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Pannonian Basin

January 01, 2023

The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin,[1][2][3][4] is a large basin situated in south-east Central Europe. The geomorphological term Pannonian Plain is more widely used for roughly the same region though with a somewhat different sense, with only the lowlands, the plain that remained when the Pliocene Epoch Pannonian Sea dried out.

Topography of the basin and surrounding mountains
The Pannonian Basin (marked III.), enclosed by the Carpathians and the Transylvanian Plateau (IV.) to the east and north. Also shown: the Romanian Lowlands (II.) and the Outer Subcarpathian depressions (I.) beyond the Carpathians (also known as Transcarpathia)
The highlighted borders of the province of Pannonia within the Roman Empire
The Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal near the village of Rumenka, close to Novi Sad

It is a geomorphological subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system, specifically a sediment-filled back-arc basin which spread apart during the Miocene.[5][6] The plain or basin is diagonally bisected by the Transdanubian Mountains, separating the larger Great Hungarian Plain (including the Eastern Slovak Lowland) from the Little Hungarian Plain. It forms a topographically discrete unit set in the European landscape, surrounded by imposing geographic boundaries—the Carpathian Mountains and the Alps. The Rivers Danube and Tisza divide the basin roughly in half. It extends roughly between Vienna in the northwest, Košice in the northeast, Zagreb in the southwest, Novi Sad in the south and Satu Mare in the east.

In terms of modern state boundaries, the Pannonian Basin centres on the territory of Hungary, which lies entirely within the basin, but it also covers parts of southern Slovakia, southeast Poland, southwest Ukraine, western Romania, northern Serbia, northeast Croatia, northeast Slovenia, and eastern Austria. The name "Pannonian" comes from Pannonia, a province of the Roman Empire. Only the western part of the territory (known as Transdanubia) of modern Hungary formed part of the ancient Pannonia; this comprises less than 29% of modern Hungary, therefore Hungarian geographers avoid the terms "Pannonian Basin" and "Pannonian Plain" (For example: The Great Hungarian Plain was not part of Pannonia province.) Because the "Pannonian" term is erroneous and unhistorical regarding to the 80% of the whole territory of the basin, the Hungarian geographers and historians use the more accurate Carpathian Basin term.

Terminology

In English language, the terms "Pannonian Basin" and "Carpathian Basin" are used synonymously. The name "Pannonian" is taken from that of Pannonia, a province of the Roman Empire. The historical province overlapped but was not coterminous with the geographical plain or basin, as the Great Hungarian Plain was not part of it. Pannonia Inferior covered much of the western half of the basin, as far as the Danube. Pannonia Superior included the western fringe of the basin as well as part of the Eastern Alps, as far as Virunum. The southern fringe of the basin was in Dalmatia and Moesia. The eastern half of the basin was not conquered by the Romans and was considered part of Sarmatia, inhabited by the Iazyges. Likewise, the parts north of the Danube (now in western Slovakia) were not in the empire; they were considered part of Germania, inhabited by the Quadi.

The term Pannonian Plain refers to the lowland parts of the Pannonian Basin as well as those of some adjoining regions like Lower Austria, Moravia, and Silesia (Czech Republic and Poland). The lands adjoining the plain proper are sometimes also called peri-Pannonian.

The term Carpathian Basin is used in Hungarian literature, while the West Slavic languages (Czech, Polish and Slovak), the Serbo-Croatian, German and Romanian languages use Pannonian; in Hungarian the basin is known as Kárpát-medence, in Czech; Panonská pánev, in Polish; Panoński Basen, in Slovak; Panónska panva, in Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian: Panonski bazen/Панонски базен, in German; Pannonisches Becken, and in Romanian; Câmpia Panonică or Bazinul Panonic. The East Slavic languages, namely Ukrainian, use terms Tisa-Danube Basin or Middanubian Basin (Ukrainian: Тисо-Дунайська низовина, Середньодунайська низовина)

In Hungarian geographical literature various subdivisions of the Carpathian Mountains (Inner Western Carpathians, Inner Eastern Carpathians, Southern Carpathians, Western Carpathians and Transylvanian Plateau) are also considered parts of the Carpathian Basin on the basis of traditional geopolitical divisions.

Etymology

Further information: Pannonii and Carpi people

Julius Pokorny derived the name Pannonia from Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root *pen-, "swamp, water, wet" (cf. English fen, "marsh"; Hindi pani, "water").[7]

The name "Carpates" is highly associated with the old Dacian tribes called "Carpes" or "Carpi" who lived in a large area from the east, northeast of the Black Sea to the Transylvanian Plain on the present day Romania and Moldova. The name Carpates may ultimately be from the Proto Indo-European root *sker-/*ker-, which meant mountain, rock, or rugged (cf. Germanic root *skerp-, Old Norse harfr "harrow", Gothic skarpo, Middle Low German scharf "potsherd", and Modern High German Scherbe "shard", Old English scearp and English sharp, Lithuanian kar~pas "cut, hack, notch", Latvian cìrpt "to shear, clip"). The archaic Polish word karpa meant 'rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots, or trunks'. The more common word skarpa means a sharp cliff or other vertical terrain. The name may instead come from Indo-European *kwerp 'to turn', akin to Old English hweorfan 'to turn, change' (English warp) and Greek καρπός karpós 'wrist', perhaps referring to the way the mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape.[8]

Geography

 
Biogeographic regions of Europe

Climate and natural resources

Although rain is not plentiful, the plain is a major agricultural area; it is sometimes said that these fields of rich loamy loess soil could feed the whole of Europe. However, there is an increase in extreme precipitation events that cause soil erosion. Knowledge of areas affected by severe soil erosion can lead to the implementation of effective measures to reduce it.[9] For its early settlers, the plain offered few sources of metals or stone. Thus when archaeologists come upon objects of obsidian or chert, copper or gold, they have almost unparalleled opportunities to interpret ancient pathways of trade.

Geomorphology

 
Wheat field near Temerin

The Pannonian plain is divided into two parts along the Transdanubian Mountains (Hungarian: Dunántúli-középhegység). The northwestern part is called Western Pannonian plain (or province) and the southeastern part Eastern Pannonian plain (or province). They comprise the following sections:

Note: The Transylvanian Plateau and the Lučenec-Košice Depression (both parts of the Carpathians) and some other lowlands are sometimes also considered part of the Pannonian Plain in non-geomorphological or older divisions.

Regions

Relatively large or distinctive areas of the plain that do not necessarily correspond to national borders include:

History

Prehistory

 
Approximate extent of Pannonian Sea during the Miocene Epoch

The Pannonian Basin has its geological origins in the Pannonian Sea, a shallow sea that reached its greatest extent during the Pliocene Epoch, when three to four kilometres of sediments were deposited.

Antiquity

Main article: Pannonia

The plain was named after the Pannon named Medes. Various different peoples inhabited the plain during its history. In the first century BC, the eastern parts of the plain belonged to the Dacian state, and in the first century AD its western parts were subsumed into the Roman Empire. The Roman province named Pannonia was established in the area, and the city of Sirmium, today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia, became one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century.

Middle Ages

In the Age of Migrations and the early Middle Ages, the region belonged to several realms such as the Hun Empire, the Kingdom of the Gepids, the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths, the Kingdom of the Lombards, the Avar Khaganate, the West Slavic state of Samo, the Bulgarian Empire, the Frankish Empire, Great Moravia, the Lower Pannonian Principality and the Kingdom of Syrmia. The Principality of Hungary established in 895 by the Magyars was centered on the plain and included almost all of it (as did the former Avar Khaganate). It was established as the Catholic Kingdom of Hungary in AD 1000, with the coronation of Stephen I of Hungary.

 
Cattle herders in the puszta of Hungary, c. 1852

The Kingdom of Hungary by the 11th century comprised the entire Pannonian Basin, but the changing fates of this part of Europe during the Ottoman wars of the 14th to 17th centuries left the Pannonian basin divided between numerous political entities. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the central and eastern regions of the kingdom and the plain on which they lay were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, while the remainder to the north-west was subsumed into the holdings of the Habsburg monarchy and retitled Royal Hungary. Under Ottoman administration, the plain was reorganised into the Eyalet of Budim, the Eyalet of Egri, the Eyalet of Sigetvar and the Eyalet of Temeşvar.

Modern history

The Pannonian Plain was frequently a scene of conflict between the two empires. At the end of the 17th century the Habsburgs won decisive battles against the Ottomans, and most of the plain gradually came under Habsburg rule. Under Habsburg rule the region was eventually reorganised into the Kingdom of Hungary, the Banat of Temeswar, the Military Frontier, the Kingdom of Croatia, the Kingdom of Slavonia and Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat.

The Habsburg Monarchy was subsequently transformed into the Austrian Empire (in 1804) and later became Austria-Hungary (in 1867). Most of the plain was located within the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, since all other Habsburg possessions in the plain were integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary until 1882. The autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which was one of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, comprised the south-western portion of the plain.

With the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I, the region was divided between Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929). The borders drawn in 1918 and 1919 are mostly preserved as those of the contemporary states of Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, and Romania.

Major cities

This is a list of cities in the Pannonian Basin with a population larger than 100,000 within the city proper:

See also

References

  1. ^ Eldridge M. Moores; Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge (1997). Encyclopedia of European and Asian Regional Geology. Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-74040-4.
  2. ^ Adami Jordan; Peter Jordan; Milan Orožen Adamič (2007). Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names: Approaches Towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 240. ISBN 978-3-8258-0035-2.
  3. ^ George Walter Hoffman; Christopher Shane Davies (1983). A Geography of Europe: Problems and Prospects. Wiley. p. 647. ISBN 978-0-471-89708-8.
  4. ^ George Walter Hoffman; Nels August Bengtson (1953). A Geography of Europe. Ronald Press Co. p. 757.
  5. ^ Leigh H. Royden; Ferenc Horváth (1988). The Pannonian Basin: A Study in Basin Evolution. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. ISBN 9781629811345.
  6. ^ A. Balázs; L. Matenco; I. Magyar; F. Horváth; S. Cloetingh (2016). "The link between tectonics and sedimentation in back‐arc basins: New genetic constraints from the analysis of the Pannonian Basin". Tectonics. American Geophysical Union. 35 (6): 1526–1559. Bibcode:2016Tecto..35.1526B. doi:10.1002/2015TC004109.
  7. ^ [1]J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, No. 1481 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World. London: MacFarland and Co., Inc., 1997.
  9. ^ Lukić, Tin; Lukić, Aco; Basarin, Biljana; Ponjiger, Tanja Micić; Blagojević, Dragana; Mesaroš, Minučer; Milanović, Miško; Gavrilov, Milivoj; Pavić, Dragoslav; Zorn, Matija; Komac, Blaž; Miljković, Ðurđa; Sakulski, Dušan; Babić-Kekez, Snežana; Morar, Cezar; Janićević, Sava (2019-10-26). "Rainfall erosivity and extreme precipitation in the Pannonian basin". Open Geosciences. 11 (1): 664–681. doi:10.1515/geo-2019-0053.

External links

  Media related to Pannonian Basin at Wikimedia Commons

  • Zentai László's account of the Basin formation In Hungarian.
  • Anthropological sketch of the prehistoric population
  • : Neolithic and Copper Age archaeology in the Pannonian plain

Coordinates: 46°30′N 20°00′E / 46.500°N 20.000°E / 46.500; 20.000

January 01, 2023
pannonian, basin, carpathian, basin, large, basin, situated, south, east, central, europe, geomorphological, term, pannonian, plain, more, widely, used, roughly, same, region, though, with, somewhat, different, sense, with, only, lowlands, plain, that, remaine. The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin 1 2 3 4 is a large basin situated in south east Central Europe The geomorphological term Pannonian Plain is more widely used for roughly the same region though with a somewhat different sense with only the lowlands the plain that remained when the Pliocene Epoch Pannonian Sea dried out Topography of the basin and surrounding mountains The Pannonian Basin marked III enclosed by the Carpathians and the Transylvanian Plateau IV to the east and north Also shown the Romanian Lowlands II and the Outer Subcarpathian depressions I beyond the Carpathians also known as Transcarpathia The highlighted borders of the province of Pannonia within the Roman Empire A farm on the Hortobagy National Park The Danube Tisa Danube Canal near the village of Rumenka close to Novi SadIt is a geomorphological subsystem of the Alps Himalaya system specifically a sediment filled back arc basin which spread apart during the Miocene 5 6 The plain or basin is diagonally bisected by the Transdanubian Mountains separating the larger Great Hungarian Plain including the Eastern Slovak Lowland from the Little Hungarian Plain It forms a topographically discrete unit set in the European landscape surrounded by imposing geographic boundaries the Carpathian Mountains and the Alps The Rivers Danube and Tisza divide the basin roughly in half It extends roughly between Vienna in the northwest Kosice in the northeast Zagreb in the southwest Novi Sad in the south and Satu Mare in the east In terms of modern state boundaries the Pannonian Basin centres on the territory of Hungary which lies entirely within the basin but it also covers parts of southern Slovakia southeast Poland southwest Ukraine western Romania northern Serbia northeast Croatia northeast Slovenia and eastern Austria The name Pannonian comes from Pannonia a province of the Roman Empire Only the western part of the territory known as Transdanubia of modern Hungary formed part of the ancient Pannonia this comprises less than 29 of modern Hungary therefore Hungarian geographers avoid the terms Pannonian Basin and Pannonian Plain For example The Great Hungarian Plain was not part of Pannonia province Because the Pannonian term is erroneous and unhistorical regarding to the 80 of the whole territory of the basin the Hungarian geographers and historians use the more accurate Carpathian Basin term Contents 1 Terminology 2 Etymology 3 Geography 3 1 Climate and natural resources 3 2 Geomorphology 3 3 Regions 4 History 4 1 Prehistory 4 2 Antiquity 4 3 Middle Ages 4 4 Modern history 5 Major cities 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTerminology EditIn English language the terms Pannonian Basin and Carpathian Basin are used synonymously The name Pannonian is taken from that of Pannonia a province of the Roman Empire The historical province overlapped but was not coterminous with the geographical plain or basin as the Great Hungarian Plain was not part of it Pannonia Inferior covered much of the western half of the basin as far as the Danube Pannonia Superior included the western fringe of the basin as well as part of the Eastern Alps as far as Virunum The southern fringe of the basin was in Dalmatia and Moesia The eastern half of the basin was not conquered by the Romans and was considered part of Sarmatia inhabited by the Iazyges Likewise the parts north of the Danube now in western Slovakia were not in the empire they were considered part of Germania inhabited by the Quadi The term Pannonian Plain refers to the lowland parts of the Pannonian Basin as well as those of some adjoining regions like Lower Austria Moravia and Silesia Czech Republic and Poland The lands adjoining the plain proper are sometimes also called peri Pannonian The term Carpathian Basin is used in Hungarian literature while the West Slavic languages Czech Polish and Slovak the Serbo Croatian German and Romanian languages use Pannonian in Hungarian the basin is known as Karpat medence in Czech Panonska panev in Polish Panonski Basen in Slovak Panonska panva in Slovenian and Serbo Croatian Panonski bazen Panonski bazen in German Pannonisches Becken and in Romanian Campia Panonică or Bazinul Panonic The East Slavic languages namely Ukrainian use terms Tisa Danube Basin or Middanubian Basin Ukrainian Tiso Dunajska nizovina Serednodunajska nizovina In Hungarian geographical literature various subdivisions of the Carpathian Mountains Inner Western Carpathians Inner Eastern Carpathians Southern Carpathians Western Carpathians and Transylvanian Plateau are also considered parts of the Carpathian Basin on the basis of traditional geopolitical divisions Etymology EditFurther information Pannonii and Carpi people Julius Pokorny derived the name Pannonia from Illyrian from the Proto Indo European root pen swamp water wet cf English fen marsh Hindi pani water 7 The name Carpates is highly associated with the old Dacian tribes called Carpes or Carpi who lived in a large area from the east northeast of the Black Sea to the Transylvanian Plain on the present day Romania and Moldova The name Carpates may ultimately be from the Proto Indo European root sker ker which meant mountain rock or rugged cf Germanic root skerp Old Norse harfr harrow Gothic skarpo Middle Low German scharf potsherd and Modern High German Scherbe shard Old English scearp and English sharp Lithuanian kar pas cut hack notch Latvian cirpt to shear clip The archaic Polish word karpa meant rugged irregularities underwater obstacles rocks rugged roots or trunks The more common word skarpa means a sharp cliff or other vertical terrain The name may instead come from Indo European kwerp to turn akin to Old English hweorfan to turn change English warp and Greek karpos karpos wrist perhaps referring to the way the mountain range bends or veers in an L shape 8 Geography Edit Biogeographic regions of Europe Climate and natural resources Edit Although rain is not plentiful the plain is a major agricultural area it is sometimes said that these fields of rich loamy loess soil could feed the whole of Europe However there is an increase in extreme precipitation events that cause soil erosion Knowledge of areas affected by severe soil erosion can lead to the implementation of effective measures to reduce it 9 For its early settlers the plain offered few sources of metals or stone Thus when archaeologists come upon objects of obsidian or chert copper or gold they have almost unparalleled opportunities to interpret ancient pathways of trade Geomorphology Edit Wheat field near Temerin The Pannonian plain is divided into two parts along the Transdanubian Mountains Hungarian Dunantuli kozephegyseg The northwestern part is called Western Pannonian plain or province and the southeastern part Eastern Pannonian plain or province They comprise the following sections Western Pannonian Plain province Vienna Basin Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Pannonian Plain province Great Hungarian Plain Pannonian Island Mountains Serbian Panonske ostrvske planine Transdanubian Mountains Hungarian Dunantuli kozephegyseg Drava Mura lowlandsNote The Transylvanian Plateau and the Lucenec Kosice Depression both parts of the Carpathians and some other lowlands are sometimes also considered part of the Pannonian Plain in non geomorphological or older divisions Regions Edit Relatively large or distinctive areas of the plain that do not necessarily correspond to national borders include Backa Bacska Serbia Hungary Sajkaska Serbia Telecka Serbia Gornji Breg Serbia Banat Romania Serbia Hungary Pancevacki Rit Serbia Veliki Rit Serbia Gornje Livade Serbia Baranya Baranja Hungary Croatia Burgenland Neusiedler Basin Austria Crisana Hungary Romania Great Hungarian Plain Hungary Croatia Serbia Slovakia Romania Ukraine Jaszsag Hungary Kunsag Hungary Little Hungarian Plain Kisalfold Mala dunajska kotlina Hungary Slovakia Macva Serbia Međimurje Croatia Moravia part Czech Republic Moslavina Croatia Podravina Croatia Hungary around Drava river Podunavlje Serbia Croatia around Danube river Pokuplje Croatia around Kupa river Pomoravlje part Serbia around Morava river Pomorisje Romania Hungary Serbia around Mureș river Posavina Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia around Sava river Potisje Serbia around Tisa river Prekmurje Slovenia Semberija Bosnia and Herzegovina Slavonia Croatia Palaca Croatia Srem Srijem Serbia Croatia Podluzje Serbia Sokadija Croatia Spacva Croatia Serbia Cvelferija Croatia Zakarpattia Lowland Ukraine Transdanubia Hungary Vienna Basin part Austria Vojvodina Serbia several more inside Hungary see Counties of Hungary Regions of Hungary several more inside Slovakia see Traditional regions of Slovakia Regions of SlovakiaHistory EditPrehistory Edit Approximate extent of Pannonian Sea during the Miocene Epoch The Pannonian Basin has its geological origins in the Pannonian Sea a shallow sea that reached its greatest extent during the Pliocene Epoch when three to four kilometres of sediments were deposited Antiquity Edit Main article Pannonia The plain was named after the Pannon named Medes Various different peoples inhabited the plain during its history In the first century BC the eastern parts of the plain belonged to the Dacian state and in the first century AD its western parts were subsumed into the Roman Empire The Roman province named Pannonia was established in the area and the city of Sirmium today Sremska Mitrovica Serbia became one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century Middle Ages Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the Age of Migrations and the early Middle Ages the region belonged to several realms such as the Hun Empire the Kingdom of the Gepids the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths the Kingdom of the Lombards the Avar Khaganate the West Slavic state of Samo the Bulgarian Empire the Frankish Empire Great Moravia the Lower Pannonian Principality and the Kingdom of Syrmia The Principality of Hungary established in 895 by the Magyars was centered on the plain and included almost all of it as did the former Avar Khaganate It was established as the Catholic Kingdom of Hungary in AD 1000 with the coronation of Stephen I of Hungary Cattle herders in the puszta of Hungary c 1852 The Kingdom of Hungary by the 11th century comprised the entire Pannonian Basin but the changing fates of this part of Europe during the Ottoman wars of the 14th to 17th centuries left the Pannonian basin divided between numerous political entities After the Battle of Mohacs in 1526 the central and eastern regions of the kingdom and the plain on which they lay were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire while the remainder to the north west was subsumed into the holdings of the Habsburg monarchy and retitled Royal Hungary Under Ottoman administration the plain was reorganised into the Eyalet of Budim the Eyalet of Egri the Eyalet of Sigetvar and the Eyalet of Temesvar Modern history Edit The Pannonian Plain was frequently a scene of conflict between the two empires At the end of the 17th century the Habsburgs won decisive battles against the Ottomans and most of the plain gradually came under Habsburg rule Under Habsburg rule the region was eventually reorganised into the Kingdom of Hungary the Banat of Temeswar the Military Frontier the Kingdom of Croatia the Kingdom of Slavonia and Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat The Habsburg Monarchy was subsequently transformed into the Austrian Empire in 1804 and later became Austria Hungary in 1867 Most of the plain was located within the Hungarian part of Austria Hungary since all other Habsburg possessions in the plain were integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary until 1882 The autonomous Kingdom of Croatia Slavonia which was one of the Lands of the Crown of St Stephen comprised the south western portion of the plain With the dissolution of Austria Hungary after World War I the region was divided between Hungary Romania Czechoslovakia Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929 The borders drawn in 1918 and 1919 are mostly preserved as those of the contemporary states of Austria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Slovakia Serbia Ukraine Croatia and Romania Major cities EditThis is a list of cities in the Pannonian Basin with a population larger than 100 000 within the city proper Budapest Hungary 1 750 268 Belgrade Serbia 1 166 763 Zagreb Croatia 812 635 Bratislava Slovakia 546 300 Timișoara Romania 319 279 Novi Sad Serbia 277 522 Kosice Slovakia 240 688 Debrecen Hungary 204 333 Oradea Romania 196 367 Miskolc Hungary 162 905 Szeged Hungary 161 837 Arad Romania 159 704 Pecs Hungary 147 719 Gyor Hungary 128 567 Nyiregyhaza Hungary 118 185 Uzhhorod Ukraine 115 163 Kecskemet Hungary 111 863 Osijek Croatia 108 048 Subotica Serbia 105 681 Satu Mare Romania 102 441 See also EditGeography of Europe Central Europe Pannonian Biogeographic Region Pannonian Sea Transdanubian Mountains Pelso unit Tisza unitReferences Edit Eldridge M Moores Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge 1997 Encyclopedia of European and Asian Regional Geology Springer ISBN 978 0 412 74040 4 Adami Jordan Peter Jordan Milan Orozen Adamic 2007 Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names Approaches Towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction LIT Verlag Berlin Hamburg Munster p 240 ISBN 978 3 8258 0035 2 George Walter Hoffman Christopher Shane Davies 1983 A Geography of Europe Problems and Prospects Wiley p 647 ISBN 978 0 471 89708 8 George Walter Hoffman Nels August Bengtson 1953 A Geography of Europe Ronald Press Co p 757 Leigh H Royden Ferenc Horvath 1988 The Pannonian Basin A Study in Basin Evolution American Association of Petroleum Geologists ISBN 9781629811345 A Balazs L Matenco I Magyar F Horvath S Cloetingh 2016 The link between tectonics and sedimentation in back arc basins New genetic constraints from the analysis of the Pannonian Basin Tectonics American Geophysical Union 35 6 1526 1559 Bibcode 2016Tecto 35 1526B doi 10 1002 2015TC004109 1 J Pokorny Indogermanisches etymologisches Worterbuch No 1481 Archived 2011 06 12 at the Wayback Machine Room Adrian Placenames of the World London MacFarland and Co Inc 1997 Lukic Tin Lukic Aco Basarin Biljana Ponjiger Tanja Micic Blagojevic Dragana Mesaros Minucer Milanovic Misko Gavrilov Milivoj Pavic Dragoslav Zorn Matija Komac Blaz Miljkovic Durđa Sakulski Dusan Babic Kekez Snezana Morar Cezar Janicevic Sava 2019 10 26 Rainfall erosivity and extreme precipitation in the Pannonian basin Open Geosciences 11 1 664 681 doi 10 1515 geo 2019 0053 External links EditPortal Europe Media related to Pannonian Basin at Wikimedia Commons Zentai Laszlo s account of the Basin formation In Hungarian Anthropological sketch of the prehistoric population Koros Regional Archaeological Project Neolithic and Copper Age archaeology in the Pannonian plainCoordinates 46 30 N 20 00 E 46 500 N 20 000 E 46 500 20 000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pannonian Basin amp oldid 1127756384, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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