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Ballotpedia

February 15, 2024

Ballotpedia is a nonprofit and nonpartisan online political encyclopedia that covers federal, state, and local politics, elections, and public policy in the United States.[2][3][4][5] The website was founded in 2007.[6][7] Ballotpedia is sponsored by the Lucy Burns Institute, a nonprofit organization based in Middleton, Wisconsin. Originally a collaboratively edited wiki, Ballotpedia is now written and edited entirely by a paid professional staff. As of 2014, Ballotpedia employed 34 writers and researchers;[8] it reported an editorial staff of over 50 in 2021.[9]

Ballotpedia
Type of businessNonprofit
Type of site
Wiki
Available inEnglish
HeadquartersMiddleton, Wisconsin, U.S.
OwnerLucy Burns Institute
URLballotpedia.org
CommercialNo
LaunchedMay 30, 2007; 16 years ago (2007-05-30)[1]
Current statusActive

Mission edit

Ballotpedia's stated goal is "to inform people about politics by providing accurate and objective information about politics at all levels of government."[9] The website "provides information on initiative supporters and opponents, financial reports, litigation news, status updates, poll numbers, and more."[10] It originally was a "community-contributed web site, modeled after Wikipedia" which is now edited by paid staff. It "contains volumes of information about initiatives, referenda, and recalls."[11]

Parent organization edit

Ballotpedia is sponsored by the Lucy Burns Institute (LBI), a nonprofit, nonpartisan[12][13] educational organization.[14][15][16] The organization reported revenue of $5.37 million in 2019.[17]

LBI was founded in December 2006 by the group's current president, Leslie Graves.[18][19][20] The group is named after Lucy Burns, co-founder of the National Woman's Party.[21] The group is headquartered in Middleton, Wisconsin.

History edit

Ballotpedia was founded by the Citizens in Charge Foundation in 2007.[22] Ballotpedia was sponsored by the Sam Adams Alliance in 2008, along with Judgepedia and Sunshine Review. In 2009, their sponsorship was transferred to the nonprofit Lucy Burns Institute, based in Middleton, Wisconsin.[22][23]

On July 9, 2013, Sunshine Review was acquired by the Lucy Burns Institute and merged into Ballotpedia.[24] The Lucy Burns Institute is named after suffragist Lucy Burns who along with Alice Paul founded the National Woman's Party. Judgepedia was merged into Ballotpedia in March 2015.

When actress Regina King won an Emmy at the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards in 2020, during her acceptance speech she encouraged people to use Ballotpedia to prepare for the upcoming election.[25][26]

Judgepedia edit

Judgepedia was an online wiki-style encyclopedia covering the American legal system.[21][27] In 2015, all content from Judgepedia was merged into Ballotpedia.[28][29] It included a database of information on state and federal courts and judges.[30][31][32]

According to its original website, the goal of Judgepedia was "to help readers discover and learn useful information about the court systems and judiciary in the United States."[18]

Judgepedia was sponsored by the Sam Adams Alliance in 2007, along with Ballotpedia and Sunshine Review.[33] In 2009, sponsorship of Judgepedia was transferred to the Lucy Burns Institute, which merged Judgepedia into Ballotpedia in March 2015.[18]

Judgepedia had a weekly publication titled Federal Courts, Empty Benches which tracked the vacancy rate for Article III federal judicial posts.[34]

The Orange County Register noted Judgepedia's coverage of Courts of Appeal and the Supreme Court.[35]

Judgepedia's profile of Elena Kagan was included in the Harvard Law School Library's guide to Kagan's Supreme Court nomination and the Law Library of Congress's guide to Kagan.[36][37]

Partnerships edit

In May 2018, in response to scrutiny over the misuse of Twitter by those seeking to maliciously influence elections, Twitter announced that it would partner with Ballotpedia to add special labels verifying the authenticity of political candidates running for election in the U.S.[38][39]

During the 2018 United States elections, Ballotpedia supplied Amazon Alexa with information on polling place locations and political candidates.[40]

In 2018, Ballotpedia, ABC News, and FiveThirtyEight collected and analyzed data on candidates in Democratic Party primaries in order to determine which types of candidates Democratic primary voters were gravitating towards.[41]

Studies edit

In 2012, Ballotpedia authored a study analyzing the quality of official state voter guides based on six criteria. According to the study, only nine states were rated "excellent" or "very good", while 24 states received a "fair" or "poor" rating.[12]

In May 2014, the Center for American Progress used Ballotpedia data to analyze the immigration policy stances of Republican members of the U.S. House of Representatives.[42]

Ballotpedia has highlighted the complex language used in various U.S. ballot measures. In 2017, with a sample of 27 issues from nine states, the group determined that, on average, ballot descriptions required a graduate-level education to understand the complex wording of issues, with the average American adult only reading at a 7th to 8th grade reading level. A Georgia State University analysis of 1,200 ballot measures over a decade showed that voters were more likely to skip complex issues altogether.[43] Some ballot language confuses potential voters with the use of double negatives. Several states require plain-language explanations of ballot wording.[44]

In 2015, Harvard University visiting scholar Carl Klarner conducted a study for Ballotpedia which found that state legislative elections have become less competitive over time, with 2014's elections being the least competitive elections in the past 40 years.[45]

Ballotpedia found that in 2020, fewer state legislative incumbents lost general election seats than in any other year in the previous decade, although incumbents were more vulnerable in primary elections in any year since 2012.[46]

A study by Ballotpedia indicated that 2022 midterm elections for congressional districts were demographically divided by income. Democrats typically won higher income households, while lower income, working class districts favored Republican candidates.[47]

In 2023, the New York Times used Ballotpedia as a source for its presidential campaign graph analysis.[48]

References edit

  1. ^ "BallotPedia.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools". WHOIS. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  2. ^ Chokshi, Niraj (September 9, 2014). "Tuesday is the last day of the state legislative primary season". Washington Post. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  3. ^ Wisniewski, Mary; Hendee, David (January 24, 2011). "Omaha mayoral recall vote part of angry voter trend". Reuters. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  4. ^ Dewan, Shaila (November 5, 2014). "Higher Minimum Wage Passes in 4 States; Florida Defeats Marijuana Measure". The New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  5. ^ Morones, Alyssa (August 22, 2013). "Ballotpedia Launches 'Wikipedia' for School Board Elections". Education Week. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
  6. ^ Chokshi, Niraj (November 5, 2018). "Voter Guide: How, When and Where to Vote on Tuesday". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  7. ^ Levine, Andrew (October 29, 2018). "New York Today: Why Don't We Have Early Voting?". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  8. ^ Darnay, Keith (November 3, 2014). "Find election info at the last minute". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Ballotpedia:About". Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  10. ^ Davis, Gene (August 6, 2008). "Denver's got issues: Ballot issues & you can learn more at Ballotpedia.com". Denver Daily News. Denver. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  11. ^ Lawrence, David G. (2009). California: The Politics of Diversity. Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-495-57097-4.
  12. ^ a b Scott, Dylan (September 14, 2012). . Governing Magazine. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  13. ^ Mahtesian, Charles (October 16, 2012). "The best races you've never heard of". Politico. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  14. ^ Povich, Elaine (June 10, 2014). "Lawmakers Defer to Voters on Tax, Budget Issues". Stateline. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  15. ^ . Chicago Tribune. May 30, 2014. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  16. ^ Christensen, Lance (July 22, 2014). "Lucy Burns Institute Launches Policypedia". Reason Foundation. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  17. ^ "Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax". GuideStar. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c . Judgepedia. Lucy Burns Institute. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  19. ^ Mildenberg, David (February 8, 2012). "El Paso Mayor Fighting Ouster on Gay Rights Vote Counts Rising Legal Bill". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  20. ^ Murphy, Bruce (June 12, 2014). "The mystery of Eric O'Keefe". Isthmus. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  21. ^ a b "Nonprofit Group Offers Free Judicial Profiles Online at Judgepedia.com". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. December 21, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  22. ^ a b Hoover, Steven (April 10, 2017). "Ballotpedia Internet Review". Association of College & Research Libraries. American Library Association. doi:10.5860/crln.74.10.9031. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  23. ^ Spillman, Benjamin (July 29, 2013). "Cost to appeal Las Vegas Planning Commission decision called prohibitive". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
  24. ^ "About Sunshine Review on Ballotpedia". July 9, 2013.
  25. ^ Salam, Maya (September 21, 2020). "This Year's Emmy Winners Want You to Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  26. ^ Noveck, Jocelyn (September 21, 2020). "The 'Pandemmys' were weird and sometimes wonderful". Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  27. ^ Ambrogi, Robert (October 2010). "Crowdsourcing the Law: Trends and Other Innovations". Oregon State Bar Bulletin. Oregon State Bar. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  28. ^ Pallay, Geoff. "Ballotpedia to absorb Judgepedia". Ballotpedia. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
  29. ^ Mahtesian, Charles (October 16, 2012). "The best races you've never heard of". Politico. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  30. ^ Peoples, Lee (November 6, 2010). "The Lawyer's Guide to Using and Citing Wikipedia" (PDF). Oklahoma Bar Journal. 81: 2438. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  31. ^ Davey, Chris; Salaz, Karen (November–December 2010). "Survey Looks at New Media and the Court". Journal of the American Judicature Society. 94 (3).
  32. ^ Meckler, Mark (2012). Tea Party Patriots: The Second American Revolution. Macmillan. p. 167. ISBN 978-0805094374.
  33. ^ Phillips, Kate (July 19, 2008). "The Sam Adams Project". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  34. ^ "Pennsylvania and Wisconsin Have Federal Courts with Highest Vacancy Rates; across Country, 9.9% of Federal Judicial Posts Are Vacant". Telecommunications Weekly. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  35. ^ Seiler, John (October 22, 2010). "John Seiler: Appellate judges aplenty on ballot". Orange County Register. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  36. ^ "Guide to the nomination of Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court of the United States". Harvard Law School Library. Harvard Law School. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  37. ^ "Elena Kagan". Law Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  38. ^ "Twitter to add labels to U.S. political candidates". CBS. May 23, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  39. ^ Scola, Nancy (May 23, 2018). "Twitter to verify election candidates in the midterms". Politico. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  40. ^ Malone Kircher, Madison (November 2, 2018). "Hey, Alexa, Who Is Winning the Election in New York?". New York Magazine. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  41. ^ Conroy, Meredith; Nguyen, Mai; Rakich, Nathaniel (August 10, 2018). "We Researched Hundreds Of Races. Here's Who Democrats Are Nominating". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  42. ^ Fernandez, Henry; Wolgin, Philip (May 19, 2014). "House Republicans Have Nothing to Fear from Supporting Immigration Reform". Center for American Progress. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  43. ^ Wogan, J.B. (November 6, 2017). "Unless You Went to Grad School, You Probably Won't Understand What's on Your Ballot". Governing. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  44. ^ Collins, Steve (November 16, 2017). "Study: Maine ballot questions too confusing even for college graduates". Lewiston Sun Journal. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  45. ^ Wilson, Reid (May 7, 2015). "Study: State elections becoming less competitive". Washington Post. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  46. ^ Epstein, Reid J. (February 23, 2021). "2020 was the safest year for state legislative incumbents in a decade, a study finds". The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  47. ^ Allen, Mike (April 17, 2023). "Record number of Americans say they're politically independent". Axios. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  48. ^ Gómez, Martín González; Astor, Maggie (February 22, 2023). "Who's Running for President in 2024?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 22, 2023.

External links edit

  • Official website

February 15, 2024
ballotpedia, nonprofit, nonpartisan, online, political, encyclopedia, that, covers, federal, state, local, politics, elections, public, policy, united, states, website, founded, 2007, sponsored, lucy, burns, institute, nonprofit, organization, based, middleton. Ballotpedia is a nonprofit and nonpartisan online political encyclopedia that covers federal state and local politics elections and public policy in the United States 2 3 4 5 The website was founded in 2007 6 7 Ballotpedia is sponsored by the Lucy Burns Institute a nonprofit organization based in Middleton Wisconsin Originally a collaboratively edited wiki Ballotpedia is now written and edited entirely by a paid professional staff As of 2014 update Ballotpedia employed 34 writers and researchers 8 it reported an editorial staff of over 50 in 2021 9 BallotpediaType of businessNonprofitType of siteWikiAvailable inEnglishHeadquartersMiddleton Wisconsin U S OwnerLucy Burns InstituteURLballotpedia wbr orgCommercialNoLaunchedMay 30 2007 16 years ago 2007 05 30 1 Current statusActive Contents 1 Mission 2 Parent organization 3 History 3 1 Judgepedia 4 Partnerships 5 Studies 6 References 7 External linksMission editBallotpedia s stated goal is to inform people about politics by providing accurate and objective information about politics at all levels of government 9 The website provides information on initiative supporters and opponents financial reports litigation news status updates poll numbers and more 10 It originally was a community contributed web site modeled after Wikipedia which is now edited by paid staff It contains volumes of information about initiatives referenda and recalls 11 Parent organization editBallotpedia is sponsored by the Lucy Burns Institute LBI a nonprofit nonpartisan 12 13 educational organization 14 15 16 The organization reported revenue of 5 37 million in 2019 17 LBI was founded in December 2006 by the group s current president Leslie Graves 18 19 20 The group is named after Lucy Burns co founder of the National Woman s Party 21 The group is headquartered in Middleton Wisconsin History editBallotpedia was founded by the Citizens in Charge Foundation in 2007 22 Ballotpedia was sponsored by the Sam Adams Alliance in 2008 along with Judgepedia and Sunshine Review In 2009 their sponsorship was transferred to the nonprofit Lucy Burns Institute based in Middleton Wisconsin 22 23 On July 9 2013 Sunshine Review was acquired by the Lucy Burns Institute and merged into Ballotpedia 24 The Lucy Burns Institute is named after suffragist Lucy Burns who along with Alice Paul founded the National Woman s Party Judgepedia was merged into Ballotpedia in March 2015 When actress Regina King won an Emmy at the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards in 2020 during her acceptance speech she encouraged people to use Ballotpedia to prepare for the upcoming election 25 26 Judgepedia edit Judgepedia was an online wiki style encyclopedia covering the American legal system 21 27 In 2015 all content from Judgepedia was merged into Ballotpedia 28 29 It included a database of information on state and federal courts and judges 30 31 32 According to its original website the goal of Judgepedia was to help readers discover and learn useful information about the court systems and judiciary in the United States 18 Judgepedia was sponsored by the Sam Adams Alliance in 2007 along with Ballotpedia and Sunshine Review 33 In 2009 sponsorship of Judgepedia was transferred to the Lucy Burns Institute which merged Judgepedia into Ballotpedia in March 2015 18 Judgepedia had a weekly publication titled Federal Courts Empty Benches which tracked the vacancy rate for Article III federal judicial posts 34 The Orange County Register noted Judgepedia s coverage of Courts of Appeal and the Supreme Court 35 Judgepedia s profile of Elena Kagan was included in the Harvard Law School Library s guide to Kagan s Supreme Court nomination and the Law Library of Congress s guide to Kagan 36 37 Partnerships editIn May 2018 in response to scrutiny over the misuse of Twitter by those seeking to maliciously influence elections Twitter announced that it would partner with Ballotpedia to add special labels verifying the authenticity of political candidates running for election in the U S 38 39 During the 2018 United States elections Ballotpedia supplied Amazon Alexa with information on polling place locations and political candidates 40 In 2018 Ballotpedia ABC News and FiveThirtyEight collected and analyzed data on candidates in Democratic Party primaries in order to determine which types of candidates Democratic primary voters were gravitating towards 41 Studies editIn 2012 Ballotpedia authored a study analyzing the quality of official state voter guides based on six criteria According to the study only nine states were rated excellent or very good while 24 states received a fair or poor rating 12 In May 2014 the Center for American Progress used Ballotpedia data to analyze the immigration policy stances of Republican members of the U S House of Representatives 42 Ballotpedia has highlighted the complex language used in various U S ballot measures In 2017 with a sample of 27 issues from nine states the group determined that on average ballot descriptions required a graduate level education to understand the complex wording of issues with the average American adult only reading at a 7th to 8th grade reading level A Georgia State University analysis of 1 200 ballot measures over a decade showed that voters were more likely to skip complex issues altogether 43 Some ballot language confuses potential voters with the use of double negatives Several states require plain language explanations of ballot wording 44 In 2015 Harvard University visiting scholar Carl Klarner conducted a study for Ballotpedia which found that state legislative elections have become less competitive over time with 2014 s elections being the least competitive elections in the past 40 years 45 Ballotpedia found that in 2020 fewer state legislative incumbents lost general election seats than in any other year in the previous decade although incumbents were more vulnerable in primary elections in any year since 2012 46 A study by Ballotpedia indicated that 2022 midterm elections for congressional districts were demographically divided by income Democrats typically won higher income households while lower income working class districts favored Republican candidates 47 In 2023 the New York Times used Ballotpedia as a source for its presidential campaign graph analysis 48 References edit BallotPedia org WHOIS DNS amp Domain Info DomainTools WHOIS Retrieved November 12 2016 Chokshi Niraj September 9 2014 Tuesday is the last day of the state legislative primary season Washington Post Retrieved December 8 2014 Wisniewski Mary Hendee David January 24 2011 Omaha mayoral recall vote part of angry voter trend Reuters Retrieved December 8 2014 Dewan Shaila November 5 2014 Higher Minimum Wage Passes in 4 States Florida Defeats Marijuana Measure The New York Times Retrieved December 8 2014 Morones Alyssa August 22 2013 Ballotpedia Launches Wikipedia for School Board Elections Education Week Retrieved October 21 2013 Chokshi Niraj November 5 2018 Voter Guide How When and Where to Vote on Tuesday The New York Times Retrieved December 19 2018 Levine Andrew October 29 2018 New York Today Why Don t We Have Early Voting The New York Times Retrieved December 19 2018 Darnay Keith November 3 2014 Find election info at the last minute Bismarck Tribune Retrieved December 2 2014 a b Ballotpedia About Retrieved September 22 2021 Davis Gene August 6 2008 Denver s got issues Ballot issues amp you can learn more at Ballotpedia com Denver Daily News Denver Retrieved April 27 2011 Lawrence David G 2009 California The Politics of Diversity Stamford Connecticut Cengage Learning p 83 ISBN 978 0 495 57097 4 a b Scott Dylan September 14 2012 States Have Room for Improvement in Voter Guides Governing Magazine Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved October 23 2013 Mahtesian Charles October 16 2012 The best races you ve never heard of Politico Retrieved August 11 2014 Povich Elaine June 10 2014 Lawmakers Defer to Voters on Tax Budget Issues Stateline The Pew Charitable Trusts Retrieved August 10 2014 Illinois elections officials need to side with voters Chicago Tribune May 30 2014 Archived from the original on May 30 2014 Retrieved August 10 2014 Christensen Lance July 22 2014 Lucy Burns Institute Launches Policypedia Reason Foundation Retrieved August 11 2014 Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax GuideStar Retrieved September 22 2021 a b c Judgepedia About Judgepedia Lucy Burns Institute Archived from the original on June 25 2014 Retrieved August 11 2014 Mildenberg David February 8 2012 El Paso Mayor Fighting Ouster on Gay Rights Vote Counts Rising Legal Bill Bloomberg Retrieved August 11 2014 Murphy Bruce June 12 2014 The mystery of Eric O Keefe Isthmus Retrieved August 11 2014 a b Nonprofit Group Offers Free Judicial Profiles Online at Judgepedia com Metropolitan News Enterprise December 21 2009 Retrieved August 11 2014 a b Hoover Steven April 10 2017 Ballotpedia Internet Review Association of College amp Research Libraries American Library Association doi 10 5860 crln 74 10 9031 Retrieved September 20 2020 Spillman Benjamin July 29 2013 Cost to appeal Las Vegas Planning Commission decision called prohibitive Las Vegas Review Journal Retrieved October 21 2013 About Sunshine Review on Ballotpedia July 9 2013 Salam Maya September 21 2020 This Year s Emmy Winners Want You to Vote The New York Times Retrieved September 30 2020 Noveck Jocelyn September 21 2020 The Pandemmys were weird and sometimes wonderful Washington Post Retrieved September 30 2020 Ambrogi Robert October 2010 Crowdsourcing the Law Trends and Other Innovations Oregon State Bar Bulletin Oregon State Bar Retrieved August 12 2014 Pallay Geoff Ballotpedia to absorb Judgepedia Ballotpedia Retrieved September 8 2015 Mahtesian Charles October 16 2012 The best races you ve never heard of Politico Retrieved August 11 2014 Peoples Lee November 6 2010 The Lawyer s Guide to Using and Citing Wikipedia PDF Oklahoma Bar Journal 81 2438 Retrieved August 11 2014 Davey Chris Salaz Karen November December 2010 Survey Looks at New Media and the Court Journal of the American Judicature Society 94 3 Meckler Mark 2012 Tea Party Patriots The Second American Revolution Macmillan p 167 ISBN 978 0805094374 Phillips Kate July 19 2008 The Sam Adams Project The New York Times Retrieved August 11 2014 Pennsylvania and Wisconsin Have Federal Courts with Highest Vacancy Rates across Country 9 9 of Federal Judicial Posts Are Vacant Telecommunications Weekly Retrieved August 13 2014 Seiler John October 22 2010 John Seiler Appellate judges aplenty on ballot Orange County Register Retrieved August 11 2014 Guide to the nomination of Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court of the United States Harvard Law School Library Harvard Law School Retrieved August 11 2014 Elena Kagan Law Library of Congress Library of Congress Retrieved August 11 2014 Twitter to add labels to U S political candidates CBS May 23 2018 Retrieved May 23 2018 Scola Nancy May 23 2018 Twitter to verify election candidates in the midterms Politico Retrieved May 23 2018 Malone Kircher Madison November 2 2018 Hey Alexa Who Is Winning the Election in New York New York Magazine Retrieved December 19 2018 Conroy Meredith Nguyen Mai Rakich Nathaniel August 10 2018 We Researched Hundreds Of Races Here s Who Democrats Are Nominating FiveThirtyEight Retrieved December 19 2018 Fernandez Henry Wolgin Philip May 19 2014 House Republicans Have Nothing to Fear from Supporting Immigration Reform Center for American Progress Retrieved August 10 2014 Wogan J B November 6 2017 Unless You Went to Grad School You Probably Won t Understand What s on Your Ballot Governing Retrieved October 22 2018 Collins Steve November 16 2017 Study Maine ballot questions too confusing even for college graduates Lewiston Sun Journal Retrieved October 22 2018 Wilson Reid May 7 2015 Study State elections becoming less competitive Washington Post Retrieved May 14 2015 Epstein Reid J February 23 2021 2020 was the safest year for state legislative incumbents in a decade a study finds The New York Times Retrieved September 22 2021 Allen Mike April 17 2023 Record number of Americans say they re politically independent Axios Retrieved May 4 2023 Gomez Martin Gonzalez Astor Maggie February 22 2023 Who s Running for President in 2024 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 22 2023 External links editOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ballotpedia amp oldid 1192774752, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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