Wright Patman

John William Wright Patman (August 6, 1893 – March 7, 1976) was an American politician. First elected in 1928, Patman served 24 consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives for Texas's 1st congressional district from 1929 to 1976. He was a member of the Democratic Party. From 1973 to 1976, he was Dean of the United States House of Representatives.

Wright Patman
Dean of the United States House of Representatives
In office January 3, 1973 – March 7, 1976
Preceded by	Emanuel Celler
Succeeded by	George H. Mahon
Chair of the House Banking Committee
In office January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975
Preceded by	Brent Spence
Succeeded by	Henry S. Reuss
Chair of the House Small Business Committee
In office January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1963
Preceded by	William S. Hill
Succeeded by	Joe L. Evins
In office January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	Walter C. Ploeser
Succeeded by	William S. Hill
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 1st district
In office March 4, 1929 – March 7, 1976
Preceded by	Eugene Black
Succeeded by	Sam B. Hall
Member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 2nd district
In office January 11, 1921 – January 13, 1925
Preceded by	J. D. Newton
Succeeded by	George Coody
Personal details
Born	John William Wright Patman (1893-08-06)August 6, 1893 Hughes Springs, Texas, U.S.
Died	March 7, 1976(1976-03-07) (aged 82) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouses	Merle Connor ​ ​ (m. 1919; died 1967)​ Pauline Tucker ​ (m. 1968)​
Children	4, including Bill
Education	Cumberland University (LLB)
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1917–1919 (active) 1919–? (Texas Army National Guard)
Battles/wars	World War I

Patman grew up in Hughes Springs, Texas. After graduating from Cumberland University, Patman returned to Hughes Springs to be a lawyer. From 1916 to 1917, Patman held his first political office as assistant county attorney for Cass County, Texas. He then served in the United States Army during World War I from 1917 to 1919. After the war, Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920. Patman served two terms in the Texas House before serving as a district attorney in Texas from 1924 to 1929.

In Congress, Patman was a fiscal watchdog who challenged practices of major banks and the Federal Reserve. He co-sponsored the Robinson-Patman Act of 1935, which was designed to protect small retail shops against competition from chain stores by fixing a minimum price for retail products.^[1] From 1963 to 1975, Patman chaired the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency. Patman served in Congress until his death in 1976. His son Bill Patman later served in a different U.S. House seat in Texas from 1981 to 1985.

Early life

Patman was the son of John N. and Emma (Spurlin) Patman, was born near Hughes Springs in Cass County, Texas, on August 6, 1893. After graduating from Hughes Springs High School in 1912, he enrolled in Cumberland University Law School in Lebanon, Tennessee. Receiving his law degree in 1916 he was admitted to the Texas bar the same year.^[2] During World War I Patman enlisted in the United States Army as a private. He later received a commission as a first lieutenant and machine gun officer in the Texas Army National Guard's 144th Infantry Regiment, a unit of the 36th Division. He remained in the National Guard for several years after the war.^[3]

Political career

Early political career

Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920. He left the House in 1924 when he was appointed district attorney of the fifth judicial district of Texas.^[2]

Early Congressional career

 

Patman as depicted in the Pictorial Directory of the 74th Congress

In 1928, Patman was elected to the House of Representatives from Texas's 1st congressional district. In 1932, Patman introduced a bill that would have mandated the immediate payment of the bonus to World War I veterans.^[4] It was during the consideration of this bill that the Bonus Army came to Washington. Patman was a supporter of the New Deal.^[5]

In January 1932, Patman spearheaded a movement to impeach Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon,^[6] which forced the latter's resignation the following month.^[7]

In 1935, Patman took on the cause of independent retailers, who were engaged in a nationwide battle to stop the growth of chain retailing by taxing chains and restricting their business practices.^[8] Patman in the House and Joseph Taylor Robinson in the United States Senate were the sponsors of the 1936 Robinson-Patman Act, an effort to preserve independent wholesalers and retail outlets ("Mom and Pop stores") by preventing manufacturers or large retailers from becoming involved in wholesaling.^[9]

Patman was one of four members of the Texas congressional delegation to originally sign the "Southern Manifesto,"^[10] a resolution in protest of the United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.^[11] Pathman voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957,^[12] 1960,^[13] 1964,^[14] and 1968^[15] as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution^[16] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.^[17]

Watergate inquiry

Main article: Watergate scandal

Wright Patman's eponymous committee played an important role in the early days of the Watergate scandal that eventually brought down the Nixon Administration.

 

Texas Representative Wright Patman talk on his pension bill in Washington, D.C., on Feb. 3, 1939 with Robert L. Doughton, Chairman of the House Ways and Means

The Patman Committee investigated the hundred dollar bills found on the Watergate "plumbers" upon their arrest, suspecting they could directly link them to CREEP, the president's re-election committee. The Patman Committee's 1972 investigation was stymied by pressure from the White House, in part aided by Congressman Gerald R. Ford.^[18] Despite these efforts to stop Patman, his investigative course ultimately proved to be Nixon's undoing in the sense that the money trail, as reported on in The Washington Post, helped lead to the establishment of the Ervin Senate Select Committee on Watergate in April 1973.^{[citation needed]}

Loss of chairmanship

In 1975, Patman was voted out of his position as Chairman of the Banking committee by younger Congressmen, in a revolt against the 'Seniority system' which also removed Felix Edward Hébert and William R. Poage from their positions as chairmen.^[19] Patman was replaced by Henry S. Reuss by a caucus vote of 152–117. The main reason given for the caucus removing Patman was concern about his age and effectiveness.^[20][21]

Personal life

In 1919, Patman married Merle Connor, who died in 1967. They had four children, including Bill Patman, who served in the U.S. House from 1981 to 1985. Wright Patman remarried in 1968 to Pauline Tucker.^[2]

Patman died of pneumonia in Bethesda, Maryland on March 7, 1976.^[22][23] He was buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in Texarkana.^[24] "His funeral in Texarkana was one of the largest, most important occurrences in the town's history," wrote Mark Stanley in a 2004 essay for the East Texas Historical Journal.^[25]

Legacy

Patman is regarded as a liberal and populist who brought federal jobs and works projects to his district, where agriculture previously was the dominant economic sector.^[25] However, the left wing Americans for Democratic Action scored Patman low in its 100-point "liberal quotient" (LQ) scale, at 13 in 1972^[26] and 24 in 1973.^[27] In contrast, the American Conservative Union rated Patman a more favorable 47 out of 100 in 1973.^[28]

In the U.S. House of Representatives in Washington, the Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union is named after him. This credit union serves the banking needs of elected and former members of the House and their staff.^[29] In addition, Wright Patman Lake and Wright Patman Dam in Northeast Texas are also named for him.^[30]

In fiction

In the alternate history novel Settling Accounts: In at the Death by Harry Turtledove, part of the Southern Victory series, Wright Patman was a member of the Freedom Party and served as the Governor of Texas during the Second Great War. Towards the end of the conflict, he declares Texas's secession from the Confederacy as an independent nation with himself as President to secure an armistice with the United States, agreeing to the re-establishment of the state of Houston and the arrest of Confederate war criminals as conditions.

Publications

• Tax Exempt Foundations and Charitable Trusts: Their Impact on Our Economy (December 1962) 87th Congress, 2nd Session
• Commercial Banks and Their Trust Activities: Emerging Influence on the American Economy (Washington DC 1968) 90th Congress, 2nd Session, volumes I and II

See also

• List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)

Notes

1. Roger D. Blair, and Christina DePasquale. "Antitrust's Least Glorious Hour": The Robinson-Patman Act." Journal of Law and Economics 57.S3 (2014): S201-S216. in JSTOR
2. Grant, Philip A. Jr. (September 1, 1995). "Patman, John William Wright (1893–1976)". Handbook of Texas. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
3. "Guard Regiments are Being Formed". The Victoria Advocate. May 29, 1921. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via Google News.
4. "World War I Veterans Bonus Bill". United States House of Representatives.
5. Black, Earl; Black, Merle (2002). The Rise of Southern Republicans. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-674-01248-6.
6. , Time Magazine, January 25, 1932, archived from the original on September 3, 2009
7. Associated Press, (AP) (February 10, 1932). "Patman Charges Against Mellon Are Voted Down". Spokane Daily Chronicle. p. 1.
8. levinson, Marc (2019). The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America, 2nd ed.
9. Walton, Gary M. (1979). Regulatory Change in an Atmosphere of Crisis. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-12-733950-4.
10. "Southern Manifesto" (PDF). Congressional Record - Senate: 4459–4461.
11. "Southern Manifesto on Integration (March 12, 1956)". WNET. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
12. "HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957. -- House Vote #42 -- Jun 18, 1957". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
13. "HR 8601. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960. APPROVAL BY THE … -- House Vote #106 -- Apr 21, 1960". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
14. "H.R. 7152. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. ADOPTION OF A … -- House Vote #182 -- Jul 2, 1964". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
15. "TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR … -- House Vote #113 -- Aug 16, 1967". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
16. "S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF … -- House Vote #193 -- Aug 27, 1962". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
17. "TO AGREE TO CONFERENCE REPORT ON S. 1564, THE VOTING … -- House Vote #107 -- Aug 3, 1965". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
18. Hersh, Seymour (August 1983), "The Pardon", The Atlantic Monthly
19. Cox, Gary W.; McCubbins, Mathew D. (2007). Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-521-69409-4.
20. Alexander Cockburn, James Ridgeway, The Village Voice, Why They Sacked the Bane of the Banks, February 3, 1975
21. Beverly Deepe, Enterprise Washington Service, Harlan Daily Enterprise, Demos Reluctant to Reveal Committee Chairmen Votes, January 21, 1975
22. United Press International, (UPI) (March 8, 1976). "Veteran Demo Lawmaker Wright Patman Dies". Beaver County (Pa.) Times. p. A-2.
23. "Today in Texas History: Wright Patman dies" Houston Chronicle, March 7, 2010. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
24. Guttery, Ben R. (2008). Representing Texas. Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4196-7884-4.
25. Stanley, Mark (March 2004). "The Death of Wright Patman: Mourning the End of an Era". East Texas Historical Journal. 42 (1): 34–41. Retrieved April 17, 2021 – via Stephen F. Austin State University.
26. "1972 voting record" (PDF). adaction.org. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
27. "1973 voting record" (PDF). adaction.org. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
28. . American Conservative Union. Archived from the original on December 14, 2004. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
29. "Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union". www.usacreditunions.com/. USA Credit Unions.com. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
30. Wauer, Roland H.; Elwonger, Mark (1998). Birding Texas. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-56044-617-0.^{[permanent dead link]}

Further reading

• Levinson, Marc (2019), The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America, 2nd ed., Marc Levinson, ISBN 978-0-578-56210-0
• Owens, John E. (1985), "Extreme Advocacy Committee Leadership in the Pre-Reform House: Wright Patman and the House Banking and Currency Committee", British Journal of Political Science, Cambridge University Press, 15 (2): 149–168, doi:10.1017/s0007123400004154, ISSN 0007-1234, JSTOR 193800, S2CID 154079730
• Schwarz, Jordan A. The New Dealers: Power politics in the age of Roosevelt (Vintage, 2011) pp 285–296. online
• Stoller, Matt (2019), Goliath: The 100-Year War Between Monopoly Power and Democracy, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1501183089
• Young, Nancy Beck (2000), Wright Patman: Populism, Liberalism, and the American Dream, Southern Methodist University Press, ISBN 0870744534

External links

• United States Congress. "Wright Patman (id: P000103)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Wright Patman from the Handbook of Texas Online
• Texas A&M University Press: Wright Patman: Populism, Liberalism, and the American Dream by Nancy Beck Young
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Wright Patman" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Eugene Black	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 1st congressional district 1929–1976	Succeeded by Sam B. Hall
Preceded by Walter C. Ploeser	Chair of the House Small Business Committee 1949–1953	Succeeded by William S. Hill
Preceded by William S. Hill	Chair of the House Small Business Committee 1955–1963	Succeeded by Joe L. Evins
Preceded by Brent Spence	Chair of the House Banking Committee 1963–1975	Succeeded by Henry S. Reuss
Honorary titles
Preceded by Emanuel Celler	Dean of the United States House of Representatives 1973–1976	Succeeded by George H. Mahon