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Wikipedia

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software.

Microsoft Excel
A simple line chart being created in Excel, running on Windows 10
Developer(s)Microsoft
Initial releaseNovember 19, 1987; 35 years ago (1987-11-19)
Stable release
2103 (16.0.13901.20400) / April 13, 2021; 21 months ago (2021-04-13)[1]
Written inC++ (back-end)[2]
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows
TypeSpreadsheet
LicenseTrialware[3]
Websiteproducts.office.com/en-us/excel
Microsoft Excel for Mac
Excel for Mac (version 16.67), running on macOS Big Sur 11.5.2
Developer(s)Microsoft
Initial releaseSeptember 30, 1985; 37 years ago (1985-09-30)
Stable release
16.56 (Build 21121100) / December 14, 2021; 13 months ago (2021-12-14)[4]
Written inC++ (back-end), Objective-C (API/UI)[2]
Operating systemmacOS
TypeSpreadsheet
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Websiteproducts.office.com/mac
Microsoft Excel for Android
Developer(s)Microsoft Corporation
Stable release
16.0.14729.20146 / December 22, 2021; 13 months ago (2021-12-22)[5]
Operating systemAndroid Oreo and later
TypeSpreadsheet
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Websiteproducts.office.com/en-us/excel
Microsoft Excel for iOS
Developer(s)Microsoft Corporation
Stable release
2.56 / December 12, 2021; 13 months ago (2021-12-12)[6]
Operating systemiOS 14 or later
IPadOS 14 or later
TypeSpreadsheet
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Websiteproducts.office.com/en-us/excel

Features

Basic operation

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[7] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).[8] A PivotTable is a tool for data analysis. It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields. It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,[9][10] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,[11] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.[12][13] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,[14] analyze the results, make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed to be used as a database.[citation needed]

Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.[15]

Functions

Excel 2016 has 484 functions.[16] Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft classifies these functions in 14 categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be called from VBA as methods of the object "WorksheetFunction"[17] and 44 have the same names as VBA functions.[18]

With the introduction of LAMBDA, Excel will become Turing complete.[19]

Macro programming

VBA programming

 
Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel.
 
Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y.

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA[20] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011,[21] although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects, impacting some high level developer tools.[22]

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[23] The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,[24] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.

History

From its first version Excel supported end-user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user-defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel, these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special-purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.[25] Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2021 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.[26]

Charts

 
Graph made using Microsoft Excel

Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. It also supports Pivot Charts that allow for a chart to be linked directly to a Pivot table. This allows the chart to be refreshed with the Pivot Table. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

Add-ins

Additional features are available using add-ins. Several are provided with Excel, including:

  • Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes analysis of variance and regression analysis)
  • Analysis ToolPak VBA: VBA functions for Analysis ToolPak
  • Euro Currency Tools: Conversion and formatting for euro currency
  • Solver Add-In: Tools for optimization and equation solving

Data storage and communication

Number of rows and columns

Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 65536) rows and 256 columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (220 = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (214, labeled as column 'XFD') columns.[27]

File formats

Excel Spreadsheet
Filename extension
.xls, (.xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb - Excel 2007)
Internet media type
application/vnd.ms-excel
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)com.microsoft.excel.xls
Developed byMicrosoft
Type of formatSpreadsheet

Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format.[28] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.[29]

Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.[30] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.

Binary

OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format. Two epochs of the format exist: the 97-2003 OLE format, and the older stream format.[31] Microsoft has made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.[32]

XML Spreadsheet

The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002[29] is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls:

<?xml version="1.0"?> <Workbook xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:x="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel" xmlns:ss="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet" xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <Worksheet ss:Name="Sheet1"> <Table ss:ExpandedColumnCount="2" ss:ExpandedRowCount="2" x:FullColumns="1" x:FullRows="1"> <Row> <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Name</Data></Cell> <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Example</Data></Cell> </Row> <Row> <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Value</Data></Cell> <Cell><Data ss:Type="Number">123</Data></Cell> </Row> </Table> </Worksheet> </Workbook> 

Current file extensions

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

Excel 2007 formats
Format Extension Description
Excel Workbook .xlsx The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format. In reality, a ZIP compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons. Saving as .xlsx offers file size reduction over .xls[33]
Excel Macro-enabled Workbook .xlsm As Excel Workbook, but with macro support.
Excel Binary Workbook .xlsb As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns. This format is very useful for shrinking large Excel files as is often the case when doing data analysis.
Excel Macro-enabled Template .xltm A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format.
Excel Add-in .xlam Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose.

Old file extensions

Format Extension Description
Spreadsheet .xls Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros
Add-in (VBA) .xla Adds custom functionality; written in VBA
Toolbar .xlb The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored.
Chart .xlc A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel.
Dialog .xld Used in older versions of Excel.
Archive .xlk A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet
Add-in (DLL) .xll Adds custom functionality; written in C++/C, Fortran, etc. and compiled in to a special dynamic-link library
Macro .xlm A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel.
Template .xlt A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel.
Module .xlv A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel
Library .DLL Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows API
Workspace .xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks

Using other Windows applications

Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell".[34] As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a PowerPoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.[35][36][37][38]

Using external data

Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel can accept data in real-time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro).

  • DDE: "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell".[34] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
  • Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.[39]
  • Real Time Data: RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.[40][41]

Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.[42][43][44]

Export and migration of spreadsheets

Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files.

Password protection

Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:

  • Password to open a document[45]
  • Password to modify a document[46]
  • Password to unprotect the worksheet
  • Password to protect workbook
  • Password to protect the sharing workbook[47]

All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of the Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document's header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password “VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to the public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.

In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, the password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services that use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document but also find the original password.

In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can't be decrypted, and thus the password to open can't be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.

The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.

Other platforms

Excel for mobile

Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet program that can edit XLSX files. It can edit and format text in cells, calculate formulas, search within the spreadsheet, sort rows and columns, freeze panes, filter the columns, add comments, and create charts. It can't add columns or rows except at the edge of the document, rearrange columns or rows, delete rows or columns, or add spreadsheet tabs.[48][49][50][51][52][53] The 2007 version has the ability to use a full-screen mode to deal with limited screen resolution, as well as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet at one time.[51] Protection settings, zoom settings, autofilter settings, certain chart formatting, hidden sheets, and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile, and will be modified upon opening and saving a workbook.[52] In 2015, Excel Mobile became available for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile on Windows Store.[54][55]

Excel for the web

Excel for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Excel for the web can display most of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel, although it may not be able to insert or edit them. Certain data connections are not accessible on Excel for the web, including with charts that may use these external connections. Excel for the web also cannot display legacy features, such as Excel 4.0 macros or Excel 5.0 dialog sheets. There are also small differences between how some of the Excel functions work.[56]

Microsoft Excel Viewer

Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for Microsoft Windows for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel.[57] Microsoft retired the viewer in April 2018 with the last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 (SP3).[58][59]

The first version released by Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer.[60][61] Excel 97 Viewer was supported in Windows CE for Handheld PCs.[62] In October 2004, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003.[63] In September 2007, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3).[64] In January 2008, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 (featuring a non-collapsible Ribbon interface).[65] In April 2009, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2).[66] In October 2011, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3).[67]

Microsoft advises to view and print Excel files for free to use the Excel Mobile application for Windows 10 and for Windows 7 and Windows 8 to upload the file to OneDrive and use Excel for the web with a Microsoft account to open them in a browser.[58][68]

Quirks

In addition to issues with spreadsheets in general, other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more.

Numeric precision

 
Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line.

Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.[citation needed]

In the figure, the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.[69] Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.[70][71]

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.[72]

Statistical functions

The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,[73][74][75][76][77] as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.[78]

Excel MOD function error

Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.[79]

Fictional leap day in the year 1900

Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a non-leap year.[80][81] The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3 (deliberately implemented to save computer memory), and was also purposely implemented in Excel, for the purpose of bug compatibility.[82] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.[83]

Thus a (not necessarily whole) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time are the (real) number of days after December 30, 1899, 0:00, a non-negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31, 1899, 0:00, and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day.

Date range

Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900–9999, except that December 31, 1899, can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900.

Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.[84]

Conversion problems

Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating-point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result. Formatting the cell as TEXT before entering ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting to a date.

This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of DNA, for example in bioinformatics. As first reported in 2004,[85] genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain gene names into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been affected and that "Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6 %."[86] Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example, MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1) gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and SEPT2 (Septin 2) is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc.[87] While some secondary news sources[88] reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers misusing Excel.[86][89]

In August 2020 the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) published new guidelines in the journal Nature regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with "symbols that affect data handling and retrieval." So far 27 genes have been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid accidental conversion of the gene names into dates.[90]

Errors with large strings

The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255 characters:[91]

  • type() incorrectly returns 16, meaning "Error value"
  • IsText(), when called as a method of the VBA object WorksheetFunction (i.e., WorksheetFunction.IsText() in VBA), incorrectly returns "false".

Filenames

Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:

A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.[92]

The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.[93]

Versions

Early history

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) on November 19, 1987.[94][95] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s, Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software developer. This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

Microsoft Windows

Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh.

Excel 2.0 (1987)

The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. It was announced on October 6, 1987 and released on November 19.[96] This included a run-time version of Windows.[97]

BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface as good as or better than the original.

Excel 3.0 (1990)

Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features.[97]

Excel 4.0 (1992)

Introduced auto-fill.[98]

Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1-2-3, which is then crushed by an Excel logo.[99]

Excel 5.0 (1993)

With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", a Doom-like minigame, although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.[100]

5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51 (x86/Alpha/PowerPC)

Excel 95 (v7.0)

 
Microsoft Excel 95

Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number.

Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

Excel 97 (v8.0)

Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels.

This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.

Excel 2000 (v9.0)

 
Microsoft Excel 2000

Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

Excel 2002 (v10.0)

Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003 (v11.0)

Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements, the most significant being the new Tables.

Excel 2007 (v12.0)

 
Microsoft Excel 2007

Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organization.[101] However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more negative" than intermediate users, and users reporting a self-estimated reduction in productivity.

Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.

Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[102]

Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (220) and columns was 16,384 (214; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration.

Excel 2010 (v14.0)

 
Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7

Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was skipped.

Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,[103] including the following:

  • Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions
  • Improved pivot tables
  • More conditional formatting options
  • Additional image editing capabilities
  • In-cell charts called sparklines
  • Ability to preview before pasting
  • Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks
  • Ability to customize the Ribbon
  • Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy[104]

Excel 2013 (v15.0)

Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

Excel 2016 (v16.0)

Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

  • Power Query integration
  • Read-only mode for Excel
  • Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel
  • New Chart Types
  • Quick data linking in Visio
  • Excel forecasting functions
  • Support for multi-selection of Slicer items using touch
  • Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down
  • Excel data cards[110]

Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0)

Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains 16.0. Thereafter only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given.

  • Dynamic Arrays. These are essentially Array Formulas but they "Spill" automatically into neighboring cells and does not need the ctrl-shift-enter to create them. Further, dynamic arrays are the default format, with new "@" and "#" operators to provide compatibility with previous versions. This is perhaps the biggest structural change since 2007, and is in response to a similar feature in Google Sheets. Dynamic arrays started appearing in pre-releases about 2018, and as of March 2020 are available in published versions of Office 365 provided a user selected "Office Insiders".

Apple Macintosh

 
Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011
  • 1985 Excel 1.0
  • 1988 Excel 1.5
  • 1989 Excel 2.2
  • 1990 Excel 3.0
  • 1992 Excel 4.0
  • 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.x—Final Motorola 680x0 version[111] and first PowerPC version)
  • 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
  • 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
  • 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
  • 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
  • 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
  • 2010 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)
  • 2015 Excel 15.0 (part of Office 2016—Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonizing many of the reporting and high-level developer functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart.)[112]

OS/2

  • 1989 Excel 2.2
  • 1990 Excel 2.3
  • 1991 Excel 3.0

Summary

Legend: Old version, not maintained Older version, still maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future release
Microsoft Excel for Windows release history
Year Name Version Comments
1987 Excel 2 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh version. Supported macros (later known as Excel 4 macros).
1990 Excel 3 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 Added 3D graphing capabilities
1992 Excel 4 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 Introduced auto-fill feature
1993 Excel 5 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 Included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and various object-oriented options
1995 Excel 95 Old version, no longer maintained: 7.0 Renumbered for contemporary Word version. Both programs were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time.
1997 Excel 97 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.0
2000 Excel 2000 Old version, no longer maintained: 9.0 Part of Microsoft Office 2000, which was itself part of Windows Millennium (also known as "Windows ME").
2002 Excel 2002 Old version, no longer maintained: 10.0
2003 Excel 2003 Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0 Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, etc.).
2007 Excel 2007 Old version, no longer maintained: 12.0
2010 Excel 2010 Old version, no longer maintained: 14.0 Due to superstitions surrounding the number 13, Excel 13 was skipped in version counting.
2013 Excel 2013 Older version, yet still maintained: 15.0 Introduced 50 more mathematical functions (available as pre-packaged commands, rather than typing the formula manually).
2016 Excel 2016 Current stable version: 16.0 Part of Microsoft Office 2016
Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history
Year Name Version Comments
1985 Excel 1 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 Initial version of Excel. Supported macros (later known as Excel 4 macros).
1988 Excel 1.5 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.5
1989 Excel 2 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2
1990 Excel 3 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0
1992 Excel 4 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0
1993 Excel 5 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 Only available on PowerPC-based Macs. First PowerPC version.
1998 Excel 98 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.0 Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the rest of Microsoft Office at the time.
2000 Excel 2000 Old version, no longer maintained: 9.0
2001 Excel 2001 Old version, no longer maintained: 10.0
2004 Excel 2004 Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0
2008 Excel 2008 Old version, no longer maintained: 12.0
2011 Excel 2011 Old version, no longer maintained: 14.0 As with the Windows version, version 13 was skipped for superstitious reasons.
2016 Excel 2016 Current stable version: 16.0 As with the rest of Microsoft Office, so it is for Excel: Future release dates for the Macintosh version are intended to correspond better to those for the Windows version, from 2016 onward.
Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history
Year Name Version Comments
1989 Excel 2.2 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 Numbered in between Windows versions at the time
1990 Excel 2.3 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.3
1991 Excel 3 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 Last OS/2 version. Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel, which is otherwise still an actively developed program.

Impact

Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0.[113] Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes, and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-computation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.

Security

Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can gain control of the victim's computer.[114] UK's GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.[115][116]

See also

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References

  • Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; Green, John (2009). Professional Excel Development: The Definitive Guide to Developing Applications Using Microsoft Excel and VBA (2nd ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-50879-9.
  • Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007). Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Inside Out. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2321-7.
  • Billo, E. Joseph (2011). Excel for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38123-6.
  • Gordon, Andy (January 25, 2021). "LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function". microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

External links

  • Microsoft Excel – official site

microsoft, excel, excel, redirects, here, other, uses, excel, disambiguation, spreadsheet, developed, microsoft, windows, macos, android, features, calculation, computation, capabilities, graphing, tools, pivot, tables, macro, programming, language, called, vi. Excel redirects here For other uses see Excel disambiguation Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows macOS Android and iOS It features calculation or computation capabilities graphing tools pivot tables and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications VBA Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software Microsoft ExcelA simple line chart being created in Excel running on Windows 10Developer s MicrosoftInitial releaseNovember 19 1987 35 years ago 1987 11 19 Stable release2103 16 0 13901 20400 April 13 2021 21 months ago 2021 04 13 1 Written inC back end 2 Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsTypeSpreadsheetLicenseTrialware 3 Websiteproducts wbr office wbr com wbr en us wbr excelMicrosoft Excel for MacExcel for Mac version 16 67 running on macOS Big Sur 11 5 2Developer s MicrosoftInitial releaseSeptember 30 1985 37 years ago 1985 09 30 Stable release16 56 Build 21121100 December 14 2021 13 months ago 2021 12 14 4 Written inC back end Objective C API UI 2 Operating systemmacOSTypeSpreadsheetLicenseProprietary commercial softwareWebsiteproducts wbr office wbr com wbr macMicrosoft Excel for AndroidDeveloper s Microsoft CorporationStable release16 0 14729 20146 December 22 2021 13 months ago 2021 12 22 5 Operating systemAndroid Oreo and laterTypeSpreadsheetLicenseProprietary commercial softwareWebsiteproducts wbr office wbr com wbr en us wbr excelMicrosoft Excel for iOSDeveloper s Microsoft CorporationStable release2 56 December 12 2021 13 months ago 2021 12 12 6 Operating systemiOS 14 or later IPadOS 14 or laterTypeSpreadsheetLicenseProprietary commercial softwareWebsiteproducts wbr office wbr com wbr en us wbr excel Contents 1 Features 1 1 Basic operation 1 2 Functions 1 3 Macro programming 1 3 1 VBA programming 1 3 2 History 1 4 Charts 1 5 Add ins 2 Data storage and communication 2 1 Number of rows and columns 2 2 File formats 2 2 1 Binary 2 2 2 XML Spreadsheet 2 2 3 Current file extensions 2 2 4 Old file extensions 2 3 Using other Windows applications 2 4 Using external data 2 5 Export and migration of spreadsheets 2 6 Password protection 3 Other platforms 3 1 Excel for mobile 3 2 Excel for the web 4 Microsoft Excel Viewer 5 Quirks 5 1 Numeric precision 5 2 Statistical functions 5 3 Excel MOD function error 5 4 Fictional leap day in the year 1900 5 5 Date range 5 6 Conversion problems 5 7 Errors with large strings 5 8 Filenames 6 Versions 6 1 Early history 6 2 Microsoft Windows 6 2 1 Excel 2 0 1987 6 2 2 Excel 3 0 1990 6 2 3 Excel 4 0 1992 6 2 4 Excel 5 0 1993 6 2 5 Excel 95 v7 0 6 2 6 Excel 97 v8 0 6 2 7 Excel 2000 v9 0 6 2 8 Excel 2002 v10 0 6 2 9 Excel 2003 v11 0 6 2 10 Excel 2007 v12 0 6 2 11 Excel 2010 v14 0 6 2 12 Excel 2013 v15 0 6 2 13 Excel 2016 v16 0 6 2 14 Excel 2019 Excel 2021 Office 365 and subsequent v16 0 6 3 Apple Macintosh 6 4 OS 2 6 5 Summary 7 Impact 8 Security 9 See also 10 References 11 References 12 External linksFeaturesBasic operation Main article Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets 7 using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical engineering and financial needs In addition it can display data as line graphs histograms and charts and with a very limited three dimensional graphical display It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives using pivot tables and the scenario manager 8 A PivotTable is a tool for data analysis It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields It has a programming aspect Visual Basic for Applications allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods for example for solving differential equations of mathematical physics 9 10 and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so called application or decision support system DSS via a custom designed user interface for example a stock analyzer 11 or in general as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports 12 13 In a more elaborate realization an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule 14 analyze the results make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show and e mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants Excel was not designed to be used as a database citation needed Microsoft allows for a number of optional command line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts 15 Functions See also Microsoft Power Fx Excel 2016 has 484 functions 16 Of these 360 existed prior to Excel 2010 Microsoft classifies these functions in 14 categories Of the 484 current functions 386 may be called from VBA as methods of the object WorksheetFunction 17 and 44 have the same names as VBA functions 18 With the introduction of LAMBDA Excel will become Turing complete 19 Macro programming VBA programming Main article Visual Basic for Applications Use of a user defined function sq x in Microsoft Excel The named variables x amp y are identified in the Name Manager The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet and writes it into the named column variable y The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft s Visual Basic for Applications VBA which is a dialect of Visual Basic Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor VBE which includes a window for writing code debugging code and code module organization environment The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA 20 and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008 as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X VBA was restored in the next version Mac Excel 2011 21 although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects impacting some high level developer tools 22 A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder 23 The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts a command button or a graphic The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties and some graphical display items cannot be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003 Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model 24 a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users for example through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes User created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder but are more flexible and efficient History From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros automation of repetitive tasks and user defined functions extension of Excel s built in function library In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets stored with file extension XLM in Windows XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4 0 25 Beginning with version 5 0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5 0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option After version 5 0 that option was discontinued All versions of Excel including Excel 2021 are capable of running an XLM macro though Microsoft discourages their use 26 Charts Graph made using Microsoft Excel Excel supports charts graphs or histograms generated from specified groups of cells It also supports Pivot Charts that allow for a chart to be linked directly to a Pivot table This allows the chart to be refreshed with the Pivot Table The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes For example suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually then in response to a user s change in trial values for parameters the curves describing the design change shape and their points of intersection shift assisting the selection of the best design Add ins Additional features are available using add ins Several are provided with Excel including Analysis ToolPak Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis includes analysis of variance and regression analysis Analysis ToolPak VBA VBA functions for Analysis ToolPak Euro Currency Tools Conversion and formatting for euro currency Solver Add In Tools for optimization and equation solvingData storage and communicationNumber of rows and columns Versions of Excel up to 7 0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K 214 16384 rows Versions 8 0 through 11 0 could handle 64K 216 65536 rows and 256 columns 28 as label IV Version 12 0 onwards including the current Version 16 x can handle over 1M 220 1048 576 rows and 16384 214 labeled as column XFD columns 27 File formats Excel SpreadsheetFilename extension xls xlsx xlsm xlsb Excel 2007 Internet media typeapplication vnd ms excelUniform Type Identifier UTI com microsoft excel xlsDeveloped byMicrosoftType of formatSpreadsheetMicrosoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format XLS as its primary format 28 Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format an XML based format that followed after a previous XML based format called XML Spreadsheet XMLSS first introduced in Excel 2002 29 Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML based formats as replacements Excel 2007 remained backwards compatible with the traditional binary formats In addition most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV DBF SYLK DIF and other legacy formats Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007 30 The file formats were mainly from DOS based programs Binary OpenOffice org has created documentation of the Excel format Two epochs of the format exist the 97 2003 OLE format and the older stream format 31 Microsoft has made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download 32 XML Spreadsheet Main article Microsoft Office XML formats The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002 29 is a simple XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros Though the intended file extension for this format is xml the program also correctly handles XML files with xls extension This feature is widely used by third party applications e g MySQL Query Browser to offer export to Excel capabilities without implementing binary file format The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1 xml or Book1 xls lt xml version 1 0 gt lt Workbook xmlns urn schemas microsoft com office spreadsheet xmlns o urn schemas microsoft com office office xmlns x urn schemas microsoft com office excel xmlns ss urn schemas microsoft com office spreadsheet xmlns html http www w3 org TR REC html40 gt lt Worksheet ss Name Sheet1 gt lt Table ss ExpandedColumnCount 2 ss ExpandedRowCount 2 x FullColumns 1 x FullRows 1 gt lt Row gt lt Cell gt lt Data ss Type String gt Name lt Data gt lt Cell gt lt Cell gt lt Data ss Type String gt Example lt Data gt lt Cell gt lt Row gt lt Row gt lt Cell gt lt Data ss Type String gt Value lt Data gt lt Cell gt lt Cell gt lt Data ss Type Number gt 123 lt Data gt lt Cell gt lt Row gt lt Table gt lt Worksheet gt lt Workbook gt Current file extensions Main article Office Open XML Microsoft Excel 2007 along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite introduced new file formats The first of these xlsx is defined in the Office Open XML OOXML specification Excel 2007 formats Format Extension DescriptionExcel Workbook xlsx The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format In reality a ZIP compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text documents Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary xls format although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons Saving as xlsx offers file size reduction over xls 33 Excel Macro enabled Workbook xlsm As Excel Workbook but with macro support Excel Binary Workbook xlsb As Excel Macro enabled Workbook but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows and or several hundreds of columns This format is very useful for shrinking large Excel files as is often the case when doing data analysis Excel Macro enabled Template xltm A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks with macro support The replacement for the old xlt format Excel Add in xlam Excel add in to add extra functionality and tools Inherent macro support because of the file purpose Old file extensions Format Extension DescriptionSpreadsheet xls Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets charts and macrosAdd in VBA xla Adds custom functionality written in VBAToolbar xlb The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored Chart xlc A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart To save the chart and spreadsheet save as XLS XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel Dialog xld Used in older versions of Excel Archive xlk A backup of an Excel SpreadsheetAdd in DLL xll Adds custom functionality written in C C Fortran etc and compiled in to a special dynamic link libraryMacro xlm A macro is created by the user or pre installed with Excel Template a href Xlt file format html class mw redirect title Xlt file format xlt a A pre formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel Module xlv A module is written in VBA Visual Basic for Applications for Microsoft ExcelLibrary DLL Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL typically this is used to access the Windows APIWorkspace xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple WorkbooksUsing other Windows applications Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other s capabilities The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange although strongly deprecated by Microsoft this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows with official MS publications referring to it as the protocol from hell 34 As the name suggests it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display It is very common in financial markets being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data This may take on the form of embedding where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to for example a PowerPoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa 35 36 37 38 Using external data Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as for example odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters through addins such as Power Plus Pro DDE Dynamic Data Exchange uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications Although it is easy for users to create such links programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft the creators of the system officially refer to it as the protocol from hell 34 In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data Starting with Windows Vista Microsoft no longer supports the facility 39 Real Time Data RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE has been slow to gain acceptance since it requires non trivial programming skills and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors 40 41 Alternatively Microsoft Query provides ODBC based browsing within Microsoft Excel 42 43 44 Export and migration of spreadsheets Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files Password protection Main article Microsoft Office password protection Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords Password to open a document 45 Password to modify a document 46 Password to unprotect the worksheet Password to protect workbook Password to protect the sharing workbook 47 All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of the Microsoft Excel version used to create the document These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document Such password protected documents are not encrypted and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document s header Password to protect workbook is an exception when it is set a document is encrypted with the standard password VelvetSweatshop but since it is known to the public it actually does not add any extra protection to the document The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions the password to open is converted to a 16 bit key that can be instantly cracked In Excel 97 2000 the password is converted to a 40 bit key which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment As regards services that use rainbow tables e g Password Find it takes up to several seconds to remove protection In addition password cracking programs can brute force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second which not only lets them decrypt a document but also find the original password In Excel 2003 XP the encryption is slightly better a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system see Cryptographic Service Provider Due to the CSP an Excel file can t be decrypted and thus the password to open can t be removed though the brute force attack speed remains quite high Nevertheless the older Excel 97 2000 algorithm is set by the default Therefore users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007 where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption and a 50 000 fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second In Excel 2010 the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100 000 fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key Other platformsExcel for mobile Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet program that can edit XLSX files It can edit and format text in cells calculate formulas search within the spreadsheet sort rows and columns freeze panes filter the columns add comments and create charts It can t add columns or rows except at the edge of the document rearrange columns or rows delete rows or columns or add spreadsheet tabs 48 49 50 51 52 53 The 2007 version has the ability to use a full screen mode to deal with limited screen resolution as well as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet at one time 51 Protection settings zoom settings autofilter settings certain chart formatting hidden sheets and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile and will be modified upon opening and saving a workbook 52 In 2015 Excel Mobile became available for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile on Windows Store 54 55 Excel for the web Further information Microsoft Office Office on the web Excel for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available as part of Office on the web which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint Excel for the web can display most of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel although it may not be able to insert or edit them Certain data connections are not accessible on Excel for the web including with charts that may use these external connections Excel for the web also cannot display legacy features such as Excel 4 0 macros or Excel 5 0 dialog sheets There are also small differences between how some of the Excel functions work 56 Microsoft Excel ViewerMicrosoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for Microsoft Windows for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel 57 Microsoft retired the viewer in April 2018 with the last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 SP3 58 59 The first version released by Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer 60 61 Excel 97 Viewer was supported in Windows CE for Handheld PCs 62 In October 2004 Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 63 In September 2007 Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 SP3 64 In January 2008 Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 featuring a non collapsible Ribbon interface 65 In April 2009 Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 SP2 66 In October 2011 Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 SP3 67 Microsoft advises to view and print Excel files for free to use the Excel Mobile application for Windows 10 and for Windows 7 and Windows 8 to upload the file to OneDrive and use Excel for the web with a Microsoft account to open them in a browser 58 68 QuirksIn addition to issues with spreadsheets in general other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision misleading statistics functions mod function errors date limitations and more Numeric precision Main article Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers but they are not always accurate the bottom line should be the same as the top line Despite the use of 15 figure precision Excel can display many more figures up to thirty upon user request But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations and so for example the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal exceptions do occur especially for very large or very small numbers Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers for example using the Excel If function as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable citation needed In the figure the fraction 1 9000 is displayed in Excel Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones Excel displays only the leading 15 figures In the second line the number one is added to the fraction and again Excel displays only 15 figures In the third line one is subtracted from the sum using Excel Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1 s after the decimal the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0 s followed by a string of eleven 1 s However the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0 s followed by a string of thirteen 1 s and two extra erroneous digits This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification 69 Excel s implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision but that can be worse See the main article for details Besides accuracy in user computations the question of accuracy in Excel provided functions may be raised Particularly in the arena of statistical functions Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation 70 71 As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA which varies with variable type and user requested precision 72 Statistical functions The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized 73 74 75 76 77 as mishandling missing data as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round off and large numbers as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed and as having a limited set of statistical tools Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010 78 Excel MOD function error Excel has issues with modulo operations In the case of excessively large results Excel will return the error warning NUM instead of an answer 79 Fictional leap day in the year 1900 Excel includes February 29 1900 incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year even though e g 2100 is correctly treated as a non leap year 80 81 The bug originated from Lotus 1 2 3 deliberately implemented to save computer memory and was also purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of bug compatibility 82 This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format 83 Thus a not necessarily whole number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time are the real number of days after December 30 1899 0 00 a non negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31 1899 0 00 and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day Date range Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900 9999 except that December 31 1899 can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0 jan 1900 Converting a fraction of a day into hours minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1 1900 does not work for a negative fraction 84 Conversion problems Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted as a date the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating point notation of a number In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result Formatting the cell as TEXT before entering ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting to a date This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of DNA for example in bioinformatics As first reported in 2004 85 genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain gene names into dates A follow up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been affected and that Of the selected journals the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19 6 86 Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are For example MARCH1 Membrane Associated Ring CH type finger 1 gets converted to the date March 1 1 Mar and SEPT2 Septin 2 is converted into September 2 2 Sep etc 87 While some secondary news sources 88 reported this as a fault with Excel the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers misusing Excel 86 89 In August 2020 the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee HGNC published new guidelines in the journal Nature regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with symbols that affect data handling and retrieval So far 27 genes have been renamed including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid accidental conversion of the gene names into dates 90 Errors with large strings The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255 characters 91 type incorrectly returns 16 meaning Error value IsText when called as a method of the VBA object WorksheetFunction i e WorksheetFunction IsText in VBA incorrectly returns false Filenames Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error A document with the name s is already open You cannot open two documents with the same name even if the documents are in different folders To open the second document either close the document that is currently open or rename one of the documents 92 The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells If there is a cell Book1 xlsx Sheet1 G 33 and there are two books named Book1 open there is no way to tell which one the user means 93 VersionsEarly history Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982 Multiplan became very popular on CP M systems but on MS DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1 2 3 Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30 1985 and the first Windows version was 2 05 to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2 2 on November 19 1987 94 95 Lotus was slow to bring 1 2 3 to Windows and by the early 1990s Excel had started to outsell 1 2 3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software developer This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases every two years or so Microsoft Windows Excel 2 0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform Versions prior to 2 0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh Excel 2 0 1987 The first Windows version was labeled 2 to correspond to the Mac version It was announced on October 6 1987 and released on November 19 96 This included a run time version of Windows 97 BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the Distinction winners of the BYTE Awards The magazine stated that the port of the extraordinary Macintosh version shines with a user interface as good as or better than the original Excel 3 0 1990 Included toolbars drawing capabilities outlining add in support 3D charts and many more new features 97 Excel 4 0 1992 Introduced auto fill 98 Also an easter egg in Excel 4 0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3 representing Lotus 1 2 3 which is then crushed by an Excel logo 99 Excel 5 0 1993 With version 5 0 Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications VBA a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user defined functions UDF for use in worksheets VBA includes a fully featured integrated development environment IDE Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks VBA allows the creation of forms and in worksheet controls to communicate with the user The language supports use but not creation of ActiveX COM DLL s later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object oriented programming techniques The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate Versions 5 0 to 9 0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs including a Hall of Tortured Souls a Doom like minigame although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products 100 5 0 was released in a 16 bit x86 version for Windows 3 1 and later in a 32 bit version for NT 3 51 x86 Alpha PowerPC Excel 95 v7 0 Microsoft Excel 95 Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95 this is the first major version after Excel 5 0 as there is no Excel 6 0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number Internal rewrite to 32 bits Almost no external changes but faster and more stable Excel 97 v8 0 Included in Office 97 for x86 and Alpha This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic It introduced the now removed Natural Language labels This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg Excel 2000 v9 0 Microsoft Excel 2000 Included in Office 2000 This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once The Office Assistant whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users became less intrusive Excel 2002 v10 0 Included in Office XP Very minor enhancements Excel 2003 v11 0 Included in Office 2003 Minor enhancements the most significant being the new Tables Excel 2007 v12 0 Microsoft Excel 2007 Included in Office 2007 This release was a major upgrade from the previous version Similar to other updated Office products Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system This was different from what users were used to and was met with mixed reactions One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organization 101 However an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change with advanced users being somewhat more negative than intermediate users and users reporting a self estimated reduction in productivity Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs which allow x y coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced Also like other office products the Office Open XML file formats were introduced including xlsm for a workbook with macros and xlsx for a workbook without macros 102 Specifically many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased To illustrate the number of rows was now 1 048 576 220 and columns was 16 384 214 the far right column is XFD This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets however VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread safe and this was indicated at registration Excel 2010 v14 0 Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7 Included in Office 2010 this is the next major version after v12 0 as version number 13 was skipped Minor enhancements and 64 bit support 103 including the following Multi threading recalculation MTR for commonly used functions Improved pivot tables More conditional formatting options Additional image editing capabilities In cell charts called sparklines Ability to preview before pasting Office 2010 backstage feature for document related tasks Ability to customize the Ribbon Many new formulas most highly specialized to improve accuracy 104 Excel 2013 v15 0 Included in Office 2013 along with a lot of new tools included in this release Improved Multi threading and Memory Contention FlashFill 105 Power View 106 Power Pivot 107 Timeline Slicer Windows App Inquire 108 50 new functions 109 Excel 2016 v16 0 Included in Office 2016 along with a lot of new tools included in this release Power Query integration Read only mode for Excel Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel New Chart Types Quick data linking in Visio Excel forecasting functions Support for multi selection of Slicer items using touch Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down Excel data cards 110 Excel 2019 Excel 2021 Office 365 and subsequent v16 0 Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions Instead features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update The version number remains 16 0 Thereafter only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given Dynamic Arrays These are essentially Array Formulas but they Spill automatically into neighboring cells and does not need the ctrl shift enter to create them Further dynamic arrays are the default format with new and operators to provide compatibility with previous versions This is perhaps the biggest structural change since 2007 and is in response to a similar feature in Google Sheets Dynamic arrays started appearing in pre releases about 2018 and as of March 2020 are available in published versions of Office 365 provided a user selected Office Insiders Apple Macintosh Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011 1985 Excel 1 0 1988 Excel 1 5 1989 Excel 2 2 1990 Excel 3 0 1992 Excel 4 0 1993 Excel 5 0 part of Office 4 x Final Motorola 680x0 version 111 and first PowerPC version 1998 Excel 8 0 part of Office 98 2000 Excel 9 0 part of Office 2001 2001 Excel 10 0 part of Office v X 2004 Excel 11 0 part of Office 2004 2008 Excel 12 0 part of Office 2008 2010 Excel 14 0 part of Office 2011 2015 Excel 15 0 part of Office 2016 Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin harmonizing many of the reporting and high level developer functions while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart 112 OS 2 1989 Excel 2 2 1990 Excel 2 3 1991 Excel 3 0Summary Legend Old version not maintained Older version still maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future releaseMicrosoft Excel for Windows release history Year Name Version Comments1987 Excel 2 Old version no longer maintained 2 0 Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh version Supported macros later known as Excel 4 macros 1990 Excel 3 Old version no longer maintained 3 0 Added 3D graphing capabilities1992 Excel 4 Old version no longer maintained 4 0 Introduced auto fill feature1993 Excel 5 Old version no longer maintained 5 0 Included Visual Basic for Applications VBA and various object oriented options1995 Excel 95 Old version no longer maintained 7 0 Renumbered for contemporary Word version Both programs were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time 1997 Excel 97 Old version no longer maintained 8 02000 Excel 2000 Old version no longer maintained 9 0 Part of Microsoft Office 2000 which was itself part of Windows Millennium also known as Windows ME 2002 Excel 2002 Old version no longer maintained 10 02003 Excel 2003 Old version no longer maintained 11 0 Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of Microsoft Office Word PowerPoint etc 2007 Excel 2007 Old version no longer maintained 12 02010 Excel 2010 Old version no longer maintained 14 0 Due to superstitions surrounding the number 13 Excel 13 was skipped in version counting 2013 Excel 2013 Older version yet still maintained 15 0 Introduced 50 more mathematical functions available as pre packaged commands rather than typing the formula manually 2016 Excel 2016 Current stable version 16 0 Part of Microsoft Office 2016Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history Year Name Version Comments1985 Excel 1 Old version no longer maintained 1 0 Initial version of Excel Supported macros later known as Excel 4 macros 1988 Excel 1 5 Old version no longer maintained 1 51989 Excel 2 Old version no longer maintained 2 21990 Excel 3 Old version no longer maintained 3 01992 Excel 4 Old version no longer maintained 4 01993 Excel 5 Old version no longer maintained 5 0 Only available on PowerPC based Macs First PowerPC version 1998 Excel 98 Old version no longer maintained 8 0 Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the rest of Microsoft Office at the time 2000 Excel 2000 Old version no longer maintained 9 02001 Excel 2001 Old version no longer maintained 10 02004 Excel 2004 Old version no longer maintained 11 02008 Excel 2008 Old version no longer maintained 12 02011 Excel 2011 Old version no longer maintained 14 0 As with the Windows version version 13 was skipped for superstitious reasons 2016 Excel 2016 Current stable version 16 0 As with the rest of Microsoft Office so it is for Excel Future release dates for the Macintosh version are intended to correspond better to those for the Windows version from 2016 onward Microsoft Excel for OS 2 release history Year Name Version Comments1989 Excel 2 2 Old version no longer maintained 2 2 Numbered in between Windows versions at the time1990 Excel 2 3 Old version no longer maintained 2 31991 Excel 3 Old version no longer maintained 3 0 Last OS 2 version Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel which is otherwise still an actively developed program ImpactExcel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets however the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software VisiCalc the program displays cells organized in rows and columns and each cell may contain data or a formula with relative or absolute references to other cells Excel 2 0 for Windows which was modeled after its Mac GUI based counterpart indirectly expanded the installed base of the then nascent Windows environment Excel 2 0 was released a month before Windows 2 0 and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1 0 with Excel 2 0 113 Unlike Microsoft Word there never was a DOS version of Excel Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets fonts character attributes and cell appearance It also introduced intelligent cell re computation where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command Excel introduced auto fill the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities SecurityBecause Excel is widely used it has been attacked by hackers While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel then the attacker can gain control of the victim s computer 114 UK s GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose 115 116 See alsoComparison of spreadsheet software Numbers spreadsheet the iWork equivalent Spreadmart Financial Modeling World Cup online esport financial modelling competition using ExcelReferences Update history for Microsoft Office 2019 Microsoft Docs Retrieved April 13 2021 a b C in MS Office cppcon July 17 2014 Archived from the original on November 7 2019 Retrieved June 25 2019 Microsoft Office Excel 365 Microsoft com Retrieved January 25 2021 Update history for Office for Mac Microsoft Docs Microsoft Excel APKs APKMirror Microsoft Excel App Store Harvey Greg 2006 Excel 2007 For Dummies 1st ed Wiley ISBN 978 0 470 03737 9 Harvey Greg 2007 Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies 2nd ed Wiley p 296 ff ISBN 978 0 470 16937 7 de Levie Robert 2004 Advanced Excel for scientific data analysis Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 515275 3 Bourg David M 2006 Excel scientific and engineering cookbook O Reilly ISBN 978 0 596 00879 6 Seref Michelle M H amp Ahuja Ravindra K 2008 4 2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS In Burstein Frad amp Holsapple Clyde W eds Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1 Basic Themes Springer ISBN 978 3 540 48712 8 Wells Eric amp Harshbarger Steve 1997 Microsoft Excel 97 Developer s Handbook Microsoft Press ISBN 978 1 57231 359 0 Excellent examples are developed that show just how applications can be designed Harnett Donald L amp Horrell James F 1998 Data statistics and decision models with Excel Wiley ISBN 978 0 471 13398 8 Some form of data acquisition hardware is required See for example Austerlitz Howard 2003 Data acquisition techniques using PCs 2nd ed Academic Press p 281 ff ISBN 978 0 12 068377 2 Description of the startup switches for Excel Microsoft Help and Support Microsoft Support May 7 2007 Retrieved December 14 2010 Microsoft Excel accepts a number of optional switches that you can use to control how the program starts This article lists the switches and provides a description of each switch a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a 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3rd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 88068 8 Code conversion to Basic from Fortran probably is easier than from C so the 2nd edition ISBN 0521437210 may be easier to use or the Basic code implementation of the first edition Sprott Julien C 1991 Numerical recipes routines and examples in BASIC Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 40689 5 Excel Office for Mac OfficeforMacHelp com Archived from the original on June 19 2012 Retrieved July 8 2012 Using Excel PC or Mac Excel Lemon www excellemon com Archived from the original on September 21 2016 Retrieved July 29 2015 However an increasing proportion of Excel functionality is not captured by the Macro Recorder leading to largely useless macros Compatibility among multiple versions of Excel is also a downfall of this method A macro recorder in Excel 2010 may not work in Excel 2003 or older This is most common when changing colors and formatting of cells Walkenbach John 2007 Chapter 6 Using the Excel macro recorder Excel 2007 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p 4 Retrieved March 19 2019 via DocumentCloud ReferencesBullen Stephen Bovey Rob Green John 2009 Professional Excel Development The Definitive Guide to Developing Applications Using Microsoft Excel and VBA 2nd ed Boston Addison Wesley ISBN 978 0 321 50879 9 Dodge Mark Stinson Craig 2007 Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Inside Out Redmond Wash Microsoft Press ISBN 978 0 7356 2321 7 Billo E Joseph 2011 Excel for Chemists A Comprehensive Guide 3rd ed Hoboken N J John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 38123 6 Gordon Andy January 25 2021 LAMBDA The ultimate Excel worksheet function microsoft com Microsoft Retrieved April 23 2021 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Excel Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Excel Microsoft Excel official site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Microsoft Excel amp oldid 1128547299, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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