Third party and independent candidates for the 2024 United States presidential election

This article lists third party and independent candidates, also jointly known as minor candidates, associated with the 2024 United States presidential election.

Third party and independent candidates for the 2024 United States presidential election

← 2020 2028 →

Early polling for third party candidates in this election cycle has suggested the highest level of support for such a candidate since Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996.^[1] Polls were especially high for Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who withdrew his candidacy in the Democratic Party primaries in October 2023 to run as an independent.^[2]

General election candidates

Candidates with ballot access

See also: Ballot access in the 2024 United States presidential election

The following general election candidates currently have ballot access to fewer than 270 electoral votes, the minimum number required to attain the presidency. Ballot access deadlines vary from state to state.

Party	Presidential nominee	Vice presidential nominee	Campaign	States with ballot access	Ref.
Independent	Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Attorney and activist from California	Nicole Shanahan Attorney and technologist from California	Website Campaign FEC filing^[3]^[4]^[5] Additional party nominations: We the People Party (HI, IA, NC)	Certified for ballot (3 states, 14 electors)^[i]   Petition awaiting certification (8 states, 82 electors)^[ii]   Automatic write-in (7 states, 60 electors)^[iii]   Not on ballot	^[17]^[18]^[19]
Independent	Cornel West Academic and activist from California	Melina Abdullah Academic and activist from California	Website Campaign FEC filing^[20]^[21]^[22] Additional party nominations: Aurora Party (AK) Oregon Progressive Party (OR) United Citizens Party (SC) Unity Party (CO)	Certified for ballot (4 states, 30 electors)^[iv]   Petition awaiting certification (1 state, 6 electors)^[v]   Automatic write-in (8 states, 62 electors)^[vi]   Not on ballot	^[23]^[27]
Party for Socialism and Liberation	Claudia De la Cruz Activist from New York	Karina Garcia Activist from California	Website FEC filing^[28] Additional party nominations: South Carolina Workers Party (SC) Listed as an independent in: ID, UT	Certified for ballot (4 states, 23 electors)^[vii]   Automatic write-in (9 states, 70 electors)^[viii]   Not on ballot	^[30]^[31]
American Solidarity Party	Peter Sonski Local politician from Connecticut	Lauren Onak Teacher from Florida	Website June 13, 2023 FEC filing^[32]	Certified for ballot (2 states, 10 electors)^[ix]   Automatic write-in (9 states, 70 electors)^[x]   Not on ballot	^[34]
Prohibition Party	Michael Wood Businessman and Prohibition National Committee member from California	John Pietrowski Prohibition National Committee member from Ohio	Website July 5, 2023 FEC filing^[35]	Certified for ballot (1 state, 6 electors)^[xi]   Automatic write-in (9 states, 70 electors)^[xii]   Not on ballot	^[37]

Candidates without ballot access

Parties and candidates in this section have not attained ballot lines in any states.

• Socialist Party USA: Bill Stodden (nonprofit executive,^[38] presidential nominee); Stephanie Cholensky (political activist, vice-presidential nominee)^[39][38]
• Socialist Equality Party: Joseph Kishore (SEP national secretary, presidential nominee); Jerry White (journalist, vice-presidential nominee)^[40]
• Socialist Workers Party: Rachele Fruit (presidential nominee); Margaret Trowe (vice-presidential nominee)^[41]
• Transhumanist Party: Tom Ross, (technology and political activist, presidential nominee); Daniel Twedt (nonprofit executive and perennial candidate, vice-presidential nominee)^[42]

Nominating processes

Schedule

Third-party nomination schedule

Date	Party nomination event
May 9, 2023	Prohibition Party presidential nominating convention
June 1, 2023	American Solidarity Party online primary
April 13, 2024	Unity Party nominating convention
April 24, 2024	Constitution Party nominating convention
May 26, 2024	Libertarian National Convention
July 14, 2024	Green National Convention
August 2024	Conservative Party of New York State nominating convention
	Peace and Freedom Party state central committee meeting

Libertarian Party

Main article: 2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries

The Libertarian Party is participating in several non-binding preference primaries in 2024. The party's presidential nominee will be chosen directly by delegates at the 2024 Libertarian National Convention, which is scheduled to be held on Memorial Day weekend from May 24 to 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C.^[43][44]

This section includes declared candidates who have filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission with intent to run under the Libertarian Party and who meet one or more of the following criteria: a) meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines; b) have participated in at least three Libertarian Party-sponsored debates; c) received votes in at least three primary contests; or d) have received non-trivial media coverage as a candidate in this election cycle.

Declared candidates in the 2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries

Name		Born	Experience	Home state	Campaign Announcement date	Contests won	Popular vote	Ref.
Charles Ballay		January 1, 1970 (age 54) New Orleans, Louisiana	Otolaryngologist	Louisiana	August 24, 2023 FEC filing^[45]	1 (CA)	22,100 (57.2%)	^[46]
Joseph Collins Jr.		February 23, 1964 (age 60)	Businessman and broadcaster	California	October 6, 2023 FEC filing^[47]	0	5 (nil%)	^[48]^[49]
Jacob Hornberger		January 28, 1950 (age 74) Laredo, Texas	Founder and President of the Future of Freedom Foundation Independent candidate for U.S. Senate from Virginia in 2002 Candidate for President in 2000 and 2020	Virginia	February 20, 2023 FEC filing^[50]	0	1,839 (4.8%)	^[51]
Lars Mapstead		August 14, 1969 (age 54) Monterey, California	Co-founder of Friend Finder Networks Founder of Fupa Games and Legendary Speed^[52]	California	March 23, 2021 FEC filing^[53]	0	603 (1.6%)	^[54]
Chase Oliver		August 16, 1985 (age 38) Nashville, Tennessee	Nominee for U.S. Senator from Georgia in 2022 Candidate for GA-05 in 2020 Chair of the Atlanta Libertarian Party (2016–2017)	Georgia	April 5, 2023 FEC filing^[55]	5 (IA, IN, AZ, OK, CT)	3,187 (8.2%)	^[56]
Art Olivier		August 24, 1957 (age 66) Lynwood, California	Nominee for U.S. Vice President in 2000 Nominee for Governor of California in 2006 Mayor of Bellflower, California (1998–1999)	California	December 11, 2023 FEC filing^[57]	0	5 (nil%)	^[58]
Michael Rectenwald		January 29, 1959 (age 65) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	Author and Scholar Former New York University professor (2008–2019)	Pennsylvania	August 28, 2023 FEC filing^[59]	2 (MS, AL)	823 (2.1%)	^[51]
Joshua Smith		March 13, 1983 (age 41) Antioch, California	Vice Chair of the Libertarian National Committee (2022–2023)	Iowa	July 24, 2023 FEC filing^[60]	1 (MN)	415 (1.1%)	^[51]
Mike ter Maat		June 20, 1961 (age 62) Portland, Oregon	Economist Former Hallandale Beach, Florida police officer Nominee for FL-20 in 2022	Virginia	April 18, 2022 FEC filing^[61]	1 (PA)	520 (1.3%)	^[54]
Alternate ballot options:
No preference/ None of the above/ Uncommitted		N/A				2 (NC, MA)	6,052 (15.7%)	^[62]

Green Party

Main article: 2024 Green Party presidential primaries

The Green Party is holding a series of presidential primaries through which convention delegates will be awarded to candidates and will nominate the party's presidential ticket at the 2024 Green National Convention,^[63] which is scheduled to take place as a virtual event from July 11 to 14, 2024.^[64]

The individuals listed below are declared candidates who have filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission with intent to run under the Green Party and who meet one or more of the following criteria: a) meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines; b) have participated (or have been invited to participate) in at least two Green Party-sponsored debates or c) have received non-trivial media coverage as a candidate in this election cycle.

Declared major candidates for the 2024 Green Party presidential primaries

Name		Born	Experience	Home state	Campaign Announcement date	Contests won	Delegates	Popular vote	Running mate	Ref.
Candidates with pledged delegates
Jill Stein		May 14, 1950 (age 73) Chicago, Illinois	Nominee for president in 2012 and 2016 Member of the Lexington Town Meeting from the 2nd Precinct Activist	Massachusetts	Campaign November 9, 2023 FEC filing^[65]^[66]	10 (AZ, CA, IL, KS, PA, NY, WA, NV, TX, WV^[c])	116 / 420 210 needed to win	16,099 (99.5%)		^[67]
Jasmine Sherman		August 17, 1985 (age 38) Queens, New York	Executive Director of Greater Charlotte Rise	North Carolina February 18, 2022 FEC filing^[68]^[69]			6 / 420 210 needed to win	57 (0.4%)	Tanda Blubear^[70]	^[71]^[72]
Other candidates formally recognized by GPUS^[73]
Jorge Zavala		unknown	Businessman	California	October 13, 2023 FEC filing^[74]			13 (0.1%)		^[75]^[72]
Alternate ballot options:
None of the above		N/A				0	2 / 420	1 (nil%)

American Independent Party

The American Independent Party held a non-binding presidential preference primary in California on March 5, 2024. James Bradley was the only candidate listed on the ballot and defeated Andrew George Rummel, who was a recognized write-in candidate. ^[76][77]

2024 California American Independent primary^[78]

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			James Bradley	45,565	99.96%
Andrew George Rummel (write-in)	16	0.04%
Total:	45,581	100.0%

Legal Marijuana Now Party

Main article: 2024 Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now presidential primary

The Legal Marijuana Now Party held its first-ever presidential nomination primary in Minnesota on Super Tuesday, March 5. This was the first presidential primary to be held in Minnesota for a third party since 1916.^[79] Krystal Gabel withdrew from the race during Legal Marijuana Now Party's candidate filing discussions. When Gabel asked to be removed from the ballot, after early voting had started on January 19, 2024, the Minnesota Secretary of State's office stated that changes cannot be made to the list of candidates after the list was certified 63 days prior to the election, and Gabel's name remained on ballots.^[80]

Five candidates appeared on the ballot:

• Edward Forchion, activist, and candidate for governor of New Jersey in 2021
• Rudy Reyes, archeologist, and national LMN Party chairperson
• Dennis Schuller, Minnesota LMN Party chairperson; former Richfield, Minnesota, municipal planning commission member (2011–2014)
• Vermin Supreme, performance artist, activist, and perennial candidate from Massachusetts; former Libertarian Party Judicial Committee member (2020–2022) (Also running for the Democratic nomination)^[81]
• Krystal Gabel, activist, and candidate for governor of Nebraska in 2018 (Withdrew January 26, 2024)^[80]

Of Minnesota's three major political parties, all of which included a write in option for their 2024 nominating primaries, only the Legal Marijuana Now party submitted to the Secretary of State a write in name to be counted, singer-songwriter Willie Nelson.^[82]

2024 Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now primary

Candidate	Votes	Percentage	Delegates
				Krystal Gabel (withdrew)	759	28.84%	-
Dennis Schuller	459	17.44%	7
Vermin Supreme	397	15.08%	6
Rudy Reyes	365	13.87%	5
Edward Forchion	168	6.38%	2
Willie Nelson (write-in)	19	0.72%	0
Other write-ins	465	17.67%	-
Total:	2,632	100.00%	20
Source:^[83]

Gabel won a plurality of the vote (28.8%), but withdrew ahead of the primary. Of declared candidates, Dennis Schuller finished in the lead, with 17.4%.^[84]

The party is also ballot-qualified in Nebraska, but no candidates qualified for the May 14 primary.^[85]

Peace and Freedom Party

Main article: 2024 United States presidential election in California § Peace and Freedom primary

The Peace and Freedom Party held a non-binding preference primary in California on Super Tuesday, March 5. Claudia De la Cruz, the nominee of the Party for Socialism and Liberation, won the primary with a plurality, defeating Jasmine Sherman and Cornel West.^[86] The party's presidential nominee will be chosen by the state central committee in August.^[87]

2024 California Peace and Freedom primary^[78]

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Claudia de la Cruz	6,430	47.0%
Cornel West	5,455	39.9%
Jasmine Sherman	1,795	13.1%
Total:	13,680	100.0%

American Solidarity Party

The American Solidarity Party announced on June 2, 2023, that Peter Sonski had won their party's online primary, which lasted from May 24 to June 1. Sonski was nominated in the first round of ranked-choice voting with 52%. Sonski then selected Lauren Onak as his vice president, who was then officially nominated via unanimous consent.

American Solidarity Party presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Peter Sonski	328	52.5%
Jacqueline Abernathy	207	33.1
Joe Schriner	50	8.0
Larry Johnson	24	3.8
Erskine Levi	16	2.6
Total:	625	100.00%
Source:^[88]

American Solidarity Party vice presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Lauren Onak	Nominated via Unanimous Consent
Source:^[89]

Prohibition Party

The Prohibition Party held its presidential nominating convention on May 8–9, 2023, in Buffalo, New York. Three candidates stood for nomination; Michael Wood was nominated on the first ballot.^[90]

Prohibition Party presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Michael Wood	8	61.5%
Zack Kusnir	4	30.8%
Scott Baier	0	0.0%
Jay Rockefeller (write-in)	1	7.7%
Total:	13	100.00%
Source:^[91]

Prohibition Party vice presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			John Petrowski	Nominated via Unanimous Consent
Source:^[91]

Unity Party

The Bill Hammons-led faction of the Unity Party of America nominated Paul Noel Fiorino and Matthew May for president and vice president respectively at the 7th United National Convention over Google Meet on April 6, 2024.^[92] However, the Colorado faction of the party, which has the party's ballot access, met on April 13, 2024 and nominated independent Cornel West.^[93][94]

Unity Party of Colorado Presidential Nomination

Candidate	Percentage
		Cornel West	95%
Paul Noel Fiorino	5%
Total:	100.00%
Source:^[95]

Withdrew before convention:

• Bill Hammons, co-founder and chairman of the Unity Party; nominee for president in 2020^[96]
• Donnie Harold Harris, business owner and write-in candidate for governor of Indiana in 2012^[96]

The party is currently only ballot-approved in Colorado.^[97] In 2020, party co-founder Bill Hammons was on the ballot in three states and received 6,647 votes.^[98]

Constitution Party

The Constitution Party plans to hold its presidential nominating convention on April 24–27, 2024, in Salt Lake City, Utah.^[99][100] The following three declared candidates for the nomination have been invited to participate in an April 6 debate in Dearborn, Michigan:^[101]

• Jim Harvey from Georgia
• Joel Skousen, author and survivalist from Utah
• Randall Terry, author, anti-abortion activist, and Democratic candidate for president in 2012 from Tennessee

•  
  Activist
  Randall Terry
  from Tennessee

The Constitution Party received 60,023 votes in the 2020 election and is presently ballot-qualified in 12 states.^[102]

Alliance Party

The Alliance Party received 88,236 votes for president in 2020.^[98] It is ballot-qualified in South Carolina and Alaska.^[103][104]

Approval Voting Party

The Approval Voting Party received 409 votes for president in 2020.^[98] It is currently only ballot-approved in Colorado.^[97]

Conservative Party of New York

The Conservative Party of New York State has held ballot access in New York since its inception in 1962. In presidential elections, the party typically nominates the Republican nominee through a fusion ticket; its most recent endorsement of Donald Trump in 2020 garnered 296,335 statewide votes on the party ballot line. In February 2024, the party held an executive committee meeting in Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, and announced Trump as its presumptive nominee after a majority of county committees endorsed his campaign. The party is expected to make the nomination official at the August state convention.^[105]

Green Mountain Peace and Justice

The Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party is a regional ballot-qualified party in Vermont which has regularly nominated candidates for president since 1972.^[106] It nominated Gloria La Riva, the PSL nominee, in 2020. She received 166 votes in Vermont.^[98]

Green Party of Alaska

The Green Party of Alaska, which is unaffiliated with the Green Party of the United States is ballot-qualified in Alaska. ^[104] The party nominated Jesse Ventura for President in 2020 and received 2,673 votes.^[107]

The party has hosted a series of debates featuring the following candidates seeking the nomination^[108]:

• Joseph "Afroman" Foreman, rapper and independent candidate for President^{[109][110][111]}
• Brittany Jones, veteran and unaffiliated candidate for President from Oregon^[112]
• Jasmine Sherman, Executive Director of Greater Charlotte Rise and Green Party candidate for President from North Carolina^[113][72]
• Dashaun "Daví" Davis, activist and Green Party candidate for President^[114]
• Emanuel Pastreich, President of the Asia Institute, academic, author, and withdrawn Green Party candidate for President from Massachusetts^[115][38]
• Rollan Roberts, businessman and Republican candidate for President^[116]
• Jay Torres, Republican candidate for President^[117]
• Wayne Pope, veteran and Democratic candidate for President^[118]
• Suzzanna Tanner, independent candidate for President^[119]
• Susan Buchser-Lochocki, voting rights activist and unregistered candidate for President^[120]

United Kansas

The United Kansas Party was established in 2024, and is expected to field a fusion ticket for president and vice president. It is ballot-qualified in Kansas.^[121]

Working Families Party

The Working Families Party currently has ballot access in five states, totaling to 57 electoral votes.^[122] The party practices electoral fusion through nomination of the Democratic nominee in presidential elections; in New York, Joe Biden received 386,613 votes on the Working Families line in 2020. In April 2024, the party urged New York primary voters to leave their ballots blank in the Democratic primary as an extension of the protest vote movement affecting Biden's primary campaign.^[123]

Other parties and independents

As of April 2024,^[update] the following notable individuals are declared presidential candidates that are either running as an independent or seeking the nomination of an unspecified third party, but do not presently have ballot access.

• Shiva Ayyadurai, engineer, entrepreneur, and anti-vaccine activist; candidate for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 2018 and 2020^[124][d]
• Johnny Buss, co-owner of the Los Angeles Lakers^[125][126]
• Joseph "Afroman" Foreman, rapper^{[109][127][128]}
• Taylor Marshall, Catholic podcaster and author^[109][129]
• Robby Wells, former college football coach and perennial candidate^[130][131]

•  
  Engineer, entrepreneur, and activist
  Shiva Ayyadurai
  from Massachusetts
•  
  Rapper
  Afroman
  from Ohio
•  
  Former college football coach
  Robby Wells
  from North Carolina

Potential candidates

As of April 2024,^[update] there has been speculation about the potential candidacy as an independent or with an unspecified third party, for the following notable individuals, within the previous six months.

Independent/unspecified

Publicly expressed interest

• Liz Cheney, U.S. Representative from WY-AL (2017–2023), Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2002–2004, 2005–2009)^[132][133]

Withdrawn candidates

The following notable individual(s) announced and then suspended their campaigns before the election:

• Kanye West, rapper, candidate for president in 2020 (campaign)^[134] (endorsed Trump)

Declined to be candidates

No Labels

Main article: No Labels § 2024 presidential ticket

The following individuals have declined to be candidates for the No Labels unity ticket. On April 4, 2024, the organization announced it would not run a presidential campaign.^[135]

• Andy Beshear, Governor of Kentucky (2019–present), Attorney General of Kentucky (2016–2019) (endorsed Biden)^[136]
• Bill Cassidy, U.S. Senator from Louisiana (2015–present)^[137]
• Chris Christie, former Governor of New Jersey (2010–2018), Republican candidate for president in 2016 and 2024^[138]
• Nikki Haley, former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2017–2018) and Governor of South Carolina (2011–2017) (ran as a Republican)^[139]
• Larry Hogan, former Governor of Maryland (2015–2023)^[140] (endorsed Haley;^[141] running for U.S. Senate)^[142]
• Jon Huntsman Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Russia (2017–2019), U.S. Ambassador to China (2009–2011), Governor of Utah (2005–2009), Republican candidate for president in 2012^[143][144]
• Will Hurd, U.S. Representative from TX-23 (2015–2021) (ran as a Republican; endorsed Haley)^[145]
• Joe Manchin, U.S. Senator from West Virginia (2010–present), Governor of West Virginia (2005–2010), West Virginia Secretary of State (2001–2005)^[146][147]
• William H. McRaven, Commander of the United States Special Operations Command (2011–2014) and Chancellor of the University of Texas System (2015–2018)^[145]
• Pat McCrory, former Governor of North Carolina (2013–2017), Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina (1995–2009), candidate for U.S. Senator from North Carolina in 2022^[143][148]
• David Petraeus, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2011–2012), commander of the International Security Assistance Force (2010–2011), commander of United States Central Command (2008–2010).^[145]
• Dean Phillips, U.S. Representative from MN-03 (2019–present) and CEO of Phillips Distilling Company (2000–2012) (ran as a Democrat; endorsed Biden)^[149][150]
• Condoleezza Rice, United States Secretary of State (2005–2009) and United States National Security Advisor (2001–2005)^[145]
• Mitt Romney, U.S. Senator from Utah (2019–present), Governor of Massachusetts (2003–2007), Republican candidate for president in 2008 and nominee in 2012^[151][152]
• Kyrsten Sinema, U.S. Senator from Arizona (2019–present), U.S. Representative from AZ-09 (2013–2019)^[143][153]
• Chris Sununu, Governor of New Hampshire (2017–present) (initially endorsed Haley and later endorsed Trump)^[154][155]
• Andrew Yang, co-chair of the Forward Party (2022–present), Democratic candidate for president in 2020 and for mayor of New York City in 2021^[156][157] (endorsed Phillips)^[158]

Third party

The following notable individuals have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacies, but have publicly denied interest in running.

• Justin Amash, former United States Representative from MI-03 (2011–2021), member of the Michigan House of Representatives from the 72nd district (2009–2011) (running for U.S. Senate)^[51][159]
• Mark Cuban, investor and entrepreneur^[160] (endorsed Biden)^[161]
• Jamie Dimon, chairman and CEO of JPMorgan Chase^[162]
• Howie Hawkins, co-founder of the Green Party and Green/Socialist nominee for president in 2020^[163][164]
• Dwayne Johnson, actor, businessman and professional wrestler^[165]
• Vivek Ramaswamy, executive chairman of Strive Asset Management (2022–2023) and CEO of Roivant Sciences (2014–2021) (ran as a Republican; endorsed Trump)^[166][167]
• Dave Smith, stand-up comedian, libertarian political commentator, podcaster^[168][169]

Debates and forums

The Muslim Civic Coalition hosted a forum featuring Green Jill Stein and independent Cornel West on February 3 in Oak Brook, Illinois. The organization claimed all presidential candidates were invited to attend.^[170]

The Libertarian Party of California hosted two multiparty debates at their state convention February 24–25. The first night featured Libertarian candidates Michael Rectenwald and Mike ter Maat and independent candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Green candidate Jill Stein was advertised as attending but ultimately did not.^[171] The second night featured Libertarian candidates Charles Ballay, Lars Mapstead, and Jacob Hornberger alongside independent candidate Cornel West.^[172]

Free and Equal hosted a multiparty debate on February 29, 2024, moderated by the foundation's chair, Christina Tobin. Candidates were chosen via a point system style voting through the organization's "block-chain voting app" with an audit process after the fact. Socialism and Liberation nominee Claudia De la Cruz, independent candidates Cornel West and Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Libertarian candidates Chase Oliver and Lars Mapstead, and Green candidates Jill Stein and Jasmine Sherman were invited, although Kennedy and West declined to attend.^[173][174] The two hour debate was broadcast on YouTube, Rumble, and CSPAN among various other platforms. At one point, co-moderator Jason Michael Palmer remarked on the five candidates’ relative agreement on social issues, although the debate became more combative towards the end. ^[175] Jasmine Sherman won the organization’s post-debate ranked choice voting poll.^[176]

Ballot access

Main article: Ballot access in the 2024 United States presidential election

Polling

Main articles: Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election and Statewide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election

2024 hypothetical polling

Hypothetical polling with third party and independent candidates

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Joe Biden	Donald Trump	Nikki Haley	Cornel West	Robert F. Kennedy Jr	Joe Manchin	Jill Stein	Other	Undecided	Margin
ActiVote	March 24–April 10, 2024	1083 (LV)	40.7%	44.0%	–	–	15.3%	–	–	–	–	Trump +3.3%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies	April 6–7, 2024	4000 (RV)	41%	41%	–	–	9%	–	–	–	6%	Even
I&I/Tipp	April 3–5, 2024	1265 (RV)	38%	38%	–	2%	11%	–	1%	2%	9%	Even
Emerson College	April 2–3, 2024	1438 (RV)	42.0%	43.2%	–	0.7%	7.8%	–	0.5%	–	5.8%	Trump +1.2%
Big Village	March 29–31, 2024	1425 (LV)	41.9%	39.7%	–	1.8%	7.8%	–	–	0.6% (I would not vote)	8.1%	Biden +2.2%
Trafalgar	March 29–31, 2024	1092 (LV)	39.8%	43.1%	–	1.7%	11.4%	–	0.8%	–	3.1%	Trump +3.3%
Data For Progress	March 27–29, 2024	1200 (LV)	41%	42%	–	1%	8%	–	1%	–	6%	Trump +1%
NPR/PBS/Marist	March 25–28, 2024	1199 (RV)	43%	41%	–	1%	11%	–	2%	–	1%	Biden +2%
Marquette Law	March 18–28, 2024	614 (LV)	41%	41%	–	4%	13%	–	2%	–	–	Even
HarrisX/Forbes	March 25, 2024	1010 (RV)	37%	40%	–	1%	12%	–	1%	–	8%	Trump +3%
Fox News	March 22–25, 2024	1094 (RV)	38%	43%	–	2%	12%	–	2%	1% (Wouldn't vote)	2%	Trump +5%
Quinnipiac	March 21–25, 2024	1407 (RV)	38%	39%	–	3%	13%	–	4%	1% (Refused)	2%	Trump +1%
Daily Mail/J.L. Partners	March 20–24, 2024	1000 (LV)	39%	43%	–	2%	7%	–	1%	–	8%	Trump +4%
Echelon Insights	March 18–21, 2024	1006 (LV)	40%	43%	–	1%	10%	–	2%	–	4%	Trump +3%
Harvard/Harris X	March 20–21, 2024	2111 (RV)	36%	41%	–	1%	14%	–	2%	–	6%	Trump +5%
McLaughlin & Associates	March 9–14, 2024	1000 (LV)	34%	38%	–	2%	12%	2%	2%	–	9%	Trump +4%
Big Village	March 8–13, 2024	1518 (LV)	39.5%	40.9%	–	1.8%	8.5%	–	–	1.0% (Would not vote)	8.2%	Trump +1.4%
Reuters/Ipsos	March 7–13, 2024	4094 (A)	31%	32%	–	–	16%	–	–	10% (I wouldn't vote)	11%	Trump +1%
USA Today/Suffolk University	March 8–11, 2024	1000 (RV)	38%	40%	–	2%	9%	2% (No Labels candidate)	2%	1% (Libertarian candidate)	5%	Trump +2%
HarrisX	March 8–10, 2024	2017 (RV)	35%	41%	–	1%	12%	–	1%	–	10%	Trump +6%
Emerson College	March 5–6, 2024	1350 (RV)	41.5%	43.2%	–	1.6%	6.0%	–	0.5%	–	7.2%	Trump +1.7%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies	March 2, 2024	1500 (LV)	39%	43%	–	–	9%	–	–	–	7%	Trump +4%
I&I/Tipp	February 28 – March 1, 2024	1246 (RV)	38%	38%	–	2%	9%	–	1%	3%	9%	Even
G Squared Public Strategies/Third Way	February 27 – March 1, 2024	2000 (LV)	36%	36%	8%^[e]	–	13%	–	–	–	7%	Even
Fox News	February 25–28, 2024	1262 (RV)	38%	41%	–	3%	13%	–	2%	<1%	2%	Trump +3%
Fox News	February 25–28, 2024	1262 (RV)	35%	–	28%	5%	24%	–	2%	3%^[f]	2%	Biden +7%
HarrisX	February 24–28, 2024	3021 (RV)	36%	40%	–	2%	11%	–	1%	–	10%	Trump +4%
Wall Street Journal	February 21–28, 2024	1745 (RV)	35%	40%	–	2%	9%	–	1%	1% (Lars Mapstead)	12%	Trump +5%
HarrisX	February 20–23, 2024	3010 (RV)	40%	42%	–	2%	12%	–	1%	–	11%	Trump +2%
Harvard/HarrisX	February 21–22, 2024	2022 (RV)	33%	42%	–	1%	14%	–	1%	–	8%	Trump +9%
Quinnipiac	February 15–19, 2024	1421 (RV)	38%	37%	–	3%	15%	–	3%	1% (Wouldn't vote)	2%	Biden +1%
Quinnipiac	February 15–19, 2024	1421 (RV)	35%	–	27%	5%	24%	–	3%	4%^[g]	2%	Biden +8%
	February 16, 2024	Manchin announces he won't run for president
Emerson College	February 13–14, 2024	1225 (RV)	37.9%	40.2%	–	1.4%	6.7%	–	1.3%	–	12.5%	Trump +2.3%
Echelon Insights	February 12–14, 2024	1015 (LV)	37%	42%	–	2%	8%	2%	2%	–	6%	Trump +5%
Redfield & Wilton	February 10, 2024	??? (LV)	41%	42%	–	–	8%	–	–	3%	6%	Trump +1%
Marquette Law	February 5–15, 2024	628 (LV)	40%	43%	–	1%	14%	–	1%	<1%	–	Trump +3%
Atlas Intel	February 2–7, 2024	1637 (RV)	42.3%	43.9%	–	0.1%	5.2%	–	–	5.2%^[h]	4.7%	Trump +1.6%
Atlas Intel	February 2–7, 2024	1637 (RV)	41%	–	23%	0.5%	11.4%	–	–	13.9%^[h]	10.2%	Biden +18%
Atlas Intel	February 2–7, 2024	1637 (RV)	41.6% (Michelle Obama)	39%	–	0%	5.1%	–	–	4%^[h]	10.3%	Obama +2.6%
Survey USA	January 31 – February 2, 2024	1500 (RV)	40%	45%	13%	–	–	–	–	–	3%	Trump +5%
Survey USA	January 31 – February 2, 2024	1500 (RV)	36%	43%	11%	–	9%	–	–	–	2%	Trump +7%
Survey USA	January 31 – February 2, 2024	1500 (RV)	36%	41%	10%	1%	10%	–	–	–	2%	Trump +5%
I&I/Tipp	January 31 – February 2, 2024	1266 (RV)	34%	40%	–	2%	8%	1%	3%	3%^[i]	10%	Trump +6%
YouGov/UMass	January 25–30, 2024	989 (LV)	39%	43%	–	–	9%	–	–	4%	4%	Trump +4%
McLaughlin & Associates	January 25–31, 2024	1000 (LV)	34%	39%	–	2%	9%	2%	2%	–	12%	Trump +5%
Emerson College	January 26–29, 2024	1260 (RV)	36.9%	41.7%	11.8%	–	–	–	–	–	9.6%	Trump +4.8%
Emerson College	January 26–29, 2024	1260 (RV)	39.2%	41.4%	–	0.8%	4.9%	–	0.8%	–	13%	Trump +2.2%
Quinnipiac	January 25–29, 2024	1650 (RV)	39%	37%	–	3%	14%	2%	–	2%^[j]	3%	Biden +2%
Quinnipiac	January 25–29, 2024	1650 (RV)	36%	–	29%	3%	21%	2%	–	5%^[k]	3%	Biden +7%
Reuters/Ipsos	January 22–24, 2024	1250 (RV)	30%	36%	–	–	8%	–	–	12%^[l]	13%	Trump +6%
Harvard/HarrisX	January 17–18, 2024	2346 (RV)	31%	42%	–	2%	15%	–	2%	–	8%	Trump +11%
Echelon Insights	January 16–18, 2024	1029 (LV)	35%	41%	–	2%	11%	2%	3%	–	6%	Trump +6%
Messenger/Harris X	January 16–17, 2024	1045 (RV)	37%	40%	–	2%	11%	–	1%	–	9%	Trump +3%
Cygnal	January 11–12, 2024	2000 (LV)	41.4%	41.5%	–	–	10.2%	–	–	–	6.9%	Trump +.1%
Reuters/Ipsos	January 3–9, 2024	4677 (A)	29%	30%	–	–	18%	–	–	11% (I wouldn't vote)	13%	Trump +1%
I&I/Tipp	January 3–5, 2024	1247 (RV)	34%	37%	–	2%	8%	1%	1%	5%^[m]	11%	Trump +3%

2023 hypothetical polling

Hypothetical polling with third party and independent candidates

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Joe Biden	Donald Trump	Cornel West	Robert F. Kennedy Jr	Joe Manchin	Jill Stein	Other	Undecided	Margin
USA Today/Suffolk University	December 26–29, 2023	1000 (LV)	33.9%	37.2%	2.4%	9.5%	1.3%	–	3.9%^[n]	11.1%	Trump +3.3%
Daily Mail/J.L. Partners	December 15–20, 2023	984 (LV)	36%	40%	1%	4%	–	0%	8%	10%	Trump +4%
McLaughlin & Associates	December 13–19, 2023	1000 (LV)	34%	36%	2%	10%	3%	2%	–	13%	Trump +2%
Quinnipiac	December 14–18, 2023	1647 (RV)	36%	38%	3%	16%	–	3%	2%^[o]	3%	Trump +2%
Echelon Insights	December 12–16, 2023	1012 (LV)	36%	41%	1%	9%	–	1%	4% (Mark Cuban)	8%	Trump +5%
Harvard/Harris	December 13–14, 2023	2034 (RV)	33%	41%	2%	15%	–	2%	–	7%	Trump +8%
Fox News	December 10–13, 2023	1007 (RV)	37%	41%	2%	14%	–	3%	2%^[p]	2%	Trump +4%
Redfield & Wilton	December 8, 2023	1135 (LV)	38%	43%	–	9%	–	–	3%	7%	Trump +5%
Rasmussen	December 6–10, 2023	892 (LV)	32%	40%	–	16%	–	–	6%	6%	Trump +8%
Reuters/Ipsos	December 5–11, 2023	4411 (A)	31%	36%	–	16%	–	–	7% (I wouldn't vote)	10%	Trump +5%
Cygnal	December 5–7, 2023	2000 (LV)	41.9%	42.7%	–	9.3%	–	–	–	6.1%	Trump +0.8%
Cygnal	December 5–7, 2023	2000 (LV)	41.3%	41.0%	–	8.0%	3.3%	–	–	6.4%	Biden +0.3%
Emerson College	December 4–6, 2023	1000 (RV)	36.7%	43.4%	0.7%	6.5%	–	1.1%	–	11.5%	Trump +6.7%
CNN/SSRS	November 29 – December 6, 2023	1197 (RV)	31%	39%	6%	20%	–	–	2%^[q]	2%	Trump +8.0%
Wall Street Journal	November 29 – December 4, 2023	1500 (RV)	31%	37%	3%	8%	3%	2%	1% (Lars Mapstead)	14%	Trump +6.0%
Big Village	November 27 – December 3, 2023	2219 (LV)	36.3%	41.8%	2.8%	11.7%	–	–	1.4% (I would not vote)	5.9%	Trump +5.5%
I&I/Tipp	November 29 – December 1, 2023	1301 (RV)	33%	38%	2%	11%	–	2%	4%	10%	Trump +5.0%
Messenger/HarrisX	November 22–28, 2023	4003 (RV)	33%	41%	2%	13%	–	–	–	11%	Trump +8.0%
Emerson College	November 17–20, 2023	1475 (RV)	36%	42%	1%	7%	–	1%	–	13%	Trump +6.0%
McLaughlin & Associates	November 16–20, 2023	1000 (LV)	32%	36%	4%	12%	3%	2%	–	12%	Trump +4.0%
Messenger/HarrisX	November 15–19, 2023	3017 (RV)	33%	40%	2%	14%	–	–	–	11%	Trump +7.0%
Harvard/HarrisX	November 15–16, 2023	2851 (RV)	33%	41%	2%	16%	–	2%	–	6%	Trump +8.0%
Reuters/Ipsos	November 13–14, 2023	1006 (A)	30%	32%	–	20%	–	–	8% (I wouldn't vote)	10%	Trump +2.0%
Fox News	November 10–13, 2023	1001 (RV)	35%	40%	–	13%	5%	4%	–	2%	Trump +5.0%
Fox News	November 10–13, 2023	1001 (RV)	35%	41%	3%	15%	–	3%	2%^[r]	2%	Trump +6.0%
Quinnipiac	November 9–13, 2023	1574 (RV)	35%	38%	3%	17%	–	3%	1% (Wouldn't vote)	2%	Trump +3.0%
	November 9, 2023	Stein declares her Green Party candidacy
Rasmussen	November 8–12, 2023	987 (LV)	39%	38%	–	12%	–	–	–	11%	Biden +1.0%
Democracy Corps	November 5–11, 2023	500 (RV)	37%	45%	0%	9%	3% (Manchin-Hogan)	–	5%^[s]	–	Trump +8.0%
Big Village	October 30 – November 5, 2023	1497 (LV)	37.1%	40.1%	1.7%	12.4%	–	–	1.4%	7.3%	Trump +3%
New York Times/Siena	October 22 – November 3, 2023	3662 (LV)^[t]	34%	36%	–	22%	–	–	1%	5%	Trump +2%
I&I/TIPP	November 1–3, 2023	1242 (RV)	39%	37%	2%	9%	–	–	4%	8%	Biden +2%
CNN/SSRS	October 27 – November 2, 2023	1271 (RV)	35%	41%	4%	16%	–	–	2%	1%	Trump +6%
Cygnal	October 30 – November 1, 2023	2000 (LV)	40.4%	39.4%	–	11.9%	–	–	–	8.2%	Biden +1%
	October 30 – November 1, 2023	2021 (RV)	36%	41%	2%	11%	–	–	–	10%	Trump +5%
American Pulse	October 27–30, 2023	568 (LV)	38.9%	39.3%	–	11.3%	–	–	2.6%	7.9%	Trump +.4%
Quinnipiac	October 26–30, 2023	1610 (RV)	36%	35%	6%	19%	–	–	2%	2%	Biden +1%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies	October 29, 2023	1183 (LV)	38%	40%	–	10%	–	–	3%^[u]	10%	Trump +2%
Echelon Insights	October 23–26, 2023	1029 (LV)	35%	38%	1%	12%	–	–	8% (No Labels party candidate)	7%	Trump +3%
McLaughlin & Associates	October 22–26, 2023	1000 (LV)	35%	38%	2%	12%	–	–	–	13%	Trump +3%
Abacus Data	October 24–25, 2023	1500 (RV)	39%	39%	–	8%	–	–	5%	10%	Even
SP&R	October 17–23, 2023	1000 (A)	47%	40%	–	6%	–	–	3%	4%	Biden +7%
	October 16–23, 2023	3029 (RV)	35%	38%	2%	12%	–	–	–	12%	Trump +3%
USA Today/Suffolk	October 17–20, 2023	1000 (RV)	37%	36%	4%	13%	–	–	–	8%	Biden +1%
Harvard/HarrisX	October 18–19, 2023	2116 (RV)	31%	39%	3%	18%	–	–	–	9%	Trump +8%
LPTAD	October 16–19, 2023	1000 (LV)	35%	35%	3%	13%	–	–	–	12%	Even
YouGov/Yahoo	October 12–16, 2023	1122 (RV)	40%	39%	–	9%	–	–	2%	9%	Biden +1%
Zogby Analytics	October 13–15, 2023	869 (LV)	41.2%	42.6%	3.7%	12.5%	–	–	–	–	Trump +1.4%
MNA	October 11–17, 2023	3318 (LV)	36.9%	37.9%	–	14.2%	–	–	8.6%	2.4%	Trump +1%
NPR/PBS/Marist	October 10–11, 2023	1218 (RV)	44%	37%	–	16%	–	–	–	3%	Biden +7%
	October 9, 2023	Kennedy declares his Independent candidacy
Fox News	October 6–9, 2023	1007 (RV)	41%	41%	–	16%	–	–	2%^[v]	1%	Even
Fox News	October 6–9, 2023	1007 (RV)	43%	45%	9%	–	–	–	2%^[w]	2%	Trump +2%
Cygnal	October 3–5, 2023	3000 (LV)	38.8%	39.6%	–	12.3%	–	–	–	9.3%	Trump +0.8%
Reuters/Ipsos	October 3–4, 2023	1005 (A)	31%	33%	–	14%	–	–	9%	13%	Trump +2%
Echelon Insights	September 25–28, 2023	1011 (LV)	36%	40%	–	14%	–	–	–	10%	Trump +4%
John Zogby Strategies	September 23–24, 2023	1008 (LV)	38%	38%	–	19%	–	–	5%	–	Even
Mclaughlin & Associates	September 22–26, 2023	1000 (LV)	36%	40%	4%	–	6%	–	–	14%	Trump +4%
Mclaughlin & Associates	September 22–26, 2023	1000 (LV)	38%	43%	6%	–	–	–	–	13%	Trump +5%
Gravis	September 19–20, 2023	1262 (LV)	40%	41%	2%	–	–	–	4% (Lars Mapstead)	13% (Other or undecided)	Trump +1%
Emerson College	September 17–18, 2023	1125 (RV)	42%	43%	4%	–	–	–	–	11%	Trump +1%
YouGov	September 7–18, 2023	3098 (RV)	45%	43%	–	–	2%	–	5%^[x]	5%	Biden +2%
PRRI	August 25–30, 2023	2525 (RV)	41%	37%	5%	–	10%	–	–	6%	Biden +4%
PRRI	August 25–30, 2023	2525 (RV)	38%	43%	4%	–	–	–	10% (Larry Hogan)	7%	Trump +5%
Wall Street Journal	August 24–30, 2023	1500 (RV)	39%	40%	2%	–	–	–	1% (Lars Mapstead)	17%	Trump +1%
Emerson College	August 25–26, 2023	1000 (RV)	39%	44%	4%	–	–	–	–	13%	Trump +5%
Mclaughlin & Associates	August 15–23, 2023	1000 (LV)	41%	42%	6%	–	–	–	–	11%	Trump +1%
Mclaughlin & Associates	August 15–23, 2023	1000 (LV)	38%	39%	5%	–	7%	–	–	12%	Trump +1%
Emerson College	August 16–17, 2023	1000 (RV)	41%	42%	5%	–	–	–	–	13%	Trump +1%
McLaughlin & Associates	July 19–24, 2023	1000 (LV)	38%	40%	6%	–	5%	–	–	12%	Trump +2%
McLaughlin & Associates	July 19–24, 2023	1000 (LV)	40%	42%	5%	–	–	–	–	13%	Trump +2%
Reuters/Ipsos	July 11–17, 2023	4414 (A)	31%	31%	–	18%	–	–	9%	10%	Even
Echelon Insights	June 26–29, 2023	1020 (LV)	42%	43%	4%	–	–	–	–	11%	Trump +1%
Emerson College	June 19–20, 2023	1015 (RV)	40%	41%	6%	–	–	–	7%	6%	Trump +1%
	June 14, 2023	West declares his candidacy
Data For Progress	May 25 – June 5, 2023	1625 (LV)	44%	44%	–	–	–	–	6% (Larry Hogan)	7%	Even
Echelon Insights	May 22–25, 2023	1035 (LV)	41%	42%	–	–	9%	–	–	8%	Trump +1%
RMG Research	May 22–24, 2023	1000 (RV)	35%	37%	–	–	12%	–	4%	12%	Trump +2%

See also

• 2024 Republican Party presidential candidates
• 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates
• 2024 United States presidential election
• Timeline of the 2024 United States presidential election

Notes

1. Objected to by Democratic Party
2. Petition pending approval from the state.
3. Jill Stein is the only candidate on the ballot for the West Virginia primary, which does not allow for write-ins in primary elections, thus Stein is the presumed winner of the West Virginia primary.
4. Ayyadurai is not eligible to serve as president as he is not a natural-born citizen.
5. Listed as Haley and Phillips
6. Includes
   • 2% for "wouldn't vote"
   • 1% for other
7. Includes:
   • 2% for "wouldn't vote"
   • 1% for "someone else"
   • 1% for "refused"
8. For "blank or null vote/won't vote
9. Includes:
   • 2% for "other"
   • 1% for Lars Mapstead
10. Includes:
    • "Wouldn't vote" at 1%
    • "Refused" at 1%
11. Includes:
    • "Wouldn't vote" at 3%
    • "Someone else" at 1%
    • "Refused" at 1%
12. Includes:
    • "I wouldn't vote" at 10%
    • "Dean Phillips (independent)" at 2%
13. Includes:
    • "Other" at 4%
    • Lars Mapstead at 1%
14. Includes:
    • "Lars Mapstead" at 2.3%
    • "No-Labels candidate" at 1.6%
15. Includes:
    • "Wouldn't vote" at 1%
    • "Someone else" at 1%
16. Includes:
    • 1% for "wouldn't vote"
    • 1% for "other"
17. Includes:
    • "Other" at 1%
    • "Do not plan to vote" at 1%
18. Includes:
    • "Wouldn't vote" at 1%
    • "Other" at 1%
19. Includes:
    • "Other" at 2%
    • "Chase Oliver" at 2%
    • "Green Party Candidate" at 1%
20. Only included voters from the "battleground" states of Arizona, Georgia, Michigan Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin
21. Includes:
    • "Other (Libertarian)" at 1%
    • "Other (Another Third Party/Write-In)" at 1%
    • "Won't vote" at 1%
22. Includes:
    • "Other" at 1%
    • "Wouldn't Vote" at 1%
23. Includes:
    • "Other" at 1%
    • "Wouldn't Vote" at 1%
24. Includes:
    • "Another Candidate" at 3%
    • "I would not vote" at 2%

Ballot access

1. Kennedy on ballot states:
   • Hawaii (4)^[6][7][a]
   • Utah (6)^[8][9]
   • New Hampshire (4)^[10]
2. Kennedy on ballot states:
   • Arizona (11)^[b][11]
   • Georgia (16)^[b][11]
   • Idaho (4)^[12]
   • Iowa (6)^[13]
   • Michigan (15)^[b][14]
   • Nebraska (5)^[15]
   • North Carolina (16)^[16]
   • South Carolina (9)^[b][14]
3. Automatic write-in states:
   • Alabama (9)
   • New Jersey (14)
   • Oregon (8)
   • Pennsylvania (19)
   • Rhode Island (4)
   • Vermont (3)
   • Wyoming (3)
4. Cornel West on ballot states:
   • Alaska (3, as Aurora Party)^[23]<
   • Colorado (10, as Unity Party)^[24]
   • Oregon (8, as Progressive Party)^[25]
   • South Carolina (9, as United Citizens Party)^[26]
5. West on ballot states:
   • Utah (6)
6. write-in states:
   • Alabama (9)
   • Iowa (6)
   • New Hampshire (4)
   • New Jersey (14)
   • Pennsylvania (19)
   • Rhode Island (4)
   • Vermont (3)
   • Wyoming (3)
7. De la Cruz on ballot states:
   • Hawaii (4)^[6]
   • Idaho (4)
   • South Carolina (9, as South Carolina Workers Party)
   • Utah (6)^[29]
8. write-in states:
   • Alabama (9)
   • Iowa (6)
   • New Hampshire (4)
   • New Jersey (14)
   • Oregon (8)
   • Pennsylvania (19)
   • Rhode Island (4)
   • Vermont (3)
   • Wyoming (3)
9. American Solidarity Party on ballot states:
   • Arkansas (6)^[33]
   • Hawaii (4)
10. American Solidarity Party write-in states:
    • Alabama (9)
    • Iowa (6)
    • New Hampshire (4)
    • New Jersey (14)
    • Oregon (8)
    • Pennsylvania (19)
    • Rhode Island (4)
    • Vermont (3)
    • Wyoming (3)
11. Prohibition Party on ballot states:
    • Arkansas (6)^[36]
12. Prohibition Party write-in states:
    • Alabama (9)
    • Iowa (6)
    • New Hampshire (4)
    • New Jersey (14)
    • Oregon (8)
    • Pennsylvania (19)
    • Rhode Island (4)
    • Vermont (3)
    • Wyoming (3)

External links

• View all third party and independent candidates filed with the Federal Election Commission

References

1. Blake, Aaron (October 27, 2023). "Third-party candidates see some of their best polls since Ross Perot". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
2. Aleem, Zeeshan (November 3, 2023). "What Robert Kennedy Jr.'s shocking poll numbers say about 2024". MSNBC. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
3. "Statement of Candidacy" (PDF). docquery.fec.gov. April 5, 2023. (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
4. "Statement of Candidacy" (PDF). docquery.fec.gov. April 6, 2023. (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
5. "Statement of Candidacy" (PDF). docquery.fec.gov. October 17, 2023. (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
6. "Green Party, We The People Party & Party for Socialism and Liberation Make the 2024 Ballot in Hawaii". Ballot Access News. February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
7. "RFK, Jr. is Officially on the Ballot in Hawaii". Ballot Access News. February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
8. Winger, Richard (December 27, 2023). "Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Petition is Valid in Utah". Ballot Access News. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
9. Schoenbaum, Hannah (January 3, 2024). "Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files as presidential candidate in Utah, the first state to grant him access". Associated Press. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
10. Winger, Richard (April 1, 2024). "March 2024 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
11. "PAC that Supports Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Says it has Finished Petitioning for Him in Arizona and Georgia". Ballot Access News. February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
12. "Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Campaign Finishes Idaho Petition". April 4, 2024.
13. "Robert F. Kennedy Jr. makes pitch for president in Iowa".
14. "Ballot Access". American Values 2024.
15. "Kennedy Collects Needed Signatures to Gain Ballot Access in Nebraska". Kennedy24.
16. Trudo, Hanna (April 1, 2024). "RFK Jr. has qualified for ballot in North Carolina, campaign says". The Hill. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
17. Kelly Garrity (April 5, 2023). "Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024". Politico. from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
18. Gibson, Brittany; Zhang, Andrew (October 9, 2023). "RFK Jr. announces he will run as an independent candidate". Politico. from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
19. Trudo, Hanna (March 26, 2024). "RFK Jr. announces Nicole Shanahan as VP pick". The Hill. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
20. "Statement of Candidacy" (PDF). docquery.fec.gov. June 5, 2023. (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
21. "Statement of Candidacy" (PDF). docquery.fec.gov. June 20, 2023. (PDF) from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
22. "Statement of Candidacy" (PDF). docquery.fec.gov. October 5, 2023. (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
23. Downing, Suzanne (December 14, 2023). "Cornel West, independent candidate, says he will be on Alaska ballot for president in 2024". Must Read Alaska.
24. "Progressive independent candidate Cornel West easily won the presidential nomination of the Unity Party at yesterday's convention".
25. Winger, Richard (January 24, 2024). "Oregon Progressive Party Nominates Cornel West for President". Ballot Access News. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
26. "United Citizens Party of South Carolina Nominates Cornel West for President | Ballot Access News". February 27, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
27. Trudo, Hannah (April 10, 2024). "Cornel West picks Melina Abdullah, professor and racial justice advocate, as running mate". The Hill.
28. "Statement of Candidacy". September 13, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
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