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Wikipedia

Rupert Murdoch

April 16, 2023

Keith Rupert Murdoch AC KCSG (/ˈmɜːrdɒk/ MUR-dok; born 11 March 1931) is an Australian-born American investor and media propeitor.[4][5] Through his company News Corp, he is the owner of hundreds of local, national, and international publishing outlets around the world, including in the UK (The Sun and The Times), in Australia (The Daily Telegraph, Herald Sun, and The Australian), in the US (The Wall Street Journal and the New York Post), book publisher HarperCollins, and the television broadcasting channels Sky News Australia and Fox News (through the Fox Corporation). He was also the owner of Sky (until 2018), 21st Century Fox (until 2019), and the now-defunct News of the World. With a net worth of US$21.7 billion as of 2 March 2022, Murdoch is the 31st richest person in the United States and the 71st richest in the world.[6]

Rupert Murdoch

AC KCSG
Murdoch in 2012
Born
Keith Rupert Murdoch

(1931-03-11) 11 March 1931 (age 92)
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Citizenship
  • Australia (until 1985)
  • United States (from 1985)[a]
EducationWorcester College, Oxford (BA)
Occupations
  • Businessman
  • investor
Known for
Board member of
  • News Corp
  • Fox Corporation
Spouses
Patricia Booker
​
​
(m. 1956; div. 1967)​
​
​
(m. 1967; div. 1999)​
​
​
(m. 1999; div. 2013)​
​
​
(m. 2016; div. 2022)​
PartnersAnn Lesley Smith (2022–2023)[1][2]
Children6, including Prudence, Elisabeth, Lachlan, and James
Parents
Relatives
FamilyMurdoch family
AwardsCompanion of the Order of Australia (1984)[3]
Notes
  1. ^ Australian citizenship lost in 1985 (under S17 of Australian Citizenship Act 1948) with acquisition of US citizenship.

After his father's death in 1952, Murdoch took over the running of The News, a small Adelaide newspaper owned by his father. In the 1950s and 1960s, Murdoch acquired a number of newspapers in Australia and New Zealand before expanding into the United Kingdom in 1969, taking over the News of the World, followed closely by The Sun. In 1974, Murdoch moved to New York City, to expand into the US market; however, he retained interests in Australia and the UK. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, and, in 1985, became a naturalized US citizen, giving up his Australian citizenship, to satisfy the legal requirement for US television network ownership.[7]

In 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, Murdoch consolidated his UK printing operations in London, causing bitter industrial disputes. His holding company News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox (1985), HarperCollins (1989),[8] and The Wall Street Journal (2007). Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990 and, during the 1990s, expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdoch's News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, with a net worth of over $5 billion.

In July 2011, Murdoch faced allegations that his companies, including the News of the World, owned by News Corporation, had been regularly hacking the phones of celebrities, royalty, and public citizens. Murdoch faced police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the US.[9][10] On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International.[11][12]

Many of Murdoch's papers and television channels have been accused of biased and misleading coverage to support his business interests[13][14][15] and political allies,[16][17][18] and some have credited his influence with major political developments in the UK, US, and Australia.[16][19][20]

Early life

Keith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne, the second of four children of Sir Keith Murdoch (1885–1952) and Dame Elisabeth (née Greene; 1909–2012).[21][22]: 9  He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. His parents were also born in Melbourne. His father was a war correspondent and later a regional newspaper magnate owning two newspapers in Adelaide and a radio station in a faraway mining town, and chairman of the Herald and Weekly Times publishing company.[7][23]: 16 [24] Murdoch had three sisters: Helen (1929–2004), Anne (born 1935) and Janet (born 1939).[25]: 47  His Scottish-born paternal grandfather, Patrick John Murdoch, was a Presbyterian minister.[26] Later in life, Murdoch chose to go by his second name, the first name of his maternal grandfather.

He attended Geelong Grammar School,[27] where he was co-editor of the school's official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived.[28][29] He took his school's cricket team to the National Junior Finals.[clarification needed] He worked part-time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business.[7][30] Murdoch studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Worcester College, Oxford, in England, where he kept a bust of Lenin in his rooms and came to be known as "Red Rupert". He was a member of the Oxford University Labour Party,[23]: 34 [30] stood for Secretary of the Labour Club[31] and managed Oxford Student Publications Limited, the publishing house of Cherwell.[32]

After his father's death from cancer in 1952, his mother did charity work as life governor of the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne and established the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; at the age of 102 (in 2011), she had 74 descendants.[33] Murdoch then began working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years.[7]

Activities in Australia and New Zealand

 
Journalist Sir Keith Murdoch (1885–1952), Rupert Murdoch's father

Following his father's death, when he was 21, Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of what was left of the family business. After liquidation of his father's Herald stake to pay taxes, what was left was News Limited, which had been established in 1923.[23]: 16  Rupert Murdoch turned its Adelaide newspaper, The News, its main asset, into a major success.[30] He began to direct his attention to acquisition and expansion, buying the troubled Sunday Times in Perth, Western Australia (1956) and over the next few years acquiring suburban and provincial newspapers in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and the Northern Territory, including the Sydney afternoon tabloid The Daily Mirror (1960). The Economist describes Murdoch as "inventing the modern tabloid",[34] as he developed a pattern for his newspapers, increasing sports and scandal coverage and adopting eye-catching headlines.[7]

Murdoch's first foray outside Australia involved the purchase of a controlling interest in the New Zealand daily The Dominion. In January 1964, while touring New Zealand with friends in a rented Morris Minor after sailing across the Tasman, Murdoch read of a takeover bid for the Wellington paper by the British-based Canadian newspaper magnate Lord Thomson of Fleet. On the spur of the moment, he launched a counter-bid. A four-way battle for control ensued in which the 32-year-old Murdoch was ultimately successful.[35] Later in 1964, Murdoch launched The Australian, Australia's first national daily newspaper, which was based first in Canberra and later in Sydney.[36] In 1972, Murdoch acquired the Sydney morning tabloid The Daily Telegraph from Australian media mogul Sir Frank Packer, who later regretted selling it to him.[37] In 1984, Murdoch was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for services to publishing.[38]

After the Keating government relaxed media ownership laws, in 1986 Murdoch launched a takeover bid for The Herald and Weekly Times, which was the largest newspaper publisher in Australia.[39] There was a three-way takeover battle between Murdoch, Fairfax and Robert Holmes à Court, with Murdoch succeeding after agreeing to some divestments.

In 1999, Murdoch significantly expanded his music holdings in Australia by acquiring the controlling share in a leading Australian independent label, Michael Gudinski's Mushroom Records; he merged that with Festival Records, and the result was Festival Mushroom Records (FMR). Both Festival and FMR were managed by Murdoch's son James Murdoch for several years.[40]

Political activities in Australia

Murdoch found a political ally in Sir John McEwen, leader of the Australian Country Party (now known as the National Party of Australia), who was governing in coalition with the larger Menzies-Holt-Gorton Liberal Party. From the first issue of The Australian, Murdoch began taking McEwen's side in every issue that divided the long-serving coalition partners. (The Australian, 15 July 1964, first edition, front page: "Strain in Cabinet, Liberal-CP row flares.") It was an issue that threatened to split the coalition government and open the way for the stronger Australian Labor Party to dominate Australian politics. It was the beginning of a long campaign that served McEwen well.[41]

After McEwen and Menzies retired, Murdoch threw his growing power behind the Australian Labor Party under the leadership of Gough Whitlam and duly saw it elected[42] on a social platform that included universal free health care, free education for all Australians to tertiary level, recognition of the People's Republic of China, and public ownership of Australia's oil, gas and mineral resources. Rupert Murdoch's backing of Whitlam turned out to be brief. Murdoch had already started his short-lived National Star[41] newspaper in America, and was seeking to strengthen his political contacts there.[43]

Asked about the 2007 Australian federal election at News Corporation's annual general meeting in New York on 19 October 2007, its chairman Rupert Murdoch said: "I am not commenting on anything to do with Australian politics. I'm sorry. I always get into trouble when I do that." Pressed as to whether he believed Prime Minister John Howard should continue as prime minister, he said: "I have nothing further to say. I'm sorry. Read our editorials in the papers. It'll be the journalists who decide that – the editors."[44] In 2009, in response to accusations by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd that News Limited was running vendettas against him and his government, Murdoch opined that Rudd was "oversensitive".[45] Murdoch described Howard's successor, Labor Party Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, as "more ambitious to lead the world [in tackling climate change] than to lead Australia" and criticised Rudd's expansionary fiscal policies in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 as unnecessary.[46] Although News Limited's interests are extensive, also including the Daily Telegraph, the Courier-Mail and the Adelaide Advertiser, it was suggested by the commentator Mungo MacCallum in The Monthly that "the anti-Rudd push, if coordinated at all, was almost certainly locally driven" as opposed to being directed by Murdoch, who also took a different position from local editors on such matters as climate change and stimulus packages to combat the financial crisis.[47]

Murdoch is a supporter of an Australian republic, having campaigned for such a change during the 1999 referendum.[48]

Activities in the United Kingdom

Business activities in the United Kingdom

 
Rupert Murdoch – World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos, in 2007

In 1968, Murdoch entered the British newspaper market with his acquisition of the populist News of the World, followed in 1969 with the purchase of the struggling daily The Sun from IPC.[49] Murdoch turned The Sun into a tabloid format and reduced costs by using the same printing press for both newspapers. On acquiring it, he appointed Albert 'Larry' Lamb as editor and – Lamb recalled later – told him: "I want a tearaway paper with lots of tits in it". In 1997 The Sun attracted 10 million daily readers.[7] In 1981, Murdoch acquired the struggling Times and Sunday Times from Canadian newspaper publisher Lord Thomson of Fleet.[49] Ownership of The Times came to him through his relationship with Lord Thomson, who had grown tired of losing money on it as a result of an extended period of industrial action that stopped publication.[50] In the light of success and expansion at The Sun the owners believed that Murdoch could turn the papers around. Harold Evans, editor of the Sunday Times from 1967, was switched to the daily Times, though he stayed only a year amid editorial conflict with Murdoch.[51][52]

During the 1980s and early 1990s, Murdoch's publications were generally supportive of Britain's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[53] At the end of the Thatcher/Major era, Murdoch switched his support to the Labour Party and its leader, Tony Blair. The closeness of his relationship with Blair and their secret meetings to discuss national policies was to become a political issue in Britain.[54] This later changed, with The Sun, in its English editions, publicly renouncing the ruling Labour government and lending its support to David Cameron's Conservative Party, which soon afterwards formed a coalition government. In Scotland, where the Conservatives had suffered a complete annihilation in 1997, the paper began to endorse the Scottish National Party (though not yet its flagship policy of independence), which soon after came to form the first-ever outright majority in the proportionally elected Scottish Parliament. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's official spokesman said in November 2009 that Brown and Murdoch "were in regular communication" and that "there is nothing unusual in the prime minister talking to Rupert Murdoch".[55]

In 1986, Murdoch introduced electronic production processes to his newspapers in Australia, Britain and the United States. The greater degree of automation led to significant reductions in the number of employees involved in the printing process. In England, the move roused the anger of the print unions, resulting in a long and often violent dispute that played out in Wapping, one of London's docklands areas, where Murdoch had installed the very latest electronic newspaper purpose-built publishing facility in an old warehouse.[56] The bitter Wapping dispute started with the dismissal of 6,000 employees who had gone on strike and resulted in street battles and demonstrations. Many on the political left in Britain alleged the collusion of Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government with Murdoch in the Wapping affair, as a way of damaging the British trade union movement.[57][58][59] In 1987, the dismissed workers accepted a settlement of £60 million.[7]

In 1998, Murdoch made an attempt to buy the football club Manchester United F.C.,[60] with an offer of £625 million, but this failed. It was the largest amount ever offered for a sports club. It was blocked by the United Kingdom's Competition Commission, which stated that the acquisition would have "hurt competition in the broadcast industry and the quality of British football".

Murdoch's British-based satellite network, Sky Television, incurred massive losses in its early years of operation. As with many of his other business interests, Sky was heavily subsidised by the profits generated by his other holdings, but convinced rival satellite operator British Satellite Broadcasting to accept a merger on his terms in 1990.[7] The merged company, BSkyB, has dominated the British pay-TV market ever since, pursuing direct to home (DTH) satellite broadcasting.[61] By 1996, BSkyB had more than 3.6 million subscribers, triple the number of cable customers in the UK.[7]

Murdoch has a seat on the Strategic Advisory Board of Genie Oil and Gas, having jointly invested with Lord Rothschild in a 5.5% stake in the company which conducted shale gas and oil exploration in Colorado, Mongolia, Israel and, controversially, the occupied Golan Heights.[62]

In response to print media's decline and the increasing influence of online journalism during the 2000s, Murdoch proclaimed his support of the micropayments model for obtaining revenue from on-line news,[63] although this has been criticised by some.[64]

In January 2018, the CMA blocked Murdoch from taking over the remaining 61% of BSkyB he did not already own, over fear of market dominance that could potentialise censorship of the media. His bid for BSkyB was later approved by the CMA as long as he sold Sky News to The Walt Disney Company, which was already set to acquire 21st Century Fox. However, it was Comcast who won control of BSkyB in a blind auction ordered by the CMA. Murdoch ultimately sold his 39% of BSkyB to Comcast.[65]

News Corporation has subsidiaries in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, the Channel Islands and the Virgin Islands. From 1986, News Corporation's annual tax bill averaged around seven percent of its profits.[66]

Political activities in United Kingdom

In Britain, in the 1980s, Murdoch formed a close alliance with Conservative prime minister Margaret Thatcher.[67] In February 1981, when Murdoch, already owner of The Sun and The News of the World, sought to buy The Times and The Sunday Times, Thatcher's government let his bid pass without referring it to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, which was usual practice at the time.[68][69][70] Although contact between the two before this point had been explicitly denied in an official history of The Times, documents found in Thatcher's archives in 2012 revealed a secret meeting had taken place a month before in which Murdoch briefed Thatcher on his plans for the paper, such as taking on trade unions.[68][69][71]

The Sun credited itself with helping her successor John Major to win an unexpected election victory in the 1992 general election, which had been expected to end in a hung parliament or a narrow win for Labour, then led by Neil Kinnock.[67] In the general elections of 1997, 2001 and 2005, Murdoch's papers were either neutral or supported Labour under Tony Blair.[citation needed]

The Labour Party, from when Blair became leader in 1994, had moved from the centre-left to a more centrist position on many economic issues before 1997. Murdoch identifies himself as a libertarian, saying "What does libertarian mean? As much individual responsibility as possible, as little government as possible, as few rules as possible. But I'm not saying it should be taken to the absolute limit."[72]

In a speech he delivered in New York in 2005, Murdoch claimed that Blair described the BBC coverage of the Hurricane Katrina disaster, which was critical of the Bush administration's response, as full of hatred of America.[73]

On 28 June 2006, the BBC reported that Murdoch and News Corporation were considering backing new Conservative leader David Cameron at the next General Election – still up to four years away.[74] In a later interview in July 2006, when he was asked what he thought of the Conservative leader, Murdoch replied "Not much".[75] In a 2009 blog, it was suggested that in the aftermath of the News of the World phone hacking scandal which might yet have Transatlantic implications[76] Murdoch and News Corporation might have decided to back Cameron.[77] Despite this, there had already been a convergence of interests between the two men over the muting of Britain's communications regulator Ofcom.[78]

In August 2008, Cameron accepted free flights to hold private talks and attend private parties with Murdoch on his yacht, the Rosehearty.[79] Cameron declared in the Commons register of interests he accepted a private plane provided by Murdoch's son-in-law, public relations guru Matthew Freud; Cameron did not reveal his talks with Murdoch. The gift of travel in Freud's Gulfstream IV private jet was valued at around £30,000. Other guests attending the "social events" included the then EU trade commissioner Lord Mandelson, the Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska and co-chairman of NBC Universal Ben Silverman. The Conservatives did not disclose what was discussed.[80]

In July 2011, it emerged that Cameron had met key executives of Murdoch's News Corporation a total of 26 times during the 14 months that Cameron had served as Prime Minister up to that point.[81] It was also reported that Murdoch had given Cameron a personal guarantee that there would be no risk attached to hiring Andy Coulson, the former editor of News of the World, as the Conservative Party's communication director in 2007.[82] This was in spite of Coulson having resigned as editor over phone hacking by a reporter. Cameron chose to take Murdoch's advice, despite warnings from Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, Lord Ashdown and The Guardian.[83] Coulson resigned his post in 2011 and was later arrested and questioned on allegations of further criminal activity at the News of the World, specifically the phone hacking scandal. As a result of the subsequent trial, Coulson was sentenced to 18 months in jail.[84]

In June 2016, The Sun supported Vote Leave in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. Murdoch called the Brexit result "wonderful", comparing the decision to withdraw from the EU to "a prison break….we're out".[85] Anthony Hilton, economics editor for the Evening Standard but describing a period when he interviewed Murdoch for The Guardian, quoted Murdoch as justifying his Euroscepticism with the words "When I go into Downing Street, they do what I say; when I go to Brussels, they take no notice".[86] Murdoch denied saying this later in a letter to the Guardian.[87][88]

With some exceptions, The Sun has generally been supportive of the government of Conservative Prime Minister Boris Johnson. Murdoch and his employees were the media representatives ministers from the Cabinet and Treasury most frequently held meetings during the first two years of Johnson's Government. However, newspaper circulation in general including among subsidiaries of News International fell sharply in the United Kingdom during the early 21st century, leading some commentators to suggest that Rupert Murdoch was not as influential in British political debate by the early 2020s as he had once been.[89][90][91]

News International phone hacking scandal

Main article: News International phone hacking scandal

In July 2011, Murdoch, along with his youngest son James, provided testimony before a British parliamentary committee regarding phone hacking. In the UK, his media empire came under fire, as investigators probed reports of 2011 phone hacking.[92]

On 14 July 2011 the Culture, Media and Sport Committee of the House of Commons served a summons on Murdoch, his son James, and his former CEO Rebekah Brooks to testify before a committee five days later.[93] After an initial refusal, the Murdochs confirmed they would attend, after the committee issued them a summons to Parliament.[94] The day before the committee, the website of the News Corporation publication The Sun was hacked, and a false story was posted on the front page claiming that Murdoch had died.[95] Murdoch described the day of the committee "the most humble day of my life". He argued that since he ran a global business of 53,000 employees and that News of the World was "just 1%" of this, he was not ultimately responsible for what went on at the tabloid. He added that he had not considered resigning,[96] and that he and the other top executives had been completely unaware of the hacking.[97][98]

On 15 July, Murdoch attended a private meeting in London with the family of Milly Dowler, where he personally apologized for the hacking of their murdered daughter's voicemail by a company he owns.[99][100] On 16 and 17 July, News International published two full-page apologies in many of Britain's national newspapers. The first apology took the form of a letter, signed by Murdoch, in which he said sorry for the "serious wrongdoing" that occurred. The second was titled "Putting right what's gone wrong", and gave more detail about the steps News International was taking to address the public's concerns.[100] In the wake of the allegations, Murdoch accepted the resignations of Brooks and Les Hinton, head of Dow Jones who was chairman of Murdoch's British newspaper division when some of the abuses happened. They both deny any knowledge of any wrongdoing under their command.[101]

On 27 February 2012, the day after the first issue of The Sun on Sunday was published, Deputy Assistant Commissioner Sue Akers informed the Leveson Inquiry that police are investigating a "network of corrupt officials" as part of their inquiries into phone hacking and police corruption. She said that evidence suggested a "culture of illegal payments" at The Sun and that these payments allegedly made by The Sun were authorised at a senior level.[102]

In testimony on 25 April, Murdoch did not deny the quote attributed to him by his former editor of The Sunday Times, Harold Evans: "I give instructions to my editors all round the world, why shouldn't I in London?"[103][104] On 1 May 2012, the Culture, Media and Sport Committee issued a report stating that Murdoch was "not a fit person to exercise the stewardship of a major international company".[105][106]

On 3 July 2013, the Exaro website and Channel 4 News broke the story of a secret recording. This was recorded by The Sun journalists, and in it Murdoch can be heard telling them that the whole investigation was one big fuss over nothing, and that he, or his successors, would take care of any journalists who went to prison.[107] He said: "Why are the police behaving in this way? It's the biggest inquiry ever, over next to nothing."[108]

Activities in the United States

 
Murdoch (seated center), Roy Cohn, Reagan, Oval Office, 1983

Murdoch made his first acquisition in the United States in 1973, when he purchased the San Antonio Express-News. In 1974, Murdoch moved to New York City, to expand into the US market; however, he retained interests in Australia and Britain. Soon afterwards, he founded Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976, he purchased the New York Post.[7] On 4 September 1985, Murdoch became a naturalized citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only US citizens were permitted to own US television stations.

In March 1984, Marvin Davis sold Marc Rich's interest in 20th Century Fox to Murdoch for $250 million due to Rich's trade deals with Iran, which were sanctioned by the US at the time. Davis later backed out of a deal with Murdoch to purchase John Kluge's Metromedia television stations.[109] Rupert Murdoch bought the stations by himself, without Marvin Davis, and later bought out Davis's remaining stake in Fox for $325 million.[109] The six television stations owned by Metromedia formed the nucleus of the Fox Broadcasting Company, founded on 9 October 1986, which later had great success with programs including The Simpsons and The X-Files.[7]

In 1986 Murdoch bought Misty Mountain, a Wallace Neff designed house on Angelo Drive in Beverly Hills. The house was the former residence of Jules C. Stein. Murdoch sold the house to his son James in 2018.[110]

In 1987, Murdoch created his global television special, the World Music Video Awards, a special music ceremony award where winners were chosen by viewers in eight countries.[111] In Australia, during 1987, he bought The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd., the company that his father had once managed. Rupert Murdoch's 20th Century Fox bought out the remaining assets of Four Star Television from Ronald Perelman's Compact Video in 1996.[112] Most of Four Star Television's library of programs are controlled by 20th Century Fox Television today.[113][114][115] After Murdoch's numerous buyouts during the buyout era of the eighties, News Corporation had built up financial debts of $7 billion (much from Sky TV in the UK), despite the many assets that were held by NewsCorp.[7] The high levels of debt caused Murdoch to sell many of the American magazine interests he had acquired in the mid-1980s.

In 1993, Murdoch's Fox Network took exclusive coverage of the National Football Conference (NFC) of the National Football League (NFL) from CBS and increased programming to seven days a week.[116] In 1995, Fox became the object of scrutiny from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), when it was alleged that News Ltd.'s Australian base made Murdoch's ownership of Fox illegal. However, the FCC ruled in Murdoch's favour, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the best interests of the public. That same year, Murdoch announced a deal with MCI Communications to develop a major news website and magazine, The Weekly Standard. Also that year, News Corporation launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in partnership with Telstra. In 1996, Murdoch decided to enter the cable news market with the Fox News Channel, a 24-hour cable news station. Ratings studies released in 2009 showed that the network was responsible for nine of the top ten programs in the "Cable News" category at that time.[117] Rupert Murdoch and Ted Turner (founder and former owner of CNN) are long-standing rivals.[118] In late 2003, Murdoch acquired a 34% stake in Hughes Electronics, the operator of the largest American satellite TV system, DirecTV, from General Motors for $6 billion (USD).[38] His Fox movie studio had global hits with Titanic and Avatar.[119]

In 2004, Murdoch announced that he was moving News Corporation headquarters from Adelaide, Australia to the United States. Choosing a US domicile was designed to ensure that American fund managers could purchase shares in the company, since many were deciding not to buy shares in non-US companies.[120]

 
News Corporation logo

On 20 July 2005, News Corporation bought Intermix Media Inc., which held Myspace, Imagine Games Network and other social networking-themed websites, for US$580 million, making Murdoch a major player in online media concerns.[121] In June 2011, it sold off Myspace for US$35 million.[122] On 11 September 2005, News Corporation announced that it would buy IGN Entertainment for $650 million (USD).[123]

In May 2007, Murdoch made a $5 billion offer to purchase Dow Jones & Company. At the time, the Bancroft family, who had owned Dow Jones & Company for 105 years and controlled 64% of the shares at the time, declined the offer. Later, the Bancroft family confirmed a willingness to consider a sale. Besides Murdoch, the Associated Press reported that supermarket magnate Ron Burkle and Internet entrepreneur Brad Greenspan were among the other interested parties.[124] In 2007, Murdoch acquired Dow Jones & Company,[125][126] which gave him such publications as The Wall Street Journal, Barron's Magazine, the Far Eastern Economic Review (based in Hong Kong) and SmartMoney.[127]

In June 2014, Murdoch's 21st Century Fox made a bid for Time Warner at $85 per share in stock and cash ($80 billion total) which Time Warner's board of directors turned down in July. Warner's CNN unit would have been sold to ease antitrust issues of the purchase.[128] On 5 August 2014 the company announced it had withdrawn its offer for Time Warner, and said it would spend $6 billion buying back its own shares over the following 12 months.[129]

Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox in 2015 but continued to own the company until it was purchased by Disney in 2019.[130][131][132] A number of television broadcasting assets were spun off into the Fox Corporation before the acquisition and are still owned by Murdoch. This includes Fox News, of which Murdoch was acting CEO from 2016 until 2019, following the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment.[133][134]

Political activities in the United States

 
Murdoch (right) with President John F. Kennedy and Zell Rabin in the Oval Office in 1961
 
President Ronald Reagan during a meeting with Murdoch in the Oval Office in 1983

McKnight (2010) identifies four characteristics of his media operations: free market ideology; unified positions on matters of public policy; global editorial meetings; and opposition to liberal bias in other public media.[135]

In The New Yorker, Ken Auletta writes that Murdoch's support for Edward I. Koch while he was running for mayor of New York "spilled over onto the news pages of the Post, with the paper regularly publishing glowing stories about Koch and sometimes savage accounts of his four primary opponents."[136]

According to The New York Times, Ronald Reagan's campaign team credited Murdoch and the Post for his victory in New York in the 1980 United States presidential election.[20] Reagan later "waived a prohibition against owning a television station and a newspaper in the same market," allowing Murdoch to continue to control The New York Post and The Boston Herald while expanding into television.

On 8 May 2006, the Financial Times reported that Murdoch would be hosting a fund-raiser for Senator Hillary Clinton's (D-New York) Senate re-election campaign.[137] In a 2008 interview with Walt Mossberg, Murdoch was asked whether he had "anything to do with the New York Post's endorsement of Barack Obama in the democratic primaries". Without hesitating, Murdoch replied, "Yeah. He is a rock star. It's fantastic. I love what he is saying about education. I don't think he will win Florida [...] but he will win in Ohio and the election. I am anxious to meet him. I want to see if he will walk the walk."[138][139]

In 2010, News Corporation gave US$1 million to the Republican Governors Association and $1 million to the US Chamber of Commerce.[140][141][142] Murdoch also served on the board of directors of the libertarian Cato Institute.[143] Murdoch is also a supporter of the Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect Intellectual Property Act.[144]

Murdoch was reported in 2011 as advocating more open immigration policies in western nations generally.[145] In the United States, Murdoch and chief executives from several major corporations, including Hewlett-Packard, Boeing and Disney joined New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg to form the Partnership for a New American Economy to advocate "for immigration reform – including a path to legal status for all illegal aliens now in the United States".[146] The coalition, reflecting Murdoch and Bloomberg's own views, also advocates significant increases in legal immigration to the United States as a means of boosting America's sluggish economy and lowering unemployment. The Partnership's immigration policy prescriptions are notably similar to those of the Cato Institute and the US Chamber of Commerce — both of which Murdoch has supported in the past.[147]

The Wall Street Journal editorial page has similarly advocated for increased legal immigration, in contrast to the staunch anti-immigration stance of Murdoch's British newspaper, The Sun.[148] On 5 September 2010, Murdoch testified before the House Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law Membership on the "Role of Immigration in Strengthening America's Economy". In his testimony, Murdoch called for ending mass deportations and endorsed a "comprehensive immigration reform" plan that would include a pathway to citizenship for all illegal immigrants.[146]

In the 2012 US presidential election, Murdoch was critical of the competence of Mitt Romney's team but was nonetheless strongly supportive of a Republican victory, tweeting: "Of course I want him [Romney] to win, save us from socialism, etc."[149]

In October 2015, Murdoch stirred controversy when he praised Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson and referenced President Barack Obama, tweeting, "Ben and Candy Carson terrific. What about a real black President who can properly address the racial divide? And much else."[150] After which he apologized, tweeting, "Apologies! No offence meant. Personally find both men charming."[151]

During Donald Trump's term as US President Murdoch showed support for him through the news stories broadcast in his media empire, including on Fox News.[152] In early 2018, Mohammad bin Salman, the crown prince and de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, had an intimate dinner at Murdoch's Bel Air estate in Los Angeles.[153]

Murdoch is a strong supporter of Israel and its domestic policies.[154] In October 2010, the Anti-Defamation League in New York City presented Murdoch with its International Leadership Award "for his stalwart support of Israel and his commitment to promoting respect and speaking out against anti-Semitism."[155][156] However, in April 2021, in a letter to Lachlan Murdoch, its director Jonathan Greenblatt wrote that the ADL would no longer make such an award to his father. This was in the immediate context of accusations made by the ADL against Fox News presenter Tucker Carlson and his apparent espousal of the White replacement theory.[157]

In 2023, during a defamation lawsuit by Dominion Voting Systems against Fox News, Murdoch acknowledged that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false.[158][159]

Activities in Europe

Murdoch owns a controlling interest in Sky Italia, a satellite television provider in Italy.[160] Murdoch's business interests in Italy have been a source of contention since they began.[160] In 2010 Murdoch won a media dispute with then Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. A judge ruled the then Prime Minister's media arm Mediaset prevented News Corporation's Italian unit, Sky Italia, from buying advertisements on its television networks.[161]

Activities in Asia

In November 1986, News Corporation purchased a 35% stake in the South China Morning Post group for about US$105 million. At that time, SCMP group was a stock-listed company, and was owned by HSBC, Hutchison Whampoa and Dow Jones & Company.[162] In December 1986, Dow Jones & Company offered News Corporation to sell about 19% of share it owned of SCMP for US$57.2 million,[163] and, by 1987, News Corporation completed the full takeover.[164] In September 1993, News Corporation have agreed to sell a 34.9% share in SCMP to Robert Kuok's Kerry Media for US$349 million.[165] In 1994, News Corporation sold the remaining 15.1% share in SCMP to MUI Group, disposing the Hong Kong newspaper.[166][better source needed]

In June 1993, News Corporation attempted to acquire a 22% share in TVB, a terrestrial television broadcaster in Hong Kong, for about $237 million,[167] but Murdoch's company gave up, as the Hong Kong government would not relax the regulation regarding foreign ownership of broadcasting companies.[168]

In 1993, News Corporation acquired Star TV (renamed as Star in 2001), a Hong Kong company headed by Richard Li,[168] from Hutchison Whampoa for $1 billion (Souchou, 2000:28), and subsequently set up offices for it throughout Asia. The deal enabled News International to broadcast from Hong Kong to India, China, Japan, and over thirty other countries in Asia, becoming one of the biggest satellite television networks in the east;[7] however, the deal did not work out as Murdoch had planned because the Chinese government placed restrictions on it that prevented it from reaching most of China.[citation needed]

In 2009, News Corporation reorganised Star; a few of these arrangements were that the original company's operations in East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East were integrated into Fox International Channels, and Star India was spun-off (but still within News Corporation).[169][170][171]

Personal life

Residence

In 2003, Murdoch bought "Rosehearty", an 11 bedroom home on a 5-acre waterfront estate in Centre Island, New York.[172] In May 2013, he purchased the Moraga Estate, an estate, vineyard and winery in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California.[173][174][175] In 2019, Murdoch and his new wife Jerry Hall purchased Holmwood, an 18th-century house and estate in the English village of Binfield Heath, some 4 miles (6.4 km) north-east of Reading.[176]

In late 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was reported that Murdoch and Hall had been isolating in their Binfield Heath home for much of the year. He received his first COVID-19 vaccine in nearby Henley-on-Thames on 16 December.[177]

Marriages

 
Murdoch with his third wife, Wendi, in 2011

In 1956, Murdoch married Patricia Booker, a former shop assistant and flight attendant from Melbourne; the couple had their only child, Prudence, in 1958.[178][179] They divorced in 1967.[180]

In 1967, Murdoch married Anna Torv,[178] a Scottish-born cadet journalist working for his Sydney newspaper The Daily Mirror.[180] In January 1998, three months before the announcement of his separation from Anna, a Roman Catholic, Murdoch was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great (KSG), a papal honour awarded by Pope John Paul II.[181] While Murdoch would often attend Mass with Torv, he never converted to Catholicism.[182][183] Torv and Murdoch had three children: Elisabeth Murdoch (born in Sydney, Australia on 22 August 1968), Lachlan Murdoch (born in London, UK on 8 September 1971), and James Murdoch, (born in London on 13 December 1972).[178][179] Murdoch's companies published two novels by his wife: Family Business (1988) and Coming to Terms (1991). They divorced in June 1999. Anna Murdoch received a settlement of US$1.2 billion in assets.[184]

On 25 June 1999, 17 days after divorcing his second wife, Murdoch, then aged 68, married Chinese-born Wendi Deng.[185] She was 30, a recent Yale School of Management graduate, and a newly appointed vice-president of his STAR TV. Murdoch had two daughters with her: Grace (born 2001) and Chloe (born 2003). Murdoch has six children in all, and is grandfather to thirteen grandchildren.[186] Near the end of his marriage to Wendi, hearsay concerning a link with Chinese intelligence (which was later proven to be unfounded) became problematic to their relationship.[187][188] On 13 June 2013, a News Corporation spokesperson confirmed that Murdoch filed for divorce from Deng in New York City, US.[189][190] According to the spokesman, the marriage had been irretrievably broken for more than six months.[191] Murdoch also ended his long-standing friendship with Tony Blair after suspecting him of having an affair with Deng while they were still married.[192]

 
Jerry Hall, Murdoch's fourth wife, whom he married in March 2016, photographed in 2009

On 11 January 2016, Murdoch announced his engagement to former model Jerry Hall in a notice in The Times newspaper.[193] On 4 March 2016, Murdoch, a week short of his 85th birthday, and 59-year-old Hall were married in London, at St Bride's, Fleet Street with a reception at Spencer House; this was Murdoch's fourth marriage.[194] In June 2022, The New York Times reported that Murdoch and Hall were set to divorce, citing two anonymous sources.[195][196] Hall filed for divorce on 1 July 2022 citing irreconcilable differences;[197] the divorce was finalised in August 2022.[198]

During Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in 2023,[199][200][201] Murdoch, who is quarter Irish, proposed to his partner, Ann Lesley Smith. The engaged couple first met at an event that they both attended in September 2022.[202] Two weeks after the couple were engaged, Murdoch has now reportedly called off the engagement. The split was reportedly caused by Murdoch's discomfort with Smith's religious views.[203]

Children

Murdoch has six children.[204] His eldest child, Prudence MacLeod, was appointed on 28 January 2011 to the board of Times Newspapers Ltd, part of News International, which publishes The Times and The Sunday Times.[205] Murdoch's elder son Lachlan, formerly the Deputy Chief Operating Officer at the News Corporation and publisher of the New York Post, was Murdoch's heir apparent before resigning from his executive posts at the global media company at the end of July 2005.[204] Lachlan's departure left James Murdoch, Chief Executive of the satellite television service British Sky Broadcasting since November 2003 as the only Murdoch son still directly involved with the company's operations, though Lachlan has agreed to remain on the News Corporation's board.[206]

After graduating from Vassar College[207] and marrying classmate Elkin Kwesi Pianim (the son of Ghanaian financial and political mogul Kwame Pianim) in 1993,[207] Murdoch's daughter Elisabeth and her husband purchased a pair of NBC-affiliate television stations in California, KSBW and KSBY, with a $35 million loan provided by her father. By quickly re-organising and re-selling them at a $12 million profit in 1995, Elisabeth emerged as an unexpected rival to her brothers for the eventual leadership of the publishing dynasty. But, after divorcing Pianim in 1998 and quarrelling publicly with her assigned mentor Sam Chisholm at BSkyB, she struck out on her own as a television and film producer in London. She has since enjoyed independent success, in conjunction with her second husband, Matthew Freud, the great-grandson of Sigmund Freud, whom she met in 1997 and married in 2001.[207]

It is not known how long Murdoch will remain as News Corporation's CEO. For a while the American cable television entrepreneur John Malone was the second-largest voting shareholder in News Corporation after Murdoch himself, potentially undermining the family's control. In 2007, the company announced that it would sell certain assets and give cash to Malone's company in exchange for its stock. In 2007, the company issued Murdoch's older children voting stock.[208]

Murdoch has two children with Wendi Deng: Grace (b. New York, November 2001)[30] and Chloe (b. New York, July 2003).[179][180] It was revealed in September 2011 that Tony Blair is Grace's godfather.[209] There is reported to be tension between Murdoch and his oldest children over the terms of a trust holding the family's 28.5% stake in News Corporation, estimated in 2005 to be worth about $6.1 billion. Under the trust, his children by Wendi Deng share in the proceeds of the stock but have no voting privileges or control of the stock. Voting rights in the stock are divided 50/50 between Murdoch on the one side and his children of his first two marriages. Murdoch's voting privileges are not transferable but will expire upon his death and the stock will then be controlled solely by his children from the prior marriages, although their half-siblings will continue to derive their share of income from it. It is Murdoch's stated desire to have his children by Deng given a measure of control over the stock proportional to their financial interest in it (which would mean, if Murdoch dies while at least one of the children is a minor, that Deng would exercise that control). It does not appear that he has any strong legal grounds to contest the present arrangement, and both ex-wife Anna and their three children are said to be strongly resistant to any such change.[210]

Portrayal on television, in film, books, and music

Murdoch has been portrayed by:

Murdoch and rival newspaper and publishing magnate Robert Maxwell are thinly fictionalised as "Keith Townsend" and "Richard Armstrong" in The Fourth Estate by British novelist and former MP Jeffrey Archer.[212]

Towards the end of his touring career, Eagles drummer and lead singer Don Henley would often dedicate his 1982 hit "Dirty Laundry" to Rupert Murdoch and Bill O’Reilly.[213][214]

In 1999, the Ted Turner-owned TBS channel aired an original sitcom, The Chimp Channel. This featured an all-simian cast and the role of an Australian TV veteran named Harry Waller. The character is described as "a self-made gazillionaire with business interests in all sorts of fields. He owns newspapers, hotel chains, sports franchises and genetic technologies, as well as everyone's favourite cable TV channel, The Chimp Channel". Waller is thought to be a parody of Murdoch, a long-time rival of Turner.[215]

In 2004, the movie Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism included many interviews accusing Fox News of pressuring reporters to report only one side of news stories, in order to influence viewers' political opinions.[216]

In 2012, the satirical show Hacks, broadcast on the UK's Channel 4, made obvious comparisons with Murdoch using the fictional character "Stanhope Feast", portrayed by Michael Kitchen, as well as other central figures in the phone hacking scandal.[217]

The 2013 film Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues features an Australian character inspired by Rupert Murdoch who owns a cable news television channel.[218][219]

In the novel Dunbar by Edward St Aubyn the eponymous lead character is at least partly inspired by Murdoch.[220]

Murdoch was part of the inspiration for Logan Roy, the protagonist of TV show Succession, who is portrayed by Brian Cox.[221]

Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard wrote the track "Evilest Man" about Murdoch, for their 2022 album Omnium Gatherum[222]

Influence, wealth, and reputation

 
Murdoch accepting the Hudson Institute's 2015 Global Leadership Award in November

According to Forbes' real time list of world's billionaires, Murdoch is the 34th richest person in the US and the 96th richest person in the world, with a net worth of US$13.1 billion as of February 2017.[223] In 2016, Forbes ranked "Rupert Murdoch & Family" as the 35th most powerful person in the world.[224] Later, in 2019, Rupert Murdoch & family were ranked 52nd in the Forbes' annual list of the world's billionaires.[225]

In August 2013, Terry Flew, Professor of Media and Communications at Queensland University of Technology, wrote an article for the Conversation publication in which he investigated a claim by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd that Murdoch owned 70% of Australian newspapers in 2011. Flew's article showed that News Corp Australia owned 23% of the nation's newspapers in 2011, according to the Finkelstein Review of Media and Media Regulation, but, at the time of the article, the corporation's titles accounted for 59% of the sales of all daily newspapers, with weekly sales of 17.3 million copies.[226]

In connection with Murdoch's testimony to the Leveson Inquiry "into the ethics of the British press", editor of Newsweek International, Tunku Varadarajan, referred to him as "the man whose name is synonymous with unethical newspapers".[227]

News Corp papers were accused of supporting the campaign of the Australian Liberal government and influencing public opinion during the 2013 federal election. Following the announcement of the Liberal Party victory at the polls, Murdoch tweeted "Aust. election public sick of public sector workers and phony welfare scroungers sucking life out of economy. Other nations to follow in time."[228]

In November 2015, former Australian prime minister Tony Abbott said that Murdoch "arguably has had more impact on the wider world than any other living Australian".[229]

In late 2015, The Wall Street Journal journalist John Carreyrou began a series of investigative articles on Theranos, the blood-testing start-up founded by Elizabeth Holmes, that questioned its claim to be able to run a wide range of lab tests from a tiny sample of blood from a finger prick.[230][231][232] Holmes had turned to Murdoch, whose media empire includes Carreyrou's employer, The Wall Street Journal, to kill the story. Murdoch, who became the biggest investor in Theranos in 2015 as a result of his $125 million injection, refused the request from Holmes saying that "he trusted the paper’s editors to handle the matter fairly."[233][234]

In November 2021, Murdoch accused Google and Facebook of stifling conservative viewpoints on its platforms, and called for "substantial reform" and openness in the digital ad supply chain.[235]

See also

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Further reading

Hardcopy

  • Chenoweth, Neil (2001). Rupert Murdoch, the untold story of the world's greatest media wizard. New York: Random House.
  • Dover, Bruce. Rupert's Adventures in China: How Murdoch Lost A Fortune And Found A Wife (Mainstream Publishing).
  • Ellison, Sarah. War at the Wall Street Journal: Inside the Struggle To Control an American Business Empire, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. ISBN 978-0-547-15243-1 (Also published as: War at The Wall Street Journal: How Rupert Murdoch Bought an American Icon, Melbourne, Text Publishing, 2010.)
  • Evans, Harold. Good Times, Bad Times, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983
  • Harcourt, Alison (2006). European Union Institutions and the Regulation of Media Markets. London, New York: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6644-1.
  • McKnight, David. "Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation: A Media Institution with A Mission", Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Sept 2010, Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp 303–316
  • Munster, George (1985). A Paper Prince. Ringwood VIC, Australia: Penguin Books Australia Ltd. ISBN 0-670-80503-3.
  • Page, Bruce (2003). The Murdoch Archipelago. Simon and Schuster UK.
  • Shawcross, William (1997). Murdoch: the making of a media empire. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Souchou, Yao (2000). House of Glass – Culture, Modernity, and the State in Southeast Asia. Bangkok: White Lotus.

Online

Lists

Individual items

  • at Forbes
  • Arsenault, A & Castells, M. (2008) . International Sociology. 23(4)
  • Cooke, Richard (July 2018). "The endless reign of Rupert Murdoch: After decades of influence, the media mogul isn't so much a person as an epoch" (essay). The Monthly.

External links

  • Rupert Murdoch at IMDb  
  • Appearances on C-SPAN  

April 16, 2023
rupert, murdoch, keith, kcsg, ɜːr, born, march, 1931, australian, born, american, investor, media, propeitor, through, company, news, corp, owner, hundreds, local, national, international, publishing, outlets, around, world, including, times, australia, daily,. Keith Rupert Murdoch AC KCSG ˈ m ɜːr d ɒ k MUR dok born 11 March 1931 is an Australian born American investor and media propeitor 4 5 Through his company News Corp he is the owner of hundreds of local national and international publishing outlets around the world including in the UK The Sun and The Times in Australia The Daily Telegraph Herald Sun and The Australian in the US The Wall Street Journal and the New York Post book publisher HarperCollins and the television broadcasting channels Sky News Australia and Fox News through the Fox Corporation He was also the owner of Sky until 2018 21st Century Fox until 2019 and the now defunct News of the World With a net worth of US 21 7 billion as of 2 March 2022 update Murdoch is the 31st richest person in the United States and the 71st richest in the world 6 Rupert MurdochAC KCSGMurdoch in 2012BornKeith Rupert Murdoch 1931 03 11 11 March 1931 age 92 Melbourne Victoria AustraliaCitizenshipAustralia until 1985 United States from 1985 a EducationWorcester College Oxford BA OccupationsBusinessmaninvestorKnown forChairman and CEO of News Corporation 1980 2013 Executive chairman of News Corp 2013 present Chairman and CEO of 21st Century Fox 2013 2015 Executive co chairman of 21st Century Fox 2015 2019 Acting CEO of Fox News 2016 2018 Chairman of Fox News 2016 2019 Chairman of Fox Corporation 2019 present Board member ofNews CorpFox CorporationSpousesPatricia Booker m 1956 div 1967 wbr Anna Maria Torv m 1967 div 1999 wbr Wendi Deng m 1999 div 2013 wbr Jerry Hall m 2016 div 2022 wbr PartnersAnn Lesley Smith 2022 2023 1 2 Children6 including Prudence Elisabeth Lachlan and JamesParentsKeith MurdochElisabeth GreeneRelativesIvon Murdoch uncle Patrick John Murdoch grandfather Walter Murdoch grand uncle FamilyMurdoch familyAwardsCompanion of the Order of Australia 1984 3 Notes Australian citizenship lost in 1985 under S17 of Australian Citizenship Act 1948 with acquisition of US citizenship After his father s death in 1952 Murdoch took over the running of The News a small Adelaide newspaper owned by his father In the 1950s and 1960s Murdoch acquired a number of newspapers in Australia and New Zealand before expanding into the United Kingdom in 1969 taking over the News of the World followed closely by The Sun In 1974 Murdoch moved to New York City to expand into the US market however he retained interests in Australia and the UK In 1981 Murdoch bought The Times his first British broadsheet and in 1985 became a naturalized US citizen giving up his Australian citizenship to satisfy the legal requirement for US television network ownership 7 In 1986 keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies Murdoch consolidated his UK printing operations in London causing bitter industrial disputes His holding company News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox 1985 HarperCollins 1989 8 and The Wall Street Journal 2007 Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990 and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television By 2000 Murdoch s News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries with a net worth of over 5 billion In July 2011 Murdoch faced allegations that his companies including the News of the World owned by News Corporation had been regularly hacking the phones of celebrities royalty and public citizens Murdoch faced police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the US 9 10 On 21 July 2012 Murdoch resigned as a director of News International 11 12 Many of Murdoch s papers and television channels have been accused of biased and misleading coverage to support his business interests 13 14 15 and political allies 16 17 18 and some have credited his influence with major political developments in the UK US and Australia 16 19 20 Contents 1 Early life 2 Activities in Australia and New Zealand 2 1 Political activities in Australia 3 Activities in the United Kingdom 3 1 Business activities in the United Kingdom 3 2 Political activities in United Kingdom 4 News International phone hacking scandal 5 Activities in the United States 5 1 Political activities in the United States 6 Activities in Europe 7 Activities in Asia 8 Personal life 8 1 Residence 8 2 Marriages 8 3 Children 9 Portrayal on television in film books and music 10 Influence wealth and reputation 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13 1 Hardcopy 13 2 Online 13 2 1 Lists 13 2 2 Individual items 14 External linksEarly lifeKeith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne the second of four children of Sir Keith Murdoch 1885 1952 and Dame Elisabeth nee Greene 1909 2012 21 22 9 He is of English Irish and Scottish ancestry His parents were also born in Melbourne His father was a war correspondent and later a regional newspaper magnate owning two newspapers in Adelaide and a radio station in a faraway mining town and chairman of the Herald and Weekly Times publishing company 7 23 16 24 Murdoch had three sisters Helen 1929 2004 Anne born 1935 and Janet born 1939 25 47 His Scottish born paternal grandfather Patrick John Murdoch was a Presbyterian minister 26 Later in life Murdoch chose to go by his second name the first name of his maternal grandfather He attended Geelong Grammar School 27 where he was co editor of the school s official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived 28 29 He took his school s cricket team to the National Junior Finals clarification needed He worked part time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business 7 30 Murdoch studied Philosophy Politics and Economics at Worcester College Oxford in England where he kept a bust of Lenin in his rooms and came to be known as Red Rupert He was a member of the Oxford University Labour Party 23 34 30 stood for Secretary of the Labour Club 31 and managed Oxford Student Publications Limited the publishing house of Cherwell 32 After his father s death from cancer in 1952 his mother did charity work as life governor of the Royal Women s Hospital in Melbourne and established the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute at the age of 102 in 2011 she had 74 descendants 33 Murdoch then began working as a sub editor with the Daily Express for two years 7 Activities in Australia and New Zealand Journalist Sir Keith Murdoch 1885 1952 Rupert Murdoch s father Following his father s death when he was 21 Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of what was left of the family business After liquidation of his father s Herald stake to pay taxes what was left was News Limited which had been established in 1923 23 16 Rupert Murdoch turned its Adelaide newspaper The News its main asset into a major success 30 He began to direct his attention to acquisition and expansion buying the troubled Sunday Times in Perth Western Australia 1956 and over the next few years acquiring suburban and provincial newspapers in New South Wales Queensland Victoria and the Northern Territory including the Sydney afternoon tabloid The Daily Mirror 1960 The Economist describes Murdoch as inventing the modern tabloid 34 as he developed a pattern for his newspapers increasing sports and scandal coverage and adopting eye catching headlines 7 Murdoch s first foray outside Australia involved the purchase of a controlling interest in the New Zealand daily The Dominion In January 1964 while touring New Zealand with friends in a rented Morris Minor after sailing across the Tasman Murdoch read of a takeover bid for the Wellington paper by the British based Canadian newspaper magnate Lord Thomson of Fleet On the spur of the moment he launched a counter bid A four way battle for control ensued in which the 32 year old Murdoch was ultimately successful 35 Later in 1964 Murdoch launched The Australian Australia s first national daily newspaper which was based first in Canberra and later in Sydney 36 In 1972 Murdoch acquired the Sydney morning tabloid The Daily Telegraph from Australian media mogul Sir Frank Packer who later regretted selling it to him 37 In 1984 Murdoch was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia AC for services to publishing 38 After the Keating government relaxed media ownership laws in 1986 Murdoch launched a takeover bid for The Herald and Weekly Times which was the largest newspaper publisher in Australia 39 There was a three way takeover battle between Murdoch Fairfax and Robert Holmes a Court with Murdoch succeeding after agreeing to some divestments In 1999 Murdoch significantly expanded his music holdings in Australia by acquiring the controlling share in a leading Australian independent label Michael Gudinski s Mushroom Records he merged that with Festival Records and the result was Festival Mushroom Records FMR Both Festival and FMR were managed by Murdoch s son James Murdoch for several years 40 Political activities in Australia Murdoch found a political ally in Sir John McEwen leader of the Australian Country Party now known as the National Party of Australia who was governing in coalition with the larger Menzies Holt Gorton Liberal Party From the first issue of The Australian Murdoch began taking McEwen s side in every issue that divided the long serving coalition partners The Australian 15 July 1964 first edition front page Strain in Cabinet Liberal CP row flares It was an issue that threatened to split the coalition government and open the way for the stronger Australian Labor Party to dominate Australian politics It was the beginning of a long campaign that served McEwen well 41 After McEwen and Menzies retired Murdoch threw his growing power behind the Australian Labor Party under the leadership of Gough Whitlam and duly saw it elected 42 on a social platform that included universal free health care free education for all Australians to tertiary level recognition of the People s Republic of China and public ownership of Australia s oil gas and mineral resources Rupert Murdoch s backing of Whitlam turned out to be brief Murdoch had already started his short lived National Star 41 newspaper in America and was seeking to strengthen his political contacts there 43 Asked about the 2007 Australian federal election at News Corporation s annual general meeting in New York on 19 October 2007 its chairman Rupert Murdoch said I am not commenting on anything to do with Australian politics I m sorry I always get into trouble when I do that Pressed as to whether he believed Prime Minister John Howard should continue as prime minister he said I have nothing further to say I m sorry Read our editorials in the papers It ll be the journalists who decide that the editors 44 In 2009 in response to accusations by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd that News Limited was running vendettas against him and his government Murdoch opined that Rudd was oversensitive 45 Murdoch described Howard s successor Labor Party Prime Minister Kevin Rudd as more ambitious to lead the world in tackling climate change than to lead Australia and criticised Rudd s expansionary fiscal policies in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007 2008 as unnecessary 46 Although News Limited s interests are extensive also including the Daily Telegraph the Courier Mail and the Adelaide Advertiser it was suggested by the commentator Mungo MacCallum in The Monthly that the anti Rudd push if coordinated at all was almost certainly locally driven as opposed to being directed by Murdoch who also took a different position from local editors on such matters as climate change and stimulus packages to combat the financial crisis 47 Murdoch is a supporter of an Australian republic having campaigned for such a change during the 1999 referendum 48 Activities in the United KingdomBusiness activities in the United Kingdom Rupert Murdoch World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos in 2007 In 1968 Murdoch entered the British newspaper market with his acquisition of the populist News of the World followed in 1969 with the purchase of the struggling daily The Sun from IPC 49 Murdoch turned The Sun into a tabloid format and reduced costs by using the same printing press for both newspapers On acquiring it he appointed Albert Larry Lamb as editor and Lamb recalled later told him I want a tearaway paper with lots of tits in it In 1997 The Sun attracted 10 million daily readers 7 In 1981 Murdoch acquired the struggling Times and Sunday Times from Canadian newspaper publisher Lord Thomson of Fleet 49 Ownership of The Times came to him through his relationship with Lord Thomson who had grown tired of losing money on it as a result of an extended period of industrial action that stopped publication 50 In the light of success and expansion at The Sun the owners believed that Murdoch could turn the papers around Harold Evans editor of the Sunday Times from 1967 was switched to the daily Times though he stayed only a year amid editorial conflict with Murdoch 51 52 During the 1980s and early 1990s Murdoch s publications were generally supportive of Britain s Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher 53 At the end of the Thatcher Major era Murdoch switched his support to the Labour Party and its leader Tony Blair The closeness of his relationship with Blair and their secret meetings to discuss national policies was to become a political issue in Britain 54 This later changed with The Sun in its English editions publicly renouncing the ruling Labour government and lending its support to David Cameron s Conservative Party which soon afterwards formed a coalition government In Scotland where the Conservatives had suffered a complete annihilation in 1997 the paper began to endorse the Scottish National Party though not yet its flagship policy of independence which soon after came to form the first ever outright majority in the proportionally elected Scottish Parliament Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown s official spokesman said in November 2009 that Brown and Murdoch were in regular communication and that there is nothing unusual in the prime minister talking to Rupert Murdoch 55 In 1986 Murdoch introduced electronic production processes to his newspapers in Australia Britain and the United States The greater degree of automation led to significant reductions in the number of employees involved in the printing process In England the move roused the anger of the print unions resulting in a long and often violent dispute that played out in Wapping one of London s docklands areas where Murdoch had installed the very latest electronic newspaper purpose built publishing facility in an old warehouse 56 The bitter Wapping dispute started with the dismissal of 6 000 employees who had gone on strike and resulted in street battles and demonstrations Many on the political left in Britain alleged the collusion of Margaret Thatcher s Conservative government with Murdoch in the Wapping affair as a way of damaging the British trade union movement 57 58 59 In 1987 the dismissed workers accepted a settlement of 60 million 7 In 1998 Murdoch made an attempt to buy the football club Manchester United F C 60 with an offer of 625 million but this failed It was the largest amount ever offered for a sports club It was blocked by the United Kingdom s Competition Commission which stated that the acquisition would have hurt competition in the broadcast industry and the quality of British football Murdoch s British based satellite network Sky Television incurred massive losses in its early years of operation As with many of his other business interests Sky was heavily subsidised by the profits generated by his other holdings but convinced rival satellite operator British Satellite Broadcasting to accept a merger on his terms in 1990 7 The merged company BSkyB has dominated the British pay TV market ever since pursuing direct to home DTH satellite broadcasting 61 By 1996 BSkyB had more than 3 6 million subscribers triple the number of cable customers in the UK 7 Murdoch has a seat on the Strategic Advisory Board of Genie Oil and Gas having jointly invested with Lord Rothschild in a 5 5 stake in the company which conducted shale gas and oil exploration in Colorado Mongolia Israel and controversially the occupied Golan Heights 62 In response to print media s decline and the increasing influence of online journalism during the 2000s Murdoch proclaimed his support of the micropayments model for obtaining revenue from on line news 63 although this has been criticised by some 64 In January 2018 the CMA blocked Murdoch from taking over the remaining 61 of BSkyB he did not already own over fear of market dominance that could potentialise censorship of the media His bid for BSkyB was later approved by the CMA as long as he sold Sky News to The Walt Disney Company which was already set to acquire 21st Century Fox However it was Comcast who won control of BSkyB in a blind auction ordered by the CMA Murdoch ultimately sold his 39 of BSkyB to Comcast 65 News Corporation has subsidiaries in the Bahamas the Cayman Islands the Channel Islands and the Virgin Islands From 1986 News Corporation s annual tax bill averaged around seven percent of its profits 66 Political activities in United Kingdom In Britain in the 1980s Murdoch formed a close alliance with Conservative prime minister Margaret Thatcher 67 In February 1981 when Murdoch already owner of The Sun and The News of the World sought to buy The Times and The Sunday Times Thatcher s government let his bid pass without referring it to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission which was usual practice at the time 68 69 70 Although contact between the two before this point had been explicitly denied in an official history of The Times documents found in Thatcher s archives in 2012 revealed a secret meeting had taken place a month before in which Murdoch briefed Thatcher on his plans for the paper such as taking on trade unions 68 69 71 The Sun credited itself with helping her successor John Major to win an unexpected election victory in the 1992 general election which had been expected to end in a hung parliament or a narrow win for Labour then led by Neil Kinnock 67 In the general elections of 1997 2001 and 2005 Murdoch s papers were either neutral or supported Labour under Tony Blair citation needed The Labour Party from when Blair became leader in 1994 had moved from the centre left to a more centrist position on many economic issues before 1997 Murdoch identifies himself as a libertarian saying What does libertarian mean As much individual responsibility as possible as little government as possible as few rules as possible But I m not saying it should be taken to the absolute limit 72 In a speech he delivered in New York in 2005 Murdoch claimed that Blair described the BBC coverage of the Hurricane Katrina disaster which was critical of the Bush administration s response as full of hatred of America 73 On 28 June 2006 the BBC reported that Murdoch and News Corporation were considering backing new Conservative leader David Cameron at the next General Election still up to four years away 74 In a later interview in July 2006 when he was asked what he thought of the Conservative leader Murdoch replied Not much 75 In a 2009 blog it was suggested that in the aftermath of the News of the World phone hacking scandal which might yet have Transatlantic implications 76 Murdoch and News Corporation might have decided to back Cameron 77 Despite this there had already been a convergence of interests between the two men over the muting of Britain s communications regulator Ofcom 78 In August 2008 Cameron accepted free flights to hold private talks and attend private parties with Murdoch on his yacht the Rosehearty 79 Cameron declared in the Commons register of interests he accepted a private plane provided by Murdoch s son in law public relations guru Matthew Freud Cameron did not reveal his talks with Murdoch The gift of travel in Freud s Gulfstream IV private jet was valued at around 30 000 Other guests attending the social events included the then EU trade commissioner Lord Mandelson the Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska and co chairman of NBC Universal Ben Silverman The Conservatives did not disclose what was discussed 80 In July 2011 it emerged that Cameron had met key executives of Murdoch s News Corporation a total of 26 times during the 14 months that Cameron had served as Prime Minister up to that point 81 It was also reported that Murdoch had given Cameron a personal guarantee that there would be no risk attached to hiring Andy Coulson the former editor of News of the World as the Conservative Party s communication director in 2007 82 This was in spite of Coulson having resigned as editor over phone hacking by a reporter Cameron chose to take Murdoch s advice despite warnings from Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg Lord Ashdown and The Guardian 83 Coulson resigned his post in 2011 and was later arrested and questioned on allegations of further criminal activity at the News of the World specifically the phone hacking scandal As a result of the subsequent trial Coulson was sentenced to 18 months in jail 84 In June 2016 The Sun supported Vote Leave in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Murdoch called the Brexit result wonderful comparing the decision to withdraw from the EU to a prison break we re out 85 Anthony Hilton economics editor for the Evening Standard but describing a period when he interviewed Murdoch for The Guardian quoted Murdoch as justifying his Euroscepticism with the words When I go into Downing Street they do what I say when I go to Brussels they take no notice 86 Murdoch denied saying this later in a letter to the Guardian 87 88 With some exceptions The Sun has generally been supportive of the government of Conservative Prime Minister Boris Johnson Murdoch and his employees were the media representatives ministers from the Cabinet and Treasury most frequently held meetings during the first two years of Johnson s Government However newspaper circulation in general including among subsidiaries of News International fell sharply in the United Kingdom during the early 21st century leading some commentators to suggest that Rupert Murdoch was not as influential in British political debate by the early 2020s as he had once been 89 90 91 News International phone hacking scandalMain article News International phone hacking scandal In July 2011 Murdoch along with his youngest son James provided testimony before a British parliamentary committee regarding phone hacking In the UK his media empire came under fire as investigators probed reports of 2011 phone hacking 92 On 14 July 2011 the Culture Media and Sport Committee of the House of Commons served a summons on Murdoch his son James and his former CEO Rebekah Brooks to testify before a committee five days later 93 After an initial refusal the Murdochs confirmed they would attend after the committee issued them a summons to Parliament 94 The day before the committee the website of the News Corporation publication The Sun was hacked and a false story was posted on the front page claiming that Murdoch had died 95 Murdoch described the day of the committee the most humble day of my life He argued that since he ran a global business of 53 000 employees and that News of the World was just 1 of this he was not ultimately responsible for what went on at the tabloid He added that he had not considered resigning 96 and that he and the other top executives had been completely unaware of the hacking 97 98 On 15 July Murdoch attended a private meeting in London with the family of Milly Dowler where he personally apologized for the hacking of their murdered daughter s voicemail by a company he owns 99 100 On 16 and 17 July News International published two full page apologies in many of Britain s national newspapers The first apology took the form of a letter signed by Murdoch in which he said sorry for the serious wrongdoing that occurred The second was titled Putting right what s gone wrong and gave more detail about the steps News International was taking to address the public s concerns 100 In the wake of the allegations Murdoch accepted the resignations of Brooks and Les Hinton head of Dow Jones who was chairman of Murdoch s British newspaper division when some of the abuses happened They both deny any knowledge of any wrongdoing under their command 101 On 27 February 2012 the day after the first issue of The Sun on Sunday was published Deputy Assistant Commissioner Sue Akers informed the Leveson Inquiry that police are investigating a network of corrupt officials as part of their inquiries into phone hacking and police corruption She said that evidence suggested a culture of illegal payments at The Sun and that these payments allegedly made by The Sun were authorised at a senior level 102 In testimony on 25 April Murdoch did not deny the quote attributed to him by his former editor of The Sunday Times Harold Evans I give instructions to my editors all round the world why shouldn t I in London 103 104 On 1 May 2012 the Culture Media and Sport Committee issued a report stating that Murdoch was not a fit person to exercise the stewardship of a major international company 105 106 On 3 July 2013 the Exaro website and Channel 4 News broke the story of a secret recording This was recorded by The Sun journalists and in it Murdoch can be heard telling them that the whole investigation was one big fuss over nothing and that he or his successors would take care of any journalists who went to prison 107 He said Why are the police behaving in this way It s the biggest inquiry ever over next to nothing 108 Activities in the United States Murdoch seated center Roy Cohn Reagan Oval Office 1983 Murdoch made his first acquisition in the United States in 1973 when he purchased the San Antonio Express News In 1974 Murdoch moved to New York City to expand into the US market however he retained interests in Australia and Britain Soon afterwards he founded Star a supermarket tabloid and in 1976 he purchased the New York Post 7 On 4 September 1985 Murdoch became a naturalized citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only US citizens were permitted to own US television stations In March 1984 Marvin Davis sold Marc Rich s interest in 20th Century Fox to Murdoch for 250 million due to Rich s trade deals with Iran which were sanctioned by the US at the time Davis later backed out of a deal with Murdoch to purchase John Kluge s Metromedia television stations 109 Rupert Murdoch bought the stations by himself without Marvin Davis and later bought out Davis s remaining stake in Fox for 325 million 109 The six television stations owned by Metromedia formed the nucleus of the Fox Broadcasting Company founded on 9 October 1986 which later had great success with programs including The Simpsons and The X Files 7 In 1986 Murdoch bought Misty Mountain a Wallace Neff designed house on Angelo Drive in Beverly Hills The house was the former residence of Jules C Stein Murdoch sold the house to his son James in 2018 110 In 1987 Murdoch created his global television special the World Music Video Awards a special music ceremony award where winners were chosen by viewers in eight countries 111 In Australia during 1987 he bought The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd the company that his father had once managed Rupert Murdoch s 20th Century Fox bought out the remaining assets of Four Star Television from Ronald Perelman s Compact Video in 1996 112 Most of Four Star Television s library of programs are controlled by 20th Century Fox Television today 113 114 115 After Murdoch s numerous buyouts during the buyout era of the eighties News Corporation had built up financial debts of 7 billion much from Sky TV in the UK despite the many assets that were held by NewsCorp 7 The high levels of debt caused Murdoch to sell many of the American magazine interests he had acquired in the mid 1980s In 1993 Murdoch s Fox Network took exclusive coverage of the National Football Conference NFC of the National Football League NFL from CBS and increased programming to seven days a week 116 In 1995 Fox became the object of scrutiny from the Federal Communications Commission FCC when it was alleged that News Ltd s Australian base made Murdoch s ownership of Fox illegal However the FCC ruled in Murdoch s favour stating that his ownership of Fox was in the best interests of the public That same year Murdoch announced a deal with MCI Communications to develop a major news website and magazine The Weekly Standard Also that year News Corporation launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in partnership with Telstra In 1996 Murdoch decided to enter the cable news market with the Fox News Channel a 24 hour cable news station Ratings studies released in 2009 showed that the network was responsible for nine of the top ten programs in the Cable News category at that time 117 Rupert Murdoch and Ted Turner founder and former owner of CNN are long standing rivals 118 In late 2003 Murdoch acquired a 34 stake in Hughes Electronics the operator of the largest American satellite TV system DirecTV from General Motors for 6 billion USD 38 His Fox movie studio had global hits with Titanic and Avatar 119 In 2004 Murdoch announced that he was moving News Corporation headquarters from Adelaide Australia to the United States Choosing a US domicile was designed to ensure that American fund managers could purchase shares in the company since many were deciding not to buy shares in non US companies 120 News Corporation logo On 20 July 2005 News Corporation bought Intermix Media Inc which held Myspace Imagine Games Network and other social networking themed websites for US 580 million making Murdoch a major player in online media concerns 121 In June 2011 it sold off Myspace for US 35 million 122 On 11 September 2005 News Corporation announced that it would buy IGN Entertainment for 650 million USD 123 In May 2007 Murdoch made a 5 billion offer to purchase Dow Jones amp Company At the time the Bancroft family who had owned Dow Jones amp Company for 105 years and controlled 64 of the shares at the time declined the offer Later the Bancroft family confirmed a willingness to consider a sale Besides Murdoch the Associated Press reported that supermarket magnate Ron Burkle and Internet entrepreneur Brad Greenspan were among the other interested parties 124 In 2007 Murdoch acquired Dow Jones amp Company 125 126 which gave him such publications as The Wall Street Journal Barron s Magazine the Far Eastern Economic Review based in Hong Kong and SmartMoney 127 In June 2014 Murdoch s 21st Century Fox made a bid for Time Warner at 85 per share in stock and cash 80 billion total which Time Warner s board of directors turned down in July Warner s CNN unit would have been sold to ease antitrust issues of the purchase 128 On 5 August 2014 the company announced it had withdrawn its offer for Time Warner and said it would spend 6 billion buying back its own shares over the following 12 months 129 Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox in 2015 but continued to own the company until it was purchased by Disney in 2019 130 131 132 A number of television broadcasting assets were spun off into the Fox Corporation before the acquisition and are still owned by Murdoch This includes Fox News of which Murdoch was acting CEO from 2016 until 2019 following the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment 133 134 Political activities in the United States Murdoch right with President John F Kennedy and Zell Rabin in the Oval Office in 1961 President Ronald Reagan during a meeting with Murdoch in the Oval Office in 1983 McKnight 2010 identifies four characteristics of his media operations free market ideology unified positions on matters of public policy global editorial meetings and opposition to liberal bias in other public media 135 In The New Yorker Ken Auletta writes that Murdoch s support for Edward I Koch while he was running for mayor of New York spilled over onto the news pages of the Post with the paper regularly publishing glowing stories about Koch and sometimes savage accounts of his four primary opponents 136 According to The New York Times Ronald Reagan s campaign team credited Murdoch and the Post for his victory in New York in the 1980 United States presidential election 20 Reagan later waived a prohibition against owning a television station and a newspaper in the same market allowing Murdoch to continue to control The New York Post and The Boston Herald while expanding into television On 8 May 2006 the Financial Times reported that Murdoch would be hosting a fund raiser for Senator Hillary Clinton s D New York Senate re election campaign 137 In a 2008 interview with Walt Mossberg Murdoch was asked whether he had anything to do with the New York Post s endorsement of Barack Obama in the democratic primaries Without hesitating Murdoch replied Yeah He is a rock star It s fantastic I love what he is saying about education I don t think he will win Florida but he will win in Ohio and the election I am anxious to meet him I want to see if he will walk the walk 138 139 In 2010 News Corporation gave US 1 million to the Republican Governors Association and 1 million to the US Chamber of Commerce 140 141 142 Murdoch also served on the board of directors of the libertarian Cato Institute 143 Murdoch is also a supporter of the Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect Intellectual Property Act 144 Murdoch was reported in 2011 as advocating more open immigration policies in western nations generally 145 In the United States Murdoch and chief executives from several major corporations including Hewlett Packard Boeing and Disney joined New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg to form the Partnership for a New American Economy to advocate for immigration reform including a path to legal status for all illegal aliens now in the United States 146 The coalition reflecting Murdoch and Bloomberg s own views also advocates significant increases in legal immigration to the United States as a means of boosting America s sluggish economy and lowering unemployment The Partnership s immigration policy prescriptions are notably similar to those of the Cato Institute and the US Chamber of Commerce both of which Murdoch has supported in the past 147 The Wall Street Journal editorial page has similarly advocated for increased legal immigration in contrast to the staunch anti immigration stance of Murdoch s British newspaper The Sun 148 On 5 September 2010 Murdoch testified before the House Subcommittee on Immigration Citizenship Refugees Border Security and International Law Membership on the Role of Immigration in Strengthening America s Economy In his testimony Murdoch called for ending mass deportations and endorsed a comprehensive immigration reform plan that would include a pathway to citizenship for all illegal immigrants 146 In the 2012 US presidential election Murdoch was critical of the competence of Mitt Romney s team but was nonetheless strongly supportive of a Republican victory tweeting Of course I want him Romney to win save us from socialism etc 149 In October 2015 Murdoch stirred controversy when he praised Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson and referenced President Barack Obama tweeting Ben and Candy Carson terrific What about a real black President who can properly address the racial divide And much else 150 After which he apologized tweeting Apologies No offence meant Personally find both men charming 151 During Donald Trump s term as US President Murdoch showed support for him through the news stories broadcast in his media empire including on Fox News 152 In early 2018 Mohammad bin Salman the crown prince and de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia had an intimate dinner at Murdoch s Bel Air estate in Los Angeles 153 Murdoch is a strong supporter of Israel and its domestic policies 154 In October 2010 the Anti Defamation League in New York City presented Murdoch with its International Leadership Award for his stalwart support of Israel and his commitment to promoting respect and speaking out against anti Semitism 155 156 However in April 2021 in a letter to Lachlan Murdoch its director Jonathan Greenblatt wrote that the ADL would no longer make such an award to his father This was in the immediate context of accusations made by the ADL against Fox News presenter Tucker Carlson and his apparent espousal of the White replacement theory 157 In 2023 during a defamation lawsuit by Dominion Voting Systems against Fox News Murdoch acknowledged that some Fox News commentators were endorsing election fraud claims they knew were false 158 159 Activities in EuropeMurdoch owns a controlling interest in Sky Italia a satellite television provider in Italy 160 Murdoch s business interests in Italy have been a source of contention since they began 160 In 2010 Murdoch won a media dispute with then Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi A judge ruled the then Prime Minister s media arm Mediaset prevented News Corporation s Italian unit Sky Italia from buying advertisements on its television networks 161 Activities in AsiaIn November 1986 News Corporation purchased a 35 stake in the South China Morning Post group for about US 105 million At that time SCMP group was a stock listed company and was owned by HSBC Hutchison Whampoa and Dow Jones amp Company 162 In December 1986 Dow Jones amp Company offered News Corporation to sell about 19 of share it owned of SCMP for US 57 2 million 163 and by 1987 News Corporation completed the full takeover 164 In September 1993 News Corporation have agreed to sell a 34 9 share in SCMP to Robert Kuok s Kerry Media for US 349 million 165 In 1994 News Corporation sold the remaining 15 1 share in SCMP to MUI Group disposing the Hong Kong newspaper 166 better source needed In June 1993 News Corporation attempted to acquire a 22 share in TVB a terrestrial television broadcaster in Hong Kong for about 237 million 167 but Murdoch s company gave up as the Hong Kong government would not relax the regulation regarding foreign ownership of broadcasting companies 168 In 1993 News Corporation acquired Star TV renamed as Star in 2001 a Hong Kong company headed by Richard Li 168 from Hutchison Whampoa for 1 billion Souchou 2000 28 and subsequently set up offices for it throughout Asia The deal enabled News International to broadcast from Hong Kong to India China Japan and over thirty other countries in Asia becoming one of the biggest satellite television networks in the east 7 however the deal did not work out as Murdoch had planned because the Chinese government placed restrictions on it that prevented it from reaching most of China citation needed In 2009 News Corporation reorganised Star a few of these arrangements were that the original company s operations in East Asia Southeast Asia and the Middle East were integrated into Fox International Channels and Star India was spun off but still within News Corporation 169 170 171 Personal lifeResidence In 2003 Murdoch bought Rosehearty an 11 bedroom home on a 5 acre waterfront estate in Centre Island New York 172 In May 2013 he purchased the Moraga Estate an estate vineyard and winery in Bel Air Los Angeles California 173 174 175 In 2019 Murdoch and his new wife Jerry Hall purchased Holmwood an 18th century house and estate in the English village of Binfield Heath some 4 miles 6 4 km north east of Reading 176 In late 2020 during the COVID 19 pandemic it was reported that Murdoch and Hall had been isolating in their Binfield Heath home for much of the year He received his first COVID 19 vaccine in nearby Henley on Thames on 16 December 177 Marriages Murdoch with his third wife Wendi in 2011 In 1956 Murdoch married Patricia Booker a former shop assistant and flight attendant from Melbourne the couple had their only child Prudence in 1958 178 179 They divorced in 1967 180 In 1967 Murdoch married Anna Torv 178 a Scottish born cadet journalist working for his Sydney newspaper The Daily Mirror 180 In January 1998 three months before the announcement of his separation from Anna a Roman Catholic Murdoch was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great KSG a papal honour awarded by Pope John Paul II 181 While Murdoch would often attend Mass with Torv he never converted to Catholicism 182 183 Torv and Murdoch had three children Elisabeth Murdoch born in Sydney Australia on 22 August 1968 Lachlan Murdoch born in London UK on 8 September 1971 and James Murdoch born in London on 13 December 1972 178 179 Murdoch s companies published two novels by his wife Family Business 1988 and Coming to Terms 1991 They divorced in June 1999 Anna Murdoch received a settlement of US 1 2 billion in assets 184 On 25 June 1999 17 days after divorcing his second wife Murdoch then aged 68 married Chinese born Wendi Deng 185 She was 30 a recent Yale School of Management graduate and a newly appointed vice president of his STAR TV Murdoch had two daughters with her Grace born 2001 and Chloe born 2003 Murdoch has six children in all and is grandfather to thirteen grandchildren 186 Near the end of his marriage to Wendi hearsay concerning a link with Chinese intelligence which was later proven to be unfounded became problematic to their relationship 187 188 On 13 June 2013 a News Corporation spokesperson confirmed that Murdoch filed for divorce from Deng in New York City US 189 190 According to the spokesman the marriage had been irretrievably broken for more than six months 191 Murdoch also ended his long standing friendship with Tony Blair after suspecting him of having an affair with Deng while they were still married 192 Jerry Hall Murdoch s fourth wife whom he married in March 2016 photographed in 2009 On 11 January 2016 Murdoch announced his engagement to former model Jerry Hall in a notice in The Times newspaper 193 On 4 March 2016 Murdoch a week short of his 85th birthday and 59 year old Hall were married in London at St Bride s Fleet Street with a reception at Spencer House this was Murdoch s fourth marriage 194 In June 2022 The New York Times reported that Murdoch and Hall were set to divorce citing two anonymous sources 195 196 Hall filed for divorce on 1 July 2022 citing irreconcilable differences 197 the divorce was finalised in August 2022 198 During Saint Patrick s Day celebrations in 2023 199 200 201 Murdoch who is quarter Irish proposed to his partner Ann Lesley Smith The engaged couple first met at an event that they both attended in September 2022 202 Two weeks after the couple were engaged Murdoch has now reportedly called off the engagement The split was reportedly caused by Murdoch s discomfort with Smith s religious views 203 Children Murdoch has six children 204 His eldest child Prudence MacLeod was appointed on 28 January 2011 to the board of Times Newspapers Ltd part of News International which publishes The Times and The Sunday Times 205 Murdoch s elder son Lachlan formerly the Deputy Chief Operating Officer at the News Corporation and publisher of the New York Post was Murdoch s heir apparent before resigning from his executive posts at the global media company at the end of July 2005 204 Lachlan s departure left James Murdoch Chief Executive of the satellite television service British Sky Broadcasting since November 2003 as the only Murdoch son still directly involved with the company s operations though Lachlan has agreed to remain on the News Corporation s board 206 After graduating from Vassar College 207 and marrying classmate Elkin Kwesi Pianim the son of Ghanaian financial and political mogul Kwame Pianim in 1993 207 Murdoch s daughter Elisabeth and her husband purchased a pair of NBC affiliate television stations in California KSBW and KSBY with a 35 million loan provided by her father By quickly re organising and re selling them at a 12 million profit in 1995 Elisabeth emerged as an unexpected rival to her brothers for the eventual leadership of the publishing dynasty But after divorcing Pianim in 1998 and quarrelling publicly with her assigned mentor Sam Chisholm at BSkyB she struck out on her own as a television and film producer in London She has since enjoyed independent success in conjunction with her second husband Matthew Freud the great grandson of Sigmund Freud whom she met in 1997 and married in 2001 207 It is not known how long Murdoch will remain as News Corporation s CEO For a while the American cable television entrepreneur John Malone was the second largest voting shareholder in News Corporation after Murdoch himself potentially undermining the family s control In 2007 the company announced that it would sell certain assets and give cash to Malone s company in exchange for its stock In 2007 the company issued Murdoch s older children voting stock 208 Murdoch has two children with Wendi Deng Grace b New York November 2001 30 and Chloe b New York July 2003 179 180 It was revealed in September 2011 that Tony Blair is Grace s godfather 209 There is reported to be tension between Murdoch and his oldest children over the terms of a trust holding the family s 28 5 stake in News Corporation estimated in 2005 to be worth about 6 1 billion Under the trust his children by Wendi Deng share in the proceeds of the stock but have no voting privileges or control of the stock Voting rights in the stock are divided 50 50 between Murdoch on the one side and his children of his first two marriages Murdoch s voting privileges are not transferable but will expire upon his death and the stock will then be controlled solely by his children from the prior marriages although their half siblings will continue to derive their share of income from it It is Murdoch s stated desire to have his children by Deng given a measure of control over the stock proportional to their financial interest in it which would mean if Murdoch dies while at least one of the children is a minor that Deng would exercise that control It does not appear that he has any strong legal grounds to contest the present arrangement and both ex wife Anna and their three children are said to be strongly resistant to any such change 210 Portrayal on television in film books and musicMurdoch has been portrayed by Barry Humphries in the 1991 mini series Selling Hitler Hugh Laurie in a parody of It s a Wonderful Life in the television show A Bit of Fry amp Laurie Ben Mendelsohn in the film Black and White Paul Elder in The Late Shift Himself on The Simpsons first in Sunday Cruddy Sunday and later in Judge Me Tender 211 Patrick Brammall in the 2 part mini series Power Games Simon McBurney in the 2019 mini series The Loudest Voice Malcolm McDowell in Bombshell Ben Miller in two UK comedy TV series Tracey Ullman s Show and Tracey Breaks the News Murdoch and rival newspaper and publishing magnate Robert Maxwell are thinly fictionalised as Keith Townsend and Richard Armstrong in The Fourth Estate by British novelist and former MP Jeffrey Archer 212 Towards the end of his touring career Eagles drummer and lead singer Don Henley would often dedicate his 1982 hit Dirty Laundry to Rupert Murdoch and Bill O Reilly 213 214 In 1999 the Ted Turner owned TBS channel aired an original sitcom The Chimp Channel This featured an all simian cast and the role of an Australian TV veteran named Harry Waller The character is described as a self made gazillionaire with business interests in all sorts of fields He owns newspapers hotel chains sports franchises and genetic technologies as well as everyone s favourite cable TV channel The Chimp Channel Waller is thought to be a parody of Murdoch a long time rival of Turner 215 In 2004 the movie Outfoxed Rupert Murdoch s War on Journalism included many interviews accusing Fox News of pressuring reporters to report only one side of news stories in order to influence viewers political opinions 216 In 2012 the satirical show Hacks broadcast on the UK s Channel 4 made obvious comparisons with Murdoch using the fictional character Stanhope Feast portrayed by Michael Kitchen as well as other central figures in the phone hacking scandal 217 The 2013 film Anchorman 2 The Legend Continues features an Australian character inspired by Rupert Murdoch who owns a cable news television channel 218 219 In the novel Dunbar by Edward St Aubyn the eponymous lead character is at least partly inspired by Murdoch 220 Murdoch was part of the inspiration for Logan Roy the protagonist of TV show Succession who is portrayed by Brian Cox 221 Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard amp The Lizard Wizard wrote the track Evilest Man about Murdoch for their 2022 album Omnium Gatherum 222 Influence wealth and reputationThis section may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view May 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Murdoch accepting the Hudson Institute s 2015 Global Leadership Award in NovemberAccording to Forbes real time list of world s billionaires Murdoch is the 34th richest person in the US and the 96th richest person in the world with a net worth of US 13 1 billion as of February 2017 223 In 2016 Forbes ranked Rupert Murdoch amp Family as the 35th most powerful person in the world 224 Later in 2019 Rupert Murdoch amp family were ranked 52nd in the Forbes annual list of the world s billionaires 225 In August 2013 Terry Flew Professor of Media and Communications at Queensland University of Technology wrote an article for the Conversation publication in which he investigated a claim by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd that Murdoch owned 70 of Australian newspapers in 2011 Flew s article showed that News Corp Australia owned 23 of the nation s newspapers in 2011 according to the Finkelstein Review of Media and Media Regulation but at the time of the article the corporation s titles accounted for 59 of the sales of all daily newspapers with weekly sales of 17 3 million copies 226 In connection with Murdoch s testimony to the Leveson Inquiry into the ethics of the British press editor of Newsweek International Tunku Varadarajan referred to him as the man whose name is synonymous with unethical newspapers 227 News Corp papers were accused of supporting the campaign of the Australian Liberal government and influencing public opinion during the 2013 federal election Following the announcement of the Liberal Party victory at the polls Murdoch tweeted Aust election public sick of public sector workers and phony welfare scroungers sucking life out of economy Other nations to follow in time 228 In November 2015 former Australian prime minister Tony Abbott said that Murdoch arguably has had more impact on the wider world than any other living Australian 229 In late 2015 The Wall Street Journal journalist John Carreyrou began a series of investigative articles on Theranos the blood testing start up founded by Elizabeth Holmes that questioned its claim to be able to run a wide range of lab tests from a tiny sample of blood from a finger prick 230 231 232 Holmes had turned to Murdoch whose media empire includes Carreyrou s employer The Wall Street Journal to kill the story Murdoch who became the biggest investor in Theranos in 2015 as a result of his 125 million injection refused the request from Holmes saying that he trusted the paper s editors to handle the matter fairly 233 234 In November 2021 Murdoch accused Google and Facebook of stifling conservative viewpoints on its platforms and called for substantial reform and openness in the digital ad supply chain 235 See alsoMurdoch family List of assets owned by 21st Century Fox List of assets owned by News Corp Metropolitan police role in phone hacking scandal Phone hacking scandal reference 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No They say I m a born again Christian and a Catholic convert and so on I m certainly a practising Christian I go to church quite a bit but not every Sunday and I tend to go to Catholic church because my wife is Catholic I have not formally converted And I get increasingly disenchanted with the C of E or Episcopalians as they call themselves here But no I m not intensely religious as I m sometimes described Interviewed in 1992 Nicholas Coleridge Paper Tigers 1993 p 487 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a Missing or empty title help The Dirty Digger s religious odyssey Catholic Herald 18 July 2012 Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 Retrieved 21 November 2013 The Boy Who Wouldn t Be King New York Magazine 19 September 2005 Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 Retrieved 25 April 2010 Hofmeister Sallie 30 July 2005 Murdoch s Heir Apparent Abruptly Resigns His Post Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 Retrieved 20 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Murdoch and Jerry Hall announce engagement The Sydney Morning Herald 12 January 2016 Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 Retrieved 12 January 2016 Rupert Murdoch marries Jerry Hall in London London AFP 4 March 2016 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Pengelly Martin 23 June 2022 Rupert Murdoch and Jerry Hall set to divorce report The Guardian Ellison Sarah Izadi Elahe 22 June 2022 Rupert Murdoch and Jerry Hall to divorce after six years The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 23 June 2022 Bryant Miranda 2 July 2022 Jerry Hall files for divorce from Rupert Murdoch in US court The Guardian Retrieved 2 July 2022 Saad Nardine 11 August 2022 Billionaire Rupert Murdoch Jerry Hall finalize divorce but remain good friends Los Angeles Times Retrieved 18 September 2022 Rupert Murdoch engaged to Ann Lesley Smith 20 March 2023 Retrieved 20 March 2023 Warrington James 20 March 2023 Rupert Murdoch 92 engaged to Ann Lesley Smith following fourth divorce The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 20 March 2023 Helmore Edward 20 March 2023 Rupert Murdoch to marry for fifth time at 92 I knew this would be my last The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 20 March 2023 Grimes Christopher 20 March 2023 Rupert Murdoch engaged to be married for fifth time Financial Times Retrieved 20 March 2023 Oladipo Gloria 4 April 2023 Rupert Murdoch reportedly calls off engagement after two weeks The Guardian Retrieved 5 April 2023 a b Tweedie Neil Holehouse Matthew 16 July 2011 Phone hacking Rupert Murdoch s media empire explodes Daily Telegraph London Greenslade Roy 2 March 2011 Another Murdoch joins the Time The Guardian London Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 Retrieved 24 July 2011 The sadness of Rupert Murdoch The Economist 4 August 2005 Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 Retrieved 19 July 2011 a b c Harris John 13 November 2008 Inside the court of London s golden couple The Guardian UK Archived from the original on 4 November 2016 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Nicolson 1983 Harcourt Alison 2006 European Union Institutions and the Regulation of Media Markets London New York Manchester University Press ISBN 0 7190 6644 1 McKnight David Rupert Murdoch s News Corporation A Media Institution with A Mission Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television Sept 2010 Vol 30 Issue 3 pp 303 316 Munster George 1985 A Paper Prince Ringwood VIC Australia Penguin Books Australia Ltd ISBN 0 670 80503 3 Page Bruce 2003 The Murdoch Archipelago Simon and Schuster UK Shawcross William 1997 Murdoch the making of a media empire New York Simon and Schuster Souchou Yao 2000 House of Glass Culture Modernity and the State in Southeast Asia Bangkok White Lotus Online Lists Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at The Economist Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at The Guardian Rupert Murdoch collected news and commentary at The New York Times Works by or about Rupert Murdoch in libraries WorldCat catalog Murdoch Rupert 1931 resources from Trove at the National Library of Australia Talking About Rupert Murdoch at The Interviews An Oral History of TelevisionIndividual items Profile archived May 2012 at Forbes Arsenault A amp Castells M 2008 Rupert Murdoch and the Global Business of Media Politics International Sociology 23 4 Cooke Richard July 2018 The endless reign of Rupert Murdoch After decades of influence the media mogul isn t so much a person as an epoch essay The Monthly External linksRupert Murdoch at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Rupert Murdoch at IMDb Appearances on C SPAN Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rupert Murdoch amp oldid 1149884139, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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