fbpx
Wikipedia

American Enterprise Institute

April 15, 2024

The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, known simply as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), is a center-right[2] think tank based in Washington, D.C., that researches government, politics, economics, and social welfare.[3][4] AEI is an independent nonprofit organization supported primarily by contributions from foundations, corporations, and individuals.

American Enterprise Institute

AEI's headquarters near DuPont Circle in Washington, D.C.
AbbreviationAEI
Formation1938; 86 years ago (1938)
TypePublic policy think tank
53-0218495
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Location
  • United States
Coordinates38°54′33″N 77°02′29″W / 38.909230°N 77.041470°W / 38.909230; -77.041470
President
Robert Doar
Revenue (2020)
$43.5 million[1]
Expenses (2020)$47.8 million[1]
Websiteaei.org

Founded in 1938, the organization is aligned with conservatism and neoconservatism but does not support political candidates.[5] AEI advocates in favor of private enterprise, limited government, and democratic capitalism.[6] Some of their positions have attracted controversy, including their defense policy recommendations for the Iraq War, their analysis of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, and their energy and environmental policies based on their more than two-decade-long opposition to the prevailing scientific opinion on climate change.

AEI is governed by a 28-member Board of Trustees.[7] Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI.[8] Arthur C. Brooks served as president of AEI from January 2009 through July 1, 2019.[9] He was succeeded by Robert Doar.[10]

History edit

Beginnings (1938–1954) edit

AEI grew out of the American Enterprise Association (AEA), which was founded in 1938 by a group of New York businessmen led by Lewis H. Brown.[11] AEI's founders included executives from Bristol-Myers, Chemical Bank, Chrysler, Eli Lilly, General Mills, and Paine Webber.[12]

In 1943, AEA's main offices were moved from New York City to Washington, D.C. during a time when Congress's portfolio had vastly increased during World War II. AEA opposed the New Deal, and aimed to propound classical liberal arguments for limited government.[citation needed] In 1944, AEA convened an Economic Advisory Board to set a high standard for research; this eventually evolved into the Council of Academic Advisers, which over the decades included economists and social scientists, including Ronald Coase, Martin Feldstein, Milton Friedman, Roscoe Pound, and James Q. Wilson.[citation needed]

AEA's early work in Washington, D.C. involved commissioning and distributing legislative analyses to Congress, which developed AEA's relationships with Melvin Laird and Gerald Ford.[13] Brown eventually shifted AEA's focus to commissioning studies of government policies. These subjects ranged from fiscal to monetary policy and including health care and energy policy, and authors such as Earl Butz, John Lintner, former New Dealer Raymond Moley, and Felix Morley. Brown died in 1951, and AEA languished as a result. In 1952, a group of young policymakers and public intellectuals including Laird, William J. Baroody Sr., Paul McCracken, and Murray Weidenbaum, met to discuss resurrecting AEA.[13] In 1954, Baroody became executive vice president of the association.

William J. Baroody Sr. (1954–1980) edit

Baroody was executive vice president from 1954 to 1962 and president from 1962 to 1978. Baroody raised money for AEA to expand its financial base beyond the business leaders on the board.[14] During the 1950s and 1960s, AEA's work became more pointed and focused, including monographs by Edward Banfield, James M. Buchanan, P. T. Bauer, Alfred de Grazia, Rose Friedman, and Gottfried Haberler,.[15][16]

In 1962, AEA changed its name to the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) to avoid any confusion with a trade association representing business interests attempting to influence politicians.[17] In 1964, William J. Baroody Sr., and several of his top staff at AEI, including Karl Hess, moonlighted as policy advisers and speechwriters for presidential nominee Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election. "Even though Baroody and his staff sought to support Goldwater on their own time without using the institution's resources, AEI came under scrutiny of the IRS in the years following the campaign," author Andrew Rich wrote in 2004.[18] Representative Wright Patman subpoenaed the institute's tax papers, and the IRS initiated a two-year investigation of AEI.[19] After this, AEI's officers attempted to avoid the appearance of partisan political advocacy.[18]

Baroody recruited a resident research faculty; Harvard University economist Gottfried Haberler was the first to join in 1972.[11] In 1977, former president Gerald Ford joined AEI as a "distinguished fellow." Ford brought several of his administration officials with him, including Robert Bork, Arthur Burns, David Gergen, James C. Miller III, Laurence Silberman, and Antonin Scalia. Ford also founded the AEI World Forum, which he hosted until 2005. Other staff hired during this time included Walter Berns and Herbert Stein. Baroody's son, William J. Baroody Jr., a Ford White House official, also joined AEI, and later became president of AEI, succeeding his father in that role in 1978.[11]

The elder Baroody made an effort to recruit neoconservatives who had supported the New Deal and Great Society but were disaffected by what they perceived as the failure of the welfare state. This also included Cold War hawks who rejected the peace agenda of 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern. Baroody brought Jeane Kirkpatrick, Irving Kristol, Michael Novak, and Ben Wattenberg to AEI.[20]

While at AEI, Kirkpatrick authored "Dictatorships and Double Standards", which brought her to the attention of Ronald Reagan, and Kirkpatrick was later named U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations.[21] AEI also became a home for supply-side economists during the late 1970s and early 1980s.[22] By 1980, AEI had grown from a budget of $1 million and a staff of ten to a budget of $8 million and a staff of 125.[11]

William J. Baroody Jr. (1980–1986) edit

Baroody Sr. retired in 1978, and was replaced by his son, William J. Baroody Jr. Baroody Sr. died in 1980, shortly before Reagan took office as U.S. president in January 1981.[11]

During the Reagan administration, several AEI staff were hired by the administration. But this, combined with prodigious growth, diffusion of research activities,[23][original research?] and managerial problems, proved costly.[14] Some foundations then supporting AEI perceived a drift toward the center politically. Centrists like Ford, Burns, and Stein clashed with rising movement conservatives. In 1986, the John M. Olin Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation withdrew funding for AEI, pushing it to the brink of bankruptcy. The board of trustees fired Baroody Jr. and, after Paul McCracken then served briefly as interim president. In December 1986, AEI hired Christopher DeMuth as its new president,[14] and DeMuth served in the role for 22 years.[24]

Christopher DeMuth (1986–2008) edit

 
Then U.S. vice president Dick Cheney speaks at AEI on the war on terror, arguing against a withdrawal from the Iraq War, in November 2005.

In 1990, AEI hired Charles Murray (and received his Bradley Foundation support for The Bell Curve) after the Manhattan Institute dropped him.[25] Others brought to AEI by DeMuth included John Bolton, Dinesh D'Souza, Richard Cheney, Lynne Cheney, Michael Barone, James K. Glassman, Newt Gingrich, John Lott, and Ayaan Hirsi Ali.[citation needed] During DeMuth's tenure, the organization turned further to the political right.[26]

AEI had severe financial problems when DeMuth began his presidency.[26] During the George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton administrations, AEI's revenues grew from $10 million to $18.9 million.[27] Academic David M. Lampton writes that DeMuth was responsive to the financial power of "America's hard right".[26]

The institute's publications Public Opinion and The AEI Economist were merged into The American Enterprise, edited by Karlyn Bowman from 1990 to 1995 and by Karl Zinsmeister from 1995 to 2006, when Glassman created The American.

AEI was closely tied to the George W. Bush administration.[28] More than twenty AEI staff members served in the Bush administration, and Bush addressed the institute on three occasions. "I admire AEI a lot—I'm sure you know that", Bush said. "After all, I have been consistently borrowing some of your best people."[29]

Cabinet officials also frequented AEI. In 2002, Danielle Pletka joined AEI to promote the foreign policy department. AEI and several of its staff—including Michael Ledeen and Richard Perle—became associated with the start of the Iraq War.[30] President George W. Bush used a February 2003 AEI dinner to advocate for a democratized Iraq, which was intended to inspire the remainder of the Mideast.[31] In 2006–07, AEI staff, including Frederick W. Kagan, provided a strategic framework for the 2007 surge in Iraq.[32][33] The Bush administration also drew on AEI work in other areas, such as Leon Kass's appointment as the first chairman of the President's Council on Bioethics and Norman J. Ornstein's work drafting the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act that Bush signed in 2002.

Arthur C. Brooks (2008–2019) edit

When DeMuth retired as president at the end of 2008, AEI's staff numbered 185, with 70 scholars and several dozen adjuncts,[11] and revenues of $31.3 million.[34] Arthur C. Brooks succeeded him as president at the start of the Late-2000s recession.[35] In a 2009 op-ed in The Wall Street Journal, Brooks positioned AEI to be much more aggressive in responding to the policies of the Barack Obama administration.[36] In 2018, Brooks announced that he would step down effective July 1, 2019.[9]

Termination of David Frum's residency edit

On March 25, 2010, AEI resident fellow David Frum announced that his position at the organization had been "terminated."[37][38] Following this announcement, media outlets speculated that Frum had been "forced out"[39][40][41] for writing a post to his FrumForum blog called "Waterloo", in which he criticized the Republican Party's unwillingness to bargain with Democrats on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In the editorial, Frum claimed that his party's failure to reach a deal "led us to abject and irreversible defeat."[42]

After his termination, Frum clarified that his article had been "welcomed and celebrated" by AEI President Arthur Brooks, and that he had been asked to leave because "these are hard times." Brooks had offered Frum the opportunity to write for AEI on a nonsalaried basis, but Frum declined.[39] The following day, journalist Mike Allen published a conversation with Frum, in which Frum expressed a belief that his termination was the result of pressure from donors. According to Frum, "AEI represents the best of the conservative world ... But the elite isn't leading anymore ... I think Arthur [Brooks] took no pleasure in this. I think he was embarrassed."[43]

Robert Doar (2019–present) edit

In January 2019, Robert Doar was selected by AEI's board of trustees to be AEI's 12th president, succeeding Arthur Brooks on July 1, 2019.[44] In October 2023, Doar led an AEI delegation (including Kori Schake, Dan Blumenthal, Zack Cooper, and Nicholas Eberstadt, among others) to visit Taiwan to meet with President Tsai Ing-wen.[45][46]

Personnel edit

 
American Enterprise Institute marker

AEI's officers include Robert Doar, Danielle Pletka, Yuval Levin, Michael R. Strain, and Ryan Streeter.[47]

AEI has a Council of Academic Advisers, which includes Alan J. Auerbach, Eliot A. Cohen, Eugene Fama, Aaron Friedberg, Robert P. George, Eric A. Hanushek, Walter Russell Mead, Mark V. Pauly, R. Glenn Hubbard, Sam Peltzman, Harvey S. Rosen, Jeremy A. Rabkin, and Richard Zeckhauser. The Council of Academic Advisers selects the annual winner of the Irving Kristol Award.[48]

AEI was influential during the George W. Bush administration's public and foreign policy.[49] More than 20 staff members served either in a Bush administration policy post or on one of the government's many panels and commissions,[50] including Dick Cheney, John R. Bolton,[6] Lynne Cheney, and Paul Wolfowitz.[citation needed]

Board of directors edit

AEI's board is chaired by Daniel A. D'Aniello. Current notable trustees include:[12]

Political stance and impact edit

The institute has been described as a right-leaning counterpart to the left-leaning Brookings Institution;[51][52] however, the two entities have often collaborated. From 1998 to 2008, they co-sponsored the AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, and in 2006 they launched the AEI-Brookings Election Reform Project.[53] In 2015, a working group consisting of members from both institutions coauthored a report entitled Opportunity, Responsibility, and Security: A Consensus Plan for Reducing Poverty and Restoring the American Dream.[54]

AEI is the most prominent think tank associated with American neoconservatism, in both the domestic and international policy arenas.[5] Irving Kristol, widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of neoconservatism, was a senior fellow at AEI (arriving from the Congress for Cultural Freedom following the revelation of that group's CIA funding) and the AEI issues a 'Irving Kristol Award' in his honour.[55][56] Many prominent neoconservatives—including Jeane Kirkpatrick, Ben Wattenberg, and Joshua Muravchik—spent the bulk of their careers at AEI.[57] Paul Ryan has described the AEI as "one of the beachheads of the modern conservative movement".[58]

According to the 2011 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), AEI is number 17 in the "Top Thirty Worldwide Think Tanks" and number 10 in the "Top Fifty United States Think Tanks".[59] As of 2019, the American Enterprise Institute also leads in YouTube subscribers among free-market groups.[60]

Research programs edit

AEI's research is divided into seven broad categories: economic policy studies, foreign and defense policy studies, health care policy studies, political and public opinion studies, social and cultural studies, education, and poverty studies. Until 2008, AEI's work was divided into economics, foreign policy, and politics and social policy. AEI research is presented at conferences and meetings, in peer-reviewed journals and publications on the institute's website, and through testimony before and consultations with government panels.[citation needed][61]

Economic policy studies edit

Economic policy was the original focus of the American Enterprise Association, and "the Institute still keeps economic policy studies at its core".[34] According to AEI's annual report, "The principal goal is to better understand free economies—how they function, how to capitalize on their strengths, how to keep private enterprise robust, and how to address problems when they arise". Michael R. Strain directs economic policy studies at AEI. Throughout the beginning of the 21st-century, AEI staff have pushed for a more conservative approach to aiding the recession that includes major tax-cuts. AEI supported President Bush's tax cuts in 2002 and claimed that the cuts "played a large role in helping to save the economy from a recession". AEI also suggested that further taxes were necessary in order to attain recovery of the economy. An AEI staff member said that the Democrats in congress who opposed the Bush stimulus plan were foolish for doing so as he saw the plan as a major success for the administration.[62]

Financial crisis of 2007–2008 edit

As the financial crisis of 2007–2008 unfolded, The Wall Street Journal stated that predictions by AEI staff about the involvement of housing GSEs had come true.[63] In the late 1990s, Fannie Mae eased credit requirements on the mortgages it purchased and exposed itself to more risk. Peter J. Wallison warned that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac's public-private status put taxpayers on the line for increased risk.[64] "Because of the agencies' dual public and private form, various efforts to force Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to fulfill their public mission at the cost of their profitability have failed—and will likely continue to fail", he wrote in 2001. "The only viable solution would seem to be full privatization or the adoption of policies that would force the agencies to adopt this course themselves."[65]

Wallison ramped up his criticism of the GSEs throughout the 2000s. In 2006, and 2007, he moderated conferences featuring James B. Lockhart III, the chief regulator of Fannie and Freddie[66] In August 2008, after Fannie and Freddie had been backstopped by the US Treasury Department, Wallison outlined several ways of dealing with the GSEs, including "nationalization through a receivership," outright "privatization," and "privatization through a receivership."[67] The following month, Lockhart and Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson took the former path by putting Fannie and Freddie into federal "conservatorship."[68] As the housing crisis unfolded, AEI sponsored a series of conferences featuring commentators including Desmond Lachman, and Nouriel Roubini.[69][70][71][72][73] Makin had been warning about the effects of a housing downturn on the broader economy for months.[74] Amid charges that many homebuyers did not understand their complex mortgages, Alex J. Pollock crafted a prototype of a one-page mortgage disclosure form.[75][76]

The claim that AEI predicted and warned about the financial crisis of 2007–2008 is heavily disputed. In her book, Dark Money (2016), American investigative journalist Jane Mayer writes that contrary to their claims, AEI took the "lead role" in crafting a revisionist narrative about the financial crisis, promoting what equities analyst Barry Ritholtz called "Wall Street's 'big lie'". AEI's argument, "that government programs that helped low-income home buyers get mortgages caused the collapse", did not "withstand even casual scrutiny", according to Ritholz. Multiple studies, including those from Harvard University's Joint Center for Housing Studies and the U.S. Government Accountability Office, did not support the conclusions about mortgages reached by AEI. Ritholz argues that AEI intentionally shifted the blame from the financial sector, many of whom worked or were affiliated with AEI, according to Mayer, to the government and the consumer, so as to continue promoting the questionable idea that the free market does not need regulation.[77]

Tax and fiscal policy edit

Kevin Hassett and Alan D. Viard are AEI's principal tax policy experts, although Alex Brill, R. Glenn Hubbard, and Aparna Mathur also work on the subject. Specific subjects include "income distribution, transition costs, marginal tax rates, and international taxation of corporate income... the Pension Protection Act of 2006; dynamic scoring and the effects of taxation on investment, savings, and entrepreneurial activity; and options to fix the alternative minimum tax".[78] Hassett has coedited several volumes on tax reform.[79]

Viard edited a book on tax policy lessons from the Bush administration.[80] AEI's working paper series includes developing academic works on economic issues. One paper by Hassett and Mathur on the responsiveness of wages to corporate taxation[81] was cited by The Economist;[82] figures from another paper by Hassett and Brill on maximizing corporate income tax revenue[83] was cited by The Wall Street Journal.[84]

Center for Regulatory and Market Studies edit

From 1998 to 2008, the Reg-Markets Center was the AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, directed by Robert W. Hahn. The center, which no longer exists, sponsored conferences, papers, and books on regulatory decision-making and the impact of federal regulation on consumers, businesses, and governments. It covered a range of disciplines. It also sponsored an annual Distinguished Lecture series. Past lecturers in the series have included William Baumol, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, Alfred Kahn, Sam Peltzman, Richard Posner, and Cass Sunstein.[85]

Research in AEI's Financial Markets Program also includes banking, insurance and securities regulation, accounting reform, corporate governance, and consumer finance.[86]

Energy and environmental policy edit

AEI's work on climate change has been subject to controversy. Some AEI staff and fellows have been critical of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the international scientific body tasked to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity.[87][88] According to AEI, it "emphasizes the need to design environmental policies that protect not only nature but also democratic institutions and human liberty".[78] American historian of science Naomi Oreskes notes that this idea became prominent during the conservative turn towards anti-environmentalism in the 1980s. Corporations claimed to uphold a kind of laissez-faire capitalism that promoted individual rights by pushing for deregulation. To do this successfully, companies would fund think tanks like AEI to cast doubt on science and spread disinformation by arguing that environmental dangers were unproven.[89]

When the Kyoto Protocol was approaching in 1997, AEI was hesitant to encourage the U.S. to join. In an essay from the AEI outlook series of 2007, the authors discuss the Kyoto Protocol and state that the United States "should be wary of joining an international emissions-trading regime". To back this statement, they point out that committing to the Kyoto emissions goal would be a significant and unrealistic obligation for the United States. In addition, they state that the Kyoto regulations would have an impact not only on governmental policies, but also the private sector through expanding government control over investment decisions. AEI staff said that "dilution of sovereignty" would be the result if the U.S. signed the treaty.[90]

In February 2007, a number of sources, including the British newspaper The Guardian, reported that the AEI had offered scientists $10,000 plus travel expenses and additional payments, asking them to dispute the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.[91] This offer was criticized as bribery.[92][93] The letters alleged that the IPCC was "resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent, and prone to summary conclusions that are poorly supported by the analytical work" and asked for essays that "thoughtfully explore the limitations of climate model outputs".[94][95] In 2016, The Guardian reported that the AEI received $1.6 million in funding from ExxonMobil, and further notes that former ExxonMobil CEO Lee R. Raymond is the vice-chairman of AEI's board of trustees.[96] This story was repeated by Newsweek, which drew criticism from its contributing editor Robert J. Samuelson because "this accusation was long ago discredited, and Newsweek shouldn't have lent it respectability."[97] The Guardian article was disputed in a The Wall Street Journal editorial.[98] The editorial stated: "AEI doesn't lobby, didn't offer money to scientists to question global warming, and the money it did pay for climate research didn't come from Exxon."[99]

AEI has promoted carbon taxation as an alternative to cap-and-trade regimes. "Most economists believe a carbon tax (a tax on the quantity of CO2 emitted when using energy) would be a superior policy alternative to an emissions-trading regime," wrote Kenneth P. Green, Kevin Hassett, and Steven F. Hayward. "In fact, the irony is that there is a broad consensus in favor of a carbon tax everywhere except on Capitol Hill, where the 'T word' is anathema."[100] Other AEI staff have argued for similar policies.[101][102] Thernstrom and Lane are codirecting a project on whether geoengineering would be a feasible way to "buy us time to make [the] transition [from fossil fuels] while protecting us from the worst potential effects of warming".[103] Green, who departed AEI in 2013, expanded its work on energy policy. He has hosted conferences on nuclear power[104] and ethanol[105][106] With Aparna Mathur, he evaluated Americans' indirect energy use to discover unexpected areas in which energy efficiencies can be achieved.[107][108]

In October 2007, resident scholar and executive director of the AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies Robert W. Hahn commented:

Fending off both sincere and sophistic opposition to cap-and-trade will no doubt require some uncomfortable compromises. Money will be wasted on unpromising R&D; grotesquely expensive renewable fuels may gain a permanent place at the subsidy trough. And, as noted above, there will always be a risk of cheating. But the first priority should be to seize the day, putting a domestic emissions regulation system in place. Without America's political leadership and economic muscle behind it, an effective global climate stabilization strategy isn't possible.[109]

AEI visiting scholar N. Gregory Mankiw wrote in The New York Times in support of a carbon tax on September 16, 2007. He remarked that "there is a broad consensus. The scientists tell us that world temperatures are rising because humans are emitting carbon into the atmosphere. Basic economics tells us that when you tax something, you normally get less of it."[110] After Energy Secretary Steven Chu recommended painting roofs and roads white in order to reflect sunlight back into space and therefore reduce global warming, AEI's magazine The American endorsed the idea. It also stated that "ultimately we need to look more broadly at creative ways of reducing the harmful effects of climate change in the long run."[111] The American's editor-in-chief and fellow Nick Schulz endorsed a carbon tax over a cap and trade program in The Christian Science Monitor on February 13, 2009. He stated that it "would create a market price for carbon emissions and lead to emissions reductions or new technologies that cut greenhouse gases."[112]

Former scholar Steven Hayward has described efforts to reduce global warming as being "based on exaggerations and conjecture rather than science".[113] He has stated that "even though the leading scientific journals are thoroughly imbued with environmental correctness and reject out of hand many articles that don't conform to the party line, a study that confounds the conventional wisdom is published almost every week".[114] Likewise, former AEI scholar Kenneth Green has referred to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as "the positively silly idea of establishing global-weather control by actively managing the atmosphere's greenhouse-gas emissions", and endorsed Michael Crichton's novel State of Fear for having "educated millions of readers about climate science".[115]

Christopher DeMuth, former AEI president, accepted that the earth has warmed in recent decades, but he stated that "it's not clear why this happened" and charged as well that the IPCC "has tended to ignore many distinguished physicists and meteorologists whose work casts doubt on the influence of greenhouse gases on global temperature trends".[116] Fellow James Glassman also disputes the prevailing scientific opinion on climate change, having written numerous articles criticizing the Kyoto accords and climate science more generally for Tech Central Station.[117] He supported the views of U.S. Senator Jim Inhofe (R-OK), who claims that "global warming is 'the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people,'"[118] and, like Green, cites Crichton's novel State of Fear, which "casts serious doubt on global warming and extremists who espouse it".[119] Joel Schwartz, an AEI visiting fellow, stated: "The Earth has indeed warmed during the last few decades and may warm further in the future. But the pattern of climate change is not consistent with the greenhouse effect being the main cause."[120]

Foreign and defense policy studies edit

AEI's foreign and defense policy studies researchers focus on "how political and economic freedom—as well as American interests—are best promoted around the world".[34] AEI staff have tended to be advocates of a hard U.S. line on threats or potential threats to the United States, including the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, Iran, Syria, Venezuela, Russia, and terrorist or militant groups like al Qaeda and Hezbollah. Likewise, AEI staff have promoted closer U.S. ties with countries whose interests or values they view as aligned with America's, such as Israel, the Republic of China (Taiwan), India, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Colombia, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and emerging post-Communist states such as Poland.

AEI takes a pro-Israel stance. In 2015 it awarded Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu its 'Irving Kristol Award'.[56]

AEI's foreign and defense policy studies department, directed by Danielle Pletka, is the part of the institute most commonly associated with neoconservatism,[5] especially by its critics.[121][122] Prominent foreign-policy neoconservatives at AEI include Richard Perle, Gary Schmitt, and Paul Wolfowitz. John Bolton, often said to be a neoconservative,[123][124] has said he is not one, as his primary focus is on American interests, not democracy promotion.[125][126] Joshua Muravchik and Michael Ledeen spent many years at AEI, although they departed at around the same time as Reuel Marc Gerecht in 2008 in what was rumored to be a "purge" of neoconservatives at the institute, possibly "signal[ing] the end of [neoconservatism's] domination over the think tank over the past several decades",[127] although Muravchik later said it was the result of personality and management conflicts.[128]

U.S. national security strategy, defense policy, and the "surge" edit

In late 2006, the security situation in Iraq continued to deteriorate, and the Iraq Study Group proposed a phased withdrawal of U.S. troops and further engagement of Iraq's neighbors. Consulting with AEI's Iraq Planning Group, Frederick W. Kagan published an AEI report entitled Choosing Victory: A Plan for Success in Iraq calling for "phase one" of a change in strategy to focus on "clearing and holding" neighborhoods and securing the population; a troop escalation of seven Army brigades and Marine regiments; and a renewed emphasis on reconstruction, economic development, and jobs.[33]

While the report was being drafted, Kagan and Keane were briefing President Bush, Vice President Cheney, and other senior Bush administration officials behind the scenes. According to Bob Woodward, "[Peter J.] Schoomaker was outraged when he saw news coverage that retired Gen. Jack Keane, the former Army vice chief of staff, had briefed the president on December 11 about a new Iraq strategy being proposed by the American Enterprise Institute, the conservative think tank. 'When does AEI start trumping the Joint Chiefs of Staff on this stuff?' Schoomaker asked at the next chiefs' meeting."[129]

Kagan, Keane, and Senators John McCain and Joseph Lieberman presented the plan at a January 5, 2007, event at AEI. Bush announced the change of strategy on January 10.[32] Kagan authored three subsequent reports monitoring the progress of the surge.[130]

AEI's defense policy researchers, who also include Schmitt and Thomas Donnelly, also work on issues related to the U.S. military forces' size and structure and military partnerships with allies (both bilaterally and through institutions such as NATO). Schmitt directs AEI's Program on Advanced Strategic Studies, which "analyzes the long-term issues that will impact America's security and its ability to lead internationally".[78]

Area studies edit

Asian studies at AEI covers "the rise of China as an economic and political power; Taiwan's security and economic agenda; Japan's military transformation; the threat of a nuclear North Korea; and the impact of regional alliances and rivalries on U.S. military and economic relationships in Asia".[78][131] AEI has published numerous reports on Asia.[132]

Papers in AEI's Tocqueville on China Project series "elicit the underlying civic culture of post-Mao China, enabling policymakers to better understand the internal forces and pressures that are shaping China's future".[133]

AEI's Europe program was previously housed under the auspices of the New Atlantic Initiative, which was directed by Radek Sikorski before his return to Polish politics in 2005. Leon Aron's work forms the core of the institute's program on Russia. AEI staff tend to view Russia as posing "strategic challenges for the West".[78]

Mark Falcoff, now retired, was previously AEI's resident Latinamericanist, focusing on the Southern Cone, Panama, and Cuba. He has warned that the road for Cuba after Fidel Castro's rule or the lifting of the U.S. trade embargo would be difficult for an island scarred by a half-century of poverty and civil turmoil.[134] Roger Noriega's focuses at AEI are on Venezuela, Brazil, the Mérida Initiative with Mexico and Central America,[135] and hemispheric relations.

AEI has historically devoted significant attention to the Middle East, especially through the work of former resident scholars Ledeen and Muravchik. Pletka's research focus also includes the Middle East, and she coordinated a conference series on empowering democratic dissidents and advocates in the Arab World.[136] In 2009, AEI launched the Critical Threats Project, led by Kagan, to "highlight the complexity of the global challenges the United States faces with a primary focus on Iran and al Qaeda's global influence".[78] The project includes IranTracker.org,[137] with contributions from Ali Alfoneh, Ahmad Majidyar and Michael Rubin, among others.

International organizations and economic development edit

For several years, AEI and the Federalist Society cosponsored NGOWatch, which was later subsumed into Global Governance Watch, "a web-based resource that addresses issues of transparency and accountability in the United Nations, NGOs, and related international organizations".[78] NGOWatch returned as a subsite of Global Governance Watch, led by Jon Entine. AEI scholars focusing on international organizations includes John Bolton, the former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations,[138] and John Yoo, who researches international law and sovereignty.[78]

AEI's research on economic development dates back to the early days of the institute. P. T. Bauer authored a monograph on development in India in 1959,[139] and Edward Banfield published a booklet on the theory behind foreign aid in 1970.[140] Since 2001, AEI has sponsored the Henry Wendt Lecture in International Development, named for Henry Wendt, an AEI trustee emeritus and former CEO of SmithKline Beckman.[141] Notable lecturers have included Angus Maddison and Deepak Lal.

Nicholas Eberstadt holds the Henry Wendt Chair, focusing on demographics, population growth and human capital development; he served on the federal HELP Commission.

Paul Wolfowitz, the former president of the World Bank, researches development policy in Africa.

Roger Bate focuses his research on malaria, HIV/AIDS, counterfeit and substandard drugs,[142] access to water,[143] and other problems endemic in the developing world.

Health policy studies edit

AEI scholars have engaged in health policy research since the institute's early days. A Center for Health Policy Research was established in 1974.[144] For many years, Robert B. Helms led the health department. AEI's long-term focuses in health care have included national insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, pharmaceutical innovation, health care competition, and cost control.[78]

The center was replaced in the mid-1980s with the Health Policy Studies Program, which continues to this day. The AEI Press has published dozens of books on health policy since the 1970s. Since 2003, AEI has published the Health Policy Outlook series on new developments in U.S. and international health policy. AEI also published "A Better Prescription" to outline their ideal plan to healthcare reform. In the report, a great amount of emphasis is placed on placing the money and control in the hands of the consumers and continuing the market-based system of healthcare. They also acknowledge that this form of healthcare "relies on financial incentives rather than central direction and control, and it recognizes that a one-size-fits-all approach will not work in a country as diverse as ours".[62]

In 2009, AEI researchers were active in assessing the Obama administration's health care proposals.[145][146]

Paul Ryan, then-minority point man for health care in the House of Representatives, delivered the keynote address at an AEI conference on five key elements of health reform: mandated universal coverage, insurance exchanges, the public plan option, medical practice and treatment, and revenue to cover federal health care costs.[147]

AEI scholars have long argued against the tax break for employer-sponsored health insurance, arguing that it distorts insurance markets and limits consumer choices.[148][149][150][151]

In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, John McCain advocated this plan while Barack Obama disparaged it; in 2009, however, members of the Obama administration indicated that lifting the exemption was "on the table."[152] Dr. Scott Gottlieb, a medical doctor, has expressed concern about relatively unreliable comparative effectiveness research being used to restrict treatment options under a public plan.[153] AEI publishes a series of monographs on Medicare reform, edited by Helms and Antos.[154]

Roger Bate's work includes international health policy, especially pharmaceutical quality, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and multilateral health organizations. In 2008, Dora Akunyili, then Nigeria's top drug safety official, spoke at an AEI event coinciding with the launch of Bate's book Making a Killing.[142][155] After undergoing a kidney transplant in 2006,[156] Sally Satel expanded her work from drug addiction treatment and mental health to include studies of compensation systems that she argues would increase the supply of organs for transplant.[157] In addition to their work on pharmaceutical innovation and FDA regulation, Gottlieb and John E. Calfee have examined vaccine and antiviral drug supplies in the wake of the 2009 flu pandemic.[158]

Legal and constitutional studies edit

The AEI Legal Center for the Public Interest, formed in 2007 from the merger of the National Legal Center for the Public Interest, houses all legal and constitutional research at AEI. Legal studies have a long pedigree at AEI; the institute was in the vanguard of the law and economics movement in the 1970s and 1980s with the publication of Regulation magazine and AEI Press books. Robert Bork published The Antitrust Paradox with AEI support.[159] Other jurists, legal scholars, and constitutional scholars who have conducted research at AEI include Walter Berns, Richard Epstein, Bruce Fein, Robert Goldwin, Antonin Scalia, and Laurence Silberman.

The AEI Legal Center sponsors the annual Gauer Distinguished Lecture in Law and Public Policy. Past lecturers include Stephen Breyer, George H. W. Bush, Christopher Cox, Douglas Ginsburg, Anthony Kennedy, Sandra Day O'Connor, Colin Powell, Ronald Reagan, William Rehnquist, Condoleezza Rice, Margaret Thatcher, and William H. Webster.[160]

Ted Frank, the director of the AEI Legal Center, focuses on liability law and tort reform.[161] Michael S. Greve focuses on constitutional law and federalism, including federal preemption.[162] Greve is a fixture in the conservative legal movement. According to Jonathan Rauch, in 2005, Greve convened "a handful of free-market activists and litigators met in a windowless 11th-floor conference room at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington" in opposition to the legality of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. "By the time the meeting finished, the participants had decided to join forces and file suit... . No one paid much attention. But the yawning stopped on May 18, [2009,] when the Supreme Court announced it will hear the case."[163]

Political and public opinion studies edit

AEI's "Political Corner"[164] includes a range of political viewpoints, from the center-left[165][166] Norman J. Ornstein to the conservative Michael Barone. The Political Corner sponsors the biannual Election Watch series,[167] the "longest-running election program in Washington", featuring Barone, Ornstein, Karlyn Bowman, and—formerly—Ben Wattenberg and Bill Schneider, among others.[34] Ornstein and Fortier (an expert on absentee and early voting[168]) collaborate on a number of election- and governance-related projects, including the Election Reform Project.[169] AEI and Brookings are sponsoring a project on election demographics called "The Future of Red, Blue, and Purple America", co-directed by Bowman and Ruy Teixeira.[170]

AEI's work on political processes and institutions has been a central part of the institute's research programs since the 1970s. The AEI Press published a series of several dozen volumes in the 1970s and 1980s called "At the Polls"; in each volume, scholars would assess a country's recent presidential or parliamentary election. AEI scholars have been called upon to observe and assess constitutional conventions and elections worldwide. In the early 1980s, AEI scholars were commissioned by the U.S. government to monitor plebiscites in Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands.[171]

Another landmark in AEI's political studies is After the People Vote.[172] AEI's work on election reform continued into the 1990s and 2000s; Ornstein led a working group that drafted the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002.[173][174]

AEI published Public Opinion magazine from 1978 to 1990 under the editorship of Seymour Martin Lipset and Ben Wattenberg, assisted by Karlyn Bowman. The institute's work on polling continues with public opinion features in The American Enterprise and The American and Bowman's AEI Studies in Public Opinion.[175]

Social and cultural studies edit

AEI's social and cultural studies program dates to the 1970s, when William J. Baroody Sr., perceiving the importance of the philosophical and cultural underpinnings of modern economics and politics,[176] invited social and religious thinkers like Irving Kristol and Michael Novak to take up residence at AEI. Since then, AEI has sponsored research on a wide variety of issues, including education, religion, race and gender, and social welfare.

Supported by the Bradley Foundation, AEI has hosted since 1989 the Bradley Lecture Series, "which aims to enrich debate in the Washington policy community through exploration of the philosophical and historical underpinnings of current controversies". Notable speakers in the series have included Kristol, Novak, Allan Bloom, Robert Bork, David Brooks, Lynne Cheney, Ron Chernow, Tyler Cowen, Niall Ferguson, Francis Fukuyama, Eugene Genovese, Robert P. George, Gertrude Himmelfarb, Samuel P. Huntington (giving the first public presentation of his "clash of civilizations" theory in 1992), Paul Johnson, Leon Kass, Charles Krauthammer, Bernard Lewis, Seymour Martin Lipset, Harvey C. Mansfield, Michael Medved, Allan H. Meltzer, Edmund Morris, Charles Murray, Steven Pinker, Norman Podhoretz, Richard Posner, Jonathan Rauch, Andrew Sullivan, Cass Sunstein, Sam Tanenhaus, James Q. Wilson, John Yoo, and Fareed Zakaria.[177]

Education edit

Education policy studies at AEI are directed by Frederick M. Hess, who has authored, coauthored, or edited a number of volumes based on major conferences held at AEI on subjects like urban school reform,[178] school choice,[179] No Child Left Behind,[180] teacher qualification,[181] "educational entrepreneurship,"[182] student loans,[183] and education research.[184]

Hess co-directs AEI's , whose working group includes Washington, D.C. schools chancellor Michelle Rhee and Michael Feinberg, the cofounder of KIPP. Hess works closely with Rhee:[185] she has spoken at AEI on several occasions and appointed Hess to be one of two independent reform evaluators for the District of Columbia Public Schools. Hess coauthored Diplomas and Dropouts,[186] a report on university graduation rates that was widely publicized in 2009.[187] The report, along with other education-related projects, was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[188][189]

AEI is often identified as a supporter of vouchers,[190] but Hess has been critical of school vouchers: "[I]t is by now clear that aggressive reforms to bring market principles to American education have failed to live up to their billing. ... In the school choice debate, many reformers have gotten so invested in the language of 'choice' that they seem to forget choice is only half of the market equation. Markets are about both supply and demand—and, while 'choice' is concerned with emboldening consumer demand, the real action when it comes to prosperity, productivity, and progress is typically on the supply side."[191]

Funding edit

In the 1980s about 60% of its funding came from organizations like Lilly Endowment, the Smith Richardson Foundation, the Rockefeller Brothers Trust and the Earhart Foundation. The remaining of their funding was from major corporations like Bethlehem Steel, Exxon, J.C. Penney and the Chase Manhattan Bank.[192]

AEI's revenues for the fiscal year ending June 2015 were $84,616,388 against expenses of $38,611,315.[193] In 2014, the charity evaluating service American Institute of Philanthropy gave AEI an "A−" grade in its CharityWatch "Top-Rated Charities" listing.[194]

As of 2005 AEI had received $960,000 from ExxonMobil.[195] In 2010, AEI received a US$2.5 million grant from the Donors Capital Fund, a donor-advised fund.[196]

A 2013 study by Drexel University Sociologist Robert J. Brulle noted that AEI received $86.7 million between 2003 and 2010.[197]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Annual Report" (PDF). American Enterprise Institute. (PDF) from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  2. ^ Hounshell, Blake (April 27, 2022). "Democrats Ask if They Should Hit Back Harder Against the G.O.P." The New York Times. from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  3. ^ "Why the American Enterprise Institute chief is so popular". The Washington Post. from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  4. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (February 25, 2014). "In New Home, Policy Group Gets Big Gift". The New York Times. from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c Schifferes, Steve (April 3, 2003). "Battle of the Washington think tanks". BBC News. from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  6. ^ a b Bondarenko, Peter (February 5, 2015). "American Enterprise Institute". Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago, Illinois: Britannica Group Inc. from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  7. ^ "Board of Trustees". American Enterprise Institute. from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  8. ^ "Authors". American Enterprise Institute. from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  9. ^ a b Martin, Rachel (May 15, 2018). "Arthur Brooks To Step Down As President Of AEI". NPR. from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  10. ^ Costa, Robert (January 18, 2019). "AEI names Robert Doar as new president as conservative movement tries to find its way in Trump era". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d e f AEI. . Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  12. ^ a b "Board of Trustees". AEI. from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  13. ^ a b Van Atta, Dale (2008). With Honor: Melvin Laird in War, Peace, and Politics. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 55–56, 509. ISBN 978-0-299-22680-0.
  14. ^ a b c Abelson, Donald E. (2006). A Capitol Idea. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3115-4.
  15. ^ Grazia, Alfred de (December 1964). "Essay in Apportionment and Representative Government". Political Science Quarterly. 79 (4): 612–614. doi:10.2307/2146715. JSTOR 2146715.
  16. ^ Schlesinger, Arthur (December 1969). "Review: New Perspectives on the Presidency?". Public Administration Review. 29 (6): 670–679. doi:10.2307/974112. JSTOR 974112.
  17. ^ Phillips-Fein, Kim (2009). Invisible Hands. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-393-05930-4.
  18. ^ a b Rich, Andrew (2004). Think tanks, public policy, and the politics of expertise. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
  19. ^ Judis, John B. (2001). The paradox of American democracy. London: Taylor and Francis.
  20. ^ Kristol, Irving (1995). Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: Free Press.
  21. ^ Weiner, Tim (December 9, 2006). "Jeane Kirkpatrick, Reagan's Forceful Envoy, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  22. ^ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (December 2003). "In the Tank: The Intellectual Decline of AEI". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  23. ^ See AEI's Annual Reports, 1980–1985.
  24. ^ Spackman, Andy (December 22, 2009). "The American Enterprise Institute (www.aei.org)". Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship. 15 (1): 44–50. doi:10.1080/08963560903017607. ISSN 0896-3568. S2CID 58839559.
  25. ^ DeParle, Jason (October 9, 1994). "Daring Research or 'Social Science Pornography'?". The New York Times Magazine. from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  26. ^ a b c Lampton, David M. (2024). Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-5381-8725-8.
  27. ^ See AEI Annual Reports, 1988–89 and 2000.
  28. ^ Arin, Kubilay Yado (2013): Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy. Wiesbaden: VS Springer.
  29. ^ "President Bush Discusses Progress in Afghanistan, Global War on Terror" (Press release). The White House. February 15, 2007. from the original on March 12, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  30. ^ Rose, David (January 2007). "Neo Culpa". Vanity Fair. from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  31. ^ "George Bush's speech to the American Enterprise Institute". The Guardian. February 27, 2003. from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  32. ^ a b Gordon, Michael R. (August 30, 2008). "Troop 'Surge' Took Place Amid Doubt and Debate". The New York Times. from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  33. ^ a b Kagan, Frederick W. (January 5, 2007). . Phase I Report. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ^ a b c d "2008 Annual Report" (PDF). American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  35. ^ Weigel, David (March 13, 2009). . Washington Independent. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  36. ^ Brooks, Arthur C. (April 30, 2009). "The Real Culture War Is Over Capitalism". Wall Street Journal. from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  37. ^ . Frumforum.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  38. ^ "A Farewell to Frum". Vanity Fair. from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  39. ^ a b Montopoli, Brian (March 25, 2010). . CBS News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  40. ^ "PostPartisan - AEI hits David Frum where it hurts". from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  41. ^ Scherer, Michael (March 25, 2010). "Amid Column Furor, The American Enterprise Institute Dismisses David Frum". Time. from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2018 – via swampland.blogs.time.com.
  42. ^ Frum, David (March 21, 2010). . FrumForum. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  43. ^ Allen, Mike (March 26, 2010). . Politico. ISSN 2381-1595. OCLC 864712228. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  44. ^ "AEI names Robert Doar new President". The Washington Post. January 18, 2019. from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  45. ^ "President Tsai meets delegation from American Enterprise Institute". english.president.gov.tw. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  46. ^ "US think tank commits to strengthening US-Taiwan defense ties | Taiwan News | 2023-10-16 15:56:00". Taiwan News. October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  47. ^ "Officers". AEI. from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  48. ^ "Council of Academic Advisers". AEI. from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  49. ^ Abramowitz, Michael (July 19, 2006). "Conservative Anger Grows Over Bush's Foreign Policy". The Washington Post. p. A01. from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  50. ^ "Board of Trustees". AEI. April 16, 2014. from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  51. ^ "An insider's guide to the upcoming week". The Washington Post. April 30, 2007. p. A02. from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  52. ^ Milbank, Dana (December 8, 2000). "White House Hopes Gas Up A Think Tank: For Center-Right AEI, Bush Means Business". The Washington Post. p. A39.
  53. ^ "Wayback Machine". February 11, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2018.[dead link]
  54. ^ "OPPORTUNITY, RESPONSIBILITY, AND SECURITY : A CONSENSUS PLAN FOR REDUCING POVERTY AND RESTORING THE AMERICAN DREAM" (PDF). Brookings.edu. (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  55. ^ Saunders, Frances Stonor: The Cultural Cold War The New Press, 1999.
  56. ^ a b "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to receive 2015 AEI Irving Kristol Award". aei.org. from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  57. ^ "Scholars & Fellows". AEI. from the original on May 8, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  58. ^ Lofflmann, Georg (2017). American Grand Strategy under Obama: Competing Discourses. Edinburgh University Press. p. 121.
  59. ^ James G. McGann (director) (January 20, 2012). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2014. Other AEI "Top Think Tank" rankings include #32 in Security and International Affairs, #3 in Health Policy, #10 in Domestic Economic Policy, #9 in International Economic Policy, and #7 in Social Policy. By "Special Achievement" AEI's rating is #13 in Most Innovative Policy Ideas/Proposals, #13 in Outstanding Policy-Oriented Public Policy Research Programs, #20 in Best Use of the Internet or Social Media to Engage the Public, #13 in Best Use of the Media (Print or Electronic) to Communicate Programs and Research, #15 in Best External Relations/Public Engagement Programs, and #13 in Greatest Impact on Public Policy (Global).
  60. ^ Chafuen, Alejandro. "The 2019 Ranking Of Free-Market Think Tanks Measured By Social Media Impact". Forbes. from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  61. ^ "Research". AEI. from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  62. ^ a b . American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  63. ^ McKinnon, John D. (July 12, 2008). "Critic of the Firms Sadly Says 'Told You'". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on May 24, 2012.
  64. ^ Holmes, Stephen A. (September 30, 1999). "Fannie Mae Eases Credit To Aid Mortgage Lending". The New York Times. p. C2. from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  65. ^ Wallison, Peter J. (2001). "Introduction". In Wallison, Peter J. (ed.). . AEI Studies on Financial Market Deregulation. Washington, DC: AEI Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8447-4166-6. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009.
  66. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  67. ^ Wallison, Peter J. (August 26, 2008). . Financial Services Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009.
  68. ^ Labaton, Stephen; Andrews, Edmund L. (September 7, 2008). "In Rescue to Stabilize Lending, U.S. Takes Over Mortgage Finance Titans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  69. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. March 28, 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  70. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. October 11, 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  71. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. March 12, 2008. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  72. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. October 30, 2008. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  73. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on December 28, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  74. ^ Makin, John H. (December 2006). . Economic Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009.
  75. ^ Pollock, Alex J. (May 2, 2007). . The American. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  76. ^ Rucker, Patrick (June 15, 2007). "One-page mortgage form pitched as simplicity tool". Reuters. from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  77. ^ Mayer, Jane (2016). Dark Money. Doubleday. pp. 291–293. ISBN 978-0-385-53559-5.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i American Enterprise Institute, Research Highlights, accessed April 7, 2008. Archived copy at the Library of Congress (November 3, 2011).
  79. ^ Hassett, Kevin A.; Hubbard, R. Glenn, eds. (2001). Transition Costs of Fundamental Tax Reform. Washington, DC: AEI Press. ISBN 978-0-8447-4112-3. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Auerbach, Alan J.; Hassett, Kevin A., eds. (2005). Toward Fundamental Tax Reform. Washington, DC: AEI Press. ISBN 978-0-8447-4234-2. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  80. ^ Viard, Alan D., ed. (2009). . Washington, DC: AEI Press. ISBN 978-0-8447-4278-6. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009.
  81. ^ Kevin A., Hassett; Aparna Mathur (July 6, 2006). . working paper. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  82. ^ "A toll on the common man". The Economist. June 29, 2006.
  83. ^ Brill, Alex; Kevin A. Hassett (July 31, 2007). . working paper. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  84. ^ Editorial (December 26, 2006). . Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  85. ^ . Reg-Markets Center. Archived from the original on July 12, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  86. ^ "Research Highlights". American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. November 3, 2011. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  87. ^ Hayward, Steven F. (February 15, 2005). . AEI. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  88. ^ Bate, Roger (August 2, 2005). . AEI. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  89. ^ Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik M. (2010). Merchants of Doubt. Bloomsbury Press. pp. 125, 165, 217, 232, 234, 247. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4.
  90. ^ Hassett, Kevin A. (June 1, 2007). . American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  91. ^ Sample, Ian (February 2, 2007). "Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study". The Guardian. from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  92. ^ Floyd, Chris (February 3, 2007). . Atlantic Free Press. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  93. ^ Wendland, Joel (February 6, 2007). . Political Affairs Magazine. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  94. ^ Eilperin, Juliet (February 5, 2007). "AEI Critiques of Warming Questioned: Think Tank Defends Money Offers to Challenge Climate Report". The Washington Post. p. A04. from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  95. ^ American Enterprise Institute. (PDF). ThinkProgress. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  96. ^ "Global Warming Smear". The Guardian. February 2, 2007. from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  97. ^ Samuelson, Robert J. (August 20–27, 2007). "Greenhouse Simplicities". Newsweek. p. 47. from the original on December 17, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  98. ^ Editorial (February 9, 2007). "Global Warming Smear". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  99. ^ "Global Warming Smear". Wall Street Journal. February 9, 2007. from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  100. ^ AEI also backs the carbon taxation policy due to an incentive to reduce the use of carbon-intensive energy that would result. "The increased costs of energy would flow through the economy, ultimately giving consumers incentives to reduce their use of electricity, transportation fuels, home heating oil, and so forth". Along with consumers reducing their use of carbon-energy, they will be inclined to buy more efficient appliances, cars, and homes that apply "more attention to energy conservation".Green, Kenneth P.; Hassett, Kevin A.; Hayward, Stephen F. (June 1, 2007). . Environmental Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  101. ^ Lane, Lee (2006). Strategic Options for Bush Administration Climate Policy. Washington, DC: AEI Press. from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  102. ^ Lane, Lee; Thernstrom, Samuel (January 19, 2007). . Environmental Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  103. ^ Thernstrom, Samuel (June 23, 2008). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  104. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. October 6, 2006. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  105. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. November 8, 2006. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  106. ^ Green, Kenneth P. (July 29, 2008). . Environmental Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  107. ^ Green, Kenneth P.; Mathur, Aparna (December 4, 2008). . Environmental Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  108. ^ Green, Kenneth P.; Mathur, Aparna (March 4, 2009). "Indirect Energy and Your Wallet". Environmental Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. from the original on May 13, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  109. ^ Hahn, Robert W. (October 1, 2007). . AEI. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  110. ^ . AEI. September 16, 2007. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
  111. ^ Thernstrom, Samuel (June 5, 2009). . American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  112. ^ . AEI. February 13, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
  113. ^ Hayward, Steven F. (June 12, 2006). . AEI. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  114. ^ Hayward, Steven F. (May 15, 2006). . AEI. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  115. ^ Green, Kenneth (May 8, 2006). . National Review Online. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  116. ^ DeMuth, Christopher (September 2001). . The American Enterprise. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  117. ^ Confessore, Nicholas (December 2003). "How James Glassman reinvented journalism—as lobbying". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  118. ^ Glassman, James K. (December 15, 2003). "Certainty of Catastrophic Global Warming is a Hoax". Capitalism Magazine. from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  119. ^ Glassman, James K. (December 14, 2004). . AEI. Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  120. ^ Schwartz, Joel (July 2007). "A North Carolina Citizen's Guide to Global Warming" (PDF). John Locke Foundation. (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  121. ^ Heilbrunn, Jacob (January 12, 2009). "Where Have All the Neocons Gone?". The American Conservative. from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  122. ^ Lobe, Jim (March 27, 2003). "All in the Neocon Family". Alternet. from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  123. ^ Adam, Zagorin (November 16, 2007). . Time/CNN. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
  124. ^ Murray, Douglas (2006). Neoconservatism: Why We Need It. New York: Encounter Books. p. 87.
  125. ^ Bolton, John (December 18, 2007). "'Bush's Foreign Policy Is in Free Fall'". Der Spiegel. from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  126. ^ "Hardball with Chris Matthews". MSNBC. June 6, 2014. from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  127. ^ Heilbrunn, Jacob (December 19, 2008). . The National Interest. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  128. ^ Weigel, David (March 11, 2009). . The Washington Independent. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  129. ^ Woodward, Bob (2008). The War Within: A Secret White House History 2006–2008. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781416558989.
  130. ^ Kagan, Frederick W. (April 25, 2007). . Phase II Report. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Kagan, Frederick W. (September 6, 2007). . Phase III Report. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Kagan, Frederick W. (March 24, 2008). . Phase IV Report. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  131. ^ "AEI Expands Asian Studies Program". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  132. ^ Auslin, Michael; Christopher, Griffin (December 1, 2008). . American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Blumenthal, Dan; Randall, Schriver (February 22, 2008). . American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Blumenthal, Dan; Aaron, Friedberg (January 12, 2009). . American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  133. ^ Ceaser, James W. (January 25, 2010). . American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  134. ^ Falcoff, Mark (2003). Cuba the Morning After: Confronting Castro's Legacy. Washington: AEI Press.
  135. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. November 8, 2007. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  136. ^ Azarva, Jeffrey; Pletka, Danielle; Rubin, Michael (2008). Dissent and Reform in the Arab World: Empowering Democrats. Washington: AEI Press.
  137. ^ "Critical Threats". Critical Threats. from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  138. ^ Bolton, John R. (2007). Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  139. ^ Bauer, P. T. (1959). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  140. ^ Banfield, Edward C. (1970). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  141. ^ "- AEI". AEI. October 19, 2012. from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  142. ^ a b Bate, Roger (2008). Making a Killing. Washington: AEI Press.
  143. ^ Bate, Roger (2006). All the Water in the World. St. Leonard's, Australia: Centre for Independent Studies.
  144. ^ American Enterprise Institute, Annual Report, 1981–82.
  145. ^ . American Enterprise Institute. May 8, 2009. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  146. ^ Miller, Thomas P. (April 2, 2009). . The American. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  147. ^ See conference information at . Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009..
  148. ^ Cogan, John F.; Hubbard, R. Glenn; Kessler, Daniel P. (2005). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  149. ^ Glied, Sherry (1994). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  150. ^ Helms, Robert B., ed. (1993). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  151. ^ Helms, Robert B. (January 2005). . Health Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on June 13, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009. Dowd, Bryan E. (September 2007). . Health Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on June 13, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009. Helms, Robert B. (June 2009). "Taxing Health Insurance: A Tax Designed to Be Avoided". Health Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  152. ^ Levey, Noam M. (March 28, 2009). "Lawmakers consider taxes on healthcare benefits". Los Angeles Times. from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  153. ^ Gottlieb, Scott (February 2009). "Promoting and Using Comparative Research: What Are the Promises and Pitfalls of a New Federal Effort?". Health Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009. Gottlieb, Scott; Klasmeier, Coleen (June 2009). "Comparative Effectiveness Research: The Need for a Uniform Standard". Health Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  154. ^ Rettenmaier, Andrew J.; Saving, Thomas R. (2007). . Washington, DC: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009. Pauly, Mark V. (2008). . Washington, DC: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009. Feldman, Roger (2008). . Washington, DC: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  155. ^ See conference information at . Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  156. ^ Satel, Sally (December 16, 2007). . The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  157. ^ Satel, Sally, ed. (2009). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  158. ^ Gottlieb, Scott (May 2009). "Vaccine Readiness in a Time of Pandemic: Policy Promises Realized and the Challenges That Remain". Health Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009. Calfee, John E. (June 2009). "And Now, a Few Words about Antivirals for Pandemic Flu". Health Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  159. ^ Bork, Robert H. (1978). The Antitrust Paradox. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465003693.
  160. ^ Gauer Distinguished Lecture in Law and Public Policy June 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  161. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  162. ^ Greve, Michael S., ed. (2007). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  163. ^ Rauch, Jonathan (June 6, 2009). "The Peculiar Problem Of 'Peekaboo'". National Journal.
  164. ^ See the Political Corner website at . Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  165. ^ Ornstein, Norman J. (September 10, 2007). "My Neocon Problem". The New Republic. from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  166. ^ Clemons, Steve (August 31, 2007). . The Washington Note. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  167. ^ Hassett, Kevin A. (July 11, 2011). . American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  168. ^ Fortier, John C. (2006). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  169. ^ . February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  170. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  171. ^ American Enterprise Institute, Annual Report, 1982-1983; Ranney, Austin, ed. (1985). Democracy in the Islands: The Micronesian Plebiscites of 1983. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
  172. ^ The first two editions (in 1980 and 1992) were edited by Walter Berns; the 2004 edition was edited by John C. Fortier and included contributions from Berns, Norman J. Ornstein, Akhil Amar, Vikram Amar, and Martin Diamond. Fortier, John C., ed. (2004). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  173. ^ Ornstein, Norman J.; Carrado, Anthony (April 1, 2007). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  174. ^ Richey, Warren (December 11, 2003). "Court upholds 'soft money' ban". The Christian Science Monitor. from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  175. ^ . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Archived from the original on October 31, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  176. ^ Kristol, Irving; Novak, Michael (December 11, 1980). . Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  177. ^ "Bradley Lecture Series". American Enterprise Institute. from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  178. ^ Hess, Frederick M. (1998). . Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Hess, Frederick M. (2002). . Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Hess, Frederick M., ed. (2005). . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Hess, Frederick M. (2006). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  179. ^ Hess, Frederick M.; Milliman, Scott; Maranto, Robert; Gresham, April, eds. (2001). . Westview Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  180. ^ Hess, Frederick M.; Finn, Chester E. Jr., eds. (2001). . Palgrave MacMillan. Archived from the original on October 2, 2009. Hess, Frederick M.; Petrilli, Michael J. (2006). . Peter Lang. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Hess, Frederick M.; Finn, Chester E. Jr., eds. (2007). . Washington, DC: AEI Press. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009.
  181. ^ Hess, Frederick M.; Rotherham, Andrew J.; Walsh, Kate, eds. (2004). . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  182. ^ Hess, Frederick M., ed. (2005). . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Hess, Frederick M., ed. (2006). . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Hess, Frederick M., ed. (2008). . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  183. ^ Hess, Frederick M., ed. (2007). . Washington: AEI Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  184. ^ Hess, Frederick M., ed. (2008). . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  185. ^ DeBonis, Mike (March 4, 2009). . City Paper. Washington. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  186. ^ Hess, Frederick M.; Mark Schneider; Kevin Carey; Andrew P. Kelly (2009). Diplomas and Dropouts: Which Colleges Actually Graduate Their Students (and Which Don't) (PDF). American Enterprise Institute. (PDF) from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  187. ^ See, for example: Lozada, Carlos (June 3, 2009). "Making It to Pomp and Circumstance". The Washington Post. from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2009. ; Marklein, Mary Beth (June 3, 2009). "4-year colleges graduate 53% of students in 6 years". USA Today. from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  188. ^ (Press release). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. June 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  189. ^ . Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  190. ^ "Right Wing Watch". from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  191. ^ Hess, Frederick M. (September–October 2009). . The American. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  192. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (January 15, 1981). "INSTITUTE PLAYS KEY ROLE IN SHAPING REAGAN PROGRAMS". The New York Times.
  193. ^ "IRS Form 990". GuideStar. Internal Revenue Service. from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  194. ^ "Top Rated Charities". Charity Watch. from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  195. ^ "Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank". from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  196. ^ Hickley, Walter (February 12, 2013). "Inside The Secretive Dark-Money Organization That's Keeping The Lights On For Conservative Groups". Business Insider. from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  197. ^ Brulle, Robert J. (January 25, 2013), "Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate change counter-movement organizations", Climatic Change, 122 (4): 681, Bibcode:2014ClCh..122..681B, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-1018-7, S2CID 27538787, from the original on October 9, 2019, retrieved October 12, 2019

External links edit

  • Official website
  • American Enterprise Institute at Curlie

April 15, 2024
american, enterprise, institute, public, policy, research, known, simply, center, right, think, tank, based, washington, that, researches, government, politics, economics, social, welfare, independent, nonprofit, organization, supported, primarily, contributio. The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research known simply as the American Enterprise Institute AEI is a center right 2 think tank based in Washington D C that researches government politics economics and social welfare 3 4 AEI is an independent nonprofit organization supported primarily by contributions from foundations corporations and individuals American Enterprise InstituteAEI s headquarters near DuPont Circle in Washington D C AbbreviationAEIFormation1938 86 years ago 1938 TypePublic policy think tankTax ID no 53 0218495HeadquartersWashington D C LocationUnited StatesCoordinates38 54 33 N 77 02 29 W 38 909230 N 77 041470 W 38 909230 77 041470PresidentRobert DoarRevenue 2020 43 5 million 1 Expenses 2020 47 8 million 1 Websiteaei wbr orgFounded in 1938 the organization is aligned with conservatism and neoconservatism but does not support political candidates 5 AEI advocates in favor of private enterprise limited government and democratic capitalism 6 Some of their positions have attracted controversy including their defense policy recommendations for the Iraq War their analysis of the financial crisis of 2007 2008 and their energy and environmental policies based on their more than two decade long opposition to the prevailing scientific opinion on climate change AEI is governed by a 28 member Board of Trustees 7 Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI 8 Arthur C Brooks served as president of AEI from January 2009 through July 1 2019 9 He was succeeded by Robert Doar 10 Contents 1 History 1 1 Beginnings 1938 1954 1 2 William J Baroody Sr 1954 1980 1 3 William J Baroody Jr 1980 1986 1 4 Christopher DeMuth 1986 2008 1 5 Arthur C Brooks 2008 2019 1 5 1 Termination of David Frum s residency 1 6 Robert Doar 2019 present 2 Personnel 3 Board of directors 4 Political stance and impact 5 Research programs 5 1 Economic policy studies 5 1 1 Financial crisis of 2007 2008 5 1 2 Tax and fiscal policy 5 1 3 Center for Regulatory and Market Studies 5 1 4 Energy and environmental policy 5 2 Foreign and defense policy studies 5 2 1 U S national security strategy defense policy and the surge 5 2 2 Area studies 5 2 3 International organizations and economic development 5 3 Health policy studies 5 4 Legal and constitutional studies 5 5 Political and public opinion studies 5 6 Social and cultural studies 5 6 1 Education 6 Funding 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistory editBeginnings 1938 1954 edit AEI grew out of the American Enterprise Association AEA which was founded in 1938 by a group of New York businessmen led by Lewis H Brown 11 AEI s founders included executives from Bristol Myers Chemical Bank Chrysler Eli Lilly General Mills and Paine Webber 12 In 1943 AEA s main offices were moved from New York City to Washington D C during a time when Congress s portfolio had vastly increased during World War II AEA opposed the New Deal and aimed to propound classical liberal arguments for limited government citation needed In 1944 AEA convened an Economic Advisory Board to set a high standard for research this eventually evolved into the Council of Academic Advisers which over the decades included economists and social scientists including Ronald Coase Martin Feldstein Milton Friedman Roscoe Pound and James Q Wilson citation needed AEA s early work in Washington D C involved commissioning and distributing legislative analyses to Congress which developed AEA s relationships with Melvin Laird and Gerald Ford 13 Brown eventually shifted AEA s focus to commissioning studies of government policies These subjects ranged from fiscal to monetary policy and including health care and energy policy and authors such as Earl Butz John Lintner former New Dealer Raymond Moley and Felix Morley Brown died in 1951 and AEA languished as a result In 1952 a group of young policymakers and public intellectuals including Laird William J Baroody Sr Paul McCracken and Murray Weidenbaum met to discuss resurrecting AEA 13 In 1954 Baroody became executive vice president of the association William J Baroody Sr 1954 1980 edit Baroody was executive vice president from 1954 to 1962 and president from 1962 to 1978 Baroody raised money for AEA to expand its financial base beyond the business leaders on the board 14 During the 1950s and 1960s AEA s work became more pointed and focused including monographs by Edward Banfield James M Buchanan P T Bauer Alfred de Grazia Rose Friedman and Gottfried Haberler 15 16 In 1962 AEA changed its name to the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research AEI to avoid any confusion with a trade association representing business interests attempting to influence politicians 17 In 1964 William J Baroody Sr and several of his top staff at AEI including Karl Hess moonlighted as policy advisers and speechwriters for presidential nominee Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election Even though Baroody and his staff sought to support Goldwater on their own time without using the institution s resources AEI came under scrutiny of the IRS in the years following the campaign author Andrew Rich wrote in 2004 18 Representative Wright Patman subpoenaed the institute s tax papers and the IRS initiated a two year investigation of AEI 19 After this AEI s officers attempted to avoid the appearance of partisan political advocacy 18 Baroody recruited a resident research faculty Harvard University economist Gottfried Haberler was the first to join in 1972 11 In 1977 former president Gerald Ford joined AEI as a distinguished fellow Ford brought several of his administration officials with him including Robert Bork Arthur Burns David Gergen James C Miller III Laurence Silberman and Antonin Scalia Ford also founded the AEI World Forum which he hosted until 2005 Other staff hired during this time included Walter Berns and Herbert Stein Baroody s son William J Baroody Jr a Ford White House official also joined AEI and later became president of AEI succeeding his father in that role in 1978 11 The elder Baroody made an effort to recruit neoconservatives who had supported the New Deal and Great Society but were disaffected by what they perceived as the failure of the welfare state This also included Cold War hawks who rejected the peace agenda of 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern Baroody brought Jeane Kirkpatrick Irving Kristol Michael Novak and Ben Wattenberg to AEI 20 While at AEI Kirkpatrick authored Dictatorships and Double Standards which brought her to the attention of Ronald Reagan and Kirkpatrick was later named U S permanent representative to the United Nations 21 AEI also became a home for supply side economists during the late 1970s and early 1980s 22 By 1980 AEI had grown from a budget of 1 million and a staff of ten to a budget of 8 million and a staff of 125 11 William J Baroody Jr 1980 1986 edit Baroody Sr retired in 1978 and was replaced by his son William J Baroody Jr Baroody Sr died in 1980 shortly before Reagan took office as U S president in January 1981 11 During the Reagan administration several AEI staff were hired by the administration But this combined with prodigious growth diffusion of research activities 23 original research and managerial problems proved costly 14 Some foundations then supporting AEI perceived a drift toward the center politically Centrists like Ford Burns and Stein clashed with rising movement conservatives In 1986 the John M Olin Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation withdrew funding for AEI pushing it to the brink of bankruptcy The board of trustees fired Baroody Jr and after Paul McCracken then served briefly as interim president In December 1986 AEI hired Christopher DeMuth as its new president 14 and DeMuth served in the role for 22 years 24 Christopher DeMuth 1986 2008 edit nbsp Then U S vice president Dick Cheney speaks at AEI on the war on terror arguing against a withdrawal from the Iraq War in November 2005 In 1990 AEI hired Charles Murray and received his Bradley Foundation support for The Bell Curve after the Manhattan Institute dropped him 25 Others brought to AEI by DeMuth included John Bolton Dinesh D Souza Richard Cheney Lynne Cheney Michael Barone James K Glassman Newt Gingrich John Lott and Ayaan Hirsi Ali citation needed During DeMuth s tenure the organization turned further to the political right 26 AEI had severe financial problems when DeMuth began his presidency 26 During the George H W Bush and Bill Clinton administrations AEI s revenues grew from 10 million to 18 9 million 27 Academic David M Lampton writes that DeMuth was responsive to the financial power of America s hard right 26 The institute s publications Public Opinion and The AEI Economist were merged into The American Enterprise edited by Karlyn Bowman from 1990 to 1995 and by Karl Zinsmeister from 1995 to 2006 when Glassman created The American AEI was closely tied to the George W Bush administration 28 More than twenty AEI staff members served in the Bush administration and Bush addressed the institute on three occasions I admire AEI a lot I m sure you know that Bush said After all I have been consistently borrowing some of your best people 29 Cabinet officials also frequented AEI In 2002 Danielle Pletka joined AEI to promote the foreign policy department AEI and several of its staff including Michael Ledeen and Richard Perle became associated with the start of the Iraq War 30 President George W Bush used a February 2003 AEI dinner to advocate for a democratized Iraq which was intended to inspire the remainder of the Mideast 31 In 2006 07 AEI staff including Frederick W Kagan provided a strategic framework for the 2007 surge in Iraq 32 33 The Bush administration also drew on AEI work in other areas such as Leon Kass s appointment as the first chairman of the President s Council on Bioethics and Norman J Ornstein s work drafting the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act that Bush signed in 2002 Arthur C Brooks 2008 2019 edit When DeMuth retired as president at the end of 2008 AEI s staff numbered 185 with 70 scholars and several dozen adjuncts 11 and revenues of 31 3 million 34 Arthur C Brooks succeeded him as president at the start of the Late 2000s recession 35 In a 2009 op ed in The Wall Street Journal Brooks positioned AEI to be much more aggressive in responding to the policies of the Barack Obama administration 36 In 2018 Brooks announced that he would step down effective July 1 2019 9 Termination of David Frum s residency edit On March 25 2010 AEI resident fellow David Frum announced that his position at the organization had been terminated 37 38 Following this announcement media outlets speculated that Frum had been forced out 39 40 41 for writing a post to his FrumForum blog called Waterloo in which he criticized the Republican Party s unwillingness to bargain with Democrats on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act In the editorial Frum claimed that his party s failure to reach a deal led us to abject and irreversible defeat 42 After his termination Frum clarified that his article had been welcomed and celebrated by AEI President Arthur Brooks and that he had been asked to leave because these are hard times Brooks had offered Frum the opportunity to write for AEI on a nonsalaried basis but Frum declined 39 The following day journalist Mike Allen published a conversation with Frum in which Frum expressed a belief that his termination was the result of pressure from donors According to Frum AEI represents the best of the conservative world But the elite isn t leading anymore I think Arthur Brooks took no pleasure in this I think he was embarrassed 43 Robert Doar 2019 present edit In January 2019 Robert Doar was selected by AEI s board of trustees to be AEI s 12th president succeeding Arthur Brooks on July 1 2019 44 In October 2023 Doar led an AEI delegation including Kori Schake Dan Blumenthal Zack Cooper and Nicholas Eberstadt among others to visit Taiwan to meet with President Tsai Ing wen 45 46 Personnel edit nbsp American Enterprise Institute markerAEI s officers include Robert Doar Danielle Pletka Yuval Levin Michael R Strain and Ryan Streeter 47 AEI has a Council of Academic Advisers which includes Alan J Auerbach Eliot A Cohen Eugene Fama Aaron Friedberg Robert P George Eric A Hanushek Walter Russell Mead Mark V Pauly R Glenn Hubbard Sam Peltzman Harvey S Rosen Jeremy A Rabkin and Richard Zeckhauser The Council of Academic Advisers selects the annual winner of the Irving Kristol Award 48 AEI was influential during the George W Bush administration s public and foreign policy 49 More than 20 staff members served either in a Bush administration policy post or on one of the government s many panels and commissions 50 including Dick Cheney John R Bolton 6 Lynne Cheney and Paul Wolfowitz citation needed Board of directors editAEI s board is chaired by Daniel A D Aniello Current notable trustees include 12 Cliff Asness hedge fund manager and the co founder of AQR Capital Management Dick Cheney former U S vice president Pete Coors vice chairman of the board of Molson Coors Brewing Company Harlan Crow chairman and CEO Crow Holdings the Trammell Crow family s investment company Ravenel B Curry III president Eagle Capital Management Dick DeVos president Windquest Group John V Faraci chairman and CEO International Paper Tully Friedman chairman and CEO Friedman Fleischer amp Lowe Christopher Galvin former CEO and chairman Motorola Harvey Golub retired chairman and CEO American Express Company Robert F Greenhill founder and chairman Greenhill amp Co Frank Hanna III CEO Hanna Capital Bruce Kovner chairman Caxton Alternative Associates former AEI chairman John A Luke Jr chairman and CEO MeadWestvaco Kevin Rollins former president and CEO Dell Matthew K Rose executive chairman BNSF Railway Edward B Rust Jr chairman and CEO State Farm former AEI chairman Mel Sembler chairman emeritus Sembler CompanyPolitical stance and impact editThe institute has been described as a right leaning counterpart to the left leaning Brookings Institution 51 52 however the two entities have often collaborated From 1998 to 2008 they co sponsored the AEI Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies and in 2006 they launched the AEI Brookings Election Reform Project 53 In 2015 a working group consisting of members from both institutions coauthored a report entitled Opportunity Responsibility and Security A Consensus Plan for Reducing Poverty and Restoring the American Dream 54 AEI is the most prominent think tank associated with American neoconservatism in both the domestic and international policy arenas 5 Irving Kristol widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of neoconservatism was a senior fellow at AEI arriving from the Congress for Cultural Freedom following the revelation of that group s CIA funding and the AEI issues a Irving Kristol Award in his honour 55 56 Many prominent neoconservatives including Jeane Kirkpatrick Ben Wattenberg and Joshua Muravchik spent the bulk of their careers at AEI 57 Paul Ryan has described the AEI as one of the beachheads of the modern conservative movement 58 According to the 2011 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program University of Pennsylvania AEI is number 17 in the Top Thirty Worldwide Think Tanks and number 10 in the Top Fifty United States Think Tanks 59 As of 2019 the American Enterprise Institute also leads in YouTube subscribers among free market groups 60 Research programs editAEI s research is divided into seven broad categories economic policy studies foreign and defense policy studies health care policy studies political and public opinion studies social and cultural studies education and poverty studies Until 2008 AEI s work was divided into economics foreign policy and politics and social policy AEI research is presented at conferences and meetings in peer reviewed journals and publications on the institute s website and through testimony before and consultations with government panels citation needed 61 Economic policy studies edit Economic policy was the original focus of the American Enterprise Association and the Institute still keeps economic policy studies at its core 34 According to AEI s annual report The principal goal is to better understand free economies how they function how to capitalize on their strengths how to keep private enterprise robust and how to address problems when they arise Michael R Strain directs economic policy studies at AEI Throughout the beginning of the 21st century AEI staff have pushed for a more conservative approach to aiding the recession that includes major tax cuts AEI supported President Bush s tax cuts in 2002 and claimed that the cuts played a large role in helping to save the economy from a recession AEI also suggested that further taxes were necessary in order to attain recovery of the economy An AEI staff member said that the Democrats in congress who opposed the Bush stimulus plan were foolish for doing so as he saw the plan as a major success for the administration 62 Financial crisis of 2007 2008 edit As the financial crisis of 2007 2008 unfolded The Wall Street Journal stated that predictions by AEI staff about the involvement of housing GSEs had come true 63 In the late 1990s Fannie Mae eased credit requirements on the mortgages it purchased and exposed itself to more risk Peter J Wallison warned that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac s public private status put taxpayers on the line for increased risk 64 Because of the agencies dual public and private form various efforts to force Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to fulfill their public mission at the cost of their profitability have failed and will likely continue to fail he wrote in 2001 The only viable solution would seem to be full privatization or the adoption of policies that would force the agencies to adopt this course themselves 65 Wallison ramped up his criticism of the GSEs throughout the 2000s In 2006 and 2007 he moderated conferences featuring James B Lockhart III the chief regulator of Fannie and Freddie 66 In August 2008 after Fannie and Freddie had been backstopped by the US Treasury Department Wallison outlined several ways of dealing with the GSEs including nationalization through a receivership outright privatization and privatization through a receivership 67 The following month Lockhart and Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson took the former path by putting Fannie and Freddie into federal conservatorship 68 As the housing crisis unfolded AEI sponsored a series of conferences featuring commentators including Desmond Lachman and Nouriel Roubini 69 70 71 72 73 Makin had been warning about the effects of a housing downturn on the broader economy for months 74 Amid charges that many homebuyers did not understand their complex mortgages Alex J Pollock crafted a prototype of a one page mortgage disclosure form 75 76 The claim that AEI predicted and warned about the financial crisis of 2007 2008 is heavily disputed In her book Dark Money 2016 American investigative journalist Jane Mayer writes that contrary to their claims AEI took the lead role in crafting a revisionist narrative about the financial crisis promoting what equities analyst Barry Ritholtz called Wall Street s big lie AEI s argument that government programs that helped low income home buyers get mortgages caused the collapse did not withstand even casual scrutiny according to Ritholz Multiple studies including those from Harvard University s Joint Center for Housing Studies and the U S Government Accountability Office did not support the conclusions about mortgages reached by AEI Ritholz argues that AEI intentionally shifted the blame from the financial sector many of whom worked or were affiliated with AEI according to Mayer to the government and the consumer so as to continue promoting the questionable idea that the free market does not need regulation 77 Tax and fiscal policy edit Kevin Hassett and Alan D Viard are AEI s principal tax policy experts although Alex Brill R Glenn Hubbard and Aparna Mathur also work on the subject Specific subjects include income distribution transition costs marginal tax rates and international taxation of corporate income the Pension Protection Act of 2006 dynamic scoring and the effects of taxation on investment savings and entrepreneurial activity and options to fix the alternative minimum tax 78 Hassett has coedited several volumes on tax reform 79 Viard edited a book on tax policy lessons from the Bush administration 80 AEI s working paper series includes developing academic works on economic issues One paper by Hassett and Mathur on the responsiveness of wages to corporate taxation 81 was cited by The Economist 82 figures from another paper by Hassett and Brill on maximizing corporate income tax revenue 83 was cited by The Wall Street Journal 84 Center for Regulatory and Market Studies edit From 1998 to 2008 the Reg Markets Center was the AEI Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies directed by Robert W Hahn The center which no longer exists sponsored conferences papers and books on regulatory decision making and the impact of federal regulation on consumers businesses and governments It covered a range of disciplines It also sponsored an annual Distinguished Lecture series Past lecturers in the series have included William Baumol Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer Alfred Kahn Sam Peltzman Richard Posner and Cass Sunstein 85 Research in AEI s Financial Markets Program also includes banking insurance and securities regulation accounting reform corporate governance and consumer finance 86 Energy and environmental policy edit AEI s work on climate change has been subject to controversy Some AEI staff and fellows have been critical of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC the international scientific body tasked to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity 87 88 According to AEI it emphasizes the need to design environmental policies that protect not only nature but also democratic institutions and human liberty 78 American historian of science Naomi Oreskes notes that this idea became prominent during the conservative turn towards anti environmentalism in the 1980s Corporations claimed to uphold a kind of laissez faire capitalism that promoted individual rights by pushing for deregulation To do this successfully companies would fund think tanks like AEI to cast doubt on science and spread disinformation by arguing that environmental dangers were unproven 89 When the Kyoto Protocol was approaching in 1997 AEI was hesitant to encourage the U S to join In an essay from the AEI outlook series of 2007 the authors discuss the Kyoto Protocol and state that the United States should be wary of joining an international emissions trading regime To back this statement they point out that committing to the Kyoto emissions goal would be a significant and unrealistic obligation for the United States In addition they state that the Kyoto regulations would have an impact not only on governmental policies but also the private sector through expanding government control over investment decisions AEI staff said that dilution of sovereignty would be the result if the U S signed the treaty 90 In February 2007 a number of sources including the British newspaper The Guardian reported that the AEI had offered scientists 10 000 plus travel expenses and additional payments asking them to dispute the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 91 This offer was criticized as bribery 92 93 The letters alleged that the IPCC was resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent and prone to summary conclusions that are poorly supported by the analytical work and asked for essays that thoughtfully explore the limitations of climate model outputs 94 95 In 2016 The Guardian reported that the AEI received 1 6 million in funding from ExxonMobil and further notes that former ExxonMobil CEO Lee R Raymond is the vice chairman of AEI s board of trustees 96 This story was repeated by Newsweek which drew criticism from its contributing editor Robert J Samuelson because this accusation was long ago discredited and Newsweek shouldn t have lent it respectability 97 The Guardian article was disputed in a The Wall Street Journal editorial 98 The editorial stated AEI doesn t lobby didn t offer money to scientists to question global warming and the money it did pay for climate research didn t come from Exxon 99 AEI has promoted carbon taxation as an alternative to cap and trade regimes Most economists believe a carbon tax a tax on the quantity of CO2 emitted when using energy would be a superior policy alternative to an emissions trading regime wrote Kenneth P Green Kevin Hassett and Steven F Hayward In fact the irony is that there is a broad consensus in favor of a carbon tax everywhere except on Capitol Hill where the T word is anathema 100 Other AEI staff have argued for similar policies 101 102 Thernstrom and Lane are codirecting a project on whether geoengineering would be a feasible way to buy us time to make the transition from fossil fuels while protecting us from the worst potential effects of warming 103 Green who departed AEI in 2013 expanded its work on energy policy He has hosted conferences on nuclear power 104 and ethanol 105 106 With Aparna Mathur he evaluated Americans indirect energy use to discover unexpected areas in which energy efficiencies can be achieved 107 108 In October 2007 resident scholar and executive director of the AEI Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies Robert W Hahn commented Fending off both sincere and sophistic opposition to cap and trade will no doubt require some uncomfortable compromises Money will be wasted on unpromising R amp D grotesquely expensive renewable fuels may gain a permanent place at the subsidy trough And as noted above there will always be a risk of cheating But the first priority should be to seize the day putting a domestic emissions regulation system in place Without America s political leadership and economic muscle behind it an effective global climate stabilization strategy isn t possible 109 AEI visiting scholar N Gregory Mankiw wrote in The New York Times in support of a carbon tax on September 16 2007 He remarked that there is a broad consensus The scientists tell us that world temperatures are rising because humans are emitting carbon into the atmosphere Basic economics tells us that when you tax something you normally get less of it 110 After Energy Secretary Steven Chu recommended painting roofs and roads white in order to reflect sunlight back into space and therefore reduce global warming AEI s magazine The American endorsed the idea It also stated that ultimately we need to look more broadly at creative ways of reducing the harmful effects of climate change in the long run 111 The American s editor in chief and fellow Nick Schulz endorsed a carbon tax over a cap and trade program in The Christian Science Monitor on February 13 2009 He stated that it would create a market price for carbon emissions and lead to emissions reductions or new technologies that cut greenhouse gases 112 Former scholar Steven Hayward has described efforts to reduce global warming as being based on exaggerations and conjecture rather than science 113 He has stated that even though the leading scientific journals are thoroughly imbued with environmental correctness and reject out of hand many articles that don t conform to the party line a study that confounds the conventional wisdom is published almost every week 114 Likewise former AEI scholar Kenneth Green has referred to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as the positively silly idea of establishing global weather control by actively managing the atmosphere s greenhouse gas emissions and endorsed Michael Crichton s novel State of Fear for having educated millions of readers about climate science 115 Christopher DeMuth former AEI president accepted that the earth has warmed in recent decades but he stated that it s not clear why this happened and charged as well that the IPCC has tended to ignore many distinguished physicists and meteorologists whose work casts doubt on the influence of greenhouse gases on global temperature trends 116 Fellow James Glassman also disputes the prevailing scientific opinion on climate change having written numerous articles criticizing the Kyoto accords and climate science more generally for Tech Central Station 117 He supported the views of U S Senator Jim Inhofe R OK who claims that global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people 118 and like Green cites Crichton s novel State of Fear which casts serious doubt on global warming and extremists who espouse it 119 Joel Schwartz an AEI visiting fellow stated The Earth has indeed warmed during the last few decades and may warm further in the future But the pattern of climate change is not consistent with the greenhouse effect being the main cause 120 Foreign and defense policy studies edit AEI s foreign and defense policy studies researchers focus on how political and economic freedom as well as American interests are best promoted around the world 34 AEI staff have tended to be advocates of a hard U S line on threats or potential threats to the United States including the Soviet Union during the Cold War Saddam Hussein s Iraq the People s Republic of China North Korea Iran Syria Venezuela Russia and terrorist or militant groups like al Qaeda and Hezbollah Likewise AEI staff have promoted closer U S ties with countries whose interests or values they view as aligned with America s such as Israel the Republic of China Taiwan India Australia Japan Mexico Colombia the Philippines the United Kingdom and emerging post Communist states such as Poland AEI takes a pro Israel stance In 2015 it awarded Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu its Irving Kristol Award 56 AEI s foreign and defense policy studies department directed by Danielle Pletka is the part of the institute most commonly associated with neoconservatism 5 especially by its critics 121 122 Prominent foreign policy neoconservatives at AEI include Richard Perle Gary Schmitt and Paul Wolfowitz John Bolton often said to be a neoconservative 123 124 has said he is not one as his primary focus is on American interests not democracy promotion 125 126 Joshua Muravchik and Michael Ledeen spent many years at AEI although they departed at around the same time as Reuel Marc Gerecht in 2008 in what was rumored to be a purge of neoconservatives at the institute possibly signal ing the end of neoconservatism s domination over the think tank over the past several decades 127 although Muravchik later said it was the result of personality and management conflicts 128 U S national security strategy defense policy and the surge edit In late 2006 the security situation in Iraq continued to deteriorate and the Iraq Study Group proposed a phased withdrawal of U S troops and further engagement of Iraq s neighbors Consulting with AEI s Iraq Planning Group Frederick W Kagan published an AEI report entitled Choosing Victory A Plan for Success in Iraq calling for phase one of a change in strategy to focus on clearing and holding neighborhoods and securing the population a troop escalation of seven Army brigades and Marine regiments and a renewed emphasis on reconstruction economic development and jobs 33 While the report was being drafted Kagan and Keane were briefing President Bush Vice President Cheney and other senior Bush administration officials behind the scenes According to Bob Woodward Peter J Schoomaker was outraged when he saw news coverage that retired Gen Jack Keane the former Army vice chief of staff had briefed the president on December 11 about a new Iraq strategy being proposed by the American Enterprise Institute the conservative think tank When does AEI start trumping the Joint Chiefs of Staff on this stuff Schoomaker asked at the next chiefs meeting 129 Kagan Keane and Senators John McCain and Joseph Lieberman presented the plan at a January 5 2007 event at AEI Bush announced the change of strategy on January 10 32 Kagan authored three subsequent reports monitoring the progress of the surge 130 AEI s defense policy researchers who also include Schmitt and Thomas Donnelly also work on issues related to the U S military forces size and structure and military partnerships with allies both bilaterally and through institutions such as NATO Schmitt directs AEI s Program on Advanced Strategic Studies which analyzes the long term issues that will impact America s security and its ability to lead internationally 78 Area studies edit Asian studies at AEI covers the rise of China as an economic and political power Taiwan s security and economic agenda Japan s military transformation the threat of a nuclear North Korea and the impact of regional alliances and rivalries on U S military and economic relationships in Asia 78 131 AEI has published numerous reports on Asia 132 Papers in AEI s Tocqueville on China Project series elicit the underlying civic culture of post Mao China enabling policymakers to better understand the internal forces and pressures that are shaping China s future 133 AEI s Europe program was previously housed under the auspices of the New Atlantic Initiative which was directed by Radek Sikorski before his return to Polish politics in 2005 Leon Aron s work forms the core of the institute s program on Russia AEI staff tend to view Russia as posing strategic challenges for the West 78 Mark Falcoff now retired was previously AEI s resident Latinamericanist focusing on the Southern Cone Panama and Cuba He has warned that the road for Cuba after Fidel Castro s rule or the lifting of the U S trade embargo would be difficult for an island scarred by a half century of poverty and civil turmoil 134 Roger Noriega s focuses at AEI are on Venezuela Brazil the Merida Initiative with Mexico and Central America 135 and hemispheric relations AEI has historically devoted significant attention to the Middle East especially through the work of former resident scholars Ledeen and Muravchik Pletka s research focus also includes the Middle East and she coordinated a conference series on empowering democratic dissidents and advocates in the Arab World 136 In 2009 AEI launched the Critical Threats Project led by Kagan to highlight the complexity of the global challenges the United States faces with a primary focus on Iran and al Qaeda s global influence 78 The project includes IranTracker org 137 with contributions from Ali Alfoneh Ahmad Majidyar and Michael Rubin among others International organizations and economic development edit For several years AEI and the Federalist Society cosponsored NGOWatch which was later subsumed into Global Governance Watch a web based resource that addresses issues of transparency and accountability in the United Nations NGOs and related international organizations 78 NGOWatch returned as a subsite of Global Governance Watch led by Jon Entine AEI scholars focusing on international organizations includes John Bolton the former U S ambassador to the United Nations 138 and John Yoo who researches international law and sovereignty 78 AEI s research on economic development dates back to the early days of the institute P T Bauer authored a monograph on development in India in 1959 139 and Edward Banfield published a booklet on the theory behind foreign aid in 1970 140 Since 2001 AEI has sponsored the Henry Wendt Lecture in International Development named for Henry Wendt an AEI trustee emeritus and former CEO of SmithKline Beckman 141 Notable lecturers have included Angus Maddison and Deepak Lal Nicholas Eberstadt holds the Henry Wendt Chair focusing on demographics population growth and human capital development he served on the federal HELP Commission Paul Wolfowitz the former president of the World Bank researches development policy in Africa Roger Bate focuses his research on malaria HIV AIDS counterfeit and substandard drugs 142 access to water 143 and other problems endemic in the developing world Health policy studies edit AEI scholars have engaged in health policy research since the institute s early days A Center for Health Policy Research was established in 1974 144 For many years Robert B Helms led the health department AEI s long term focuses in health care have included national insurance Medicare Medicaid pharmaceutical innovation health care competition and cost control 78 The center was replaced in the mid 1980s with the Health Policy Studies Program which continues to this day The AEI Press has published dozens of books on health policy since the 1970s Since 2003 AEI has published the Health Policy Outlook series on new developments in U S and international health policy AEI also published A Better Prescription to outline their ideal plan to healthcare reform In the report a great amount of emphasis is placed on placing the money and control in the hands of the consumers and continuing the market based system of healthcare They also acknowledge that this form of healthcare relies on financial incentives rather than central direction and control and it recognizes that a one size fits all approach will not work in a country as diverse as ours 62 In 2009 AEI researchers were active in assessing the Obama administration s health care proposals 145 146 Paul Ryan then minority point man for health care in the House of Representatives delivered the keynote address at an AEI conference on five key elements of health reform mandated universal coverage insurance exchanges the public plan option medical practice and treatment and revenue to cover federal health care costs 147 AEI scholars have long argued against the tax break for employer sponsored health insurance arguing that it distorts insurance markets and limits consumer choices 148 149 150 151 In the 2008 U S presidential election John McCain advocated this plan while Barack Obama disparaged it in 2009 however members of the Obama administration indicated that lifting the exemption was on the table 152 Dr Scott Gottlieb a medical doctor has expressed concern about relatively unreliable comparative effectiveness research being used to restrict treatment options under a public plan 153 AEI publishes a series of monographs on Medicare reform edited by Helms and Antos 154 Roger Bate s work includes international health policy especially pharmaceutical quality HIV AIDS malaria and multilateral health organizations In 2008 Dora Akunyili then Nigeria s top drug safety official spoke at an AEI event coinciding with the launch of Bate s book Making a Killing 142 155 After undergoing a kidney transplant in 2006 156 Sally Satel expanded her work from drug addiction treatment and mental health to include studies of compensation systems that she argues would increase the supply of organs for transplant 157 In addition to their work on pharmaceutical innovation and FDA regulation Gottlieb and John E Calfee have examined vaccine and antiviral drug supplies in the wake of the 2009 flu pandemic 158 Legal and constitutional studies edit The AEI Legal Center for the Public Interest formed in 2007 from the merger of the National Legal Center for the Public Interest houses all legal and constitutional research at AEI Legal studies have a long pedigree at AEI the institute was in the vanguard of the law and economics movement in the 1970s and 1980s with the publication of Regulation magazine and AEI Press books Robert Bork published The Antitrust Paradox with AEI support 159 Other jurists legal scholars and constitutional scholars who have conducted research at AEI include Walter Berns Richard Epstein Bruce Fein Robert Goldwin Antonin Scalia and Laurence Silberman The AEI Legal Center sponsors the annual Gauer Distinguished Lecture in Law and Public Policy Past lecturers include Stephen Breyer George H W Bush Christopher Cox Douglas Ginsburg Anthony Kennedy Sandra Day O Connor Colin Powell Ronald Reagan William Rehnquist Condoleezza Rice Margaret Thatcher and William H Webster 160 Ted Frank the director of the AEI Legal Center focuses on liability law and tort reform 161 Michael S Greve focuses on constitutional law and federalism including federal preemption 162 Greve is a fixture in the conservative legal movement According to Jonathan Rauch in 2005 Greve convened a handful of free market activists and litigators met in a windowless 11th floor conference room at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington in opposition to the legality of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board By the time the meeting finished the participants had decided to join forces and file suit No one paid much attention But the yawning stopped on May 18 2009 when the Supreme Court announced it will hear the case 163 Political and public opinion studies edit AEI s Political Corner 164 includes a range of political viewpoints from the center left 165 166 Norman J Ornstein to the conservative Michael Barone The Political Corner sponsors the biannual Election Watch series 167 the longest running election program in Washington featuring Barone Ornstein Karlyn Bowman and formerly Ben Wattenberg and Bill Schneider among others 34 Ornstein and Fortier an expert on absentee and early voting 168 collaborate on a number of election and governance related projects including the Election Reform Project 169 AEI and Brookings are sponsoring a project on election demographics called The Future of Red Blue and Purple America co directed by Bowman and Ruy Teixeira 170 AEI s work on political processes and institutions has been a central part of the institute s research programs since the 1970s The AEI Press published a series of several dozen volumes in the 1970s and 1980s called At the Polls in each volume scholars would assess a country s recent presidential or parliamentary election AEI scholars have been called upon to observe and assess constitutional conventions and elections worldwide In the early 1980s AEI scholars were commissioned by the U S government to monitor plebiscites in Palau the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands 171 Another landmark in AEI s political studies is After the People Vote 172 AEI s work on election reform continued into the 1990s and 2000s Ornstein led a working group that drafted the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 173 174 AEI published Public Opinion magazine from 1978 to 1990 under the editorship of Seymour Martin Lipset and Ben Wattenberg assisted by Karlyn Bowman The institute s work on polling continues with public opinion features in The American Enterprise and The American and Bowman s AEI Studies in Public Opinion 175 Social and cultural studies edit AEI s social and cultural studies program dates to the 1970s when William J Baroody Sr perceiving the importance of the philosophical and cultural underpinnings of modern economics and politics 176 invited social and religious thinkers like Irving Kristol and Michael Novak to take up residence at AEI Since then AEI has sponsored research on a wide variety of issues including education religion race and gender and social welfare Supported by the Bradley Foundation AEI has hosted since 1989 the Bradley Lecture Series which aims to enrich debate in the Washington policy community through exploration of the philosophical and historical underpinnings of current controversies Notable speakers in the series have included Kristol Novak Allan Bloom Robert Bork David Brooks Lynne Cheney Ron Chernow Tyler Cowen Niall Ferguson Francis Fukuyama Eugene Genovese Robert P George Gertrude Himmelfarb Samuel P Huntington giving the first public presentation of his clash of civilizations theory in 1992 Paul Johnson Leon Kass Charles Krauthammer Bernard Lewis Seymour Martin Lipset Harvey C Mansfield Michael Medved Allan H Meltzer Edmund Morris Charles Murray Steven Pinker Norman Podhoretz Richard Posner Jonathan Rauch Andrew Sullivan Cass Sunstein Sam Tanenhaus James Q Wilson John Yoo and Fareed Zakaria 177 Education edit Education policy studies at AEI are directed by Frederick M Hess who has authored coauthored or edited a number of volumes based on major conferences held at AEI on subjects like urban school reform 178 school choice 179 No Child Left Behind 180 teacher qualification 181 educational entrepreneurship 182 student loans 183 and education research 184 Hess co directs AEI s Future of American Education Project whose working group includes Washington D C schools chancellor Michelle Rhee and Michael Feinberg the cofounder of KIPP Hess works closely with Rhee 185 she has spoken at AEI on several occasions and appointed Hess to be one of two independent reform evaluators for the District of Columbia Public Schools Hess coauthored Diplomas and Dropouts 186 a report on university graduation rates that was widely publicized in 2009 187 The report along with other education related projects was supported by the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation 188 189 AEI is often identified as a supporter of vouchers 190 but Hess has been critical of school vouchers I t is by now clear that aggressive reforms to bring market principles to American education have failed to live up to their billing In the school choice debate many reformers have gotten so invested in the language of choice that they seem to forget choice is only half of the market equation Markets are about both supply and demand and while choice is concerned with emboldening consumer demand the real action when it comes to prosperity productivity and progress is typically on the supply side 191 Funding editIn the 1980s about 60 of its funding came from organizations like Lilly Endowment the Smith Richardson Foundation the Rockefeller Brothers Trust and the Earhart Foundation The remaining of their funding was from major corporations like Bethlehem Steel Exxon J C Penney and the Chase Manhattan Bank 192 AEI s revenues for the fiscal year ending June 2015 were 84 616 388 against expenses of 38 611 315 193 In 2014 the charity evaluating service American Institute of Philanthropy gave AEI an A grade in its CharityWatch Top Rated Charities listing 194 As of 2005 update AEI had received 960 000 from ExxonMobil 195 In 2010 AEI received a US 2 5 million grant from the Donors Capital Fund a donor advised fund 196 A 2013 study by Drexel University Sociologist Robert J Brulle noted that AEI received 86 7 million between 2003 and 2010 197 See also editList of American Enterprise Institute scholars and fellows Francis Boyer Award Irving Kristol AwardReferences edit a b Annual Report PDF American Enterprise Institute Archived PDF from the original on September 10 2021 Retrieved September 10 2021 Hounshell Blake April 27 2022 Democrats Ask if They Should Hit Back Harder Against the G O P The New York Times Archived from the original on May 9 2022 Retrieved May 9 2022 Why the American Enterprise Institute chief is so popular The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 14 2020 Retrieved November 26 2015 Steinhauer Jennifer February 25 2014 In New Home Policy Group Gets Big Gift The New York Times Archived from the original on February 26 2021 Retrieved December 28 2015 a b c Schifferes Steve April 3 2003 Battle of the Washington think tanks BBC News Archived from the original on January 6 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 a b Bondarenko Peter February 5 2015 American Enterprise Institute Encyclopedia Britannica Chicago Illinois Britannica Group Inc Archived from the original on May 7 2021 Retrieved March 31 2021 Board of Trustees American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on January 13 2017 Retrieved June 27 2019 Authors American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 8 2020 Retrieved June 27 2019 a b Martin Rachel May 15 2018 Arthur Brooks To Step Down As President Of AEI NPR Archived from the original on June 21 2019 Retrieved June 21 2019 Costa Robert January 18 2019 AEI names Robert Doar as new president as conservative movement tries to find its way in Trump era The Washington Post Retrieved May 22 2023 a b c d e f AEI History of AEI Archived from the original on July 8 2009 Retrieved July 6 2009 a b Board of Trustees AEI Archived from the original on February 29 2020 Retrieved April 2 2020 a b Van Atta Dale 2008 With Honor Melvin Laird in War Peace and Politics Madison Wisc University of Wisconsin Press pp 55 56 509 ISBN 978 0 299 22680 0 a b c Abelson Donald E 2006 A Capitol Idea Montreal McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 978 0 7735 3115 4 Grazia Alfred de December 1964 Essay in Apportionment and Representative Government Political Science Quarterly 79 4 612 614 doi 10 2307 2146715 JSTOR 2146715 Schlesinger Arthur December 1969 Review New Perspectives on the Presidency Public Administration Review 29 6 670 679 doi 10 2307 974112 JSTOR 974112 Phillips Fein Kim 2009 Invisible Hands W W Norton amp Company Inc p 66 ISBN 978 0 393 05930 4 a b Rich Andrew 2004 Think tanks public policy and the politics of expertise Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 54 Judis John B 2001 The paradox of American democracy London Taylor and Francis Kristol Irving 1995 Neoconservatism The Autobiography of an Idea New York Free Press Weiner Tim December 9 2006 Jeane Kirkpatrick Reagan s Forceful Envoy Dies The New York Times Archived from the original on September 8 2012 Retrieved September 13 2008 Wallace Wells Benjamin December 2003 In the Tank The Intellectual Decline of AEI Washington Monthly Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved July 6 2009 See AEI s Annual Reports 1980 1985 Spackman Andy December 22 2009 The American Enterprise Institute www aei org Journal of Business amp Finance Librarianship 15 1 44 50 doi 10 1080 08963560903017607 ISSN 0896 3568 S2CID 58839559 DeParle Jason October 9 1994 Daring Research or Social Science Pornography The New York Times Magazine Archived from the original on January 29 2011 Retrieved July 6 2009 a b c Lampton David M 2024 Living U S China Relations From Cold War to Cold War Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield p 266 ISBN 978 1 5381 8725 8 See AEI Annual Reports 1988 89 and 2000 Arin Kubilay Yado 2013 Think Tanks the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy Wiesbaden VS Springer President Bush Discusses Progress in Afghanistan Global War on Terror Press release The White House February 15 2007 Archived from the original on March 12 2011 Retrieved July 6 2009 Rose David January 2007 Neo Culpa Vanity Fair Archived from the original on May 30 2009 Retrieved July 6 2009 George Bush s speech to the American Enterprise Institute The Guardian February 27 2003 Archived from the original on October 11 2018 Retrieved October 17 2018 a b Gordon Michael R August 30 2008 Troop Surge Took Place Amid Doubt and Debate The New York Times Archived from the original on March 10 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 a b Kagan Frederick W January 5 2007 Choosing Victory A Plan for Success in Iraq Phase I Report American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 8 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c d 2008 Annual Report PDF American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Archived PDF from the original on May 14 2016 Retrieved October 17 2018 Weigel David March 13 2009 Conservative Think Tank Adjusts to Tough Times Washington Independent Archived from the original on June 19 2009 Retrieved July 6 2009 Brooks Arthur C April 30 2009 The Real Culture War Is Over Capitalism Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on December 31 2014 Retrieved July 6 2009 AEI Says Goodbye Frumforum com Archived from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved June 10 2018 A Farewell to Frum Vanity Fair Archived from the original on June 14 2011 Retrieved June 10 2018 a b Montopoli Brian March 25 2010 GOP Commentator David Frum Loses Job After Criticizing Party CBS News Archived from the original on May 13 2013 Retrieved October 18 2018 PostPartisan AEI hits David Frum where it hurts Archived from the original on March 14 2018 Retrieved April 5 2018 Scherer Michael March 25 2010 Amid Column Furor The American Enterprise Institute Dismisses David Frum Time Archived from the original on May 30 2010 Retrieved April 5 2018 via swampland blogs time com Frum David March 21 2010 Waterloo FrumForum Archived from the original on March 25 2010 Retrieved October 18 2018 Allen Mike March 26 2010 Frum thinks critique of GOP led to boot 2 big bipartisan bashes Chris Matthews cornered HHS Secretary is vastly more powerful Jackie Calmes to White House beat Kimberly Dozier to AP Politico ISSN 2381 1595 OCLC 864712228 Archived from the original on March 29 2010 Retrieved April 5 2018 AEI names Robert Doar new President The Washington Post January 18 2019 Archived from the original on May 13 2019 Retrieved February 2 2020 President Tsai meets delegation from American Enterprise Institute english president gov tw Retrieved October 17 2023 US think tank commits to strengthening US Taiwan defense ties Taiwan News 2023 10 16 15 56 00 Taiwan News October 16 2023 Retrieved October 17 2023 Officers AEI Archived from the original on January 23 2023 Retrieved April 2 2020 Council of Academic Advisers AEI Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved April 2 2020 Abramowitz Michael July 19 2006 Conservative Anger Grows Over Bush s Foreign Policy The Washington Post p A01 Archived from the original on November 8 2012 Retrieved February 12 2009 Board of Trustees AEI April 16 2014 Archived from the original on January 13 2017 Retrieved January 13 2017 An insider s guide to the upcoming week The Washington Post April 30 2007 p A02 Archived from the original on November 8 2012 Retrieved February 12 2009 Milbank Dana December 8 2000 White House Hopes Gas Up A Think Tank For Center Right AEI Bush Means Business The Washington Post p A39 Wayback Machine February 11 2009 Retrieved June 10 2018 dead link OPPORTUNITY RESPONSIBILITY AND SECURITY A CONSENSUS PLAN FOR REDUCING POVERTY AND RESTORING THE AMERICAN DREAM PDF Brookings edu Archived PDF from the original on June 13 2016 Retrieved June 10 2018 Saunders Frances Stonor The Cultural Cold War The New Press 1999 a b Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to receive 2015 AEI Irving Kristol Award aei org Archived from the original on January 13 2023 Retrieved January 13 2023 Scholars amp Fellows AEI Archived from the original on May 8 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 Lofflmann Georg 2017 American Grand Strategy under Obama Competing Discourses Edinburgh University Press p 121 James G McGann director January 20 2012 The Global Go To Think Tank Report 2011 PDF Archived from the original PDF on December 31 2013 Retrieved June 10 2014 Other AEI Top Think Tank rankings include 32 in Security and International Affairs 3 in Health Policy 10 in Domestic Economic Policy 9 in International Economic Policy and 7 in Social Policy By Special Achievement AEI s rating is 13 in Most Innovative Policy Ideas Proposals 13 in Outstanding Policy Oriented Public Policy Research Programs 20 in Best Use of the Internet or Social Media to Engage the Public 13 in Best Use of the Media Print or Electronic to Communicate Programs and Research 15 in Best External Relations Public Engagement Programs and 13 in Greatest Impact on Public Policy Global Chafuen Alejandro The 2019 Ranking Of Free Market Think Tanks Measured By Social Media Impact Forbes Archived from the original on June 27 2021 Retrieved March 21 2021 Research AEI Archived from the original on August 25 2019 Retrieved September 11 2019 a b AEI s Organization and Purposes American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on February 12 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 McKinnon John D July 12 2008 Critic of the Firms Sadly Says Told You The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on May 24 2012 Holmes Stephen A September 30 1999 Fannie Mae Eases Credit To Aid Mortgage Lending The New York Times p C2 Archived from the original on March 23 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 Wallison Peter J 2001 Introduction In Wallison Peter J ed Serving Two Masters Yet Out of Control Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac AEI Studies on Financial Market Deregulation Washington DC AEI Press p 4 ISBN 978 0 8447 4166 6 Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Breakfast with Jim Lockhart and Senator Chuck Hagel American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research September 13 2006 Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved October 17 2018 Wallison Peter J August 26 2008 Fannie and Freddie by Twilight Financial Services Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Labaton Stephen Andrews Edmund L September 7 2008 In Rescue to Stabilize Lending U S Takes Over Mortgage Finance Titans The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 21 2018 Retrieved December 20 2018 Mortgage Credit and Subprime Lending Implications of a Deflating Bubble American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research March 28 2007 Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved October 17 2018 The Deflating Mortgage and Housing Bubble Part II American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research October 11 2007 Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved October 17 2018 The Deflating Mortgage and Housing Bubble Part III What Next American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research March 12 2008 Archived from the original on April 19 2009 Retrieved October 17 2018 The Deflating Mortgage and Housing Bubble Part IV Where Is the Bottom American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research October 30 2008 Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved October 17 2018 The Deflating Bubble Part V Forecast and Policy Recommendations for the Next Six Months American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research March 17 2009 Archived from the original on December 28 2009 Retrieved October 17 2018 Makin John H December 2006 Housing and American Recessions Economic Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Pollock Alex J May 2 2007 To Make Mortgages Fair Keep Disclosures To a Page The American Archived from the original on June 26 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 Rucker Patrick June 15 2007 One page mortgage form pitched as simplicity tool Reuters Archived from the original on November 9 2008 Retrieved April 7 2009 Mayer Jane 2016 Dark Money Doubleday pp 291 293 ISBN 978 0 385 53559 5 a b c d e f g h i American Enterprise Institute Research Highlights accessed April 7 2008 Archived copy at the Library of Congress November 3 2011 Hassett Kevin A Hubbard R Glenn eds 2001 Transition Costs of Fundamental Tax Reform Washington DC AEI Press ISBN 978 0 8447 4112 3 Archived from the original on June 11 2011 Auerbach Alan J Hassett Kevin A eds 2005 Toward Fundamental Tax Reform Washington DC AEI Press ISBN 978 0 8447 4234 2 Retrieved April 7 2009 Viard Alan D ed 2009 Tax Policy Lessons from the 2000s Washington DC AEI Press ISBN 978 0 8447 4278 6 Archived from the original on April 16 2009 Kevin A Hassett Aparna Mathur July 6 2006 Taxes and Wages working paper American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 17 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help A toll on the common man The Economist June 29 2006 Brill Alex Kevin A Hassett July 31 2007 Revenue Maximizing Corporate Income Taxes The Laffer Curve in OECD Countries working paper American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 17 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Editorial December 26 2006 The Wages of Growth Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on May 27 2008 Retrieved April 7 2009 Events Reg Markets Center Archived from the original on July 12 2009 Retrieved October 17 2018 Research Highlights American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research November 3 2011 Archived from the original on November 3 2011 Retrieved October 17 2018 Hayward Steven F February 15 2005 Climate Change Science Time for Team B AEI Archived from the original on February 12 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 Bate Roger August 2 2005 Climate Change Policy after the G8 Summit AEI Archived from the original on February 12 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 Oreskes Naomi Conway Erik M 2010 Merchants of Doubt Bloomsbury Press pp 125 165 217 232 234 247 ISBN 978 1 59691 610 4 Hassett Kevin A June 1 2007 Climate Change Caps vs Taxes American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on August 25 2013 Retrieved October 17 2018 Sample Ian February 2 2007 Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study The Guardian Archived from the original on May 17 2008 Retrieved February 12 2009 Floyd Chris February 3 2007 American Enterprise Institute allegedly offers bribes to scientists for disputing UN climate change report Atlantic Free Press Archived from the original on October 29 2010 Retrieved May 20 2009 Wendland Joel February 6 2007 Big Oil the American Enterprise Institute and their War on Science Political Affairs Magazine Archived from the original on July 25 2014 Retrieved July 17 2014 Eilperin Juliet February 5 2007 AEI Critiques of Warming Questioned Think Tank Defends Money Offers to Challenge Climate Report The Washington Post p A04 Archived from the original on February 15 2018 Retrieved February 12 2009 American Enterprise Institute Letter to Prof Steve Schroeder PDF ThinkProgress Archived from the original PDF on February 27 2008 Retrieved February 12 2009 Global Warming Smear The Guardian February 2 2007 Archived from the original on November 4 2016 Retrieved February 5 2021 Samuelson Robert J August 20 27 2007 Greenhouse Simplicities Newsweek p 47 Archived from the original on December 17 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 Editorial February 9 2007 Global Warming Smear The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on December 19 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 Global Warming Smear Wall Street Journal February 9 2007 Archived from the original on July 24 2021 Retrieved February 5 2021 AEI also backs the carbon taxation policy due to an incentive to reduce the use of carbon intensive energy that would result The increased costs of energy would flow through the economy ultimately giving consumers incentives to reduce their use of electricity transportation fuels home heating oil and so forth Along with consumers reducing their use of carbon energy they will be inclined to buy more efficient appliances cars and homes that apply more attention to energy conservation Green Kenneth P Hassett Kevin A Hayward Stephen F June 1 2007 Climate Change Caps vs Taxes Environmental Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 Lane Lee 2006 Strategic Options for Bush Administration Climate Policy Washington DC AEI Press Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 Lane Lee Thernstrom Samuel January 19 2007 A New Direction for Bush Administration Climate Policy Environmental Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 Thernstrom Samuel June 23 2008 Resetting Earth s Thermostat Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on June 10 2011 Retrieved April 7 2009 Is Nuclear Power a Solution to Global Warming and Rising Energy Prices American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research October 6 2006 Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved October 17 2018 Ethanol Boon or Boondoggle American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research November 8 2006 Archived from the original on April 21 2009 Retrieved October 18 2018 Green Kenneth P July 29 2008 Ethanol and the Environment Environmental Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 Green Kenneth P Mathur Aparna December 4 2008 Measuring and Reducing Americans Indirect Energy Use Environmental Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 18 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 Green Kenneth P Mathur Aparna March 4 2009 Indirect Energy and Your Wallet Environmental Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on May 13 2009 Retrieved April 7 2009 Hahn Robert W October 1 2007 Time to Change U S Climate Policy AEI Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 11 2009 One Answer to Global Warming A New Tax AEI September 16 2007 Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 14 2009 Thernstrom Samuel June 5 2009 White Makes Right Steven Chu s Helpful Idea American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on January 13 2010 Retrieved October 18 2018 To Slow Climate Change Tax Carbon AEI February 13 2009 Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 14 2009 Hayward Steven F June 12 2006 Acclimatizing How to Think Sensibly about Global Warming AEI Archived from the original on February 12 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 Hayward Steven F May 15 2006 How to Think Sensibly or Ridiculously About Global Warming AEI Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved February 12 2009 Green Kenneth May 8 2006 Clouds of Global Warming Hysteria National Review Online Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved February 12 2009 DeMuth Christopher September 2001 The Kyoto Treaty Deserved to Die The American Enterprise Archived from the original on December 9 2008 Retrieved February 12 2009 Confessore Nicholas December 2003 How James Glassman reinvented journalism as lobbying Washington Monthly Archived from the original on September 18 2008 Retrieved February 12 2009 Glassman James K December 15 2003 Certainty of Catastrophic Global Warming is a Hoax Capitalism Magazine Archived from the original on October 21 2007 Retrieved February 12 2009 Glassman James K December 14 2004 Global Warming Extremists on the Run AEI Archived from the original on January 3 2006 Retrieved February 12 2009 Schwartz Joel July 2007 A North Carolina Citizen s Guide to Global Warming PDF John Locke Foundation Archived PDF from the original on February 13 2009 Retrieved February 12 2009 Heilbrunn Jacob January 12 2009 Where Have All the Neocons Gone The American Conservative Archived from the original on March 4 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 Lobe Jim March 27 2003 All in the Neocon Family Alternet Archived from the original on May 19 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 Adam Zagorin November 16 2007 John Bolton The Angriest Neocon Time CNN Archived from the original on November 20 2007 Retrieved April 6 2009 Murray Douglas 2006 Neoconservatism Why We Need It New York Encounter Books p 87 Bolton John December 18 2007 Bush s Foreign Policy Is in Free Fall Der Spiegel Archived from the original on May 25 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 Hardball with Chris Matthews MSNBC June 6 2014 Archived from the original on October 18 2018 Retrieved October 18 2018 Heilbrunn Jacob December 19 2008 Flight of the Neocons The National Interest Archived from the original on April 17 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 Weigel David March 11 2009 Former AEI Scholar Blasts Danielle Pletka The Washington Independent Archived from the original on June 20 2009 Retrieved June 12 2009 Woodward Bob 2008 The War Within A Secret White House History 2006 2008 New York Simon and Schuster ISBN 9781416558989 Kagan Frederick W April 25 2007 Choosing Victory A Plan for Success in Iraq Phase II Report American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 9 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Kagan Frederick W September 6 2007 No Middle Way The Challenge of Exit Strategies from Iraq Phase III Report American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 9 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Kagan Frederick W March 24 2008 Iraq The Way Ahead Phase IV Report American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 9 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help AEI Expands Asian Studies Program American Enterprise Institute AEI Retrieved October 17 2023 Auslin Michael Christopher Griffin December 1 2008 Securing Freedom The U S Japanese Alliance in a New Era American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 17 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Blumenthal Dan Randall Schriver February 22 2008 Strengthening Freedom in Asia A Twenty First Century Agenda for the U S Taiwan Partnership American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 17 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Blumenthal Dan Aaron Friedberg January 12 2009 An American Strategy for Asia American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on April 15 2009 Retrieved April 8 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Ceaser James W January 25 2010 Why Tocqueville on China American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on February 6 2016 Retrieved October 18 2018 Falcoff Mark 2003 Cuba the Morning After Confronting Castro s Legacy Washington AEI Press Battling the Deadly Drug Cartels in Mexico A Shared Responsibility American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research November 8 2007 Archived from the original on April 17 2009 Retrieved October 18 2018 Azarva Jeffrey Pletka Danielle Rubin Michael 2008 Dissent and Reform in the Arab World Empowering Democrats Washington AEI Press Critical Threats Critical Threats Archived from the original on January 30 2017 Retrieved April 5 2018 Bolton John R 2007 Surrender Is Not an Option Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad New York Simon and Schuster Bauer P T 1959 United States Aid and Indian Economic Development Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 12 2009 Retrieved June 12 2009 Banfield Edward C 1970 American Foreign Aid Doctrines Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 12 2009 Retrieved June 12 2009 AEI AEI October 19 2012 Archived from the original on April 2 2012 Retrieved June 10 2018 a b Bate Roger 2008 Making a Killing Washington AEI Press Bate Roger 2006 All the Water in the World St Leonard s Australia Centre for Independent Studies American Enterprise Institute Annual Report 1981 82 A Healthcare Collision Course Treating Different People Differently American Enterprise Institute May 8 2009 Archived from the original on May 10 2009 Retrieved October 18 2018 Miller Thomas P April 2 2009 Obama Healthcare 2 0 The American Archived from the original on June 26 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 See conference information at AEI the Five Not So Easy Pieces of Health Reform Archived from the original on June 18 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Cogan John F Hubbard R Glenn Kessler Daniel P 2005 Healthy Wealthy and Wise Five Steps to a Better Health Care System Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Glied Sherry 1994 Revising the Tax Treatment of Employer Provided Health Insurance Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 17 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Helms Robert B ed 1993 American Health Policy Critical Issues for Reform Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Helms Robert B January 2005 Tax Reform and Health Insurance Health Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on June 13 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Dowd Bryan E September 2007 The Bush Administration s Health Insurance Tax Reform Proposal Health Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on June 13 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Helms Robert B June 2009 Taxing Health Insurance A Tax Designed to Be Avoided Health Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on June 17 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Levey Noam M March 28 2009 Lawmakers consider taxes on healthcare benefits Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on July 15 2012 Retrieved June 16 2009 Gottlieb Scott February 2009 Promoting and Using Comparative Research What Are the Promises and Pitfalls of a New Federal Effort Health Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on June 19 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Gottlieb Scott Klasmeier Coleen June 2009 Comparative Effectiveness Research The Need for a Uniform Standard Health Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on June 19 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Rettenmaier Andrew J Saving Thomas R 2007 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Medicare Washington DC AEI Press Archived from the original on June 11 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Pauly Mark V 2008 Markets Without Magic How Competition Might Save Medicare Washington DC AEI Press Archived from the original on June 11 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Feldman Roger 2008 How to Fix Medicare Let s Pay Patients Not Physicians Washington DC AEI Press Archived from the original on June 19 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 See conference information at AEI Cracking Down on Killer Drugs Dora Akunyili and the Nigerian Success Story Archived from the original on June 20 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Satel Sally December 16 2007 Desperately Seeking a Kidney The New York Times Magazine Archived from the original on June 17 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Satel Sally ed 2009 When Altruism Isn t Enough The Case for Compensating Kidney Donors Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 15 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Gottlieb Scott May 2009 Vaccine Readiness in a Time of Pandemic Policy Promises Realized and the Challenges That Remain Health Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on June 19 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Calfee John E June 2009 And Now a Few Words about Antivirals for Pandemic Flu Health Policy Outlook American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Bork Robert H 1978 The Antitrust Paradox New York Basic Books ISBN 9780465003693 Gauer Distinguished Lecture in Law and Public Policy Archived June 18 2009 at the Wayback Machine Ted Frank Biography American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Archived from the original on July 2 2010 Retrieved October 18 2018 Greve Michael S ed 2007 Federal Preemption States Powers National Interests Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 16 2009 Rauch Jonathan June 6 2009 The Peculiar Problem Of Peekaboo National Journal See the Political Corner website at Archived copy Archived from the original on April 20 2009 Retrieved June 17 2009 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Ornstein Norman J September 10 2007 My Neocon Problem The New Republic Archived from the original on May 2 2014 Retrieved June 17 2009 Clemons Steve August 31 2007 Norm Ornstein s Neocon Problem The Washington Note Archived from the original on May 16 2008 Retrieved June 17 2009 Hassett Kevin A July 11 2011 Corporate Cash Balances and Economic Activity American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on March 17 2014 Retrieved October 18 2018 Fortier John C 2006 Absentee and Early Voting Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 17 2009 Retrieved June 17 2009 AEI Brookings Election Reform Project February 11 2009 Archived from the original on February 11 2009 Retrieved June 10 2018 The Future of Red Blue and Purple America American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research February 28 2008 Archived from the original on July 4 2009 Retrieved October 18 2018 American Enterprise Institute Annual Report 1982 1983 Ranney Austin ed 1985 Democracy in the Islands The Micronesian Plebiscites of 1983 Washington DC AEI Press The first two editions in 1980 and 1992 were edited by Walter Berns the 2004 edition was edited by John C Fortier and included contributions from Berns Norman J Ornstein Akhil Amar Vikram Amar and Martin Diamond Fortier John C ed 2004 After the People Vote A Guide to the Electoral College Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 19 2009 Retrieved June 17 2009 Ornstein Norman J Carrado Anthony April 1 2007 Reform That Has Really Paid Off The Washington Post Archived from the original on June 19 2009 Retrieved June 17 2009 Richey Warren December 11 2003 Court upholds soft money ban The Christian Science Monitor Archived from the original on January 7 2009 Retrieved June 17 2009 AEI Studies in Public Opinion American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Archived from the original on October 31 2010 Retrieved October 18 2018 Kristol Irving Novak Michael December 11 1980 Remembrances of William J Baroody Sr Archived from the original on June 15 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Bradley Lecture Series American Enterprise Institute Archived from the original on February 20 2020 Retrieved October 18 2018 Hess Frederick M 1998 Spinning Wheels The Politics of Urban School Reform Washington Brookings Institution Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M 2002 Revolution at the Margins The Impact of Competition on Urban School Systems Washington Brookings Institution Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M ed 2005 Urban School Reform Lessons from San Diego Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard Education Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M 2006 Tough Love for Schools Essays on Competition Accountability and Excellence Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M Milliman Scott Maranto Robert Gresham April eds 2001 School Choice in the Real World Lessons from Arizona Charter Schools Westview Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M Finn Chester E Jr eds 2001 Leaving No Child Behind Options for Kids in Failing Schools Palgrave MacMillan Archived from the original on October 2 2009 Hess Frederick M Petrilli Michael J 2006 No Child Left Behind Primer Peter Lang Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M Finn Chester E Jr eds 2007 No Remedy Left Behind Lessons from a Half Decade of NCLB Washington DC AEI Press Archived from the original on October 3 2009 Hess Frederick M Rotherham Andrew J Walsh Kate eds 2004 A Qualified Teacher in Every Classroom Appraising Old Answers and New Ideas Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard Education Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M ed 2005 With the Best of Intentions How Philanthropy Is Reshaping K 12 Education Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard Education Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M ed 2006 Educational Entrepreneurship Realities Challenges Possibilities Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard Education Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M ed 2008 The Future of Educational Entrepreneurship Possibilities for School Reform Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard Education Press Archived from the original on June 21 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M ed 2007 Footing the Tuition Bill The New Student Loan Sector Washington AEI Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M ed 2008 When Research Matters How Scholarship Influences Education Policy Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard Education Press Archived from the original on June 10 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 DeBonis Mike March 4 2009 Fund and Games City Paper Washington Archived from the original on January 11 2010 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M Mark Schneider Kevin Carey Andrew P Kelly 2009 Diplomas and Dropouts Which Colleges Actually Graduate Their Students and Which Don t PDF American Enterprise Institute Archived PDF from the original on June 21 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 See for example Lozada Carlos June 3 2009 Making It to Pomp and Circumstance The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 8 2012 Retrieved June 18 2009 Marklein Mary Beth June 3 2009 4 year colleges graduate 53 of students in 6 years USA Today Archived from the original on June 6 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Diplomas and Dropouts Report Exposes Dramatic Variation in Completion Rates at Colleges and Universities Across the Country Press release Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation June 3 2009 Archived from the original on February 17 2012 Retrieved June 10 2018 American Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Archived from the original on September 29 2011 Retrieved October 18 2018 Right Wing Watch Archived from the original on July 1 2009 Retrieved June 18 2009 Hess Frederick M September October 2009 After Milwaukee The American Archived from the original on October 13 2013 Retrieved June 10 2018 Weinraub Bernard January 15 1981 INSTITUTE PLAYS KEY ROLE IN SHAPING REAGAN PROGRAMS The New York Times IRS Form 990 GuideStar Internal Revenue Service Archived from the original on September 20 2016 Retrieved September 14 2016 Top Rated Charities Charity Watch Archived from the original on October 18 2018 Retrieved October 18 2018 Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank Archived from the original on April 17 2018 Retrieved April 5 2018 Hickley Walter February 12 2013 Inside The Secretive Dark Money Organization That s Keeping The Lights On For Conservative Groups Business Insider Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved April 30 2015 Brulle Robert J January 25 2013 Institutionalizing delay foundation funding and the creation of U S climate change counter movement organizations Climatic Change 122 4 681 Bibcode 2014ClCh 122 681B doi 10 1007 s10584 013 1018 7 S2CID 27538787 archived from the original on October 9 2019 retrieved October 12 2019External links editOfficial website American Enterprise Institute at Curlie Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title American Enterprise Institute amp oldid 1219012979, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.