candidates 84 to 13 Liberals comprise 20 of the voters and support Democrats 90 to 8 Moderates comprise 38 of the voters and support the GOP 55 to 42 197 Republicans gain 63 seats in the House of Representatives and six seats in the U S Senate 2012A central concern for conservatives in the 2012 GOP primaries was whether front runner Mitt Romney is conservative enough Numerous other challengers on the right rose and fell notably Herman Cain Rick Santorum Newt Gingrich Rick Perry and Michele Bachmann 198 Romney moved sharply to the right and chose deficit hawk Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin as his running mate 199 Obama however successfully mobilized his base and won reelection as Democrats made small gains in the House and Senate 2014November Republicans win majorities in both houses of Congress and flip several governorships in the 2014 midterm elections 2016November Republicans continue to hold both houses of Congress as well as take the White House Donald Trump is elected as President of the United States 2017 April Neil Gorsuch nominated by Donald Trump is confirmed as associate justice to the Supreme Court 2018 October Brett Kavanaugh nominated by Donald Trump is confirmed as associate justice to the Supreme Court 2020s Edit 2020 October Amy Coney Barrett nominated by Donald Trump is confirmed as associate justice to the Supreme Court November Joe Biden defeats Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election and Democrats retain control of the house and take control of the Senate 2021 Edit January The January 6 attack on the Capital occurs which saw right wing extremists storm the capital building in support of Donald Trump 2022 November Republicans take control of the House in the midterm elections while Democrats retain control of the Senate See also Edit Conservatism portalBibliography of conservatism in the United StatesTimelinesTimeline of Black conservatism in the United States Timeline of the Cold War Timeline of libertarian thinkers Timeline of United States historyFootnotes Edit Michael T Thomas 2007 American policy toward Israel the power and limits of beliefs Archived 2023 01 18 at the Wayback Machine Routledge pp 42 43 Patrick Allitt 2009 The Conservatives Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History Yale University Press ch 1 6 covers the story down to 1945 Sean Wilentz The Age of Reagan A History 1974 2008 2009 John Ehrman The Eighties America in the Age of Reagan 2008 pp 3 8 Anthony J Badger 2009 FDR the first hundred days Hilland Wang pp 3 22 74 Graham J White 1979 FDR and the Press University of Chicago Press pp 51 52 ISBN 978 0226895123 Richard Norton Smith 2003 The Colonel The Life and Legend of Robert R McCormick 1880 1955 Northwestern University Press p 349 ISBN 978 0810120396 Archived from the original on 2023 01 18 Retrieved 2015 10 31 Rudolph Frederick 1950 The American Liberty League 1934 1940 American Historical Review 56 1 19 33 doi 10 2307 1840619 JSTOR 1840619 George Wolfskill 1962 The Revolt of the Conservatives A History of the American Liberty League 1934 1940 Houghton Mifflin p 249 Kim Phillips Fein 2010 Invisible Hands The Businessmen s Crusade Against the New Deal W W Norton p 15 ISBN 978 0393337662 Archived from the original on 2023 01 18 Retrieved 2015 10 31 Gordon Lloyd and David Davenport The New Deal and Modern American Conservatism A Defining Rivalry 2013 excerpt and text search Archived 2023 01 18 at the Wayback Machine Brendon O Connor 2004 A Political History of the American Welfare System When Ideas Have Consequences Rowman amp Littlefield p 38 ISBN 978 0742526686 Archived from the original on 2023 01 18 Retrieved 2015 10 31 Charles W Smith Jr 1939 Public Opinion in a Democracy Prentice Hall pp 85 86 Sternsher Bernard 1984 The New Deal Party System A Reappraisal Journal of Interdisciplinary History 15 1 53 81 doi 10 2307 203594 JSTOR 203594 Michael Kazin eta al eds 2011 The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History Princeton University Press p 203 ISBN 978 0691152073 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author has generic name help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Jeff Shesol 2011 Supreme Power Franklin Roosevelt Vs The Supreme Court W W Norton pp 299 301 303 ISBN 978 0393338812 Archived from the original on 2023 01 18 Retrieved 2015 10 31 Patterson James T 1966 A Conservative Coalition Forms in Congress 1933 1939 Journal of American History 52 4 757 772 doi 10 2307 1894345 JSTOR 1894345 John Robert Moore 1965 Senator Josiah W Bailey and the Conservative Manifesto of 1937 Journal of Southern History 31 1 21 39 doi 10 2307 2205008 JSTOR 2205008 Walter Galenson 1960 The CIO challenge to the AFL Harvard University Press p 542 William E Leuchtenburg 1963 Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932 1940 HarperCollins pp 231 274 Milton Plesur The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938 Review of Politics Oct 1962 Vol 24 Issue 4 pp 525 562 in JSTOR Archived 2023 01 18 at the Wayback Machine John P East Leo Strauss and American Conservatism Modern Age 1977 21 1 pp 2 19 online Archived 2012 01 11 at the Wayback Machine Geoffrey Matthews Robert A Taft the Constitution and American Foreign Policy 1939 53 Journal of Contemporary History July 1982 Vol 17 Issue 3 pp 507 522 Lee Edwards 1990 Missionary for Freedom The Life and Times of Walter Judd Paragon House p 210 Murray L Weidenbaum 2009 The competition of ideas the world of the Washington think tanks Transaction Publishers p 23 F A Hayek 1944 2nd ed 2010 The Road to Serfdom University of Chicago Press 2nd ed by Bruce Caldwell with prepublication reports on Hayek s manuscript and forewords to earlier editions by John Chamberlain Milton Friedman and Hayek himself Robert McG Thomas Jr June 23 1996 Henry Regnery 84 Ground Breaking Conservative Publisher The New York Times Archived from the original on July 26 2009 Retrieved April 23 2012 Richard V Allen June 2 2008 Turning the Tide National Review Online Retrieved April 23 2012 Lee Edwards February 5 2011 Reagan s Newspaper Human Events Archived from the original on February 7 2011 Retrieved April 23 2012 Israel M Kirzner 2001 Ludwig von Mises the man and his economics ISI Books p 25 He retired in 1977 and moved to the Hoover Institution at Stanford Milton and Rose Friedman 1999 Two Lucky People Memoirs University of Chicago Press p 559 Alan O Ebenstein 2009 Milton Friedman A Biography Palgrave Macmillan p 259 Susan M Hartmann 1971 Truman and the 80th Congress University of Missouri Press p 7 James T Patterson 1972 Mr Republican a biography of Robert A Taft Houghton Mifflin Company pp 352 368 Kari A Frederickson 2000 The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South 1932 1968 The University of North Carolina Press passim Fred D Young 1995 Richard M Weaver 1910 1963 a life of the mind University of Missouri p 9 Michael Bowen 2011 The Roots of Modern Conservatism Dewey Taft and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party The University of North Carolina Press p 66 The Nation Independence Day Time 1948 11 08 Archived from the original on July 3 2009 Retrieved 2010 05 26 Kim Phillips Fein 2009 Invisible Hands The Businessmen s Crusade Against the New Deal W W Norton amp Company ch 2 Russell Kirk 2001 The Conservative Mind From Burke to Eliot Regnery p 476 ISBN 978 0895261717 Archived from the original on 2023 01 18 Retrieved 2015 10 31 Communists in Government Service McCarthy Says United States Senate Archived from the original on October 19 2019 Retrieved March 9 2007 Charles W Dunn J David Woodard 1991 American conservatism from Burke to Bush an introduction Madison Books p 29 ISBN 978 0819180698 Archived from the original on 2023 01 18 Retrieved 2015 10 31 Francis Graham Wilson 2011 The Case 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Tradition in America Reviews in American History Vol 29 No 3 Sept 2001 pp 460 478 in JSTOR Archived 2023 01 18 at the Wayback Machine Burns Jennifer 2004 Godless Capitalism Ayn Rand and the Conservative Movement Modern Intellectual History 1 3 359 385 doi 10 1017 S1479244304000216 S2CID 145596042 Jennifer Burns 2009 Goddess of the Market Ayn Rand and the American Right Oxford University Press pp 174 176 Richard J Tofel 2009 Restless Genius Barney Kilgore The Wall Street Journal and the Invention of Modern Journalism Macmillan p 157 ISBN 978 0312536749 Archived from the original on 2023 01 18 Retrieved 2015 10 31 Kim Phillips Fein As Great an Issue as Slavery or Abolition Economic Populism the Conservative Movement and the Right to Work Campaigns of 1958 Journal of Policy History Oct 2011 23 4 pp 491 512 online Nelson Lichtenstein and Elizabeth Tandy Shermer eds 2012 The American Right and U S Labor Politics Ideology and Imagination University of Pennsylvania Press ch 1 Congress and the Nation 1945 1964 1965 Congressional Quarterly pp 28 34 People amp Events Nelson A Rockefeller 1908 1979 Public Broadcasting Service PBS Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 Retrieved 20 April 2012 Our Campaigns AZ Senate Race Nov 04 1958 OurCampaigns com Archived from the original on 18 January 2023 Retrieved 20 April 2012 Jonathan Schoenwald 2002 A Time for Choosing The Rise of Modern American Conservatism Oxford University Press pp 62 99 Hyrum S Lewis 2007 Sacralizing the Right William F Buckley Jr Whittaker Chambers Will Herberg and the Transformation of Intellectual Conservatism 1945 1964 p 8 ISBN 978 0549389996 Michael Kazin 1998 The populist persuasion an American history Cornell University Press p 197 E J Dionne 2004 Why Americans Hate Politics Simon and Schuster p 37 ISBN 978 0743265737 Archived from the original on 2023 01 18 Retrieved 2015 10 31 Rick Perlstein Thunder on the Right The Roots of Conservative Victory in the 1960s OAH Magazine of History Oct 2006 Vol 20 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