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Coffeehouse

A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment that primarily serves various types of coffee, espresso, latte, and cappuccino. Some coffeehouses may serve cold drinks, such as iced coffee and iced tea, as well as other non-caffeinated beverages. A coffeehouse may also serve food, such as light snacks, sandwiches, muffins, fruit, or pastries. In continental Europe, some cafés also serve alcoholic beverages. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to large multinational corporations. Some coffeehouse chains operate on a franchise business model, with numerous branches across various countries around the world.

The Café de Flore in Paris is one of the oldest coffeehouses in the city. It is celebrated for its famous clientele, which included high-profile writers and philosophers.

While café may refer to a coffeehouse, the term "café" can also refer to a diner, British café (also colloquially called a "caff"), "greasy spoon" (a small and inexpensive restaurant), transport café, teahouse or tea room, or other casual eating and drinking place.[1][2][3][4][5] A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. Many coffeehouses in the Middle East and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world offer shisha (actually called nargile in Levantine Arabic, Greek, and Turkish), flavored tobacco smoked through a hookah. An espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks.

From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: a coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. A coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members.[6] As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, typically in the evening.[7]

Etymology edit

 
The word coffee in various European languages[8]

The most common English spelling of café is the spelling used by the French, Portuguese, and Spanish languages; it was snatched by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century.[9] The Italian spelling, caffè, is also sometimes used in English.[10] In Southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to /kæf/ and spelt caff.[11]

The English words coffee and café derive from the Italian word for coffee, caffè[12][13]—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570[14]—and in turn derived from Arabic qahwa (قهوة). The Arabic term qahwa originally referred to a type of wine, but after the wine ban by Islam, the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced.[15] European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the drink made from the seeds) came through European contact with Turkey, likely via Venetian-Ottoman trade relations.

The English word café to describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the French café. The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660.[12] The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened in Belgrade, Serbia in 1522 as a Kafana (Serbian coffee house).[16]

The translingual word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including Portuguese, Spanish, and French (café); German (Kaffee); Polish (kawa); Serbian (кафа / kafa); Ukrainian (кава, 'kava'); and others.

History edit

Islamic world edit

 
Ottoman miniature of a meddah performing at a coffeehouse
 
Storyteller (meddah) at a coffeehouse in the Ottoman Empire. The first coffeehouses appeared in the Islamic world in the 15th century.

The first coffeehouses in the Islamic world, qahveh khaneh (Persian for coffee house), appeared in Damascus. These Ottoman coffeehouses also appeared in Mecca, in the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century, then spread to the Ottoman Empire's capital of Istanbul in the 16th century and in Baghdad. Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee, have conversations, play board games such as chess and backgammon, listen to stories and music, and discuss news and politics. They became known as "schools of wisdom" for the type of clientele they attracted, and their free and frank discourse.[17][18]

Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of imams who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524.[19] However, these bans could not be maintained, due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture across the Islamic world.[17] The Ottoman chronicler İbrahim Peçevi reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse in Istanbul:

Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of Constantinople, as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee.[20]

Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a "Kiva Han" in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, but with no documentation.

 
A coffeehouse in Cairo, 18th century

The 17th century French traveler and writer Jean Chardin gave a lively description of the Persian coffeehouse scene:

People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games ... resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller.[21]

Europe edit

 
Coffeehouse in London, 17th century
 
"Discussing the War in a Paris Café", The Illustrated London News, 17 September 1870

In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 in Livorno, founded by a Jewish merchant,[22][23] or later in 1640, in Venice.[24] In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists.[citation needed]

Austria edit

 
A Viennese café
 
Trieste from where the cappuccino spread

The traditional tale of the origins of the Viennese café begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king Jan III Sobieski, who in turn gave them to one of his officers, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent. Kulczycki, according to the tale, then began the first coffeehouse in Vienna with the hoard, also being the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him.

However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (Asdvadzadur).[repetition][25] Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat) opened a registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685.[26][25] Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses.[26] The culture of drinking coffee was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century.

Over time, a special coffee house culture developed in Habsburg Vienna. On the one hand, writers, artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in the coffee house, and on the other hand, new coffee varieties were always served. In the coffee house, people played cards or chess, worked, read, thought, composed, discussed, argued, observed and just chatted. A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests. This form of coffee house culture spread throughout the Habsburg Empire in the 19th century.[27][28]

Scientific theories, political plans but also artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffee houses all over Central Europe. James Joyce even enjoyed his coffee in a Viennese coffee house on the Adriatic in Trieste, then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe. From there, the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed into today's world-famous cappuccino. This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffee houses was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and can only be found today in a few places that have long been in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste.[29][30][31][32]

England edit

The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford in 1650[33]–1651[34] by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" (Queen's Lane Coffee House).[35] In London, the earliest coffeehouse was established by Pasqua Rosée in 1652.[36]Anthony Wood observed of the coffee houses of Oxford in his Life and Times (1674) "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffee houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news".[37] The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in goods from the Ottoman Empire named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there.[38][39]

From 1670 to 1685, the number of London coffeehouses began to increase, and they also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate.[40] English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries were significant meeting places, particularly in London. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England.[41] The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. Entry gave access to books or print news. Coffeehouses boosted the popularity of print news culture and helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance, stocks, and auctions. Lloyd's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them the name of 'Penny Universities'.[42]

Though Charles II later tried to suppress London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public still flocked to them. For several decades following the Restoration, the wits gathered around John Dryden at Will's Coffee House, in Russell Street, Covent Garden.[43] As coffeehouses were believed to be areas where anti-government gossip could easily spread, Queen Mary and the London City magistrates tried to prosecute people who frequented coffeehouses as they were liable to "spread false and seditious reports". William III's privy council also suppressed Jacobite sympathizers in the 1680s and 1690s in coffeehouses as these were the places that they believed harbored plotters against the regimes.[44]

By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as Tories and Whigs, wits and stockjobbers, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the old city center. According to one French visitor, Antoine François Prévost, coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government", were the "seats of English liberty".[45]

Jonathan's Coffee House in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the London Stock Exchange. Lloyd's Coffee House provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals[repetition], leading to the establishment of Lloyd's of London insurance market, the Lloyd's Register classification society, and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of Sotheby's and Christie's.

In Victorian England, the temperance movement set up coffeehouses (also known as coffee taverns) for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of alcohol, an alternative to the public house.[46][47]

France edit

Pasqua Rosée, an Armenian by the name Harutiun Vartian, also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until Procopio Cutò, his apprentice, opened the Café Procope in 1686.[48] This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie, the first modern encyclopedia.

Hungary edit

The first known cafes in Pest date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs café and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against the Italian-originated café of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee.[49]

Italy edit

 
Caffè Florian in Venice

During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established: Caffè Florian in Venice, Antico Caffè Greco in Rome, Caffè Pedrocchi in Padua, Caffè dell'Ussero in Pisa and Caffè Fiorio in Turin.

Ireland edit

In the 18th century, Dublin coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public. The interconnectivity of the coffeehouse and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of newspapers, pamphlets and books on the premises, most notably in the case of Dick's Coffee House, owned by Richard Pue; thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy.[50] These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a book shop.[51]

Today, the term café is used for most coffeehouses - this can be spelled both with and without an acute accent, but is always pronounced as two syllables. The name café has also come to be used for a type of diners that offers cooked meals (again, without alcoholic beverages) which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores. In Irish usage, the presence or absence of the acute accent does not signify the type of establishment (coffeehouse versus diner), and is purely a decision by the owner: for instance, the two largest diner-style café chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named "Kylemore Cafe" and "Bewley's Café" - i.e., one written without, and one with, the acute accent.

Portugal edit

 
Statue of Fernando Pessoa by Lagoa Henriques, next to the A Brasileira café, in Chiado, Lisbon.

The history of coffee in Portugal is usually told to have begun during the reign of king John V, when Portuguese agent Francisco de Melo Palheta supposedly managed to steal coffee beans from the Dutch East India Company and introduce it to Brazil. From Brazil, coffee was taken to Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, which were also Portuguese colonies at the time. Although, coffee already existed in Angola, already introduced by Portuguese missionaries. During the 18th century, the first public cafés appeared, inspired by french gatherings from the 17th century, becoming spaces for cultural and artistic entertainment.

Several cafes emerged in Lisbon such as: Martinho da Arcada (being the oldest café still functioning, having opened in 1782), Café Tavares, Botequim Parras, among others. Of these several became famous for harbouring poets and artists, such as Manuel du Bocage with his visits to Café Nicola, which opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro; and Fernando Pessoa with his visits to A Brasileira, which opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles. The most famous of these coffee houses was the Café Marrare, opened by the napolitan Antonio Marrare, in 1820, frequently visited by Júlio Castilho, Raimundo de Bulhão Pato, Almeida Garrett, Alexandre Herculano and other members of the Portuguese government and the intelligentsia. It began its own saying: «Lisboa era Chiado, o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei» (English: "Lisbon was the Chiado, the Chiado was the Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law").

Other coffee houses soon opened across the country, such as Café Vianna, opened in Braga, in 1858, by Manoel José da Costa Vianna, which was also visited by important Portuguese writers such as Camilo Castelo Branco and Eça de Queirós. During the 1930's, a surge in coffee houses happened in Porto with the opening of several that still exist, such as Café Guarany, opened in 1933, and A Regaleira, opened in 1934.

Switzerland edit

In 1761 the Turm Kaffee, a shop for exported goods, was opened in St. Gallen.[52]

Wallachia edit

In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania.[53]

Gender edit

The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned.[54] Émilie du Châtelet purportedly cross-dressed to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris.[55]

In a well-known engraving of a Parisian café c. 1700,[56] the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, separated in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.

Aside from the discussion around women as guests of the coffeehouses, it is noted that women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also managed coffeehouses as proprietors. Well known women in the coffeehouse business were Moll King (coffee house proprietor) in England, and Maja-Lisa Borgman in Sweden.[57]

Contemporary edit

In most European countries, such as Spain, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, and others, the term café means a restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well as pastries such as cakes, tarts, pies, or buns. Many cafés also serve light meals such as sandwiches. European cafés often have tables on the pavement (sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some cafés also serve alcoholic drinks (e.g., wine), particularly in Southern Europe. In the Netherlands and Belgium, a café is the equivalent of a bar, and also sells alcoholic drinks. In the Netherlands a koffiehuis serves coffee, while a coffee shop (using the English term) sells "soft" drugs (cannabis and hashish) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except in the mornings, when a croissant or pain au chocolat can be purchased with breakfast coffee. In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known as bar. They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centers usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table.[58][citation needed]

Americas edit

Argentina edit

 
Café Tortoni is an emblematic café in Buenos Aires. Frequented by Jorge Luis Borges among many other figures of Argentina.

Coffeehouses are part of the culture of Buenos Aires and the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for 'porteños' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses include Confitería del Molino, Café Tortoni, El Gato Negro, Café La Biela.

United States edit

 
Caffe Reggio on MacDougal Street in New York City's Greenwich Village which was founded in 1927

The first coffeehouse in America opened in Boston, in 1676.[59] However, Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until the Boston Tea Party and the Revolutionary War. After the Revolutionary War, Americans momentarily went back to drinking tea until after the War of 1812 when they began importing high-quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior-quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain.[60] Whether they were drinking coffee or tea, coffeehouses served a similar purpose to that which they did in Great Britain, as places where business was done. In the 1780s, Merchant's Coffee House located on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of the Bank of New York and the New York Chamber of Commerce.[61]

Coffeehouses in the United States arose from the espresso- and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably New York City's Little Italy and Greenwich Village, Boston's North End, and San Francisco's North Beach. From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly folk performers during the American folk music revival.[62] Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the Beats, who were highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well-known performers like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan began their careers performing in coffeehouses. Blues singer Lightnin' Hopkins bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues".[citation needed]

In 1966, Alfred Peet began applying the dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop in Berkeley, California to educate customers on the virtues of good coffee.[60] Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic Last Exit on Brooklyn coffeehouse, Seattle became known for its thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene; the Starbucks chain later standardized and mainstreamed this espresso bar model.[63]

From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like The Lost Coin (Greenwich Village), The Gathering Place (Riverside, CA), Catacomb Chapel (New York City), and Jesus For You (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and Bible studies were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different from traditional churches. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, A Coffeehouse Manual, served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses.[64]

They are popular to this day with coffeehouses such as Starbucks seeming to be on every corner of streets in several major American cities including Los Angeles and Seattle.[65]

Format edit

 
Coffeehouses often sell pastries or other food items.

Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or sidewalk café) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol.

One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet café or Hotspot.[66] The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned diners that they replaced.

Middle East and Asia edit

In the Middle East, the coffeehouse (Arabic: مقهى maqha; Persian: قهوه خانه qahveh-khaneh; Turkish: kahvehane or kırâthane) serves as an important social gathering place for men. Men assemble in coffeehouses to drink coffee (usually Arabic coffee) and tea. In addition, men go there to listen to music, read books, play chess and backgammon, watch TV and enjoy other social activities around the Arab world and in Turkey. Hookah (shisha) is traditionally served as well.

Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called 'ahwah /ʔhwa/, which is the dialectal pronunciation of قَهْوة qahwah (literally "coffee")[67][68] (see also Arabic phonology#Local variations). Also commonly served in 'ahwah are tea (shāy) and herbal teas, especially the highly popular hibiscus blend (Egyptian Arabic: karkadeh or ennab). The first 'ahwah opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs (Cairo), bursa (Alexandria) and gharza (rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates.[67]

In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like Indian Coffee House, Café Coffee Day, Barista Lavazza have become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.[69]

 
A coffee shop in Angeles City, Philippines

In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for conspicuous consumption, with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.

 
Rumah Loer, a contemporary-style coffee shop (Indonesian: rumah kopi kekinian) in Palembang, Indonesia

In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called kopi tiam. The word is a portmanteau of the Malay word for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and the Hokkien dialect word for shop (; POJ: tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based on egg, toast, and coconut jam, plus coffee, tea, and Milo, a malted chocolate drink that is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia.

In Indonesia, traditional coffee houses are called kedai kopi, rumah kopi, or warung kopi which is often abbreviated as warkop. Kopi tubruk is a common drink in small warkop. As a coffee drink companion, traditional kue is also served in the coffee house. The first coffee house in Indonesia was founded in 1878 in Jakarta which named Warung Tinggi Tek Sun Ho.[70]

In the Philippines, coffee shop chains like Starbucks have become the prevalent hangouts for upper and middle class professionals in such districts as the Makati CBD. However, carinderias (small eateries) continue to serve coffee alongside breakfast and snack dishes. Events called "Kapihan" (fora) are often held inside bakeshops or restaurants that also serve coffee for breakfast or merienda.

 
A shop specialised in drip coffee in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

In Thailand, the term "café" is not only a coffeehouse in the international definition, as in other countries, but in the past was considered a night restaurant that serves alcoholic drinks during a comedy show on stage. The era in which this type of business flourished was the 1990s, before the 1997 financial crisis.[71]

The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at the Si Kak Phraya Si in the area of Rattanakosin Island, by Madam Cole, an American woman who living in Thailand at that time, Later, Chao Phraya Ram Rakop (เจ้าพระยารามราฆพ), Thai aristocrat, opened a coffeehouse named "Café de Norasingha" (คาเฟ่นรสิงห์) located at Sanam Suea Pa (สนามเสือป่า), the ground next to the Royal Plaza.[72] At present, Café de Norasingha has been renovated and moved to within Phayathai Palace.[73] In the southern region, a traditional coffeehouse or kopi tiam is popular with locals, like many countries in the Malay Peninsula.[74]

Australia edit

 
The Federal Coffee Palace, built on Collins Street, Melbourne, in 1888, was the largest and grandest Coffee Palace ever built. It was demolished in 1973.
 
Centre Place, Melbourne. Australia and New Zealand have competing claims as being the birthplace of the "flat white".

In the 19th Century, coffee houses such as the Collingwood Coffee Palace or the Federal Coffee Palace in the centre of Melbourne were established and were part of the temperance movement to reduce the consumption of alcohol in society.

In modern Australia, coffee shops are ubiquitously known as cafés. Since the post-World War II influx of Italian immigrants introduced the first espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s, there was initially a slow rise in café culture, particularly in Melbourne, until a boom in locally owned cafés Australia-wide began in the 1990s. Alongside the rise in the number of cafés there has been a rise in demand for locally (or on-site) roasted specialty coffee[citation needed], particularly in Sydney and Melbourne. A local favourite is the "flat white" which remains a popular coffee drink.

Africa edit

In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, most cafés have shisha (waterpipe). Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the café, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953.[75][76]

Europe edit

United Kingdom edit

The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650,[77] and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in particular, Italian-run espresso bars and their formica-topped tables were a feature of 1950s Soho that provided a backdrop as well as a title for Cliff Richard's 1960 film Expresso Bongo. The first was The Moka in Frith Street, opened by Gina Lollobrigida in 1953. With their "exotic Gaggia coffee machine[s],... Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and... Suncrush orange fountain[s]"[78] they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s, providing cheap, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard that would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such as Starbucks and Pret a Manger.[78][79]

Espresso bar edit

 
Interior of an espresso bar from Baliuag, Philippines

The espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from espresso. Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known are Starbucks Coffee, based in Seattle, U.S., and Costa Coffee, based in Dunstable, U.K. (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.

The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high-yield espresso machine (usually bean to cup machines, automatic or semiautomatic pump-type machine, although occasionally a manually operated lever-and-piston system) and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches. In the traditional Italian bar, customers either order at the bar and consume their drinks standing or, if they wish to sit down and be served, are usually charged a higher price. In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table. In other countries, especially the United States, seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge. Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia, candy, and even music. North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of widespread adoption of public WiFi access points to provide Internet services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises.

The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration; biscotti, cannoli and pizzelle are a common traditional accompaniment to a caffe latte or cappuccino. Some upscale espresso bars even offer alcoholic drinks such as grappa and sambuca. Nevertheless, typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions include scones, muffins, croissants, and even doughnuts. There is usually a large selection of teas as well, and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drink masala chai. Iced drinks are also popular in some countries, including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks' Frappucino.

A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a barista. The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills.

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Haine, W. Scott (11 September 1998). The World of the Paris Café. JHU Press. pp. 1–5. ISBN 0801860709.
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Sources edit

  • Abbas, Hyder (February 2014). "'A Fund of entertaining and useful Information': Coffee Houses, Early Public Libraries, and the Print Trade in Eighteenth-Century Dublin". Library & Information History. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 30 (1): 41–61. doi:10.1179/1758348913Z.00000000051. ISSN 1758-3489. S2CID 161212491.

Further reading edit

  • Marie-France Boyer; photographs by Eric Morin (1994) The French Café. London: Thames & Hudson
  • Brian Cowan (2005), The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse, Yale University Press
  • Markman Ellis (2004), The Coffee House: a cultural history, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
  • Homsi, Nada; Hendawi, Hamza; Mahmoud, Sinan; Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (24 February 2023). "Coffee houses of the Middle East: inside the region's historic cauldrons of culture". The National (Abu Dhabi). from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  • Robert Hume "Percolating Society", Irish Examiner, 27 April 2017 p. 13
  • Nautiyal, J. J. (2016). "Aesthetic and affective experiences in coffee shops: a Deweyan engagement with ordinary affects in ordinary spaces". Education & Culture, 32(2), 99–118.
  • Ray Oldenburg, The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day. New York: Parragon Books, 1989. ISBN 1-56924-681-5
  • Tom Standage (2006) A History of the World in Six Glasses, Walker & Company, ISBN 0-8027-1447-1
  • Antony Wild, Coffee, A Dark History, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 9780393060713; London: Fourth Estate, 2004 ISBN 1841156493.
  • Withington, Phil. "Public and private pleasures." History Today (June 2020) 70#6 pp. 16–18. covers London 1630 to 1800.
  • Withington, Phil. "Where was the coffee in early modern England?." Journal of Modern History 92.1 (2020): 40–75.
  • Ahmet Yaşar, "The Coffeehouses in Early Modern Istanbul: Public Space, Sociability and Surveillance", MA Thesis, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 2003. Library.boun.edu.tr . Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  • Ahmet Yaşar, "Osmanlı Şehir Mekânları: Kahvehane Literatürü / Ottoman Urban Spaces: An Evaluation of Literature on Coffeehouses", TALİD Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 6, 2005, 237–256.

coffeehouse, café, redirects, here, confused, with, cafeteria, cafe, british, other, uses, café, disambiguation, disambiguation, coffeehouse, coffee, shop, café, establishment, that, primarily, serves, various, types, coffee, espresso, latte, cappuccino, some,. Cafe redirects here Not to be confused with Cafeteria or Cafe British For other uses see Cafe disambiguation and Coffeehouse disambiguation A coffeehouse coffee shop or cafe is an establishment that primarily serves various types of coffee espresso latte and cappuccino Some coffeehouses may serve cold drinks such as iced coffee and iced tea as well as other non caffeinated beverages A coffeehouse may also serve food such as light snacks sandwiches muffins fruit or pastries In continental Europe some cafes also serve alcoholic beverages Coffeehouses range from owner operated small businesses to large multinational corporations Some coffeehouse chains operate on a franchise business model with numerous branches across various countries around the world The Cafe de Flore in Paris is one of the oldest coffeehouses in the city It is celebrated for its famous clientele which included high profile writers and philosophers While cafe may refer to a coffeehouse the term cafe can also refer to a diner British cafe also colloquially called a caff greasy spoon a small and inexpensive restaurant transport cafe teahouse or tea room or other casual eating and drinking place 1 2 3 4 5 A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant but it is different from a cafeteria Many coffeehouses in the Middle East and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world offer shisha actually called nargile in Levantine Arabic Greek and Turkish flavored tobacco smoked through a hookah An espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso based drinks From a cultural standpoint coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction a coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate talk read write entertain one another or pass the time whether individually or in small groups A coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members 6 As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene coffeehouses have hosted singer songwriter performances typically in the evening 7 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Islamic world 2 2 Europe 2 2 1 Austria 2 2 2 England 2 2 3 France 2 2 4 Hungary 2 2 5 Italy 2 2 6 Ireland 2 2 7 Portugal 2 2 8 Switzerland 2 2 9 Wallachia 2 2 10 Gender 2 2 11 Contemporary 2 3 Americas 2 3 1 Argentina 2 3 2 United States 3 Format 3 1 Middle East and Asia 3 2 Australia 3 3 Africa 3 4 Europe 3 4 1 United Kingdom 4 Espresso bar 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further readingEtymology edit nbsp The word coffee in various European languages 8 The most common English spelling of cafe is the spelling used by the French Portuguese and Spanish languages it was snatched by English speaking countries in the late 19th century 9 The Italian spelling caffe is also sometimes used in English 10 In Southern England especially around London in the 1950s the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to k ae f and spelt caff 11 The English words coffee and cafe derive from the Italian word for coffee caffe 12 13 first attested as cavee in Venice in 1570 14 and in turn derived from Arabic qahwa قهوة The Arabic term qahwa originally referred to a type of wine but after the wine ban by Islam the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced 15 European knowledge of coffee the plant its seeds and the drink made from the seeds came through European contact with Turkey likely via Venetian Ottoman trade relations The English word cafe to describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink is derived from the French cafe The first cafe in France is believed to have opened in 1660 12 The first cafe in Europe is believed to have been opened in Belgrade Serbia in 1522 as a Kafana Serbian coffee house 16 The translingual word root kafe appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings including Portuguese Spanish and French cafe German Kaffee Polish kawa Serbian kafa kafa Ukrainian kava kava and others History editIslamic world edit nbsp Ottoman miniature of a meddah performing at a coffeehouse nbsp Storyteller meddah at a coffeehouse in the Ottoman Empire The first coffeehouses appeared in the Islamic world in the 15th century The first coffeehouses in the Islamic world qahveh khaneh Persian for coffee house appeared in Damascus These Ottoman coffeehouses also appeared in Mecca in the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century then spread to the Ottoman Empire s capital of Istanbul in the 16th century and in Baghdad Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee have conversations play board games such as chess and backgammon listen to stories and music and discuss news and politics They became known as schools of wisdom for the type of clientele they attracted and their free and frank discourse 17 18 Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of imams who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking leading to bans between 1512 and 1524 19 However these bans could not be maintained due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture across the Islamic world 17 The Ottoman chronicler Ibrahim Pecevi reports in his writings 1642 49 about the opening of the first coffeehouse in Istanbul Until the year 962 1555 in the High God Guarded city of Constantinople as well as in Ottoman lands generally coffee and coffeehouses did not exist About that year a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale and began to purvey coffee 20 Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a Kiva Han in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition but with no documentation nbsp A coffeehouse in Cairo 18th centuryThe 17th century French traveler and writer Jean Chardin gave a lively description of the Persian coffeehouse scene People engage in conversation for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful since the government does not heed what the people say Innocent games resembling checkers hopscotch and chess are played In addition mollas dervishes and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons like our sermons but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it A molla will stand up in the middle or at one end of the qahveh khaneh and begin to preach in a loud voice or a dervish enters all of a sudden and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time one on one side the other on the opposite and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller 21 Europe edit nbsp Coffeehouse in London 17th century nbsp Discussing the War in a Paris Cafe The Illustrated London News 17 September 1870In the 17th century coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire and coffeehouses were established soon becoming increasingly popular The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 in Livorno founded by a Jewish merchant 22 23 or later in 1640 in Venice 24 In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists citation needed Austria edit nbsp A Viennese cafe nbsp Trieste from where the cappuccino spreadThe traditional tale of the origins of the Viennese cafe begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the Battle of Vienna in 1683 All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king Jan III Sobieski who in turn gave them to one of his officers Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent Kulczycki according to the tale then began the first coffeehouse in Vienna with the hoard also being the first to serve coffee with milk There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him However it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato Asdvadzadur repetition 25 Johannes Diodato also known as Johannes Theodat opened a registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685 26 25 Fifteen years later four other Armenians owned coffeehouses 26 The culture of drinking coffee was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century Over time a special coffee house culture developed in Habsburg Vienna On the one hand writers artists musicians intellectuals bon vivants and their financiers met in the coffee house and on the other hand new coffee varieties were always served In the coffee house people played cards or chess worked read thought composed discussed argued observed and just chatted A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests This form of coffee house culture spread throughout the Habsburg Empire in the 19th century 27 28 Scientific theories political plans but also artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffee houses all over Central Europe James Joyce even enjoyed his coffee in a Viennese coffee house on the Adriatic in Trieste then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe From there the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed into today s world famous cappuccino This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffee houses was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and can only be found today in a few places that have long been in the slipstream of history such as Vienna or Trieste 29 30 31 32 England edit The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford in 1650 33 1651 34 by Jacob the Jew A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654 by Cirques Jobson the Jew Queen s Lane Coffee House 35 In London the earliest coffeehouse was established by Pasqua Rosee in 1652 36 Anthony Wood observed of the coffee houses of Oxford in his Life and Times 1674 The decay of study and consequently of learning are coffee houses to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news 37 The proprietor was Pasqua Rosee the servant of a trader in goods from the Ottoman Empire named Daniel Edwards who imported the coffee and assisted Rosee in setting up the establishment there 38 39 From 1670 to 1685 the number of London coffeehouses began to increase and they also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate 40 English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries were significant meeting places particularly in London By 1675 there were more than 3 000 coffeehouses in England 41 The coffeehouses were great social levelers open to all men and indifferent to social status and as a result associated with equality and republicanism Entry gave access to books or print news Coffeehouses boosted the popularity of print news culture and helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance stocks and auctions Lloyd s of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee giving them the name of Penny Universities 42 Though Charles II later tried to suppress London coffeehouses as places where the disaffected met and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers the public still flocked to them For several decades following the Restoration the wits gathered around John Dryden at Will s Coffee House in Russell Street Covent Garden 43 As coffeehouses were believed to be areas where anti government gossip could easily spread Queen Mary and the London City magistrates tried to prosecute people who frequented coffeehouses as they were liable to spread false and seditious reports William III s privy council also suppressed Jacobite sympathizers in the 1680s and 1690s in coffeehouses as these were the places that they believed harbored plotters against the regimes 44 By 1739 there were 551 coffeehouses in London each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude such as Tories and Whigs wits and stockjobbers merchants and lawyers booksellers and authors men of fashion or the cits of the old city center According to one French visitor Antoine Francois Prevost coffeehouses where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government were the seats of English liberty 45 Jonathan s Coffee House in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the London Stock Exchange Lloyd s Coffee House provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals repetition leading to the establishment of Lloyd s of London insurance market the Lloyd s Register classification society and other related businesses Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of Sotheby s and Christie s In Victorian England the temperance movement set up coffeehouses also known as coffee taverns for the working classes as a place of relaxation free of alcohol an alternative to the public house 46 47 France edit Pasqua Rosee an Armenian by the name Harutiun Vartian also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until Procopio Cuto his apprentice opened the Cafe Procope in 1686 48 This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the French Enlightenment Voltaire Rousseau and Denis Diderot frequented it and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopedie the first modern encyclopedia Hungary edit The first known cafes in Pest date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe Balazs Kavefozo was purchased Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balazs cafe and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against the Italian originated cafe of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee 49 Italy edit nbsp Caffe Florian in VeniceDuring the 18th century the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established Caffe Florian in Venice Antico Caffe Greco in Rome Caffe Pedrocchi in Padua Caffe dell Ussero in Pisa and Caffe Fiorio in Turin Ireland edit In the 18th century Dublin coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public The interconnectivity of the coffeehouse and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing publishing selling and viewing of newspapers pamphlets and books on the premises most notably in the case of Dick s Coffee House owned by Richard Pue thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy 50 These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a book shop 51 Today the term cafe is used for most coffeehouses this can be spelled both with and without an acute accent but is always pronounced as two syllables The name cafe has also come to be used for a type of diners that offers cooked meals again without alcoholic beverages which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores In Irish usage the presence or absence of the acute accent does not signify the type of establishment coffeehouse versus diner and is purely a decision by the owner for instance the two largest diner style cafe chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named Kylemore Cafe and Bewley s Cafe i e one written without and one with the acute accent Portugal edit nbsp Statue of Fernando Pessoa by Lagoa Henriques next to the A Brasileira cafe in Chiado Lisbon The history of coffee in Portugal is usually told to have begun during the reign of king John V when Portuguese agent Francisco de Melo Palheta supposedly managed to steal coffee beans from the Dutch East India Company and introduce it to Brazil From Brazil coffee was taken to Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe which were also Portuguese colonies at the time Although coffee already existed in Angola already introduced by Portuguese missionaries During the 18th century the first public cafes appeared inspired by french gatherings from the 17th century becoming spaces for cultural and artistic entertainment Several cafes emerged in Lisbon such as Martinho da Arcada being the oldest cafe still functioning having opened in 1782 Cafe Tavares Botequim Parras among others Of these several became famous for harbouring poets and artists such as Manuel du Bocage with his visits to Cafe Nicola which opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro and Fernando Pessoa with his visits to A Brasileira which opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles The most famous of these coffee houses was the Cafe Marrare opened by the napolitan Antonio Marrare in 1820 frequently visited by Julio Castilho Raimundo de Bulhao Pato Almeida Garrett Alexandre Herculano and other members of the Portuguese government and the intelligentsia It began its own saying Lisboa era Chiado o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei English Lisbon was the Chiado the Chiado was the Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law Other coffee houses soon opened across the country such as Cafe Vianna opened in Braga in 1858 by Manoel Jose da Costa Vianna which was also visited by important Portuguese writers such as Camilo Castelo Branco and Eca de Queiros During the 1930 s a surge in coffee houses happened in Porto with the opening of several that still exist such as Cafe Guarany opened in 1933 and A Regaleira opened in 1934 Switzerland edit In 1761 the Turm Kaffee a shop for exported goods was opened in St Gallen 52 Wallachia edit In 1667 Kara Hamie a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia in the center of the city where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania 53 Gender edit The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal but does appear to have been common in Europe In Germany women frequented them but in England and France they were banned 54 Emilie du Chatelet purportedly cross dressed to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris 55 In a well known engraving of a Parisian cafe c 1700 56 the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire with a hanging cauldron of boiling water The only woman present presides separated in a canopied booth from which she serves coffee in tall cups Aside from the discussion around women as guests of the coffeehouses it is noted that women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also managed coffeehouses as proprietors Well known women in the coffeehouse business were Moll King coffee house proprietor in England and Maja Lisa Borgman in Sweden 57 Contemporary edit In most European countries such as Spain Austria Denmark Germany Norway Sweden Portugal and others the term cafe means a restaurant primarily serving coffee as well as pastries such as cakes tarts pies or buns Many cafes also serve light meals such as sandwiches European cafes often have tables on the pavement sidewalk as well as indoors Some cafes also serve alcoholic drinks e g wine particularly in Southern Europe In the Netherlands and Belgium a cafe is the equivalent of a bar and also sells alcoholic drinks In the Netherlands a koffiehuis serves coffee while a coffee shop using the English term sells soft drugs cannabis and hashish and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks In France most cafes serve as lunch restaurants in the day and bars in the evening They generally do not have pastries except in the mornings when a croissant or pain au chocolat can be purchased with breakfast coffee In Italy cafes are similar to those found in France and known as bar They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee cakes and alcoholic drinks Bars in city centers usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table 58 citation needed Americas edit Argentina edit nbsp Cafe Tortoni is an emblematic cafe in Buenos Aires Frequented by Jorge Luis Borges among many other figures of Argentina Coffeehouses are part of the culture of Buenos Aires and the customs of its inhabitants They are traditional meeting places for portenos and have inspired innumerable artistic creations Some notable coffeehouses include Confiteria del Molino Cafe Tortoni El Gato Negro Cafe La Biela United States edit nbsp Caffe Reggio on MacDougal Street in New York City s Greenwich Village which was founded in 1927The first coffeehouse in America opened in Boston in 1676 59 However Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until the Boston Tea Party and the Revolutionary War After the Revolutionary War Americans momentarily went back to drinking tea until after the War of 1812 when they began importing high quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain 60 Whether they were drinking coffee or tea coffeehouses served a similar purpose to that which they did in Great Britain as places where business was done In the 1780s Merchant s Coffee House located on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of the Bank of New York and the New York Chamber of Commerce 61 Coffeehouses in the United States arose from the espresso and pastry centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U S cities notably New York City s Little Italy and Greenwich Village Boston s North End and San Francisco s North Beach From the late 1950s onward coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment most commonly folk performers during the American folk music revival 62 Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the Beats who were highly identified with these coffeehouses As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved non Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie in with coffeehouses with their association with political action A number of well known performers like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan began their careers performing in coffeehouses Blues singer Lightnin Hopkins bemoaned his woman s inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song Coffeehouse Blues citation needed In 1966 Alfred Peet began applying the dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop in Berkeley California to educate customers on the virtues of good coffee 60 Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic Last Exit on Brooklyn coffeehouse Seattle became known for its thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene the Starbucks chain later standardized and mainstreamed this espresso bar model 63 From the 1960s through the mid 1980s churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach They were often storefronts and had names like The Lost Coin Greenwich Village The Gathering Place Riverside CA Catacomb Chapel New York City and Jesus For You Buffalo NY Christian music often guitar based was performed coffee and food was provided and Bible studies were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different from traditional churches An out of print book published by the ministry of David Wilkerson titled A Coffeehouse Manual served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses 64 They are popular to this day with coffeehouses such as Starbucks seeming to be on every corner of streets in several major American cities including Los Angeles and Seattle 65 Format editSee also List of coffeehouse chains nbsp Coffeehouses often sell pastries or other food items Cafes may have an outdoor section terrace pavement or sidewalk cafe with seats tables and parasols This is especially the case with European cafes Cafes offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol One of the original uses of the cafe as a place for information exchange and communication was reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet cafe or Hotspot 66 The spread of modern style cafes to urban and rural areas went hand in hand with the rising use of mobile computers Computers and Internet access in a contemporary styled venue help to create a youthful modern place compared to the traditional pubs or old fashioned diners that they replaced Middle East and Asia edit In the Middle East the coffeehouse Arabic مقهى maqha Persian قهوه خانه qahveh khaneh Turkish kahvehane or kirathane serves as an important social gathering place for men Men assemble in coffeehouses to drink coffee usually Arabic coffee and tea In addition men go there to listen to music read books play chess and backgammon watch TV and enjoy other social activities around the Arab world and in Turkey Hookah shisha is traditionally served as well Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called ahwah ʔhwa which is the dialectal pronunciation of ق ه وة qahwah literally coffee 67 68 see also Arabic phonology Local variations Also commonly served in ahwah are tea shay and herbal teas especially the highly popular hibiscus blend Egyptian Arabic karkadeh or ennab The first ahwah opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people with youths frequenting but not always ordering There were associated by the 1920s with clubs Cairo bursa Alexandria and gharza rural inns In the early 20th century some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates 67 In India coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years Chains like Indian Coffee House Cafe Coffee Day Barista Lavazza have become very popular Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet 69 nbsp A coffee shop in Angeles City PhilippinesIn China an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for conspicuous consumption with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West nbsp Rumah Loer a contemporary style coffee shop Indonesian rumah kopi kekinian in Palembang IndonesiaIn Malaysia and Singapore traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called kopi tiam The word is a portmanteau of the Malay word for coffee as borrowed and altered from English and the Hokkien dialect word for shop 店 POJ tiam Menus typically feature simple offerings a variety of foods based on egg toast and coconut jam plus coffee tea and Milo a malted chocolate drink that is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia particularly Singapore and Malaysia In Indonesia traditional coffee houses are called kedai kopi rumah kopi or warung kopi which is often abbreviated as warkop Kopi tubruk is a common drink in small warkop As a coffee drink companion traditional kue is also served in the coffee house The first coffee house in Indonesia was founded in 1878 in Jakarta which named Warung Tinggi Tek Sun Ho 70 In the Philippines coffee shop chains like Starbucks have become the prevalent hangouts for upper and middle class professionals in such districts as the Makati CBD However carinderias small eateries continue to serve coffee alongside breakfast and snack dishes Events called Kapihan fora are often held inside bakeshops or restaurants that also serve coffee for breakfast or merienda nbsp A shop specialised in drip coffee in Nakhon Ratchasima ThailandIn Thailand the term cafe is not only a coffeehouse in the international definition as in other countries but in the past was considered a night restaurant that serves alcoholic drinks during a comedy show on stage The era in which this type of business flourished was the 1990s before the 1997 financial crisis 71 The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at the Si Kak Phraya Si in the area of Rattanakosin Island by Madam Cole an American woman who living in Thailand at that time Later Chao Phraya Ram Rakop ecaphrayaramrakhph Thai aristocrat opened a coffeehouse named Cafe de Norasingha khaefnrsingh located at Sanam Suea Pa snamesuxpa the ground next to the Royal Plaza 72 At present Cafe de Norasingha has been renovated and moved to within Phayathai Palace 73 In the southern region a traditional coffeehouse or kopi tiam is popular with locals like many countries in the Malay Peninsula 74 Australia edit nbsp The Federal Coffee Palace built on Collins Street Melbourne in 1888 was the largest and grandest Coffee Palace ever built It was demolished in 1973 nbsp Centre Place Melbourne Australia and New Zealand have competing claims as being the birthplace of the flat white This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the 19th Century coffee houses such as the Collingwood Coffee Palace or the Federal Coffee Palace in the centre of Melbourne were established and were part of the temperance movement to reduce the consumption of alcohol in society In modern Australia coffee shops are ubiquitously known as cafes Since the post World War II influx of Italian immigrants introduced the first espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s there was initially a slow rise in cafe culture particularly in Melbourne until a boom in locally owned cafes Australia wide began in the 1990s Alongside the rise in the number of cafes there has been a rise in demand for locally or on site roasted specialty coffee citation needed particularly in Sydney and Melbourne A local favourite is the flat white which remains a popular coffee drink Africa edit In Cairo the capital of Egypt most cafes have shisha waterpipe Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the cafe watching a match studying or even sometimes finishing some work In Addis Ababa the capital of Ethiopia independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home One establishment that has become well known is the Tomoca coffee shop which opened in 1953 75 76 Europe edit United Kingdom edit The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England The Angel which opened in Oxford in 1650 77 and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries were far removed from those of modern Britain Haunts for teenagers in particular Italian run espresso bars and their formica topped tables were a feature of 1950s Soho that provided a backdrop as well as a title for Cliff Richard s 1960 film Expresso Bongo The first was The Moka in Frith Street opened by Gina Lollobrigida in 1953 With their exotic Gaggia coffee machine s Coke Pepsi weak frothy coffee and Suncrush orange fountain s 78 they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s providing cheap warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard that would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such as Starbucks and Pret a Manger 78 79 Espresso bar editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Interior of an espresso bar from Baliuag PhilippinesThe espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from espresso Originating in Italy the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms Prime examples that are internationally known are Starbucks Coffee based in Seattle U S and Costa Coffee based in Dunstable U K the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high yield espresso machine usually bean to cup machines automatic or semiautomatic pump type machine although occasionally a manually operated lever and piston system and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches In the traditional Italian bar customers either order at the bar and consume their drinks standing or if they wish to sit down and be served are usually charged a higher price In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table In other countries especially the United States seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia candy and even music North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of widespread adoption of public WiFi access points to provide Internet services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration biscotti cannoli and pizzelle are a common traditional accompaniment to a caffe latte or cappuccino Some upscale espresso bars even offer alcoholic drinks such as grappa and sambuca Nevertheless typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions include scones muffins croissants and even doughnuts There is usually a large selection of teas as well and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drink masala chai Iced drinks are also popular in some countries including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks Frappucino A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a barista The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made often very elaborate especially in North American style espresso bars a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills Gallery edit nbsp Cafe neon sign in Breda nbsp Cafe Melange Vienna nbsp Cafe Kampela Helsinki nbsp The Grey Owl Coffee shop in Norman Oklahoma nbsp A cafe in a former church Utrecht nbsp Roadside cafe on the summer terrace Buryatia Russia nbsp Inside of a kopitiam MalaysiaSee also edit nbsp Coffee portal nbsp Drink portalCaffe sospeso Cat cafe Cha chaan teng Hong Kong style cafe Cafe culture of Baghdad Coffee service Death Cafe Dog cafe English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries Greasy spoon History of coffee Kafana Kissaten Kopi tiam List of coffeehouse chains Manga cafe Teahouse Turkish coffeeReferences edit Haine W Scott 11 September 1998 The World of the Paris Cafe JHU Press pp 1 5 ISBN 0801860709 Haine W Scott 12 June 2006 Alcohol A Social and Cultural History Berg p 121 ISBN 9781845201654 Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 Retrieved 20 September 2019 The Rough Guide to France Rough Guides 2003 p 49 ISBN 9781843530381 Retrieved 20 September 2019 Classic Cafes London s vintage Formica caffs classiccafes co uk Archived from the original on 20 August 2013 Retrieved 28 September 2013 Davies Russell 2005 Egg Bacon Chips and Beans 50 Great Cafes and the Stuff That Makes Them Great HarperCollins Entertainment ISBN 9780007213788 Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 Retrieved 28 September 2013 Coffeehouse MerriamWebster Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 Retrieved 7 April 2012 Rubin Joan Shelley Boyer Paul S Casper Professor Scott E 2013 Bob Dylan The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History USA Oxford University Press p 317 Blue Mountain Cafe vs Blue Mountain Coffee Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2012 Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed 1989 entry number 50031127 cafe Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed 1989 entry number 00333259 caffe n Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed 1989 entry number 50031130 caff a b Online Etymology Dictionary etymonline com Archived from the original on 27 June 2017 Retrieved 1 September 2017 Coffee definition and meaning Collins English Dictionary collinsdictionary com Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Retrieved 15 March 2018 CAFE Etymologie de CAFE cnrtl fr Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 Retrieved 15 March 2018 etymologiebank nl etymologiebank nl Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 15 March 2018 Kafana the first coffee house in Europe serbia com Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 a b Coffee Origin Types Uses History amp Facts Archived from the original on 25 April 2019 Retrieved 20 September 2019 صحيفة التاخي المســــرح في المقاهي والملاهي البغدادية 10 August 2018 Archived from the original on 10 August 2018 Retrieved 15 July 2023 Comak Nebahat Pembecioglu Nilufer 2014 Changing the values of the past to future Archived from the original on 8 November 2022 Retrieved 6 August 2022 Quoted in Bernard Lewis Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire University of Oklahoma Press reprint 1989 p 132 Internet Archive Archived 2017 03 28 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 0 8061 1060 8 Coffee The Wine of Islam Superluminal com Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 Retrieved 29 May 2011 Encyclopedia of Jewish Food Gil Marks HMH 17 November 2010 APM Archeologia Postmedievale 19 2015 Gran Bretagna e Italia tra Mediterraneo e Atlantico Livorno un porto inglese Italy and Britain between Mediterranean and Atlantic worlds Leghorn an English port Hugo Blake All Insegna del Giglio 8 September 2017 p 18 Horowitz Elliot Coffee Coffeehouses and the Nocturnal Rituals of Early Modern Jewry AJS Review Vol 14 No 1 Spring 1989 pp 17 46 citing Antonio Pilot La Bottega da Caffe Venice 1916 a b Weinberg Bennett Alan Bealer Bonnie K 2002 The World of Caffeine The Science and Culture of the World s Most Popular Drug Routledge p page 77 ISBN 0 415 92722 6 a b Teply Karl Die Einfuhrung des Kaffees in Wien Verein fur Geschichte der Stadt Wien Wien 1980 Vol 6 p 104 cited in Seibel Anna Maria Die Bedeutung der Griechen fur das wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Leben in Wien p 94 online available under Othes univie ac at Archived 25 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine pdf Archived 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Friedrich Torberg Kaffeehaus war uberall 1982 pp 8 Wolfram Siebeck Die Kaffeehauser von Wien Eine Melange aus Mythos und Schmah 1996 pp 7 Helmut Luther Warum Kaffeetrinken in Triest anspruchsvoll ist In Die Welt 16 February 2015 Doron Rabinovici Kaffeehaus als Menschenrecht German Coffee house as a human right 23 January 2017 Archived from the original on 23 June 2021 Retrieved 6 January 2021 Coffeehouse culture Austria s culinary heritage Archived from the original on 16 January 2021 Retrieved 6 January 2021 Riha Fritz Das alte Wiener Cafehaus 1987 pp 12 On the Chocolate Trail A Delicious Adventure Connecting Jews Religions History Travel Rituals and Recipes to the Magic of Cacao Deborah R Prinz Jewish Lights Publishing 2013 p 5 Palmer Alan Palmer Veronica 1992 The Chronology of British History London Century Ltd ISBN 978 0 7126 5616 0 Oxford Exclusion Archived from the original on 11 April 2021 Retrieved 11 April 2021 Cowan Brian 2006 Pasqua Rosee Oxford 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1 October 2008 The Social Life of Coffee The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse Yale University Press p 215 ISBN 978 0 300 13350 9 Prevost Abbe 1930 Adventures of a man of quality translation of Sejour en Angleterre v 5 of Memoires et aventures d un homme de qualite qui s est retire du monde G Routledge amp Sons London OCLC 396693 Beatty Kingston William 1892 Intemperance Its Causes and Its Remedies No publisher name given JSTOR 60222729 Coffee Tavern Lincolnshire Free Press 27 December 1881 p 7 Le Procope Paris Brasserie Zenchef Archived from the original on 9 March 2018 Retrieved 15 March 2018 Az elso pesti kavehaz haboruja Budapest romantikaja Archived from the original on 1 April 2022 Retrieved 9 April 2020 Abbas 2014 p 46 White Matthew Newspapers gossip and coffeehouse culture British Library Archived from the original on 26 September 2019 Retrieved 24 February 2019 Willi Leuthold 222 Jahre Lebensmittel Gross und Detailhandel hinterm Turm in St Gallen 1983 Cafenele din Vechiul București secolele XIX XX Coffeeshops from Old Bucharest 19th 20th centuries Historia ro 30 March 2000 Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 1 January 2013 Coffee History Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 Retrieved 27 October 2007 Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil du Chatelet and Voltaire Archived from the original on 18 October 2007 Retrieved 27 October 2007 A coffeehouse at the close of the seventeenth century Archived from the original on 19 October 2009 Du Rietz Anita Kvinnors entreprenorskap under 400 ar 1 uppl Dialogos Stockholm 2013 Tomalin Barry 2016 Italy Culture Smart The Essential Guide to Customs amp Culture London Kuperard p 101 ISBN 9781857338300 America s First Coffeehouse Massachusetts Travel Journal Archived from the original on 27 September 2010 Retrieved 21 September 2010 a b Wolf Burt 2002 What We Eat The True Story of Why We Put Sugar in our Coffee and Ketchup on our Fries Tehabi Books pp 112 115 Rotondi Jessica Pearce 11 February 2020 How Coffee Fueled Revolutions And Changed History HISTORY Archived from the original on 10 April 2021 Retrieved 10 April 2021 Shelton Robert Something happened in America in Laing Dave et al 1975 The Electric Muse London Eyre Methuen pp 7 44 p 31 Starbucks Coffee Company Past Present and Future PurelyCoffeeBeans Archived from the original on 7 November 2019 Retrieved 7 November 2019 Sources Tim Schultz Director Jesus For You A Coffeehouse Manual Bethany Fellowship 1972 Sources Chase Purdy author That joke about a Starbucks on every corner It s actually true and hurting the company s sales Quartz 2017 Julius Briner Message Board Investorshub advfn com Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 Retrieved 21 September 2010 a b Alpion Gezim 18 May 2011 Encounters With Civilizations From Alexander the Great to Mother Teresa Transaction Publishers p 48 ISBN 978 1 4128 1831 5 Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 Retrieved 1 April 2012 T he drinking establishment began to be named after its newest beverage i e coffee This is how qahwa coffee shop came into being in Egypt The q is debuccalized to ʔ Stewart Desmond 1965 Cairo Phoenix House Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 Retrieved 1 April 2012 qahwah coffee is pronounced as ahwah the word for citadel qal ah is pronounced al ah in both cases it should be added the final h is silent and is often omitted Middle class India embraces coffee culture Asian Correspondent 18 February 2013 Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 Retrieved 15 August 2013 Asriyati Asriyati Inilah Kedai Kopi Pertama di Indonesia goodnewsfromindonesia id in Indonesian Archived from the original on 14 May 2023 Retrieved 14 May 2023 40 pi tanankhaef emuxnghlwng caksunyrwmbnethingthungyukhesuxm nkrxngtxngkhaytwaelkphwngmaly Manager Daily in Thai 30 June 2015 Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 Retrieved 3 April 2018 bunnakh orm 6 February 2018 emux ekhruxngdumpisac masyam r 3 thrngplukepnswnhlwnginhwaehwnkrungrtnoksinthr Manager Daily in Thai Archived from the original on 2 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 ethiywrankaaefnrsingh rankaaefaehngaerkkhxngsyam n phrarachwngphyaith today line me in Thai 30 October 2017 Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 prachathiptyprasry DEMOCRAT LIVE in Thai Bangkok politikpress 2005 pp 4 5 ISBN 974 92738 6 9 Jeffrey James 15 October 2014 Boom times for Ethiopia s coffee shops BBC News Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 Retrieved 21 October 2014 Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony Carey Nash Photography 28 September 2014 Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 Retrieved 21 October 2014 Drugs and Society Vol 2 no 9 June 1973 a b Lyn Perry Cabbages and Cuppas in Adventures in the Mediatheque Personal Selections of Films Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine London BFI Southbank University of the Third Age 2008 pp 26 27 The Coming of the Cafes Classic Cafes Archived from the original on 23 March 2016 Specifically the section headed 1953 Sources editAbbas Hyder February 2014 A Fund of entertaining and useful Information Coffee Houses Early Public Libraries and the Print Trade in Eighteenth Century Dublin Library amp Information History Taylor amp Francis Ltd 30 1 41 61 doi 10 1179 1758348913Z 00000000051 ISSN 1758 3489 S2CID 161212491 Further reading editMarie France Boyer photographs by Eric Morin 1994 The French Cafe London Thames amp Hudson Brian Cowan 2005 The Social Life of Coffee The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse Yale University Press Markman Ellis 2004 The Coffee House a cultural history Weidenfeld amp Nicolson Homsi Nada Hendawi Hamza Mahmoud Sinan Oweis Khaled Yacoub 24 February 2023 Coffee houses of the Middle East inside the region s historic cauldrons of culture The National Abu Dhabi Archived from the original on 30 April 2023 Retrieved 30 April 2023 Robert Hume Percolating Society Irish Examiner 27 April 2017 p 13 Nautiyal J J 2016 Aesthetic and affective experiences in coffee shops a Deweyan engagement with ordinary affects in ordinary spaces Education amp Culture 32 2 99 118 Ray Oldenburg The Great Good Place Cafes Coffee Shops Community Centers General Stores Bars Hangouts and How They Get You through the Day New York Parragon Books 1989 ISBN 1 56924 681 5 Tom Standage 2006 A History of the World in Six Glasses Walker amp Company ISBN 0 8027 1447 1 Antony Wild Coffee A Dark History New York W W Norton amp Company ISBN 9780393060713 London Fourth Estate 2004 ISBN 1841156493 Withington Phil Public and private pleasures History Today June 2020 70 6 pp 16 18 covers London 1630 to 1800 Withington Phil Where was the coffee in early modern England Journal of Modern History 92 1 2020 40 75 Ahmet Yasar The Coffeehouses in Early Modern Istanbul Public Space Sociability and Surveillance MA Thesis Bogazici Universitesi 2003 Library boun edu tr Archived copy Archived from the original on 5 April 2022 Retrieved 18 May 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Ahmet Yasar Osmanli Sehir Mekanlari Kahvehane Literaturu Ottoman Urban Spaces An Evaluation of Literature on Coffeehouses TALID Turkiye Arastirmalari Literatur Dergisi 6 2005 237 256 Talid org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Coffeehouse amp oldid 1195112907, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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