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Slang

Slang is vocabulary (words, phrases, and linguistic usages) of an informal register, common in spoken conversation but avoided in formal writing.[1] It also sometimes refers to the language generally exclusive to the members of particular in-groups in order to establish group identity, exclude outsiders, or both. The word itself came about in the 18th century and has been defined in multiple ways since its conception.

Etymology of the word slang

In its earliest attested use (1756), the word slang referred to the vocabulary of "low" or "disreputable" people. By the early nineteenth century, it was no longer exclusively associated with disreputable people, but continued to be applied to usages below the level of standard educated speech.[2] In Scots dialect it meant "talk, chat, gossip",[3] as used by Aberdeen poet William Scott in 1832: "The slang gaed on aboot their war'ly care." [4] In northern English dialect it meant "impertinence, abusive language".[5]

The origin of the word is uncertain, although it may be connected with thieves' cant[citation needed]. A Scandinavian origin has been proposed (compare, for example, Norwegian slengenavn, which means "nickname"), but based on "date and early associations" is discounted by the Oxford English Dictionary.[2] Jonathon Green, however, agrees with the possibility of a Scandinavian origin, suggesting the same root as that of sling, which means "to throw", and noting that slang is thrown language – a quick and honest way to make your point.[6][7]

Defining slang

Linguists have no simple and clear definition of slang, but agree that it is a constantly changing linguistic phenomenon present in every subculture worldwide. Some argue that slang exists because we must come up with ways to define new experiences that have surfaced with time and modernity.[8] Attempting to remedy the lack of a clear definition, however, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered "true slang" if it meets at least two of the following criteria:[8]

  • It lowers, if temporarily, "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing"; in other words, it is likely to be considered in those contexts a "glaring misuse of register".
  • Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people who are familiar with it and use the term.
  • "It's a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility."
  • It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym." This is done primarily to avoid discomfort caused by the conventional synonym or discomfort or annoyance caused by having to elaborate further.

Michael Adams remarks that "[Slang] is liminal language... it is often impossible to tell, even in context, which interests and motives it serves... slang is on the edge."[9] Slang dictionaries, collecting thousands of slang entries, offer a broad, empirical window into the motivating forces behind slang.[10]

While many forms of lexicon may be considered low-register or "sub-standard", slang remains distinct from colloquial and jargon terms because of its specific social contexts. While viewed as inappropriate in formal usage, colloquial terms are typically considered acceptable in speech across a wide range of contexts, while slang tends to be perceived as infelicitous in many common communicative situations. Jargon refers to language used by personnel in a particular field, or language used to represent specific terms within a field to those with a particular interest. Although jargon and slang can both be used to exclude non-group members from the conversation, the purpose of jargon is said to be optimizing conversation using terms that imply technical understanding.[11] On the other hand, slang tends to emphasize social and contextual understanding.

While colloquialisms and jargon may seem like slang because they reference a particular group, they do not necessarily fit the same definition, because they do not represent a particular effort to replace the general lexicon of a standard language. Colloquialisms are considered more acceptable and more expected in standard usage than slang is, and jargon is often created to talk about aspects of a particular field that are not accounted for in the general lexicon.[12] However, this differentiation is not consistently applied by linguists; the terms "slang" and "jargon" are sometimes treated as synonymous,[13] and the scope of "jargon" is at times extended to mean all forms of socially-restricted language.[14]

It is often difficult to differentiate slang from colloquialisms and even high-register lexicon, because slang generally becomes accepted into common vocabulary over time. Words such as "spurious" and "strenuous" were once perceived as slang, though they are now considered general, even high-register words. The literature on slang even discusses mainstream acknowledgment of a slang term as changing its status as true slang, because it has been accepted by the media and is thus no longer the special insider speech of a particular group. For example, Black American Music uses a lot of slang based on nationality and origin. The use of slang is a combinations of slurring and slurping words as a result. Nevertheless, a general test for whether a word is a slang word or not is whether it would be acceptable in an academic or legal setting, as both are arenas in which standard lexicon is considered necessary and/or whether the term has been entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, which some scholars claim changes its status as slang.[12]

Examples of slang (cross-linguistic)

Formation of slang

It is often difficult to collect etymologies for slang terms, largely because slang is a phenomenon of speech, rather than written language and etymologies which are typically traced via corpus.

Eric Partridge, cited as the first to report on the phenomenon of slang in a systematic and linguistic way, postulated that a term would likely be in circulation for a decade before it would be written down.[15] Nevertheless, it seems that slang generally forms via deviation from a standard form. This "spawning" of slang occurs in much the same way that any general semantic change might occur. The difference here is that the slang term's new meaning takes on a specific social significance having to do with the group the term indexes.

Coleman also suggests that slang is differentiated within more general semantic change in that it typically has to do with a certain degree of “playfulness". The development of slang is considered to be a largely “spontaneous, lively, and creative” speech process.[15]

Still, while a great deal of slang takes off, even becoming accepted into the standard lexicon, much slang dies out, sometimes only referencing a group. An example of this is the term "groovy" which is a relic of 1960s and 70s American hippie slang. Nevertheless, for a slang term to become a slang term, people must use it, at some point in time, as a way to flout standard language.[12] Additionally, slang terms may be borrowed between groups, such as the term "gig" which was originally coined by jazz musicians in the 1930s and then borrowed into the same hippie slang of the 1960s.[12] 'The word "groovy" has remained a part of subculture lexicon since its popularization. It is still in common use today by a significant population. The word "gig" to refer to a performance very likely originated well before the 1930s, and remained a common term throughout the 1940s and 1950s before becoming vaguely associated with the hippie slang of the 1960s. The word "gig" is now a widely accepted synonym for a concert, recital, or performance of any type.

Generally, slang terms undergo the same processes of semantic change that words in the regular lexicon do.[15]

Slang often forms from words with previously differing meanings, one example is the often used and popular slang word "lit", which was created by a generation labeled "Generation Z". The word itself used to be associated with something being on fire or being "lit" up until 1988 when it was first used in writing to indicate a person who was drunk[16] in the book "Warbirds: Diary of an Unknown Aviator". Since this time "lit" has gained popularity through Rap songs such as ASAP Rocky's "Get Lit" in 2011. As the popularity of the word has increased so too has the number of different meanings associated with the word. Now "lit" describes a person who is drunk and/or high, as well as an event that is especially awesome and "hype".

Words and phrases from popular Hollywood films and television series frequently become slang.[17]

Social implications

Indexicality

Slang is usually associated with a particular social group and plays a role in constructing identity. While slang outlines social space, attitudes about slang partly construct group identity and identify individuals as members of groups. Therefore, using the slang of a particular group associates an individual with that group. Michael Silverstein's orders of indexicality can be employed to assign a slang term as a second-order index to that particular group. Using a slang term, however, can also give an individual the qualities associated with the term's group of origin, whether or not the individual is trying to identify as a member of the group. This allocation of qualities based on abstract group association is known as third-order indexicality.

As outlined in Elisa Mattiello's book "An Introduction to English Slang",[18] a slang term can assume several levels of meaning and can be used for many reasons connected with identity. For example, male adolescents use the terms "foxy" and "shagadelic" to "show their belonging to a band, to stress their virility or their age, to reinforce connection with their peer group and to exclude outsiders, to show off, etc." These two examples use both traditional and untraditional methods of word formation to create words with more meaning and expressiveness than the more direct and traditional words "sexy" and "beautiful":

  • The slang term "foxy" is arguably not even a case of word formation since this process (denominal adjective with -y suffix from "fox") already occurred in the formation of this word with its standard English meanings of "foxlike, crafty, cunning". Instead, the traditional word's meaning is extended[19] to "attractive, desirable, pretty, sexy" with the following added implications according to Mattiello:

From the semantic point of view, slangy foxy is more loaded than neutral sexy in terms of information provided. That is, for young people foxy means having the quality of: (1) attracting interest, attention, affection, (2) causing desire, (3) excellent or admirable in appearance, and (4) sexually provocative, exciting, etc., whereas sexy only refers to the quality indicated in point (4).

  • "shagadelic" is a combination of a slang term with a slang suffix and therefore is considered an "extra-grammatical" creation.

Matiello stresses that those agents who identify themselves as "young men" have "genuinely coined" these terms and choose to use them over "canonical" terms —like beautiful or sexy—because of the indexicalized social identifications the former convey.

First and second order indexicality

In terms of first and second order indexicality, the usage of speaker-oriented terms by male adolescents indicated their membership to their age group, to reinforce connection to their peer group, and to exclude outsiders.[18]

Higher-order indexicality

In terms of higher order indexicality, anyone using these terms may desire to appear fresher, undoubtedly more playful, faddish, and colourful than someone who employs the standard English term "beautiful". This appearance relies heavily on the hearer's third-order understanding of the term's associated social nuances and presupposed use-cases.[18]

Subculture associations

Often, distinct subcultures will create slang that members will use in order to associate themselves with the group, or to delineate outsiders.

Slang terms are often known only within a clique or ingroup. For example, Leet ("Leetspeak" or "1337") was originally popular only among certain internet subcultures such as software crackers and online video gamers. During the 1990s, and into the early 21st century, however, Leet became increasingly commonplace on the internet, and it has spread outside internet-based communication and into spoken languages.[20] Other types of slang include SMS language used on mobile phones, and "chatspeak", (e.g., "LOL", an acronym meaning "laughing out loud" or "laugh out loud" or ROFL, "rolling on the floor laughing"), which are widely used in instant messaging on the internet.[21]

As subcultures are often forms of counterculture, which is understood to oppose the norm, it follows that slang has come to be associated with counterculture.

Social media and internet slang

Slang is often adopted from social media as a sign of social awareness and shared knowledge of popular culture. This type known as internet slang has become prevalent since the early 2000s along with the rise in popularity of social networking services, including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. This has spawned new vocabularies associated with each new social media venue, such as the use of the term "friending" on Facebook, which is a verbification of "friend" used to describe the process of adding a new person to one's group of friends on the website, despite the existence of an analogous term "befriend". This term is much older than Facebook, but has only recently entered the popular lexicon.[22] Other examples of slang in social media demonstrate a proclivity toward shortened words or acronyms. These are especially associated with services such as Twitter, which (as of November 2017) has a 280-character limit for each message and therefore requires a relatively brief mode of expression.[23] This includes the use of hashtags which explicitly state the main content of a message or image, such as #food or #photography.[24]

Debates about slang

Some critics believe that when slang becomes more commonplace it effectively eradicates the "proper" use of a certain language. However, academic (descriptive) linguists believe that language is not static but ever-changing and that slang terms are valid words within a language's lexicon. While prescriptivists study and promote the socially preferable or "correct" ways to speak, according to a language's normative grammar and syntactical words, descriptivists focus on studying language to further understand the subconscious rules of how individuals speak, which makes slang important in understanding such rules. Noam Chomsky, a founder of anthropological linguistic thought, challenged structural and prescriptive grammar and began to study sounds and morphemes functionally, as well as their changes within a language over time.[25]

In popular culture

The 1941 film, Ball of Fire, portrays a professor played by Gary Cooper who is researching and writing an encyclopedia article about slang.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Slang definition.
  2. ^ a b "Slang". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  3. ^ "Dictionaries of the Scots Language". Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  4. ^ The Bards of Bon Accord. Edmond & Spark. 1887. ISBN 9780365410966. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  5. ^ The English Dialect Dictionary. Рипол Классик. 1961. ISBN 9785880963034. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  6. ^ "A Brief History of slang". Films on Demand. Films Media Group. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
  7. ^ "Slang". Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  8. ^ a b Dumas, Bethany K.; Lighter, Jonathan (1978). "Is Slang a Word for Linguists?". American Speech. 53 (5): 14–15. doi:10.2307/455336. JSTOR 455336.
  9. ^ Adams, Michael (2009). Slang: The People's Poetry.
  10. ^ Partridge, Eric (2002). A dictionary of slang and unconventional English (Slang itself being slang for Short Language) : colloquialisms and catch phrases, fossilized jokes and puns, general nicknames, vulgarisms and such Americanisms as have been naturalized (8th ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-29189-7.
  11. ^ Piekot, Tomasz (2008). Język w grupie społecznej: wprowadzenie do analizy socjolektu (in Polish). Wałbrzych: Wydawnictwo Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Angelusa Silesiusa. p. 24. ISBN 9788388425387. OCLC 297524942.
  12. ^ a b c d Dickson, Paul (2010). Slang: The Topical Dictionary of Americanisms. ISBN 978-0802718495.
  13. ^ Grzenia, Jan (April 25, 2005). "gwara a żargon". Poradnia językowa PWN (in Polish). sjp.pwn.pl. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  14. ^ Grabias, Stanisław (1997). Język w zachowaniach społecznych (in Polish). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. p. 140–141.
  15. ^ a b c Coleman, Julie (March 8, 2012). Life of slang (1. publ. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199571994.
  16. ^ Girder, John (1988). Warbirds: Diary of an Unknown Aviator. Texas A & M University Press.
  17. ^ Merry, Stephanie (March 29, 2018). "'As if': 40 comedies from the past 40 years that changed the way we talk". Washington Post. Retrieved April 9, 2018.[dead link]
  18. ^ a b c Mattiello, Elisa (2008). An Introduction to English Slang - A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology. Milano: Polimetrica. ISBN 978-8876991134.
  19. ^ Mattiello: "From the semantic point of view, it instead acquires a novel sense which departs from the standard English meaning. It is frequently used among young men, who apply it to ‘attractive, desirable, pretty, sexy’ women."
  20. ^ Mitchell, Anthony (December 6, 2005). . Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
  21. ^ "Slang Dictionary".
  22. ^ Garber, Megan (July 25, 2013). "'Friend,' as a Verb, Is 800 Years Old". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  23. ^ Moss, Caroline (September 9, 2013). "Our Updated Guide To Twitter Slang, Lingo, Abbreviations And Acronyms". Business Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  24. ^ Fortunato, Joe (July 2013). "The Hashtag: A History Deeper than Twitter". copypress.com. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  25. ^ Rowe, Bruce M., and Diane P. Levine. 2012. A Concise Introduction to Linguistics 3rd edition. Boston: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0205051816
  26. ^ Ball of Fire (1941)

External links

  • A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant, Albert Barrère and Charles Godfrey Leland (1889 edition, full text, at Wikimedia Commons).
  • The Online Slang Dictionary – American and English terms, features other statistical information.
  • SlangLang – Popular slang words with their meaning, origin and spread

slang, other, uses, disambiguation, vocabulary, words, phrases, linguistic, usages, informal, register, common, spoken, conversation, avoided, formal, writing, also, sometimes, refers, language, generally, exclusive, members, particular, groups, order, establi. For other uses see Slang disambiguation Slang is vocabulary words phrases and linguistic usages of an informal register common in spoken conversation but avoided in formal writing 1 It also sometimes refers to the language generally exclusive to the members of particular in groups in order to establish group identity exclude outsiders or both The word itself came about in the 18th century and has been defined in multiple ways since its conception Contents 1 Etymology of the word slang 2 Defining slang 2 1 Examples of slang cross linguistic 3 Formation of slang 4 Social implications 4 1 Indexicality 4 1 1 First and second order indexicality 4 1 2 Higher order indexicality 4 2 Subculture associations 4 3 Social media and internet slang 4 4 Debates about slang 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymology of the word slang EditIn its earliest attested use 1756 the word slang referred to the vocabulary of low or disreputable people By the early nineteenth century it was no longer exclusively associated with disreputable people but continued to be applied to usages below the level of standard educated speech 2 In Scots dialect it meant talk chat gossip 3 as used by Aberdeen poet William Scott in 1832 The slang gaed on aboot their war ly care 4 In northern English dialect it meant impertinence abusive language 5 The origin of the word is uncertain although it may be connected with thieves cant citation needed A Scandinavian origin has been proposed compare for example Norwegian slengenavn which means nickname but based on date and early associations is discounted by the Oxford English Dictionary 2 Jonathon Green however agrees with the possibility of a Scandinavian origin suggesting the same root as that of sling which means to throw and noting that slang is thrown language a quick and honest way to make your point 6 7 Defining slang EditLinguists have no simple and clear definition of slang but agree that it is a constantly changing linguistic phenomenon present in every subculture worldwide Some argue that slang exists because we must come up with ways to define new experiences that have surfaced with time and modernity 8 Attempting to remedy the lack of a clear definition however Bethany K Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered true slang if it meets at least two of the following criteria 8 It lowers if temporarily the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing in other words it is likely to be considered in those contexts a glaring misuse of register Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to or with a group of people who are familiar with it and use the term It s a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility It replaces a well known conventional synonym This is done primarily to avoid discomfort caused by the conventional synonym or discomfort or annoyance caused by having to elaborate further Michael Adams remarks that Slang is liminal language it is often impossible to tell even in context which interests and motives it serves slang is on the edge 9 Slang dictionaries collecting thousands of slang entries offer a broad empirical window into the motivating forces behind slang 10 While many forms of lexicon may be considered low register or sub standard slang remains distinct from colloquial and jargon terms because of its specific social contexts While viewed as inappropriate in formal usage colloquial terms are typically considered acceptable in speech across a wide range of contexts while slang tends to be perceived as infelicitous in many common communicative situations Jargon refers to language used by personnel in a particular field or language used to represent specific terms within a field to those with a particular interest Although jargon and slang can both be used to exclude non group members from the conversation the purpose of jargon is said to be optimizing conversation using terms that imply technical understanding 11 On the other hand slang tends to emphasize social and contextual understanding While colloquialisms and jargon may seem like slang because they reference a particular group they do not necessarily fit the same definition because they do not represent a particular effort to replace the general lexicon of a standard language Colloquialisms are considered more acceptable and more expected in standard usage than slang is and jargon is often created to talk about aspects of a particular field that are not accounted for in the general lexicon 12 However this differentiation is not consistently applied by linguists the terms slang and jargon are sometimes treated as synonymous 13 and the scope of jargon is at times extended to mean all forms of socially restricted language 14 It is often difficult to differentiate slang from colloquialisms and even high register lexicon because slang generally becomes accepted into common vocabulary over time Words such as spurious and strenuous were once perceived as slang though they are now considered general even high register words The literature on slang even discusses mainstream acknowledgment of a slang term as changing its status as true slang because it has been accepted by the media and is thus no longer the special insider speech of a particular group For example Black American Music uses a lot of slang based on nationality and origin The use of slang is a combinations of slurring and slurping words as a result Nevertheless a general test for whether a word is a slang word or not is whether it would be acceptable in an academic or legal setting as both are arenas in which standard lexicon is considered necessary and or whether the term has been entered in the Oxford English Dictionary which some scholars claim changes its status as slang 12 Examples of slang cross linguistic Edit This section may contain indiscriminate excessive or irrelevant examples Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for further suggestions May 2014 1337 speak American slang disambiguation page Argot Bargoens Calo Cant Cantonese internet slang Cockney rhyming slang Fala dos arxinas Fenya Gayle language Glossary of jive talk Helsinki slang IsiNgqumo Joual Language game Lavender linguistics Lunfardo Meme Nadsat Pig Latin Polari Rotwelsch Shelta Thieves cant VerlanFormation of slang EditIt is often difficult to collect etymologies for slang terms largely because slang is a phenomenon of speech rather than written language and etymologies which are typically traced via corpus Eric Partridge cited as the first to report on the phenomenon of slang in a systematic and linguistic way postulated that a term would likely be in circulation for a decade before it would be written down 15 Nevertheless it seems that slang generally forms via deviation from a standard form This spawning of slang occurs in much the same way that any general semantic change might occur The difference here is that the slang term s new meaning takes on a specific social significance having to do with the group the term indexes Coleman also suggests that slang is differentiated within more general semantic change in that it typically has to do with a certain degree of playfulness The development of slang is considered to be a largely spontaneous lively and creative speech process 15 Still while a great deal of slang takes off even becoming accepted into the standard lexicon much slang dies out sometimes only referencing a group An example of this is the term groovy which is a relic of 1960s and 70s American hippie slang Nevertheless for a slang term to become a slang term people must use it at some point in time as a way to flout standard language 12 Additionally slang terms may be borrowed between groups such as the term gig which was originally coined by jazz musicians in the 1930s and then borrowed into the same hippie slang of the 1960s 12 The word groovy has remained a part of subculture lexicon since its popularization It is still in common use today by a significant population The word gig to refer to a performance very likely originated well before the 1930s and remained a common term throughout the 1940s and 1950s before becoming vaguely associated with the hippie slang of the 1960s The word gig is now a widely accepted synonym for a concert recital or performance of any type Generally slang terms undergo the same processes of semantic change that words in the regular lexicon do 15 Slang often forms from words with previously differing meanings one example is the often used and popular slang word lit which was created by a generation labeled Generation Z The word itself used to be associated with something being on fire or being lit up until 1988 when it was first used in writing to indicate a person who was drunk 16 in the book Warbirds Diary of an Unknown Aviator Since this time lit has gained popularity through Rap songs such as ASAP Rocky s Get Lit in 2011 As the popularity of the word has increased so too has the number of different meanings associated with the word Now lit describes a person who is drunk and or high as well as an event that is especially awesome and hype Words and phrases from popular Hollywood films and television series frequently become slang 17 Social implications EditIndexicality Edit Slang is usually associated with a particular social group and plays a role in constructing identity While slang outlines social space attitudes about slang partly construct group identity and identify individuals as members of groups Therefore using the slang of a particular group associates an individual with that group Michael Silverstein s orders of indexicality can be employed to assign a slang term as a second order index to that particular group Using a slang term however can also give an individual the qualities associated with the term s group of origin whether or not the individual is trying to identify as a member of the group This allocation of qualities based on abstract group association is known as third order indexicality As outlined in Elisa Mattiello s book An Introduction to English Slang 18 a slang term can assume several levels of meaning and can be used for many reasons connected with identity For example male adolescents use the terms foxy and shagadelic to show their belonging to a band to stress their virility or their age to reinforce connection with their peer group and to exclude outsiders to show off etc These two examples use both traditional and untraditional methods of word formation to create words with more meaning and expressiveness than the more direct and traditional words sexy and beautiful The slang term foxy is arguably not even a case of word formation since this process denominal adjective with y suffix from fox already occurred in the formation of this word with its standard English meanings of foxlike crafty cunning Instead the traditional word s meaning is extended 19 to attractive desirable pretty sexy with the following added implications according to Mattiello From the semantic point of view slangy foxy is more loaded than neutral sexy in terms of information provided That is for young people foxy means having the quality of 1 attracting interest attention affection 2 causing desire 3 excellent or admirable in appearance and 4 sexually provocative exciting etc whereas sexy only refers to the quality indicated in point 4 shagadelic is a combination of a slang term with a slang suffix and therefore is considered an extra grammatical creation Matiello stresses that those agents who identify themselves as young men have genuinely coined these terms and choose to use them over canonical terms like beautiful or sexy because of the indexicalized social identifications the former convey First and second order indexicality Edit In terms of first and second order indexicality the usage of speaker oriented terms by male adolescents indicated their membership to their age group to reinforce connection to their peer group and to exclude outsiders 18 Higher order indexicality Edit In terms of higher order indexicality anyone using these terms may desire to appear fresher undoubtedly more playful faddish and colourful than someone who employs the standard English term beautiful This appearance relies heavily on the hearer s third order understanding of the term s associated social nuances and presupposed use cases 18 Subculture associations Edit Often distinct subcultures will create slang that members will use in order to associate themselves with the group or to delineate outsiders Slang terms are often known only within a clique or ingroup For example Leet Leetspeak or 1337 was originally popular only among certain internet subcultures such as software crackers and online video gamers During the 1990s and into the early 21st century however Leet became increasingly commonplace on the internet and it has spread outside internet based communication and into spoken languages 20 Other types of slang include SMS language used on mobile phones and chatspeak e g LOL an acronym meaning laughing out loud or laugh out loud or ROFL rolling on the floor laughing which are widely used in instant messaging on the internet 21 As subcultures are often forms of counterculture which is understood to oppose the norm it follows that slang has come to be associated with counterculture Social media and internet slang Edit Slang is often adopted from social media as a sign of social awareness and shared knowledge of popular culture This type known as internet slang has become prevalent since the early 2000s along with the rise in popularity of social networking services including Facebook Twitter and Instagram This has spawned new vocabularies associated with each new social media venue such as the use of the term friending on Facebook which is a verbification of friend used to describe the process of adding a new person to one s group of friends on the website despite the existence of an analogous term befriend This term is much older than Facebook but has only recently entered the popular lexicon 22 Other examples of slang in social media demonstrate a proclivity toward shortened words or acronyms These are especially associated with services such as Twitter which as of November 2017 update has a 280 character limit for each message and therefore requires a relatively brief mode of expression 23 This includes the use of hashtags which explicitly state the main content of a message or image such as food or photography 24 Debates about slang Edit Some critics believe that when slang becomes more commonplace it effectively eradicates the proper use of a certain language However academic descriptive linguists believe that language is not static but ever changing and that slang terms are valid words within a language s lexicon While prescriptivists study and promote the socially preferable or correct ways to speak according to a language s normative grammar and syntactical words descriptivists focus on studying language to further understand the subconscious rules of how individuals speak which makes slang important in understanding such rules Noam Chomsky a founder of anthropological linguistic thought challenged structural and prescriptive grammar and began to study sounds and morphemes functionally as well as their changes within a language over time 25 In popular culture EditThe 1941 film Ball of Fire portrays a professor played by Gary Cooper who is researching and writing an encyclopedia article about slang 26 See also Edit Language portalA New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew Slang dictionary Urban DictionaryReferences Edit Slang definition a b Slang Oxford English Dictionary Oxford University Press Retrieved March 4 2010 Dictionaries of the Scots Language Retrieved March 7 2022 The Bards of Bon Accord Edmond amp Spark 1887 ISBN 9780365410966 Retrieved March 7 2022 The English Dialect Dictionary Ripol Klassik 1961 ISBN 9785880963034 Retrieved March 7 2022 A Brief History of slang Films on Demand Films Media Group Retrieved January 23 2015 Slang Online Etymological Dictionary Retrieved March 4 2010 a b Dumas Bethany K Lighter Jonathan 1978 Is Slang a Word for Linguists American Speech 53 5 14 15 doi 10 2307 455336 JSTOR 455336 Adams Michael 2009 Slang The People s Poetry Partridge Eric 2002 A dictionary of slang and unconventional English Slang itself being slang for Short Language colloquialisms and catch phrases fossilized jokes and puns general nicknames vulgarisms and such Americanisms as have been naturalized 8th ed London Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 29189 7 Piekot Tomasz 2008 Jezyk w grupie spolecznej wprowadzenie do analizy socjolektu in Polish Walbrzych Wydawnictwo Panstwowej Wyzszej Szkoly Zawodowej im Angelusa Silesiusa p 24 ISBN 9788388425387 OCLC 297524942 a b c d Dickson Paul 2010 Slang The Topical Dictionary of Americanisms ISBN 978 0802718495 Grzenia Jan April 25 2005 gwara a zargon Poradnia jezykowa PWN in Polish sjp pwn pl Retrieved April 26 2019 Grabias Stanislaw 1997 Jezyk w zachowaniach spolecznych in Polish Lublin Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie Sklodowskiej p 140 141 a b c Coleman Julie March 8 2012 Life of slang 1 publ ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199571994 Girder John 1988 Warbirds Diary of an Unknown Aviator Texas A amp M University Press Merry Stephanie March 29 2018 As if 40 comedies from the past 40 years that changed the way we talk Washington Post Retrieved April 9 2018 dead link a b c Mattiello Elisa 2008 An Introduction to English Slang A Description of its Morphology Semantics and Sociology Milano Polimetrica ISBN 978 8876991134 Mattiello From the semantic point of view it instead acquires a novel sense which departs from the standard English meaning It is frequently used among young men who apply it to attractive desirable pretty sexy women Mitchell Anthony December 6 2005 A Leet Primer Archived from the original on April 17 2019 Retrieved November 5 2007 Slang Dictionary Garber Megan July 25 2013 Friend as a Verb Is 800 Years Old The Atlantic Retrieved December 2 2014 Moss Caroline September 9 2013 Our Updated Guide To Twitter Slang Lingo Abbreviations And Acronyms Business Insider Retrieved December 2 2014 Fortunato Joe July 2013 The Hashtag A History Deeper than Twitter copypress com Retrieved December 2 2014 Rowe Bruce M and Diane P Levine 2012 A Concise Introduction to Linguistics 3rd edition Boston Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0205051816 Ball of Fire 1941 External links Edit Look up slang in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slang A Dictionary of Slang Jargon amp Cant Albert Barrere and Charles Godfrey Leland 1889 edition full text at Wikimedia Commons The Online Slang Dictionary American and English terms features other statistical information SlangLang Popular slang words with their meaning origin and spread Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Slang amp oldid 1133004897, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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