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Tagdal language

Tagdal (Tuareg name: Tagdalt)[3] is a mixed Northern Songhay language of central Niger. Ethnologue considers it a "mixed Berber–Songhay language",[1][4] while other researchers consider it Northern Songhay.[5] There are two dialects: Tagdal proper, spoken by the Igdalen people, pastoralists who inhabit a region to the east along the Niger border to Tahoua in Niger,[4] and Tabarog, spoken by the Iberogan people of the Azawagh valley on the Niger–Mali border.

Tagdal
Tagdal-Tabarog
Tihishit
Native toNiger
EthnicityIgdalen, Iberogan
Native speakers
65,000 (2021)[1]
Dialects
  • Tagdal
  • Tabarog
Tifinagh
Language codes
ISO 639-3tda
Glottologtagd1238
ELPTagdal
Location of Songhay languages[2]

Northwest Songhay:

  Tagdal

Eastern Songhay:

  Dendi
Agdal
PersonAgdal
PeopleIgdalan
LanguageTagdal
Abarog
PeopleIberogan
LanguageTabarog

Nicolaï (1981) uses the name Tihishit as a cover term. Rueck & Christiansen[6] say that

...the Igdalen and the Iberogan have for many purposes been treated as one group, and their speech forms are closely related. Nicolaï uses "tihishit" as a common designator for these two speech forms...; however, this term is ambiguous. "Tihishit" is a term of Tamajaq origin meaning "the language of the blacks". The Igdalen and Iberogan used it to refer to all Northern Songhay speech forms.[5]

Meanwhile, the Iberogan sometimes refer to their language as Tagdal.

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

  • /w/ may be heard as [ʋ] in the Tarbun dialect.

Vowels edit

  • Each of the vowels /i, e, ə, a, o, u/ tend to fluctuate within the presence of the phonemes /x, ɣ, q, ʕ, ħ/ or of a pharyngealized consonant, as [ɨ, ɛ, ʌ, ɑ, ɔ, o].[7]

Grammar edit

Tagdal is an agglutinative language, most likely due to Tuareg influence.[4]: 71 

Pronouns edit

Tagdal gets its pronominal system from Northern Songhay languages.

Singular Plural
1st ɣɑy iri
2nd nin ɑnji
3rd ɑnga ingi
Subject prefixes:
Singular Plural
1st ɣɑ- iri-
2nd ɘn/ni- ɑnji-
3rd ɑ- i-

Tadgal has two different prefixes used for negation. The first is -, which functions as perfective negation, and is the default choice for negation. It indicates something that might have happened in the past, but didn't, or in the case of stative verbs, something that is not true. The other negation prefix is -, which acts as a negation in the present or future. Uses of this negation are shown in these examples:[8]

  • ɣɑnɘkoy: I did not go
  • ɣɑsɘbkoy: I was not going/I do not (habitually) go
  • ɣɑnəyɑrdɑ: I disagree

References edit

  1. ^ a b Tagdal at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)  
  2. ^ This map is based on classification from Glottolog and data from Ethnologue.
  3. ^ Ritter, Georg (2009). Wörterbuch zur Sprache und Kultur der Twareg II Deutsch-Twareg. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 735.
  4. ^ a b c Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. (2009). "Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology in Tagdal: A Mixed Language" (PDF). In Masangu Matondo; Fiona Mc Laughlin; Eric Potsdam (eds.). In Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 69–83.
  5. ^ a b Michael J Rueck; Niels Christiansen. Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger, a sociolinguistic survey. Summer Institute of Linguistics (1999).
  6. ^ Catherine Taine-Cheikh. Les langues parlées au sud Sahara et au nord Sahel. De l'Atlantique à l'Ennedi (Catalogue de l'exposition « Sahara-Sahel »), Centre Culturel Français d'Abidjan (Ed.) (1989) 155-173
  7. ^ Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. (2021). A Grammar of Tagdal: a Northern Songhay language. Leiden University.
  8. ^ Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. (2009). Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology in Tagdal: A Mixed Language. Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 69–83. ISBN 9781574734294.


tagdal, language, tagdal, tuareg, name, tagdalt, mixed, northern, songhay, language, central, niger, ethnologue, considers, mixed, berber, songhay, language, while, other, researchers, consider, northern, songhay, there, dialects, tagdal, proper, spoken, igdal. Tagdal Tuareg name Tagdalt 3 is a mixed Northern Songhay language of central Niger Ethnologue considers it a mixed Berber Songhay language 1 4 while other researchers consider it Northern Songhay 5 There are two dialects Tagdal proper spoken by the Igdalen people pastoralists who inhabit a region to the east along the Niger border to Tahoua in Niger 4 and Tabarog spoken by the Iberogan people of the Azawagh valley on the Niger Mali border TagdalTagdal TabarogTihishitNative toNigerEthnicityIgdalen IberoganNative speakers65 000 2021 1 Language familyNilo Saharan SonghayNorthern SonghayTagdalDialectsTagdal TabarogWriting systemTifinaghLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code tda class extiw title iso639 3 tda tda a Glottologtagd1238ELPTagdalLocation of Songhay languages 2 Northwest Songhay Korandje Koyra Chiini Tadaksahak Tasawaq Tagdal Eastern Songhay Tondi Songway Kiini Humburi Senni Koyraboro Senni Zarma language Songhoyboro Ciine DendiAgdalPersonAgdalPeopleIgdalanLanguageTagdalAbarogPeopleIberoganLanguageTabarogNicolai 1981 uses the name Tihishit as a cover term Rueck amp Christiansen 6 say that the Igdalen and the Iberogan have for many purposes been treated as one group and their speech forms are closely related Nicolai uses tihishit as a common designator for these two speech forms however this term is ambiguous Tihishit is a term of Tamajaq origin meaning the language of the blacks The Igdalen and Iberogan used it to refer to all Northern Songhay speech forms 5 Meanwhile the Iberogan sometimes refer to their language as Tagdal Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Consonants 1 2 Vowels 2 Grammar 2 1 Pronouns 3 ReferencesPhonology editConsonants edit Labial Alveolar Post alv Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn geal Glottalplain phar Nasal m n nˤ ŋPlosive Affricate voiceless t tˤ tʃ k qvoiced b d dˤ dʒ ɡFricative voiceless f s sˤ ʃ x ħ hvoiced z zˤ ʒ ɣ ʕTap ɾ ɾˤLateral l lˤApproximant w j w may be heard as ʋ in the Tarbun dialect Vowels edit Front Central BackClose i iː u uːMid e eː e o oːOpen a aːEach of the vowels i e e a o u tend to fluctuate within the presence of the phonemes x ɣ q ʕ ħ or of a pharyngealized consonant as ɨ ɛ ʌ ɑ ɔ o 7 Grammar editTagdal is an agglutinative language most likely due to Tuareg influence 4 71 Pronouns edit Tagdal gets its pronominal system from Northern Songhay languages Singular Plural1st ɣɑy iri2nd nin ɑnji3rd ɑnga ingiSubject prefixes Singular Plural1st ɣɑ iri 2nd ɘn ni ɑnji 3rd ɑ i Tadgal has two different prefixes used for negation The first is nɘ which functions as perfective negation and is the default choice for negation It indicates something that might have happened in the past but didn t or in the case of stative verbs something that is not true The other negation prefix is sɘ which acts as a negation in the present or future Uses of this negation are shown in these examples 8 ɣɑnɘkoy I did not go ɣɑsɘbkoy I was not going I do not habitually go ɣɑneyɑrdɑ I disagreeReferences edit a b Tagdal at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp This map is based on classification from Glottolog and data from Ethnologue Ritter Georg 2009 Worterbuch zur Sprache und Kultur der Twareg II Deutsch Twareg Wiesbaden Harrassowitz p 735 a b c Benitez Torres Carlos M 2009 Inflectional vs Derivational Morphology in Tagdal A Mixed Language PDF In Masangu Matondo Fiona Mc Laughlin Eric Potsdam eds In Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics Somerville Cascadilla Proceedings Project pp 69 83 a b Michael J Rueck Niels Christiansen Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger a sociolinguistic survey Summer Institute of Linguistics 1999 Catherine Taine Cheikh Les langues parlees au sud Sahara et au nord Sahel De l Atlantique a l Ennedi Catalogue de l exposition Sahara Sahel Centre Culturel Francais d Abidjan Ed 1989 155 173 Benitez Torres Carlos M 2021 A Grammar of Tagdal a Northern Songhay language Leiden University Benitez Torres Carlos M 2009 Inflectional vs Derivational Morphology in Tagdal A Mixed Language Cascadilla Proceedings Project pp 69 83 ISBN 9781574734294 This Nilo Saharan languages related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tagdal language amp oldid 1208270806, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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