Wikipedia
Regions of Europe
Europe, the westernmost portion of Eurasia, is often divided into regions and subregions based on geographical, cultural or historical factors. Since there is no universal agreement on Europe's regional composition, the placement of individual countries may vary based on criteria being used. For instance, the Balkans is a distinct geographic region within Europe but individual countries may alternatively be grouped into Southern Europe, Southeastern Europe, or less commonly East Central Europe.
Different views about regions of Europe
Regions of Europe according to EuroVoc:
Subregions of Europe by the UN geoscheme:
Subregions of Europe based on The World Factbook:
Regional affiliation of countries may also evolve over time. Malta was considered an island of North Africa for centuries[1] but is now generally considered part of Southern Europe.[2] The exact placement of the Caucasus has also varied since classical antiquity[3] and is now regarded by many as a distinct region within or partly in Europe.[4] Greenland is geographically part of North America but has been politically and culturally associated with Northern Europe for more than a millennium.[5] As such, several countries are often included as belonging to a Greater Europe, including Armenia, Cyprus, Greenland, as well as the overseas territories and regions of the European Union.
Subregions
Groupings by compass directions are the hardest to define in Europe, since there are a few calculations of the midpoint of Europe (among other issues), and the pure geographical criteria of "east" and "west" are often confused with the political meaning these words acquired during the Cold War era.
The modern geographical subregions of Europe include:
Note: There is no universally agreed definition for continental subregions. Depending on the source, some of the subregions, such as Central Europe or South-eastern Europe, can be listed as first-tier subregions. Some transregional countries, such as Romania or the United Kingdom, can be included in multiple subregions.
The modern geopolitical subregions of Europe include:
Two Europes
Three Europes
Historical divisions
Europe can be divided along many differing historical lines, normally corresponding to those parts that were inside or outside a particular cultural phenomenon, empire or political division. The areas varied at different times, and so it is arguable as to which were part of some common historical entity (e.g., were Germany or Britain part of Roman Europe as they were only partly and relatively briefly part of the Empire—or were the countries of the former communist Yugoslavia part of the Eastern Bloc, since it was not in the Warsaw Pact).
- Roman and non-Roman Europe: those parts that were inside or outside the Roman Empire.
- Greek Europe and Latin Europe: those parts that fell into the eastern (Byzantine) and Western Roman Empires.
- Monotheistic Christian and polytheistic Pagan Europe: those lands that did and did not observe Christianity in the Middle Ages.
- Catholic and Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe: those parts on either side of the Great Schism.
- After Reformation: countries of Western Christianity (Catholic and Protestant Churches) and Eastern Christianity (Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox churches and the Eastern Catholic Churches)
- Protestant and Catholic Europe: those parts that, in the main, left the Catholic Church during the Reformation contrasted with those that did not.
- Communist Europe (Eastern Bloc), Capitalist Europe (Western Bloc): those parts on either side of the Iron Curtain and third world countries (neutral and non-aligned during the Cold War).
Contemporary
A clickable Euler diagram[file] showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements
Economic and political
European Single Market integration:
Non-EU states that participate in the EU Single Market with exceptions: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (see also EFTA)
Part of a former EU state that remains partially aligned to the EU Single Market on goods: Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom (see also Brexit and the Irish border)
Non-EU states with a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: EU accession candidates Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia; EU accession potential candidates: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo
Non-EU states with a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area agreement with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine
Non-EU states which have a bilateral Customs Union arrangement with the EU: Turkey (an accession candidate), Andorra and San Marino
- Countries that are member states of the political and economic bloc (27 as of 2020):
- Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden.
- An alliance of Mediterranean countries within EU:
- Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain.
- Countries that have adopted the euro as their currency:
- Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Vatican City.
- A free trade organisation that operates in parallel with, and is linked by treaties to, the EU:
- Liechtenstein, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland.
- A free trade agreement among non-EU members:
- Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (represented by UNMIK), Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia.
- A borderless zone created by the Schengen Agreements, comprising:
- Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden; in addition, by separate agreements Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland fully apply the provisions of the Schengen acquis.
- A customs union of all the member states of the European Union (EU) and some neighbouring countries:
- Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden. Andorra, San Marino, and Turkey are each in customs union with the EU's customs territory.
- An economic union of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia. Moldova and Uzbekistan hold observer status.
- A free trade agreement among the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, and Tajikistan.
- A forum of regional economic cooperation:
- Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine.
Other political
Members of the Eastern Partnership
- An international organisation whose stated aim is to uphold human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe, and to promote European culture.
- It has 46 member states, with approximately 820 million people.
- One of five United Nations regional groups
- Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.
- A group of former Soviet Eastern European countries cooperating with the EU:
- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.
- An intergovernmental forum for political and strategic discussions about the future of Europe, with participants from 45 European countries.
- OECD Europe countries
- European countries that are a part of the OECD:
- Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.
- A forum of regional cooperation including:
- Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.
- A group of former Soviet disputed states in Eastern Europe:
- Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria.
- The world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization, with 57 participating states mostly in the Northern Hemisphere.
- A cultural and political alliance of four Central European states for the purposes of furthering their European integration, as well as for advancing military, economic and energy cooperation with one another:
- Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary.
- An Interreg IIIA project to establish a multinational region in Central Europe encompassing four European countries: Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.
- Promotes Central European cooperation.
Geographical
Peninsulas
- Apennine Peninsula (Italian Peninsula)
- Located in the south of Europe, the Apennine Peninsula contains the states of Italy, San Marino, and Vatican City
- The Balkan Peninsula is located in Southeastern Europe and the following countries and territories occupy land within the Balkans either exclusively or partially:
- Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia (approximately the southern half), Greece, Kosovo,[a] Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania (the Dobrudja region), Serbia, Slovenia (the coastal section), and Turkey (East Thrace)
- Located in Southwestern Europe, this peninsula contains Andorra, Gibraltar, Portugal, Spain, and a small part of France
- Jutland of Denmark (main part of the country excluding its islands) and the Schleswig-Holstein region of Germany
Regional
- Baltic Rim region
- Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden
- The term Baltic states generally applies to Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
- The Isle of Man, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom
- Carpathian states
- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia; also the disputed territories of Abkhazia, Artsakh, and South Ossetia
- Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, parts of France, and parts of Germany
- Benelux: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
- Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Greenland, and Iceland
- Scandinavia: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
- Fennoscandia: Finland, Sweden, Norway and Karelia; a geological region defined by the Fennoscandian shield
- States that occupy the Alps:
- Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Germany, France, and Italy
- States that lie along the River Danube:
- Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine
- Overlaps with Southeastern Europe:
- Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Kosovo,[a] North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro
- Countries occupying land on and off the Balkans are Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Turkey (East Thrace).
- Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania
- Serbia, Kosovo[a] and Italy occupy a small portion of the Dinaric Alps.
- Chain of Islands in the North Atlantic
- Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira; also including Cape Verde, an independent African nation.
- Mediterranean countries
- Mediterranean nations are European countries on the Mediterranean Basin:
- Portugal, Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, San Marino, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, and the British territory of Gibraltar
- Adriatic region: Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania
- The Panonnian nations are:
- Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine
- The Black Sea nations (although some sections lie within Asia) are:
- Abkhazia (de facto state), Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine
- The world's largest lake which forms a section of the Asian-European border has five countries occupying its shore. Iran and Turkmenistan lie entirely within Asia while the following countries are transcontinental and have sovereignty over the Caspian Sea's European sector:
- Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia
Religious groupings
- Catholic-majority countries or regions, including Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Southern and Western parts of Germany, Gibraltar (United Kingdom), Hungary, Ireland, Italy, parts of Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Southern Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
- Orthodox-majority countries, including Armenia, Artsakh (de facto state), Belarus, Northern and Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Serbia, and Ukraine.
- Protestant-majority countries, including Denmark, Finland, North and Eastern Germany, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, parts of Latvia, the Northern Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
- Muslim-majority countries, including Albania, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo,[a] Northern Cyprus (de facto state), and Turkey.
Linguistic groupings
- Brittany (France), Cornwall (England), the Isle of Man (United Kingdom), Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales
- Benelux countries: Belgium (Flanders), Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
- British Isles: the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom
- DACH countries: Austria, Germany, and Switzerland (some cantons); plus Liechtenstein
- Nordic countries: Åland (Finland), Denmark, the Faroe Islands (Denmark), Iceland, Norway (including Svalbard), and Sweden
- Eastern Romance zone: Moldova, Romania
- Western Romance zone: Andorra, Belgium (Wallonia), France, Italy, Monaco, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Switzerland (some cantons), and Vatican City
- Eastern and Western Romance zones are geographically separated by either of two sovereign states including Austria or Slovenia with Hungary.
- Slavic-speaking Europe – collectively known as the Slavs
- Northern Slavic zone – collectively known as the North Slavs
- Eastern Slavic zone: Belarus, Russia (including Siberia in Asia), and Ukraine – collectively known as the East Slavs
- Western Slavic zone: Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia – collectively known as the West Slavs
- Southern Slavic zone: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia (inclusive of Kosovo), and Slovenia – collectively known as the South Slavs
- Northern Slavic zone – collectively known as the North Slavs
- Northern Slavic and Southern Slavic zones geographically separated by any of three countries: Austria, Hungary, and Romania; or by the Black Sea.
Other groupings
- Blue Banana: describing the concentration of the wealth/economic productivity of Europe in a banana-shaped band running from north west England, London, through Benelux, eastern France, western Germany to northern Italy.
- Celtic Europe
- Civil code Europe and common law Europe: those parts that adopted a Napoleonic Code style system and those that retained a Common Law system.
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ a b c d ‹The template Kosovo-note is being considered for deletion.› The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as a sovereign state by 101 UN member states (with another 13 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition) and 92 states not recognizing it, while Serbia continues to claim it as a part of its own territory.
References
- ^ Falconer, William; Falconer, Thomas (1872). Dissertation on St. Paul's Voyage. BiblioLife. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-113-68809-5. from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Chapman, David; Cassar, Godwin (October 2004). "Valletta". Cities. 21 (5): 451–463. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2004.07.001.
- ^ Histories 4.38. C.f. James Rennell, The geographical system of Herodotus examined and explained, Volume 1, Rivington 1830, p. 244
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica”, Caucasus, June 2021: “another scheme identifies the Aras River and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe.”
- ^ Dale Mackenzie Brown. "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings" 2011-01-11 at the Wayback Machine. Archaeological Institute of America: 28 February 2000
External links
- Media related to Regions of Europe at Wikimedia Commons