Erle Stanley Gardner

Erle Stanley Gardner (July 17, 1889 – March 11, 1970) was a prolific American author. A former lawyer, he is best known for the Perry Mason series of detective stories, but he wrote numerous other novels and shorter pieces and also a series of nonfiction books, mostly narrations of his travels through Baja California and other regions in Mexico.

Erle Stanley Gardner
Gardner in 1966
Born	(1889-07-17)July 17, 1889 Malden, Massachusetts, U.S.^[1]
Died	March 11, 1970(1970-03-11) (aged 80) Temecula, California, U.S.
Pen name	A.A. Fair, Carl Franklin Ruth, Carleton Kendrake, Charles M. Green, Charles J. Kenny, Della Street, Edward Leaming, Grant Holiday, Kyle Corning, Les Tillray, Robert Parr, Stephen Caldwell
Occupation	Lawyer, writer
Education	Palo Alto High School (1909) Valparaiso University School of Law (1 month)
Genre	Detective fiction, true crime, travel writing
Notable works	Perry Mason Cool and Lam Doug Selby
Notable awards	Grand Master Award, Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award
Spouse	Natalie Frances Talbert ​ ​ (m. 1912; died 1968)​ Agnes Jean Bethell ​ (m. 1968)​
Children	1
Signature

The best-selling American author of the 20th century at the time of his death, Gardner also published under numerous pseudonyms, including A.A. Fair, Carl Franklin Ruth, Carleton Kendrake, Charles M. Green, Charles J. Kenny, Edward Leaming, Grant Holiday, Kyle Corning, Les Tillray, Robert Parr, Stephen Caldwell, and once as Perry Mason character Della Street (The Case of the Suspect Sweethearts). Three stories were published as Anonymous (A Fair Trial, Part Music and Part Tears, and You Can't Run Away from Yourself aka The Jazz Baby).

Life and work

 

The First National Bank Building in Ventura, where Gardner wrote drafts for first Perry Mason novels

Gardner was born in Malden, Massachusetts, the son of Grace Adelma (Waugh) and Charles Walter Gardner.^[2][3] Gardner graduated from Palo Alto High School in California in 1909 and enrolled at Valparaiso University School of Law in Indiana. He was suspended after approximately one month when his interest in boxing became a distraction. He returned to California, pursued his legal education on his own, and passed the California State Bar examination in 1911.^[4]

Gardner started his legal career by working as a typist at a law firm in California for three years. Once he was admitted to the Bar, he started working as a trial lawyer by defending impoverished people, in particular Chinese and Mexican immigrants. This experience led to his founding the Court of Last Resort in the 1940s. The Court of Last Resort, dedicated to helping people who were imprisoned unfairly or couldn't get a fair trial,^[5] was the first of several organizations that advocate for the wrongly convicted, which among others include The Innocence Project,^[6] Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern Pritzker School of Law,^[7] and Centurion.^[8]

In 1912, Gardner wed Natalie Frances Talbert. They had a daughter, Grace.^[9] He opened his first law office in Merced in 1917, but closed it after accepting a position at a sales agency. In 1921, he returned to law as a member of the Ventura firm Sheridan, Orr, Drapeau, and Gardner,^[4][10] where he remained until the publication of his first Perry Mason novel in 1933.^[11]

Gardner enjoyed litigation and the development of trial strategy but was otherwise bored by legal practice. In his spare time, he began writing for pulp magazines. His first story, The Police in the House, was published in June 1921 in Breezy magazine.^[12] He created many series characters for the pulps, including the ingenious Lester Leith, a parody of the "gentleman thief" in the tradition of A. J. Raffles; and Ken Corning, crusading lawyer, crime sleuth, and archetype for his most successful creation, Perry Mason.

Perry Mason

The Perry Mason character was inspired by Earl Rogers, a trial attorney who appeared in 77 murder trials but lost only three. He was recognized for the extensive use of demonstratives, e.g., visuals, charts and diagrams, during trial before it became common practice. Rogers is famous for his defense of, and attorney-client disagreement with, Clarence Darrow, a fellow attorney who was charged with attempted jury bribery in 1912.^[13]

While the Perry Mason novels seldom delved deeply into characters' lives, the novels were rich in plot detail which was reality-based and drawn from his own experience.^[14] In his early years writing for the pulp magazine market, Gardner set himself a quota of 1,200,000 words a year.^[15]: 13 Early on, he typed stories himself, using two fingers, but later dictated them to a team of secretaries.^[16]

Much of the first Perry Mason novel,The Case of the Velvet Claws, published in 1933, is set at the historic Pierpont Inn near Gardner's old law office in Ventura, California.^[11] In 1937, Gardner moved to Temecula, California, where he lived for the rest of his life. With the success of the Mason series, more than 80 novels, Gardner gradually reduced his contributions to the pulp magazines until the medium died in the 1950s.

 

Perry Mason executive producer Gail Patrick Jackson (left) and Erle Stanley Gardner speak with Hollywood columnist Norma Lee Browning during filming of the last episode, "The Case of the Final Fade-Out" (1966)

Warner Bros. produced a series of Perry Mason feature films in the 1930s, casting a succession of actors in the Mason role: Warren William in the first four, then Ricardo Cortez and Donald Woods in one film each. Warners dropped the series in 1937 but Gardner's novel The Case of the Dangerous Dowager went unfilmed until 1940: the movie version, Granny Get Your Gun, retained the Perry Mason plotline but the Mason character was removed from the film entirely.

The radio program Perry Mason ran from 1943 to 1955. In 1954, CBS proposed transforming Perry Mason into a TV soap opera. When Gardner opposed the idea, CBS created The Edge of Night, featuring John Larkin—who voiced Mason on the radio show—as a thinly veiled imitation of the Mason character.^{[17]: 199–201}

In 1957, Perry Mason became a long-running CBS-TV courtroom drama series, starring Raymond Burr in the title role. Burr had auditioned for the role of the district attorney Hamilton Burger, but asked to read for the Mason role. Burr's performance as Mason was so intense and persuasive that Gardner, watching the screen test in a projection room, pointed at the screen and stated, "That's Perry Mason."^[18] Gardner made an uncredited appearance as a judge in "The Case of the Final Fade-Out" (1966), the last episode of the series.^{[19][20]: 24}

Gardner's other works

Beginning in 1937 with the novel The D. A. Calls It Murder, Gardner wrote a companion series reversing the format of the Mason books. The protagonist was the resolute district attorney Doug Selby, battling in court against devious attorney Alphonse Baker Carr. Prosecutor Selby is portrayed as a courageous and imaginative crime solver; his antagonist Carr is a wily shyster whose clients are invariably "as guilty as hell."

In 1939, under the pen name A. A. Fair, Gardner launched a series of novels about the private detective firm Cool and Lam.

After World War II Gardner also published a few short stories for the "glossies" (magazines) such as Collier's, Sports Afield, and Look,^[21] but most of his postwar magazine contributions were nonfiction articles on travel, Western history, and forensic science. Gardner's readership was a broad and international one, including the English novelist Evelyn Waugh, who in 1949 called Gardner the best living American writer.^[22][23] He also created characters for various radio programs, including Christopher London (1950), starring Glenn Ford, and A Life in Your Hands (1949–1952).^[17]

Personal interests and causes

Gardner had a lifelong fascination with Baja California and wrote a series of nonfiction travel accounts describing his extensive explorations of the peninsula by boat, truck, airplane, and helicopter.

 

The Court of Last Resort (1952) earned Gardner his only Edgar Award, in the Best Fact Crime category.

Gardner devoted thousands of hours to the Court of Last Resort, in collaboration with his many friends in the forensic, legal, and investigative communities. The project sought to review and, when appropriate, reverse miscarriages of justice against criminal defendants who had been convicted because of poor legal representation, abuse, misinterpretation of forensic evidence, or careless or malicious actions of police or prosecutors. The resulting 1952 book earned Gardner his only Edgar Award, in the Best Fact Crime category,^[24] and was later made into a TV series, The Court of Last Resort.

Personal life

In 1912, Gardner wed Natalie Frances Talbert (16 July 1885 – 26 February 1968). Their only child, Natalie Grace Gardner^[9] (January 25, 1913 — 29 February 2004), was born in Ventura, California. Gardner and his wife separated in the early 1930s, but did not divorce, and in fact their marriage lasted 56 years, until Natalie's death in 1968. After that, Gardner married his secretary, Agnes "Jean" Bethell^[25] (née Walter; 19 May 1902 – 5 December 2002), the daughter of Ida Mary Elizabeth Walter (née Itrich; 24 December 1880 – 3 March 1961).

Through his daughter, Gardner had two grandchildren: Valerie Joan Naso (née McKittrick; 19 August 1941 – 12 November 2007) and Alan G. McKittrick.

Gardner's widow died in 2002, aged 100, in San Diego. She was a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. She was survived by her brother, Norman Walter.

Death and legacy

Gardner died of cancer, diagnosed in the late 1960s,^[26] on March 11, 1970, at his ranch in Temecula.^[9][27] At the time of his death, he was the best-selling American writer of the 20th century.^[9] His death followed by five days that of William Hopper, who played private detective Paul Drake in the Perry Mason TV series. Gardner was cremated and his ashes scattered over his beloved Baja California peninsula.^[15]: 305 The ranch, known as Rancho del Paisano at the time, was sold after his death, then resold in 2001 to the Pechanga Indians, renamed Great Oak Ranch, and eventually absorbed into the Pechanga reservation.

The Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin holds Gardner's manuscripts, art collection, and personal effects. From 1972 to 2010, the Ransom Center featured a full-scale reproduction of Gardner's study that displayed original furnishings, personal memorabilia, and artifacts.^[28] The space and a companion exhibition were dismantled, but a panoramic view of the study is available online.^[29]

In 2003, a new school in the Temecula Valley Unified School District was named Erle Stanley Gardner Middle School.^[30][31]

In December 2016, Hard Case Crime published The Knife Slipped, a Bertha Cool–Donald Lam mystery, which had been lost for 75 years. Written in 1939 as the second entry in the Cool and Lam series, the book was rejected at the time by Gardner's publisher.^[32] Published for the first time in 2016 as a trade paperback and ebook, the work garnered respectful reviews.^[33][34] In 2017, Hard Case Crime followed the publication of The Knife Slipped with a reissued edition of Turn On the Heat, the book Gardner wrote to replace The Knife Slipped, and published a new edition of The Count of Nine in October 2018.^[35]

Bibliography

Main article: Erle Stanley Gardner bibliography

Cultural references

An unspecified article that Gardner wrote for True magazine is referred to by William S. Burroughs in his 1959 novel, Naked Lunch.^[36]

Gardner's name is well-known among avid crossword puzzle solvers, because his first name contains an unusual series of common letters, starting and ending with the most common letter of the English alphabet, and because few other famous people have that name. As of January 2012, he is noted for having the highest ratio (5.31) of mentions in the New York Times crossword puzzle to mentions in the rest of the newspaper among all other people since 1993.^[37]

In 2001, Huell Howser Productions, in association with KCET, Los Angeles, featured Gardner's Temecula Rancho del Paisano in California's Gold. The 30-minute program is available as a VHS videorecording.^[38]

References

1. . New England Historic Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
2. Miller, Wilbur R. (20 July 2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. ISBN 9781483305936.
3. McGhan, Judith (1983). Genealogies of Connecticut Families: From the New England Historical and Genealogical Register. ISBN 9780806310305.
4. Senate, Richard. "Erle Stanley Gardner". Benton, Orr, Duval, & Buckingham. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
5. "Erle Stanley Gardner | American author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
6. https://innocenceproject.org/^{[bare URL]}
7. https://www.law.northwestern.edu/legalclinic/wrongfulconvictions/^{[bare URL]}
8. https://centurion.org/^{[bare URL]}
9. Krebs, Albin (March 12, 1970). "'The Fiction Factory': Erle Stanley Gardner, Author of the Perry Mason Mystery Novels, Is Dead at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-07-28. As the best-selling American author of the century, Erle Stanley Gardner often insisted that he was 'not really a writer at all,' and to be sure, there were many critics who enthusiastically agreed with him. But millions of readers who have bought more than 170 million copies of his books in American editions alone, looked upon Mr. Gardner, creator of the redoubtable defense lawyer Perry Mason, as a master storyteller.
10. http://www.bentonorr.com/^{[bare URL]}
11. Current Biography 1944, pp. 224–226
12. Beetz, Kirk H., ed. (1996). Beacham's encyclopedia of popular fiction. Vol. 2. Osprey, Florida: Beacham Publications. p. 703. ISBN 9780933833418.
13. https://www.triallawyerportraits.org/rogers-defends-darrow^{[bare URL]}
14. Pierce, J. Kingston (March 31, 2015). "'I Rest My Case: Perry Mason Still Rules in the Courtroom'". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
15. Hughes, Dorothy B. (1978). Erle Stanley Gardner: The Case of the Real Perry Mason. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-688-03282-6.
16. Millie. "Erle Stanley Gardner | Millie Mack's Blog". Retrieved 2021-11-09.
17. Cox, Jim (2002). Radio Crime Fighters. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-1390-5.
18. Podolsky, JD; Bacon, D. “The Defense Rests”. People Magazine archive. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
19. "Perry Mason, Season 9 (CBS) (1965–66)". Classic TV Archive. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
20. Kelleher, Brian; Merrill, Diana (1987). "The History of the Show". The Perry Mason TV Show Book. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 8–27. ISBN 9780312006693. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
21. . Grooviespad.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
22. Stannard, Martin (1992). Evelyn Waugh: The Later Years 1939–1966. W. W. Norton. p. 240. ISBN 0-393-03412-7
23. Borello, A. (1970). “Evelyn Waugh and Earl Stanley Gardner”. Evelyn Waugh Newsletter, vol. 4, no. 3. 2013-10-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 15, 2014.
24. . Phantom Bookshop. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
25. "Erle Stanley Gardner Weds". New York Times. August 9, 1968. Retrieved 2013-12-19. Erle Stanley Gardner, creator of fictional Perry Mason, married Agnes Jean Bethell, his secretary of 40 years, last night at the home of a former Nevada State Prison warden.
26. "About Us / Who was Erle Stanley Gardner?".
27. "Erle Stanley Gardner, Author of Perry Mason Stories, Dies". Los Angeles Times. March 12, 1970. Erle Stanley Gardner, whose Perry Mason mysteries made him the world's best selling author, died Wednesday at his ranch home at Temecula in Riverside County.
28. . Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
29. "Panoramic View, Erle Stanley Gardner Study". Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
30. "Gardner Middle School". Temecula Valley Unified School District. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
31. Kasindorf, Martin (March 20, 2003). "Congestion Replaces Citrus in L.A. Fringe". USA Today. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
32. "Our Books". Hardcasecrime.com. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
33. "The Knife Slipped". Publishers Weekly. October 3, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
34. "The Knife Slipped". Kirkus Reviews. October 1, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
35. "About The Count of 9". Hardcasecrime.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
36. MacFadyen, Ian (2009). "Dossier Four". In Harris, Oliver; MacFayden, Ian (eds.). Naked Lunch at 50: Anniversary Essays. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-8093-2916-8.
37. Gaffney, Matt (2012-01-27). "The Shortz List of Crossword Celebrities". Slate. Archived from the original on 2015-08-31. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
38. OCLC 53175485

Further reading

• Fugate, Francis L. and Roberta B. (1980). Secrets of the World's Best-Selling Writer: The Story Telling Techniques of Erle Stanley Gardner. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03701-1.
• Hughes, Dorothy B. (1978). Erle Stanley Gardner: The Case of the Real Perry Mason. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03282-6.
• Johnston, Alva (1947). The Case of Erle Stanley Gardner. New York: William Morrow.
• Mundell, E. H. (1968). Erle Stanley Gardner: A Checklist. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0873380347.
• Senate, Richard L. Erle Stanley Gardner's Ventura: Birthplace of Perry Mason. Ventura, California: Citation Press. ISBN 0-9640065-5-3.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erle Stanley Gardner.

• Works by Erle Stanley Gardner at Faded Page (Canada)
• Erle Stanley Gardner Study 2018-01-20 at the Wayback Machine at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
• Erle Stanley Gardner at Thrilling Detective
• Essay on Erle Stanley Gardner
• Erle Stanley Gardner pages with extensive bibliographic and other information, including pulp publications
• Erle Stanley Gardner searching for lost mines in Popular Science magazine
• Episodes of A Life in Your Hands, a radio program created by Gardner, in the public domain
• Episodes of Christopher London, a radio program created by Gardner, in the public domain
• I Love Lucy, "The Black Eye", Lucy's book is The D.A. Takes a Chance 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
• Howser, Huell (January 8, 2002). "Erle Stanley Gardner (4005)". California's Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.