Walter Mondale

Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. A U.S. senator from Minnesota from 1964 to 1976, he was the Democratic Party's nominee in the 1984 presidential election, but lost to incumbent Ronald Reagan in an Electoral College and popular vote landslide. Reagan won 49 states while Mondale carried his home state of Minnesota and the District of Columbia. His vice presidential nominee, U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro from New York, was the first female vice-presidential nominee of any major party in U.S. history.

Walter Mondale
Official portrait, 1977
42nd Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
President	Jimmy Carter
Preceded by	Nelson Rockefeller
Succeeded by	George H. W. Bush
24th United States Ambassador to Japan
In office September 21, 1993 – December 15, 1996
Nominated by	Bill Clinton
Preceded by	Michael Armacost
Succeeded by	Tom Foley
United States Senator from Minnesota
In office December 30, 1964 – December 30, 1976
Preceded by	Hubert Humphrey
Succeeded by	Wendell Anderson
23rd Attorney General of Minnesota
In office May 4, 1960 – December 30, 1964
Governor	Orville Freeman Elmer Andersen Karl Rolvaag
Preceded by	Miles Lord
Succeeded by	Robert Mattson
Personal details
Born	Walter Frederick Mondale (1928-01-05)January 5, 1928 Ceylon, Minnesota, U.S.
Died	April 19, 2021(2021-04-19) (aged 93) Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Joan Adams ​ ​ (m. 1955; died 2014)​
Children	Ted Eleanor William
Education	Macalester College University of Minnesota (BA, LLB)
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1951–1953
Rank	Corporal
Unit	3rd Armored Division Artillery

Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota, and graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1951 after attending Macalester College. He then served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War before earning a law degree in 1956. He married Joan Adams in 1955. Working as a lawyer in Minneapolis, Mondale was appointed Minnesota Attorney General in 1960 by Governor Orville Freeman and was elected to a full term as attorney general in 1962 with 60% of the vote. He was appointed to the U.S. Senate by Governor Karl Rolvaag upon the resignation of Senator Hubert Humphrey following Humphrey's election as vice president in 1964. Mondale was elected to a full Senate term in 1966 and reelected in 1972, resigning in 1976 as he prepared to succeed to the vice presidency in 1977. While in the Senate, he supported consumer protection, fair housing, tax reform and the desegregation of schools; he served on the Church Committee.^[1]

In 1976, Jimmy Carter, the Democratic presidential nominee, chose Mondale as his vice-presidential running mate. The Carter–Mondale ticket defeated incumbent president Gerald Ford and his running mate Bob Dole. The economy worsened during Carter and Mondale's time in office, and they lost the 1980 election to Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. In 1984, Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned for a nuclear freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment, an increase in taxes, and a reduction of U.S. public debt. Mondale and Ferraro lost the election to the incumbents Reagan and Bush.

After his defeat, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm Dorsey & Whitney and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (1986–1993). President Bill Clinton appointed Mondale U.S. Ambassador to Japan in 1993; he retired from that post in 1996. In 2002, Mondale became the last-minute choice of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party to run for Senate after Democratic Senator Paul Wellstone died in a plane crash less than two weeks before the election. Mondale narrowly lost the race to Saint Paul mayor Norm Coleman. He then returned to working at Dorsey & Whitney and remained active in the Democratic Party. Mondale later took up a part-time teaching position at the University of Minnesota's Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs.^[2]

Early life

Walter Frederick Mondale was born on January 5, 1928, in Ceylon, Minnesota,^[3] to Theodore Sigvaard Mondale, a Methodist minister, and Claribel Hope (née Cowan), a part-time music teacher.^[4][5] Walter's half-brother Lester Mondale became a Unitarian minister.^[6] Mondale also has two brothers, Clarence, known as Pete (1926–2014), and William, known as Mort. His paternal grandparents were Norwegian immigrants, with some distant German ancestry.^[7] Mondale's paternal grandfather Frederik Mundal had emigrated from Norway with his family in 1856, eventually settling in southern Minnesota in 1864.^[8] The surname Mondale derives from that of Mundal, a valley and town in the Fjærland region of Norway.^[9] His mother was born in Iowa, the daughter of an immigrant father, Robert Cowan, who was born in Seaforth, Ontario; she was of Scottish and English descent.^[10]

In his youth, Mondale's family thought the names "Walter" and "Frederick" were too stilted for a boy, so they called him "Fritz", a common German and Scandinavian diminutive form of Friedrich or Frederick.^[11] Due to the Great Depression, Mondale grew up in poverty. His family moved from Ceylon to Heron Lake in 1934, and to Elmore in 1937.^[12] Throughout his youth, Mondale was influenced heavily by his father's religious beliefs, including support for the civil rights movement.^[13] In 1948, his father died of a stroke.^[14] Mondale attended public schools and then Macalester College for two years before transferring to the University of Minnesota, from which he graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1951.^[15]

As Mondale could not afford to attend law school, he enlisted in the United States Army in 1951, shortly after graduating.^[16] He served with the 3rd Armored Division Artillery at Fort Knox, Kentucky, during the Korean War, first as an armored reconnaissance vehicle crewman, and later as an education programs specialist and associate editor of the unit's newsletter, Tanker's Dust.^[16][17] He attained the rank of corporal and was discharged in 1953.^[16] Mondale enrolled at the University of Minnesota Law School, aided by the G.I. Bill, and graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Laws in 1956. In law school, he served on the Minnesota Law Review and as a law clerk for Minnesota Supreme Court Justice Thomas F. Gallagher. In 1955, Mondale married Joan Adams, whom he met on a blind date. He then practiced law in Minneapolis for four years before entering politics.^[18]

Entry into politics

Mondale became involved in national politics in the 1940s. At age 20, he was visible in Minnesota politics by helping organize Hubert Humphrey's successful Senate campaign in 1948. Humphrey's campaign assigned Mondale to cover the staunchly Republican 2nd district. Mondale, who had grown up in the region, was able to win the district for Humphrey by a comfortable margin.^[19]

After working with Humphrey, Mondale went on to work on several campaigns for Orville Freeman. Mondale worked on Freeman's unsuccessful 1952 campaign for the governorship as well as his successful campaign in 1954 and his 1958 reelection campaign.^[20]

In 1960, Freeman appointed Mondale Minnesota Attorney General following the resignation of Miles Lord. At the time he was appointed, Mondale was 32 years old and had been practicing law for four years. He was elected to the post in his own right in 1962.^[21]

External video
"Interview with Walter Mondale" conducted in 1986 for the Eyes on the Prize documentary in which his efforts to effect a compromise at the 1964 Democratic National Convention between the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the official Democratic delegates.

During his tenure as Minnesota Attorney General, the case Gideon v. Wainwright (which ultimately established the right of defendants in state courts to have a lawyer) was being heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. When those opposed to the right to counsel organized a friend of the court brief representing several state attorneys general for that position, Mondale organized a countering friend of the court brief from many more state attorneys general, arguing that defendants must be allowed a lawyer.^[22] He also continued the investigation of former Minneapolis mayor Marvin L. Kline and the mismanagement of the Sister Kenny Foundation.^[23]

At the 1964 Democratic National Convention, Mondale played a major role in the proposed but ultimately unsuccessful compromise by which the national Democratic Party offered the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party two at-large seats.^[24]

Mondale also served as a member of the President's Consumer Advisory Council from 1960 to 1964.^[15]

U.S. Senator

 

Senator Walter F. Mondale

On December 30, 1964, Minnesota Governor Karl Rolvaag appointed Mondale to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy created by Hubert Humphrey's resignation; Humphrey had stepped down after being elected Vice President of the United States. Mondale was elected to the Senate for the first time in 1966, defeating Republican candidate Robert A. Forsythe by a margin of 53.9% to 45.2%.^[25]

In 1972, Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern offered Mondale an opportunity to be his vice-presidential running mate; he declined.^[26] That year, Mondale was re-elected to the Senate with over 57% of the vote,^[27] even as Republican President Richard Nixon carried Minnesota.^[28] He served in the 88th, 89th, 90th, 91st, 92nd, 93rd, and 94th congresses.^[29]

Policies

Mondale worked hard to build up the center of the party on economic and social issues. Unlike his father, a fervent liberal, he was not a crusader for the New Deal. Instead, he realized that the Democratic base (especially ethnic blue-collar workers) was gradually moving to the right, and he worked to keep their support.^[30] Mondale showed little or no interest in foreign policy until about 1974, when he realized that some foreign policy knowledge was necessary if he had loftier aspirations than the Senate. He developed a centrist position, avoiding alignment with either the party's hawks (such as Henry M. Jackson) or its doves (such as McGovern).^[31] Mondale took a liberal position on civil rights, which proved acceptable in Minnesota, a state with "a minuscule black population".^[32] Mondale was a chief sponsor of the federal Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discrimination in housing and created the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity as the primary enforcer of the law.^[33]

During Lyndon Johnson's presidency, Mondale supported the Vietnam War. After Nixon became president in 1969, Mondale began to oppose the war and participated in legislation to restrict Nixon's ability to prolong it. Mondale supported abortion rights.^[34][35]

Committees

Mondale rotated on and off numerous committees, including the Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee; the Finance Committee; the Labor and Public Welfare Committee; the Budget Committee; and the Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee. He also served as chairman of the Select Committee on Equal Education Opportunity and the Intelligence Committee's Domestic Task Force. He additionally served as chairman of the Labor and Public Welfare Committee's subcommittee on Children and Youth and the Senate subcommittee on social security financing.^[36]

In 1975, Mondale served on the Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, chaired by Idaho Senator Frank Church, that investigated alleged abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.^[37]

Documents declassified in 2017 show that the National Security Agency had created a file on Mondale as part of its monitoring of prominent U.S. citizens whose names appeared in Signals intelligence.^[38]

Apollo 1 accident (1967)

In 1967, Mondale served on the Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, then chaired by Clinton P. Anderson, when astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee were killed in a fire on January 27 while testing the Apollo 204 (later renumbered Apollo 1) spacecraft. NASA Administrator James E. Webb secured President Lyndon Johnson's approval for NASA to internally investigate the cause of the accident according to its established procedures, subject to Congressional oversight. NASA's procedure called for Deputy Administrator (and de facto general manager) Robert C. Seamans to appoint and oversee an investigative panel.^[39]

In February, a reporter leaked to Mondale the existence of an internal NASA report issued in 1965 by Apollo program director Samuel C. Phillips, detailing management, cost, delivery, and quality problems of the Apollo prime contractor North American Aviation. In the February 27 hearing, Mondale asked Webb if he knew of such a report. Webb had not yet seen the December 1965 written report, so he responded in the negative. Seamans had passed along to Webb neither the written report nor the briefing presentation made to him in January 1966 by Phillips and Phillips's boss, Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller.^[40]

Both Seamans and Mueller had also been called to testify at this session. Mueller denied the report's existence, though he must have been aware of it, as he had appended his own strongly worded letter to the copy sent to North American Aviation president Lee Atwood.^[41]

Seamans was afraid Mondale might be in possession of a copy (he was not), so he admitted that NASA often reviewed its contractors' performance, with both positive and negative results, but claimed that was nothing extraordinary. Under repeated questioning from Mondale, Webb promised that he would investigate whether the "Phillips Report" existed, and if so, whether a controlled release could be made to Congress. Immediately after the hearing, Webb saw the Phillips report for the first time.^[40]

The controversy spread to both houses of Congress and grew (through the efforts of Mondale's fellow committee member, Republican Margaret Chase Smith to include the second-guessing of NASA's original selection in 1961 of North American as the prime Apollo spacecraft contractor, which Webb became forced to defend). The House NASA oversight committee, which was conducting its own hearings and had picked up on the controversy, was ultimately given a copy of the Phillips report.^[39]

While the committee, as a whole, believed that NASA should have informed Congress of the Phillips review results in 1966, its final report issued on January 30, 1968, concluded (as had NASA's own accident investigation completed on April 5, 1967) that "the findings of the [Phillips] task force had no effect on the accident, did not lead to the accident, and were not related to the accident". Yet Mondale wrote a minority opinion accusing NASA of "evasiveness,... lack of candor, ... patronizing attitude exhibited toward Congress, ... refusal to respond fully and forthrightly to legitimate congressional inquiries, and ... solicitous concern for corporate sensitivities at a time of national tragedy".^[42]

Mondale explained his actions in a 2001 interview: "I think that by forcing a public confrontation about these heretofore secret and deep concerns about the safety and the management of the program, it forced NASA to restructure and reorganize the program in a way that was much safer."^[40]

Vice presidency (1977–1981)

Further information: 1976 United States presidential election and Presidency of Jimmy Carter

 

Carter (left) and Mondale at the 1976 Democratic National Convention

When Jimmy Carter won the Democratic nomination for president in 1976, he chose Mondale as his running mate. Mondale campaigned for the ticket in various states. While campaigning in Toledo, Ohio he said that the country needed a strong president to stop inflation and added that President Gerald Ford did not have the guts to stand up to big businesses.^[43] The ticket was narrowly elected on November 2, 1976, and Mondale was inaugurated as Vice President of the United States on January 20, 1977.

Under Carter, Mondale traveled extensively throughout the nation and the world advocating the administration's foreign policy. His travels also included a visit to the USS Midway (CV-41), which was on station at the time in the Indian Ocean, during the Iran hostage crisis. Mondale was the first vice president to have an office in the White House and established the concept of an "activist Vice President". He began the tradition of weekly lunches with the president, which continues to this day. More importantly, he expanded the vice president's role from figurehead to presidential advisor, full-time participant, and troubleshooter for the administration. Subsequent vice presidents have followed this model.^[44] In 1979, Twin Cities Public Television produced a documentary about his trip to Norway, titled Walter Mondale: There's a Fjord in Your Past, a play on the well-known advertising slogan "There's a Ford in Your Future".^[45][46]

 

Mondale and Carter in January 1979

Mondale cast one tie-breaking vote in the U.S. Senate on November 4, 1977, allowing the Social Security financing bill to be passed.^[47][48]

1980 election

Further information: 1980 United States presidential election

Carter and Mondale were renominated at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, but soundly lost to the Republican ticket of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. That year, Mondale opened the XIII Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York.^[49]

Carter and Mondale were the longest-living post-presidential team in American history. On May 23, 2006, they had been out of office for 9,254 days (25 years, 4 months and 3 days), surpassing the former record established by President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, both of whom died on July 4, 1826. On September 8, 2012, Carter surpassed Herbert Hoover as the president with the longest retirement from office. On April 23, 2014, Mondale surpassed Richard Nixon as the vice president with the longest retirement from office at 12,146 days (33 years, 3 months and 3 days). At the time of his death, Mondale was the oldest living U.S. vice president and Carter was (and remains) the oldest living U.S. president.^[50]

Post-vice presidency (1981–2021)

1984 presidential campaign

Main article: Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign

Further information: 1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 1984 United States presidential election

After losing the 1980 election, Mondale returned briefly to the practice of law at Winston and Strawn, a large Chicago-based law firm, but he intended to return to politics before long.^[51]

Mondale ran for the Democratic Party presidential nomination in the Democratic presidential primaries preceding the 1984 election, and was soon the front-runner. His opposition included Reverend Jesse Jackson and Senator Gary Hart from Colorado. Hart won the New Hampshire primary in March, but Mondale had much of the party leadership behind him. To great effect, Mondale used the Wendy's slogan "Where's the beef?" to describe Hart's policies as lacking depth. Jackson, widely regarded as the first serious African-American candidate for president, held on longer, but Mondale gained the nomination with the majority of delegates.^[52]

 

A Mondale—Ferraro bumper sticker

At the Democratic National Convention, Mondale chose U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro from New York as his running mate, making her the first woman nominated for that position by a major party. Aides later said that Mondale was determined to make a historic choice with his vice presidential candidate, having considered San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein (female and Jewish); Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, an African American; and San Antonio Mayor Henry Cisneros, a Mexican American, as finalists.^[53] Others preferred Senator Lloyd Bentsen because he would appeal to the Deep South, or even nomination rival Gary Hart. Ferraro, as a Catholic, was criticized by some Catholic Church leaders for being pro-choice. Much more controversy erupted over her changing positions about the release of her husband's tax returns, and her own ethics record in the House. Ferraro was on the defensive throughout much of the campaign, largely negating her breakthrough as the first woman on a major national ticket. She was also the first Italian American to reach that level in American politics.^[54]

When Mondale made his acceptance speech at the Democratic Convention, he said: "By the end of my first term, I will reduce the Reagan budget deficit by two‑thirds. Let's tell the truth. It must be done, it must be done. Mr. Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did."^[55] While this was meant to show that Mondale would be honest with voters, it was instead largely interpreted as a campaign pledge to raise taxes to spend on domestic programs, which was unappealing to many voters.^[56]

 

Mondale and Ferraro campaigning in 1984

Mondale ran a liberal campaign, supporting a nuclear freeze and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). He spoke against Reagan's economic policies and in support of reducing federal budget deficits. However, the incumbent was popular, and Mondale's campaign was widely considered ineffective. Mondale was also perceived as supporting the poor at the expense of the middle class. In the first televised debate he performed unexpectedly well, which led many to question Reagan's age and capacity to endure the grueling demands of the presidency (Reagan was the oldest person to serve as president—73 at the time—while Mondale was 56). In the next debate on October 21, 1984, Reagan deflected the issue by quipping, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience."^[57]

Mondale was defeated in a landslide, receiving 37,577,352 votes (40.6% of the popular vote), and winning only the District of Columbia and his home state of Minnesota (even there his margin of victory was fewer than 3,800 votes),^[58] securing only 13 electoral votes to Reagan's 525. The result was the worst electoral college defeat for any Democratic Party candidate in history, and the worst for any major-party candidate since Alf Landon's loss to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936.^[59]

Private citizen and ambassador

 

Official portrait as Ambassador, 1993

Mondale returned to private law practice with Dorsey & Whitney in Minneapolis in 1987. From 1986 to 1993, he chaired the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. During Bill Clinton's presidency, he was United States Ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996, chaired a bipartisan group to study campaign finance reform, and was Clinton's special envoy to Indonesia in 1998.^[9]

Until his appointment as Ambassador to Japan, Mondale was a Distinguished University Fellow in Law and Public Affairs at the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota. In 1990, he established the Mondale Policy Forum at the Humphrey Institute. The forum has brought together leading scholars and policymakers for annual conferences on domestic and international issues.^[60]

Mondale spoke before the U.S. Senate on September 4, 2002, delivering a lecture on his service, with commentary on the transformation of the office of the vice president during the Carter administration, the Senate cloture rule for ending debate, and his view of the future of the Senate. The lecture was a part of a continuing Senate "Leaders Lecture Series" that ran from 1998 to 2002.^[61]

2002 U.S. Senate election and beyond

Main articles: 2002 United States Senate elections and 2002 United States Senate election in Minnesota

In 2002, Democratic Senator Paul Wellstone from Minnesota, who was running for reelection, died in a plane crash 11 days before the November 5 election. Mondale replaced Wellstone on the ballot at the urging of Wellstone's relatives. The Senate seat was the one Mondale had held before resigning to become vice president in 1977.

 

Mondale with Joe Biden in 2015

During his debate with the Republican nominee, former St. Paul Mayor Norm Coleman, Mondale emphasized his experience, while painting Coleman as right-wing partisan in-line with then-president Bush.^[62]

Mondale unexpectedly lost the election, receiving 1,067,246 votes (47.34%) to Coleman's 1,116,697 (49.53%). Upon conceding defeat, Mondale said, "At the end of what will be my last campaign, I want to say to Minnesota, you always treated me well, you always listened to me."^[63]

In 2004, Mondale became co-chairman of the Constitution Project's bipartisan Right to Counsel Committee.^[64] He endorsed Senator Hillary Clinton for president in 2008.^[65] On June 3, 2008, following the final primary contests, Mondale endorsed Senator Barack Obama, who had clinched the nomination the previous evening, and won the presidency.^[66]

Following the presidential election of 2004 and the midterm elections of 2006, Mondale is seen in the documentary Al Franken: God Spoke talking with Al Franken about the possibility of the latter running against Coleman for U.S. Senate in 2008.^[67] In the film, Mondale encourages Franken to run, but cautions him, saying that Coleman's allies and the Republican Party would look for anything they could use against him. Franken ultimately ran and won the 2008 Senate election by 312 votes, with Coleman contesting the election results until June 30, 2009.^[68] Mondale and Senator Amy Klobuchar stood with Franken in the United States Senate chamber when Franken was sworn in on July 7, 2009.^[69]

Mondale then stood again with Senator Klobuchar when Tina Smith was sworn in on January 3, 2018. He endorsed Klobuchar for president in February 2019.^[70]

Family and personal life

 

Joan and Walter Mondale in 1984

Mondale's wife, Joan Mondale, was a national advocate for the arts and was the Honorary Chairman of the Federal Council on the Arts and Humanities during the Carter Administration. On February 3, 2014, she died at a hospice in Minneapolis surrounded by family members.^[71]

The Mondales' eldest son, Ted, is an entrepreneur and the CEO of Nazca Solutions, a technology fulfillment venture. He is also a former Minnesota state senator. In 1998, Ted Mondale unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for Minnesota governor, running as a fiscal moderate who had distanced himself from labor.^[72]

The Mondales' daughter, Eleanor, was a television personality. She also had radio talk shows in Chicago and a long-running program on WCCO (AM) in Minneapolis. She died of brain cancer at her home in Minnesota on September 17, 2011, at the age of 51.^[73]

Their younger son, William Hall Mondale, is a former assistant Attorney General of Minnesota.^[74]

Mondale had a residence near Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis. He was a Presbyterian. He enjoyed fishing, reading Shakespeare and historical accounts, barbecuing, skiing, watching Monty Python, and playing tennis.^[75]

Mondale was the recipient of numerous distinctions. He was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa as an honoris causa initiate at the University of South Carolina in 1981. Mondale also maintained strong ties to the University of Minnesota Law School. In 2002 the school renamed its building Walter F. Mondale Hall. Mondale contributed cameo appearances to the law school's annual T.O.R.T. ("Theater of the Relatively Talentless") productions and allowed his name to be used as the nickname of the school's hockey team: the "Fighting Mondales".^[76]

Mondale had deep connections to his ancestral Norway. Upon entering the Senate in 1964, he took over the seat of vice president Hubert Humphrey, another Norwegian-American. In later years, Mondale served on the executive committee of the Peace Prize Forum, an annual conference co-sponsored by the Norwegian Nobel Institute.^[77] On December 5, 2007, Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs Jonas Gahr Støre announced that Mondale would be named Honorary Consul-General of Norway, representing the Norwegian state in Minnesota.^[78]

In 2015, Mondale was awarded the Public Leadership in Neurology Award from the American Academy of Neurology for raising awareness for brain health, having lost both his wife and daughter to brain diseases.^[79]

Death

Dear Team,
Well my time has come. I am eager to rejoin Joan and Eleanor. Before I Go I wanted to let you know how much you mean to me. Never has a public servant had a better group of people working at their side!
Together we have accomplished so much and I know you will keep up the good fight.
Joe in the White House certainly helps.
I always knew it would be okay if I arrived some place and was greeted by one of you!
My best to all of you!
Fritz

—Mondale's final message to his staff^[80]

Mondale died of natural causes in his sleep at his home in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on April 19, 2021, at the age of 93.^[81][82][83] On the day before his death, he had several phone conversations with Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, and Minnesota governor Tim Walz. Mondale also emailed a final message to his staff, as he and his family had come to the conclusion that "his death was imminent".^[84][85] At the time of his death, Mondale was the oldest living former U.S. vice president.

Carter said in a statement: "Today I mourn the passing of my dear friend Walter Mondale, who I consider the best vice president in our country's history [...] Rosalynn and I join all Americans in giving thanks for his exemplary life, and we extend our deepest condolences to his family."^[86][87] Carter had last seen Mondale in person at the Carter Center in June 2019.^[88]

President Biden paid tribute to Mondale in a public statement, calling him a "dear friend and mentor" who had "defined the vice presidency as a full partnership, and helped provide a model for my service".^[89] On April 20, 2021, Biden ordered all flags at government properties, office buildings and public grounds to be flown at half-staff until that Tuesday evening in honor of Mondale.^[90][91]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, funeral services for Mondale were delayed. Two public services were initially planned for September 2021, one in his home state of Minnesota and the other in Washington D.C.;^[92] both were later postponed.

A memorial service was later held on May 1, 2022, at the Northrop Auditorium on the Minneapolis campus of the University of Minnesota. Attendees included family, friends, state and national leaders, including President Joe Biden.^[93]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Walter Mondale

Records

In the "Walter F. Mondale Papers" at the Minnesota Historical Society, digital content is available for research use. Contents include speech files, handwritten notes, memoranda, annotated briefings, schedules, correspondence, and visual materials. The collection includes senatorial, vice presidential, ambassadorial, political papers and campaign files, and personal papers documenting most aspects of Mondale's 60‑year-long career, including all of his public offices, campaigns, and Democratic Party and other non-official activities.^[94]

The University of Minnesota Law Library's Walter F. Mondale website is devoted to Mondale's senatorial career. Mondale's work is documented in full text access to selected proceedings and debates on the floor of the Senate as recorded in the Congressional Record.^[95]

Books

• Mondale, Walter F. (1975). The Accountability of Power: Toward a Responsible Presidency. New York: D. McKay Company. ISBN 978-0-679-50558-7. OCLC 924994584.
• Mondale, Walter; Hage, Dave (2010). The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-8166-9166-1. OCLC 965579928. Mondale's memoir.

References

1. Church, Frank, et. al. (1975). (Report). United States Department of State. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2014 – via Federation of American Scientists.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. . University of Minnesota Foundation. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
3. "Mondale, Walter Frederick". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
4. . Millercenter.org. Archived from the original on July 4, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
5. "Walter Mondale". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
6. Schafer, Ed (February 18, 1977). "Lester Mondale Treasures Privacy". The News and Courier. Charleston, SC. p. 16-A.
7. "Jimmy Carter". American Experience. PBS. from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
8. Lewis, p. 6
9. Weisman, Steven R. (April 20, 2021). "Walter Mondale, Ex-Vice President and Champion of Liberal Politics, Dies at 93". The New York Times. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
10. . Wargs.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
11. Rosenbaum, David E. (July 16, 1976). "A Hard‐Nosed Dreamer". The New York Times. New York, NY. p. 46 – via TimesMachine.
12. Lewis, p. 11
13. Lewis, p. 12
14. Lewis, p.17
15. "Mondale, Walter Frederick, (1928 – )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
16. Current Biography Yearbook. Bronx, NY: H. W. Wilson Company. 1979. p. 304. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
17. Pilgrim, Eric (April 20, 2021). "Fort Knox alum, former Vice President Walter Mondale dies at age 93". Army.mil. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Office of Public Affairs.
18. Gillon, p. 59
19. "Mondale Future". The Washington Post. January 20, 1977. from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
20. Mondale, Walter (2010). The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics. Simon and Schuster. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4391-7168-4.
21. "Walter F. Mondale Collection". Minnesota Historical Society. from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
22. Burke, Kevin S. (March 22, 2013). "Happy Anniversary, Clarence Gideon". MinnPost. from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
23. Cohn, Victor (1976). Sister Kenny: The Woman Who Challenged the Doctors. University of Minnesota Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-8166-5733-9.
24. Olson, Dan. "The Mondale Lectures: Atlantic City Revisited". Minnesota Public Radio. from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
25. "Minnesota Legislative Manual 1967/1968" (PDF). Minnesota Legislature. (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
26. Lin, Judy (October 7, 2010). "George McGovern: the personal and political toll of mental illness". UCLA Today. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Six colleagues—from Ted Kennedy to Walter Mondale—turned him down for reasons ranging from "My mother just couldn't take it" (Kennedy, referring to Rose Kennedy's grief following the assassinations of her sons John and Robert) to "I'm getting married tomorrow, and I don't know if my marriage will survive a presidential campaign" (Abe Ribicoff).
27. "Walter Mondale, Carter VP who played key role in Israel-Egypt peace, dies at 93". The Times of Israel. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
28. "1972 United States presidential election in Minnesota". Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas. from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
29. "Walter F. Mondale". Congress.gov. from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
30. Gillon, p. 151
31. Gillon, p. 149–51
32. Gillon, p. 68–69, 111
33. "Fair Housing Legislation: Not an Easy Row To Hoe" (PDF). HUD USER. 1999. (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
34. Carlin, David R. (2007). Can a Catholic be a Democrat?. ISBN 978-1-933184-19-7. from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
35. . Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
36. . Time. July 26, 1976. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
37. . University of Kentucky News. September 14, 2006. Archived from the original on March 20, 2008.
38. "National Security Agency Tracking of U.S. Citizens – "Questionable Practices" from 1960s & 1970s". National Security Archive. September 25, 2017. from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
39. Library of Congress, Science and Technology Division (1968). Astronautics and Aeronautics 1967 (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Division – NASA. pp. 25, 53–54, 145–148, 175, 257.
40. "Washington Goes to the Moon (Part 2)". Soundprint. Washington D.C. May 24, 2001. NPR. WAMU 88.5 FM. from the original on September 27, 2020. . Retrieved March 15, 2011.
41. Garber, Steve (February 3, 2003). "NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-1 – Phillips Report". NASA History Office. from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
42. Anderson, Clinton P.; Edward M. Brooke; Charles H. Percy; Walter F. Mondale (January 30, 1968). . Senate Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Senate. No. 956. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014.
43. "Mondale in city, urges election of man to make bold decision". Toledo Blade. September 29, 1976. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
44. Kengor, Paul (2000). Wreath Layer or Policy Player: The Vice President's Role in Foreign Policy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-73-910174-2.
45. Kelter, Bill (2008). Veeps. Top Shelf Productions. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-60309-095-7. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
46. Vick, Karl (June 5, 1979). "'Fjord in Past' sells Mondale's future". Variety. The Minneapolis Star. p. 2C. from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
47. "Senate Favors Wage Ceiling For Social Security Recipients". The Cincinnati Enquirer. November 5, 1977. p. 12. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
48. Cowan, Edward (November 5, 1977). "Mondale Casts Tie‐Breaking Vote as Senate Completes Action on Bill to Raise Social Security Taxes". The New York Times. from the original on April 20, 2021.
49. "Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
50. Crowther, Linnea (April 20, 2021). "Walter Mondale obituary: former vice president dies at 93". Legacy.com. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
51. Taylor, Stuart Jr. (January 31, 1984). "Mondale's Base as Legal Counsel and Candidate". The New York Times. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
52. "United States presidential election of 1984 -–United States government". Britannica. from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
53. Thomas, Evan (July 2, 1984). . Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
54. Martin, Douglas (March 26, 2011). "She Ended the Men's Club of National Politics". The New York Times. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
55. "Mondale's Acceptance Speech, 1984". CNN. from the original on June 6, 2013.
56. Mayer, Jane (April 19, 2021). "Remembering Walter Mondale". The New Yorker. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
57. Mondale, Walter. . PBS Newshour (Interview). Interviewed by Lehrer, Jim. Archived from the original on December 12, 2000. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
58. . Archived from the original on July 11, 2001. Retrieved April 5, 2006.
59. Murse, Tom (January 28, 2019). "The Most Lopsided Presidential Elections in U.S. History: How a Landslide is Measured". ThoughtCo. from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
60. "Humphrey School Mourns Death of Former Vice President Walter Mondale – Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs". University of Minnesota. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
61. "Address by Vice President Walter Mondale, September 4, 2002". United States Senate. from the original on September 26, 2018.
    "Leader's Lecture Series 1998-2002". United States Senate. from the original on September 24, 2018.
62. "Mondale, Coleman spar in Senate debate". CNN. November 4, 2002. from the original on February 23, 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
63. "Mondale Concedes to Coleman". Fox News. Associated Press. from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
64. . Constitution Project. June 22, 2004. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007.
65. (Press release). Friends of Hillary. November 4, 2007. Archived from the original on November 27, 2008.
66. "Mondale says he's backing Obama". St. Paul Pioneer Press. June 3, 2008. from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
67. "Al Franken: God Spoke". IMDb.
68. "Senate recount trial: Judges' ruling is boon to Franken". Star Tribune. from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
69. Kim, Seung Min (July 7, 2009). "Democrat Franken sworn in as Minnesota senator". ABC News. from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
70. Salisbury, Bill (February 6, 2019). . Duluth News Tribune. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
71. "Joan Mondale, wife of former VP Walter, dies at 83". MPR News. December 15, 2011. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
72. "Three famous sons and heir to a fortune battle in governor's race". The Minnesota Daily. Associated Press. from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
73. . Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 18, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
74. "In death, long after loss, Mondale's liberal legacy stands". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Associated Press. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
75. "Biography of Walter F. Mondale". Great Norwegians. from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2005.
76. Helfand, Betsy (February 25, 2014). "Mondales represent law school on ice". Minnesota Daily. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
77. Solholm, Rolleiv. "Walter Mondale Norway's new Consul General in Minneapolis". Norway Post. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
78. "Walter Mondale to be new Consul General in Minneapolis". Government.no. December 5, 2007. from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
79. "Former Vice President Walter Mondale Receives Public Leadership in Neurology Award". American Academy of Neurology. from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
80. Rummler, Orion; Talev, Margaret (April 19, 2021). "Read: Former Vice President Walter Mondale's last message". Axios. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
81. Cole, Devan (April 20, 2021). "Walter 'Fritz' Mondale, former vice president under Jimmy Carter, dead at 93". CNN. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
82. "Walter Mondale, former VP and presidential nominee, dies at 93". ABC News. April 19, 2021. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
83. Linton, Caroline (April 19, 2021). "Walter Mondale, former vice president, has died at age 93". CBS News. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
84. Rummler, Orion; Talev, Margaret (April 20, 2021). "Former Vice President Walter Mondale dies at 93". Axios. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
85. "Walter Mondale spoke with Kamala Harris on the day before he died". Yahoo!. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
86. Suggs, Ernie; O'Shea, Brian (April 20, 2021). "Jimmy Carter on death of Walter Mondale: 'the best vice president'". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
87. Pitofsky, Marina (April 19, 2021). "Jimmy Carter remembers Mondale as 'best vice president in our country's history'". The Hill. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
88. Sullivan, Kevin; Jordan, Mary. "At a retreat, Carter and Mondale talked about the old days, and went after Trump". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
89. Cabrera, Cristina (April 20, 2021). "Biden Pays Tribute To Walter Mondale After Former VP's Death: 'A Dear Friend And Mentor'". Talking Points Memo. from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
90. Reed, Tina (April 20, 2021). "Biden orders flags at half-staff to honor Walter Mondale". Axios. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
91. Castronuovo, Celine (April 20, 2021). "Biden orders flags to be flown at half-staff to honor Mondale". The Hill. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
92. "Memorial Services For Walter Mondale Planned For September". Minneapolis, MN: WCCO-TV. April 23, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
93. Bierschbach, Briana; Nelson, Emma (May 1, 2022). "Leaders, family, friends remember 'Fritz' Mondale". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, MN. from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
94. "Finding Aid: Walter F. Mondale Papers". Minnesota Historical Society. from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
95. "Walter F. Mondale". University of Minnesota. from the original on January 10, 2021.

General sources

• Gillon, Steven M. (1992). The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy. The Contemporary American History Series. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07630-2. OCLC 463795021.
• Lewis, Finlay (1984). Mondale: Portrait of an American Politician. New York: Perennial Library Books. ISBN 978-0060806972. OCLC 473962348.

Further reading

• Andelic, Patrick (2019). Donkey Work: Congressional Democrats in Conservative America, 1974–1994. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2803-2. OCLC 1120132858.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walter Mondale.

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to Walter Mondale.

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Walter Mondale

• United States Congress. "Walter Mondale (id: M000851)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Senate Leaders Lecture Series Address
• Minnesota Public Radio: Coleman, Mondale debate on eve of election (November 4, 2002) – featuring audio of the 2002 debate
• Walter F. Mondale: An Inventory of His Papers, including his Vice Presidential Papers, at the Minnesota Historical Society
• Walter Mondale Oral History, at the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
• List of New York Times articles on Mondale
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Video of the Walter Mondale memorial service, May 1, 2022, from C-SPAN

Legal offices
Preceded by Miles Lord	Attorney General of Minnesota 1960–1964	Succeeded by Robert Mattson
U.S. Senate
Preceded by Hubert Humphrey	U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Minnesota 1964–1976 Served alongside: Eugene McCarthy, Hubert Humphrey	Succeeded by Wendell Anderson
Party political offices
Preceded by Miles Lord	Democratic nominee for Attorney General of Minnesota^[1]^: 518 1960, 1962	Succeeded by Wayne H. Olson
Preceded by Hubert Humphrey	Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Minnesota (Class 2) 1966, 1972	Succeeded by Wendell Anderson
Preceded by Sargent Shriver	Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1976, 1980	Succeeded by Geraldine Ferraro
Preceded by Jimmy Carter	Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1984	Succeeded by Michael Dukakis
Preceded by Paul Wellstone	Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Minnesota (Class 2) 2002	Succeeded by Al Franken
Political offices
Preceded by Nelson Rockefeller	Vice President of the United States 1977–1981	Succeeded by George H. W. Bush
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Michael Armacost	United States Ambassador to Japan 1993–1996	Succeeded by Tom Foley

1. Donovan, Joseph. State of Minnesota Legislative Manual 1963-1964 (PDF). Retrieved December 26, 2022.