fbpx
Wikipedia

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

February 15, 2024

"Mrs. Kennedy" redirects here. For other women with this surname, see Kennedy (surname).

Jacqueline "Jackie" Lee Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier /ˈbuːvieɪ/; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American writer, book editor, and socialite who served as the first lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963, as the wife of President John F. Kennedy. A popular first lady, she endeared the American public with her devotion to her family, dedication to the historic preservation of the White House, the campaigns she led to preserve and restore historic landmarks and architecture along with her interest in American history, culture and arts. During her lifetime, she was regarded as an international icon for her unique fashion choices, and her work as a cultural ambassador of the United States made her very popular globally.[1]

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Kennedy in the Diplomatic Reception Room of the White House, 1961
First Lady of the United States
In role
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
PresidentJohn F. Kennedy
Preceded byMamie Eisenhower
Succeeded byLady Bird Johnson
Personal details
Born
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier

(1929-07-28)July 28, 1929
Southampton, New York, U.S.
DiedMay 19, 1994(1994-05-19) (aged 64)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1953; died 1963)​
​
​
(m. 1968; died 1975)​
Domestic partner(s)Maurice Tempelsman (cohabited, 1980–1994)
ChildrenArabella , Caroline, John Jr., and Patrick
Parents
Relatives
Education
Occupation
  • Socialite
  • book editor
  • journalist
Signature
Other names
  • Jacqueline Kennedy
  • Jacqueline Onassis

After studying history and art at Vassar College and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University in 1951, Bouvier started working for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer.[2] The following year, she met then-Congressman John Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington. He was elected to the Senate that same year, and the couple married on September 12, 1953, in Newport, Rhode Island. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. Following her husband's election to the presidency in 1960, Kennedy was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and emphasis on arts and culture as well as for her style. She also traveled to many countries where her fluency in foreign languages and history made her very popular.[3][4] At age 31, she was the third-youngest first lady of the United States when her husband was inaugurated and was named Time magazine's Woman of the Year in 1962.

After her husband's assassination and funeral in 1963, Kennedy and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, which caused controversy. Following Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor in New York City, first at Viking Press and then at Doubleday, and worked to restore her public image. Even after her death, she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable first ladies in American history, and in 1999, she was listed as one of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century.[5] She died in 1994 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside President Kennedy and two of their children, one stillborn and one who died shortly after birth.[6] Surveys of historians conducted periodically by the Siena College Research Institute since 1982 have consistently found Kennedy Onassis to rank among the most highly regarded first ladies by the assessments of historians.

Early life (1929–1951) edit

Family and childhood edit

Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III and socialite Janet Norton Lee.[7] Her mother was of Irish descent,[8] and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry.[9][a] Named after her father, she was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and raised in the Roman Catholic faith.[12] Caroline Lee, her younger sister, was born four years later on March 3, 1933.[13]

Jacqueline Bouvier spent her early childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata, the Bouviers' country estate in East Hampton on Long Island.[14] She looked up to her father, who likewise favored her over her sister, calling his elder child "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".[15] Biographer Tina Santi Flaherty reports Jacqueline's early confidence in herself, seeing a link to her father's praise and positive attitude to her, and her sister Lee Radziwill stated that Jacqueline would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for the relationship she had with their father and paternal grandfather, John Vernou Bouvier Jr.[16][17] From an early age, Jacqueline was an enthusiastic equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport, and horse-riding remained a lifelong passion.[16][18] She took ballet lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning foreign languages, including French, Spanish, and Italian.[19] French was particularly emphasized in her upbringing.[20]

 
Six-year-old Jacqueline Bouvier with her dog in 1935

In 1935, Jacqueline Bouvier was enrolled in Manhattan's Chapin School, where she attended grades 1–7.[18][21] She was a bright student but often misbehaved; one of her teachers described her as "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".[22] Her mother attributed this behavior to her finishing her assignments ahead of classmates and then acting out in boredom.[23] Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave.[23]

The marriage of the Bouviers was strained by the father's alcoholism and extramarital affairs; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the Wall Street Crash of 1929.[14][24] They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details of the split.[25] According to her cousin John H. Davis, Jacqueline was deeply affected by the divorce and subsequently had a "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own."[14] When their mother married Standard Oil heir Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr., the Bouvier sisters did not attend the ceremony because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to World War II.[26] They gained three stepsiblings from Auchincloss's previous marriages, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss. Jacqueline formed the closest bond with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants.[26] The marriage later produced two more children, Janet Jennings Auchincloss in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947.[27]

As a wedding gift, Mr. Auchincloss presented his new wife, Janet, with a car. But, being in the depths of World War II, no new cars were being produced. So, Mr. Auchincloss gave her a like-new 1940 Ford Deluxe Convertible. Jacqueline, 13 at the time, learned to drive in this 1940 Ford. She continued using the car with her siblings through the 1940s. Shortly before her graduation from George Washington University in 1951, the Auchincloss family sold the Ford. The car now resides in the Crumpley Family Collection in Texas.

After the remarriage, Auchincloss's Merrywood estate in McLean, Virginia, became the Bouvier sisters' primary residence, although they also spent time at his other estate, Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island, and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island.[14][28] Although she retained a relationship with her father, Jacqueline Bouvier also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure.[14] He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she otherwise would have never experienced.[29] While adjusting to her mother's remarriage, she sometimes felt like an outsider in the WASP social circle of the Auchinclosses, attributing the feeling to her being Catholic as well as being a child of divorce, which was not common in that social group at that time.[30]

After seven years at Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier attended the Holton-Arms School in Northwest Washington, D.C., from 1942 to 1944 and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, from 1944 to 1947.[8] She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school that allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses and because the school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes.[31] In her senior class yearbook, Bouvier was acknowledged for "her wit, her accomplishment as a horsewoman, and her unwillingness to become a housewife". She later hired her childhood friend Nancy Tuckerman to be her social secretary at the White House.[32] She graduated among the top students of her class and received the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature.[33]

College and early career edit

In the fall of 1947, Jacqueline Bouvier entered Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, at that time a women's institution.[34] She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College, closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more isolated Vassar.[35] She was an accomplished student who participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper.[14][36] Due to her dislike of Vassar's location in Poughkeepsie, she did not take an active part in its social life and instead traveled back to Manhattan for the weekends.[37] She had made her debut to high society in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions. Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the "debutante of the year".[38] She spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France—at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris—in a study-abroad program through Smith College.[39] Upon returning home, she transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951.[27] During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.[27]

While attending George Washington, Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide.[40] The position entailed working for six months in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris.[40] Before beginning the job, she celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer.[40] The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, One Special Summer, co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline Bouvier's drawings.[41] On her first day at Vogue, the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington. According to biographer Barbara Leaming, the editor was concerned about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social circles. She followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work.[40]

Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was referred by a family friend to the Washington Times-Herald, where editor Frank Waldrop hired her as a part-time receptionist.[42] A week later she requested more challenging work, and Waldrop sent her to city editor Sidney Epstein, who hired her as an "Inquiring Camera Girl" despite her inexperience, paying her $25 a week.[43] He recalled, "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell girl, and all the guys in the newsroom giving her a good look."[44] The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses.[14] In addition to the random "man on the street" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon. Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in the 1952 election.[45] During this time, Bouvier was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in The New York Times in January 1952.[46] After three months, she called off the engagement because she had found him "immature and boring" once she got to know him better.[47][48]

Marriage to John F. Kennedy edit

Further information: Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier
 
Senator John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy on their wedding day, September 12, 1953

Jacqueline Bouvier and U.S. Representative John F. Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952.[14] She was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad.[49] Kennedy was busy running for the U.S. Senate seat in Massachusetts; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald.

After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper.[50] Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. She was 24 and he was 36.[51][52] Bouvier and Kennedy married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing.[53] The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm.[54] The wedding dress was designed by Ann Lowe of New York City, and is now housed in the Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts. The dresses of her attendants were also created by Lowe, who was not credited by Jacqueline Kennedy.[55]

 
The Kennedys after John's spinal surgery, December 1954

The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco, Mexico, before settling in their new home, Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C.[56] Kennedy developed a warm relationship with her parents-in-law, Joseph and Rose Kennedy.[57][58][59] In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks. John Kennedy suffered from Addison's disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which had been exacerbated by a war injury; in late 1954, he underwent a near-fatal spinal operation.[60] Additionally, Jacqueline Kennedy suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella.[61][62] They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother Robert, who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown.[8] The Kennedys also resided at an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in Boston, their permanent Massachusetts residence during John's congressional career.[63][64]

Kennedy gave birth to daughter Caroline on November 27, 1957.[61] At the time, she and her husband were campaigning for his re-election to the Senate, and they posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21, 1958, issue of Life magazine.[65][b][which?] They traveled together during the campaign as part of their efforts to reduce the physical separation that had characterized the first five years of their marriage. Soon enough, John Kennedy started to notice the value that his wife added to his congressional campaign. Kenneth O'Donnell remembered that "the size of the crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband; he also recalled her as "always cheerful and obliging". John's mother Rose however observed that Jacqueline was not "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and was uncomfortable with too much attention.[67] In November 1958, John was reelected to a second term. He credited Jacqueline's visibility in the ads and stumping as vital assets in securing his victory, and he called her "simply invaluable".[68][69]

In July 1959, the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger visited the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port and had his first conversation with Jacqueline Kennedy; he found her to have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgment".[70] That year, John Kennedy traveled to 14 states, but Jacqueline took long breaks from the trips to spend time with their daughter, Caroline. She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for the presidential campaign planned for the following year.[71] In particular, she traveled to Louisiana to visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner support in the state for his presidential bid.[72]

First Lady of the United States (1961–1963) edit

Campaign for presidency edit

 
Kennedy with her husband as he campaigns for the presidency in Appleton, Wisconsin, March 1960

On January 2, 1960, John F. Kennedy was a United States senator from Massachusetts when he announced his candidacy for the presidency and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners.[73] Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown.[74][75] Jacqueline Kennedy subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, Campaign Wife, answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media.[22]

Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices.[76] On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best-dressed women in the world.[77] On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press.[77] In order to downplay her wealthy background, Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices.[77]

On July 13 at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F. Kennedy for president. Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier.[78] She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, 1960 debate—which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president. Marian Cannon, the wife of Arthur Schlesinger, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jacqueline Kennedy contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches.[79][which?] On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on Person to Person, interviewed by Charles Collingwood.[78]

As first lady edit

 
Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy, André and Marie-Madeleine Malraux, Lyndon B. and Lady Bird Johnson prior to a dinner, May 1962. Jacqueline Kennedy is wearing a gown designed by Oleg Cassini[80]
 
With Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba

On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election.[22] A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy Jr.[22] She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family.[81]

Kennedy's husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961. At 31, Kennedy was the third youngest woman to serve as first lady, as well as the first Silent Generation first lady.[22] She insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at Middleburg.[82] As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture".[83] The discussion about Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe.[84] She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.[85][86] The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors".[86] Nevertheless, she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies.[87]

Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history.[88][89] The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts.[88][89] One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, established during Johnson's tenure.[89]

White House restoration edit

 
Kennedy with Charles Collingwood of CBS News during their televised tour of the restored White House in 1962

Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband's inauguration.[88] She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance[88] and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator Sister Parish. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont.[88] To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration.[88] Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon, Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history. She helped to stop the destruction of historic buildings along the square, including the Renwick Building, now part of the Smithsonian Institution and her support of historic preservation also reached beyond the United States as she brought international attention to the thirteenth-century B.C. temples of Abu Simbel that were in danger of being flooded by Egypt's Aswan Dam.[88]

 
John and Jacqueline Kennedy at Christmas 1961

Prior to Kennedy's years as first lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest.[90] Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded the White House Historical Association, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the position of a permanent Curator of the White House, the White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust.[91] She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator.[85]

On February 14, 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of CBS News, took American television viewers on a tour of the White House. In the tour, she stated that "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be the place we see them best."[91] The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States,[88] and was later distributed to 106 countries. Kennedy won a special Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson. Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy.[85]

Foreign trips edit

 
Jacqueline Kennedy at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi in March 1962

Jackie Kennedy was a cultural ambassador of the United States known for her cultural and diplomatic work globally and would travel sometimes without President John F Kennedy to different countries to promote cultural exchange and diplomatic relations. She was highly regarded by foreign dignitaries, as she used her fluency in foreign languages such as French, Spanish, and Italian, as well as her cultural knowledge, to establish strong relationships with foreign leaders and to give speeches in different countries. She was awarded the French Legion of Honor, the highest civilian award given by the French Government, becoming the first First Lady and first American woman to win which was a testament to her language skills and cultural knowledge. Her role as a cultural ambassador had a significant impact on cultural diplomacy and helped strengthen ties between the United States and other countries.

Jacqueline Kennedy's language skills and cultural knowledge were highly respected by the French people, and her visit to France with President Kennedy in 1961 was seen as a great success. During the visit, she made a speech in French at the American University in Paris, which was widely praised for its eloquence and fluency. In her speech, Jacqueline Kennedy spoke about the importance of cultural exchange between France and the United States, and she emphasized the shared values and history of the two nations.

Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President.[27] Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries.[83] Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history.[92] At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked: "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!"[93][94]

From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first."[95] Khrushchev later sent her a puppy, Pushinka; the animal was significant for being the offspring of Strelka, the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission.[96]

 
Kennedy at the Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, March 1962

At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith, Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The president of Pakistan, Ayub Khan, had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses.[97] Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries.[98] In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan, Austria, Canada,[99] Colombia, United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Mexico,[100] Morocco, Turkey, and Venezuela.[27] Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences.[101]

Death of infant son edit

Main article: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy

In early 1963, Kennedy was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, via emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children's Hospital, where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth.[102][103] Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House.[104]

The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death[105] and proceeded to enter a state of depression.[106] However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief.[105] Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while John Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963".[107][which?] Jacqueline Kennedy's friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby".[106]

Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy edit

Main articles: Assassination of John F. Kennedy, State funeral of John F. Kennedy, and John F. Kennedy autopsy
 
The President and First Lady in the rear seat of the presidential limousine minutes before the assassination

On November 21, 1963, the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind; this was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U.S.[108] After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas's Love Field, accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.[109] The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat,[1][110] which had been personally selected by President Kennedy.[111] A 9.5-mile (15.3 km) motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart, where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the presidential limousine, with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade.[citation needed]

After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring. She did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; Secret Service agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for something coming off the right rear bumper of the car.[112] Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat. As Hill stood on the back bumper, Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.[113] She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all".[114]

 
Kennedy, still wearing her blood-stained pink Chanel suit, stands alongside Lyndon B. Johnson as he takes the presidential oath of office administered by Sarah Hughes aboard Air Force One

The President was rushed for the 3.8-mile (6.1 km) trip to Parkland Hospital. At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room.[115][page needed] President Kennedy never regained consciousness. He died not long after, aged 46. After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack".[116] She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president. The unlaundered suit became a symbol of her husband's assassination, and was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964. Under the terms of an agreement with her daughter, Caroline, the suit will not be placed on public display before 2103.[117][118] Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jacqueline Kennedy to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large.[119]

 
Family members depart the U.S. Capitol after a lying-in-state service for the President, November 24, 1963

Kennedy took an active role in planning her husband's state funeral, modeling it after Abraham Lincoln's service.[120] She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert.[121] The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington National Cemetery. Kennedy led the procession on foot and lit the eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. Lady Jeanne Campbell reported back to the London Evening Standard: "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty."[120]

A week after the assassination,[122] new president Lyndon B. Johnson issued an executive order that established the Warren Commission—led by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy.[123] Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back.[124] Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission.[c] Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Kennedy stepped back from official public view, apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President.

Life following the assassination (1963–1975) edit

Mourning period and later public appearances edit

Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot.

There'll be great presidents again ... but there will never be another Camelot.[127]

—Kennedy describing the years of her husband's presidency for Life

On November 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Kennedy was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine.[128] In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retreating to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.[129] The era of the Kennedy administration has subsequently been referred to as the "Camelot Era", although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."[130]

Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination.[131] Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie", President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom. At her request, Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her.[132]

Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination, and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband.[133] She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy.[134][135][136]

In the following years, Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband.[d] She also oversaw the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration.[140] Designed by architect I.M. Pei, it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston.[141]

Despite having commissioned William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, The Death of a President, Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block its publication.[142][143][144] They sued publishers Harper & Row in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve John's public image.[citation needed]

During the Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk.[145][146] According to historian Milton Osborne, her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb".[147] She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968, despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death.[148]

Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy edit

After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers.[149] He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage; it was he, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital.[150] In the aftermath of the assassination, Robert became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as attorney general required him to reduce attention.[133] He credited her with convincing him to stay in politics, and she supported his 1964 run for United States senator from New York.[151]

The January 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race. When Art Buchwald asked him if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do".[152][153] She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him not to follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she worried about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States.[154] She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her.[152] Despite her concerns, Jacqueline Kennedy campaigned for her brother-in-law and supported him,[155] and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House.[152]

Just after midnight PDT on June 5, 1968, an enraged Palestinian gunman named Sirhan Sirhan mortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary.[156] Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to Los Angeles to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Ted, and the other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside. Robert Kennedy never regained consciousness and died the following day. He was 42 years old.[157]

Marriage to Aristotle Onassis edit

After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Kennedy reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior.[158] She came to fear for her life and those of her two children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country".[159]

On October 20, 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children.[159] The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private Greek island in the Ionian Sea.[160] After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living led to speculation that Jacqueline might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by Boston's archbishop, Cardinal Richard Cushing, as "nonsense".[161] She was condemned by some as a "public sinner",[162] and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O".[163]

In 1968, billionaire heiress Doris Duke, with whom Jacqueline Onassis was friends, appointed her as the vice president of the Newport Restoration Foundation. Onassis publicly championed the foundation.[164][165]

During their marriage, Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis inhabited six different residences: her 15-room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey,[166] his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O. Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often.[167] She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances.[168]

Aristotle Onassis's health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973.[169] He died of respiratory failure aged 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal wrangling, Jacqueline Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from Christina Onassis—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate.[170]

Later years (1975–1990s) edit

 
Onassis in 1985 with the president and first lady, Ronald and Nancy Reagan
 
Onassis with Hillary Clinton in 1993

After the death of her second husband, Onassis returned permanently to the United States, splitting her time between Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. In 1975, she became a consulting editor at Viking Press, a position that she held for two years.[e]

After almost a decade of avoiding participation in political events, Onassis attended the 1976 Democratic National Convention and stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors' gallery.[172][173] She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after John Leonard of The New York Times stated that she held some responsibility for Viking's publication of the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President?, set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and describing an assassination plot against him.[174][175] Two years later, she appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy at Faneuil Hall in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge incumbent president Jimmy Carter for the Democratic nomination for president.[176] She participated in the subsequent presidential campaign, which was unsuccessful.[177]

Following her resignation from Viking Press, Onassis was hired by Doubleday, where she worked as an associate editor under an old friend, John Turner Sargent, Sr. Among the books she edited for the company are Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe,[178] the English translation of the three volumes of Naghib Mahfuz's Cairo Trilogy (with Martha Levin),[179] and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland,[180] singer-songwriter Carly Simon,[181] and fashion icon Diana Vreeland.[180] She also encouraged Dorothy West, her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and one of the last surviving members of the Harlem Renaissance, to complete the novel The Wedding (1995), a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the U.S. The book was later adapted as a miniseries in 1998, starring Halle Berry and Lynn Whitfield and produced by Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Productions.

In addition to her work as an editor, Onassis participated in cultural and architectural preservation. In the 1970s, she led a historic preservation campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and renovate the structure in Manhattan.[182] A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have cast large shadows on Central Park;[182] the project was canceled. A later project proceeded despite protests: a large twin-towered skyscraper, the Time Warner Center, was completed in 2003. Her historic preservation efforts also include her influence in the campaign to save Olana, the home of Frederic Edwin Church in upstate New York. She was awarded the Fine Arts Federation medal for her devotion to the cause of historic preservation in New York City.[183]

Onassis remained the subject of considerable press attention,[184] especially from the paparazzi photographer Ron Galella, who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her normal activities; he took candid photos of her without her permission.[185][186] She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him, and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi photography.[187][f] From 1980 until her death, Onassis maintained a close relationship with Maurice Tempelsman, a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was her companion and personal financial adviser.[190]

In the early 1990s, Onassis supported Bill Clinton and contributed money to his presidential campaign.[191] Following the election, she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton and advised her on raising a child in the White House.[192] In her memoir Living History, Clinton wrote that Onassis was "a source of inspiration and advice for me".[191] Democratic consultant Ann Lewis observed that Onassis had reached out to the Clintons "in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past".[193]

Illness, death, and funeral edit

 
Onassis's grave at Arlington National Cemetery

In November 1993, Onassis was thrown from her horse while participating in a fox hunt in Middleburg, Virginia and was taken to the hospital to be examined. A swollen lymph node was discovered in her groin, which was initially diagnosed by the doctor to be caused by an infection.[194] The fall from the horse contributed to her deteriorating health over the next six months.[195] In December, Onassis developed new symptoms, including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck, and was diagnosed with non-Hodgkins lymphoma.[194][196] She began chemotherapy in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis, stating that the initial prognosis was good.[194] She continued to work at Doubleday, but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord, brain and liver and by May it was deemed terminal.[194][196]

Onassis made her last trip home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994.[194][196] The following night at 10:15 p.m., she died in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment at age 64, with her children by her side.[196] In the morning, her son, John F. Kennedy, Jr., announced his mother's death to the press stating that she had been "surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved". He added that "she did it in her very own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that."[197]

On May 23, 1994, her funeral Mass was held a few blocks away from her apartment at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola—the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and confirmed as a teenager—and asked for no cameras to film the event, for privacy.[198][199] She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella.[14][194] President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service.[200][201]

She left an estate that its executors valued at $43.7 million.[202]

Legacy edit

Popularity edit

 
Official portrait of Kennedy at the White House. Her pleated linen dress was designed by Irish fashion designer Sybil Connolly.[203]

Jacqueline Kennedy's marriage to Aristotle Onassis caused her popularity to decline sharply among an American public who viewed it as a betrayal of the assassinated president.[204][205] Her lavish lifestyle as Onassis's "trophy wife",[206] in contrast to "the shy, selfless, and sacrificing mother the American public had come to respect" as First Lady,[207] led the press to portray her as "a spendthrift and a reckless woman".[208]

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis took conscious control of her public image and, by the time of her death, succeeded in rehabilitating it.[209] By moving back to New York City after Onassis's death, working as an editor for Viking Press and Doubleday, focusing on her children and grandchildren, and participating in charitable causes, she reversed her "reckless spendthrift" image.[210] She also reestablished her relationship with the Kennedy family and supported the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum.[211]

Onassis remains one of the most popular First Ladies. She was featured 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century; this number is surpassed by only Billy Graham and Queen Elizabeth II and is higher than that of any U.S. president.[212]

Both Tina Turner[213] and Jackie Joyner-Kersee[214] have cited Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as an influence.

Style icon edit

 
Kennedy wearing her pink Chanel suit

Jacqueline Kennedy became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. After the 1960 election, she commissioned French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as First Lady. From 1961 to 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In 1961, Kennedy spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president.[215]

Kennedy preferred French couture, particularly the work of Chanel, Balenciaga, and Givenchy, but was aware that in her role as first lady, she would be expected to wear American designers' work.[216] After noticing that her taste for Paris fashion was being criticized in the press, she wrote to the fashion editor Diana Vreeland to ask for suitable American designers, particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look.[216] After considering the letter, which expressed her dislike of prints and her preference for "terribly simple, covered-up clothes," Vreeland recommended Norman Norell, who was considered America's first designer and known for his high-end simplicity and fine quality work. She also suggested Ben Zuckerman, another highly regarded tailor who regularly offered re-interpretations of Paris couture, and the sportswear designer Stella Sloat, who occasionally offered Givenchy copies.[216] Kennedy's first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a Pierre Cardin design, but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the White House with Mamie Eisenhower.[216]

In her role as first lady, Kennedy preferred to wear clean-cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless A-line dresses, above-the-elbow gloves, low-heel pumps, and pillbox hats.[215] Dubbed the "Jackie" look, these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world. More than any other First Lady, her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women.[27] Her influential bouffant hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by Mr. Kenneth, who worked for her from 1954 until 1986.[217][218] Her tastes in eyewear were also influential, the most famous of which were the bespoke pairs designed for her by French designer, François Pinton. The coinage 'Jackie O glasses' is still used today to refer to this style of oversized, oval-lensed sunglasses.[219]

After leaving the White House, Kennedy underwent a style change. Her new looks consisted of wide-leg pantsuits, silk Hermès headscarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses.[220] She began wearing jeans in public as part of a casualization of her look.[221]

 
Kennedy at a State dinner on May 22, 1962

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis acquired a large collection of jewelry throughout her lifetime. Her triple-strand pearl necklace, designed by American jeweler Kenneth Jay Lane, became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as first lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch", the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co., was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961.[222] She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets"; she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. Kennedy wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef & Arpels throughout the 1950s,[223] 1960s[223] and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy.

Kennedy, a Catholic, was known for wearing a mantilla at Mass and in the presence of the Pope.[224]

Mary Tyler Moore's Dick Van Dyke Show character Laura Petrie, who symbolized the "feel-good nature" of the Kennedy White House, often dressed like Kennedy.[225]

Kennedy was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965.[226][227] Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2001. Titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years", the exhibition focused on her time as a first lady.[228]

In 2012, Time magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list.[229] In 2016, Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous.[230]

Historical assessments edit

In 2020, Time magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her efforts in uplifting the American history and art.[231]

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is seen as being customary in her role as first lady,[232][233] though Frank N. Magill argued that her life was validation that "fame and celebrity" changed the way that first ladies are evaluated historically.[234] Hamish Bowles, curator of the "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years" exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed "immensely appealing".[235] After her death, Kelly Barber referred to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as "the most intriguing woman in the world", furthering that her stature was also due to her affiliation with valuable causes.[236] Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that the former first lady "became an aspirational figure of that era, one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate".[212] Since the late 2000s, Onassis's traditional persona has been invoked by commentators when referring to fashionable political spouses.[237][238] A wide variety of commentators have positively credited the work of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in restoring the White House, including Hugh Sidey,[212][239] Letitia Baldrige,[240] Laura Bush,[241] Kathleen P. Galop,[242] and Carl Anthony.[243]

Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. Consistently, Onassis has ranked among the three-eight highly regarded first ladies in these surveys.[244] In terms of cumulative assessment, Onassis has been ranked:

  • 8th-best of 42 in 1982[244]
  • 7th-best of 37 in 1993[244]
  • 4th-best of 38 in 2003[244]
  • 3rd-best of 38 in 2008[244]
  • 3rd-best of 39 in 2014[244]

In the 2008 Siena Research Institute survey, Onassis was ranked in the top-five of all criteria, ranking the 2nd-highest in background, 4th-highest in intelligence, 2nd-highest in value to the country, 4th-highest in being her "own woman", 4th-highest in integrity, 5th-highest in her accomplishments, 2nd-highest in courage, 4th-highest in leadership, 1st in public image, and 3rd-highest in her value to the president.[245] In the 2003 survey, Onassis made the top-five in half of the categories, being ranked 1st-highest in background, 5th-highest in intelligence, 4th-highest in courage, 4th-highest in value to the country, and 1st-highest in public image.[246] In the 2014 Siena Research Institute survey, in the rankings of 20th and 21st century American first ladies in additional survey questions, Onassis was ranked 2nd-highest for management of family life, 4th-highest for advancement of women's issues, 3rd-greatest as a political asset, 4th-strongest public communicator, and 2nd-highest for creation of a lasting legacy.[244] In the 2014 survey, Onassis and her first husband were also ranked the 6th-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".[247]

In the 1982 Sienna College Research Institute survey, Onassis had been ranked the lowest in the criteria of integrity. In subsequent iterations of the survey, historians' regard for her integrity markedly improved. The initial disapproving view of her integrity may have been due to sentiments towards her marriage to Aristotle Onassis. Historians' overall opinions towards Onassis as a whole appear to have become more favorable in the subsequent years as she, in her second widowhood, demonstrated her independence with her career in publishing.[248]

Honors and memorials edit

External videos
 
  Jacqueline Kennedy, First Ladies, Influence and Image, C-SPAN

Portrayals edit

See also: Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

Jaclyn Smith portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1981 television film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, depicting her life until the end of the JFK presidency.[262] The film's producer Louis Rudolph stated an interest in creating a "positive portrait of a woman who I thought had been very much maligned," comments that were interpreted by John J. O'Connor of The New York Times as erasing any chances of critique toward her.[263] Though Smith received praise for her performance,[264] with Marilynn Preston calling her "convincing in an impossible role",[265] Tom Shales wrote "Jaclyn Smith couldn't act her way out of a Gucci bag".[266]

Blair Brown portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries Kennedy, set during the Kennedy presidency.[267] Brown used wigs and makeup to better resemble Kennedy and said through playing the role she gained a different view of the assassination: "I realized that this was a woman witnessing the public execution of her husband."[268] Jason Bailey praised her performance,[269] while Andrea Mullaney noted her resemblance to Kennedy and general shyness.[270] Brown was nominated for a television BAFTA as Best Actress and a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film.[271]

Marianna Bishop, Sarah Michelle Gellar, and Roma Downey portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 1991 miniseries A Woman Named Jackie, covering her entire life until the death of Aristotle Onassis.[272] Of being contacted for the role, Downey reflected: "I thought I was a strange choice because I didn't think I looked anything like her and I was Irish."[273] Half of Downey's wardrobe was designed by Shelley Komarov[274] and Downey stated that though she had long harbored "great respect and admiration" for Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, she was unaware of the troubles in her childhood.[275] Reviewer Rick Kogan praised Downey with doing "a surprisingly fine job in the demanding title role",[276] while Howard Rosenberg lamented Downey's performance failing to "pierce this thick glaze of superficiality".[277] Ability credited the role with raising Downey's profile.[278] In 1992, the miniseries won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries.[279]

Rhoda Griffis portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1992 film Love Field, set shortly before and in the aftermath of JFK's assassination.[280] It was Griffis's feature film debut.[281] Griffis said she had been told by her orthodontist of her resemblance to Kennedy and was cast as her upon walking into the auditions for the role.[282]

Sally Taylor-Isherwood, Emily VanCamp, and Joanne Whalley portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 2000 television miniseries Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, covering chronologically her entire life.[283] Whalley prepared for the role by listening to recordings of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's voice along with working with a dialect coach; by the end of production, she developed an attachment to her.[284] Laura Fries assessed Whalley as lacking Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's charisma despite being "soulful and regal" in her own right[285] while Ron Wertheimer viewed Whalley as being passive in the role and lamented "the filmmakers render Jackie as Forrest Gump in a pillbox hat, someone who keeps passing close to the center of things without really touching – or being touched by – very much."[286]

Stephanie Romanov portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis.[287] Philip French of The Guardian noted her small role and being out of "the loop" was accurate of women's roles in "the early Sixties".[288] Laura Clifford called Romanov "unconvincing" in the role.[289]

Jill Hennessy portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2001 television film Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot.[290][291] Hennessy prepared for the performance by watching hours of archival footage of Kennedy and cited one of the reasons for her favoring of the miniseries was its distinctiveness in not focusing "strictly on the men or only on Jackie".[292] Reviewers Anita Gates[293] and Terry Kelleher[294] believed Hennessy brought "elegance" to the role while Steve Oxman panned the performance: "Hennessy simply doesn't possess the right natural grace. But this pic has a habit of telling us more that it shows us, and the actress manages to communicate the most important elements of the story without ever making it especially convincing."[295]

Jacqueline Bisset portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2003 film America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story.[296] Bisset said the glasses she used during the film were holdovers from a prior role in The Greek Tycoon.[297] Neil Genzlinger thought Bisset "should have known better" in taking on the role[298] while Kristen Tauer wrote Bisset portraying Kennedy as a mother was a "different central light than many proceeding films".[299]

Jeanne Tripplehorn portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2009 film Grey Gardens for a single scene.[300][301] Tripplehorn said questions she had about Edith Bouvier Beale that she thought would be answered by being a part of the film remained unresolved.[302] Tripplehorn received diverse reactions to her performance[303][304][305] while Brian Lowry noted her resemblance to Kennedy and small role.[306]

Katie Holmes portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, set during the Kennedy presidency and its 2017 sequel The Kennedys: After Camelot, focusing on her life after 1968.[307][308] Mary McNamara[309] and Hank Stuever[310] regarded Holmes's performance with neutrality in their reviews of The Kennedys while Hadley Freeman called her "bloodless" in the role.[311] Holmes stated reprising the role was a "bigger challenge" for having to act through later periods of Kennedy's life.[312] When asked of the concurrent Jackie film, Holmes said, "I think its really exciting. It's just is a testament to how amazing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was and how much she meant to our country."[313] Holmes also stated both should be watched due to covering different periods of Jackie's life.[314] In The Kennedys: After Camelot, Holmes's performance was viewed favorably by Daniel Feinberg[315] and Allison Keane[316] while Kristi Turnquist panned her.[317]

Minka Kelly portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2013 film The Butler, giving the film's protagonist Cecil one of her husband's neckties after his assassination.[318][319] Kelly said she was intimidated and scared taking on the role.[320] Kelly admitted to having difficulty with perfecting Kennedy's voice, going "to sleep listening to her", and having discomfort with the wool clothing associated with the role.[319]

Ginnifer Goodwin portrays her in the 2013 television film Killing Kennedy.[321][322] Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Jacqueline Kennedy and was concerned "to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her".[323] Costar Rob Lowe said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, "It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering."[324] Tom Carson wrote that Goodwin's "trademark vulnerability humanizes Jackie considerably"[325] while Bruce Miller called her a miscast[326] and Robert Lloyd[327] and Brian Lowry[328] panned her performance.

Kim Allen portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film LBJ.[329] Ray Bennett noted in his review of the film that Allen was in a non-speaking role.[330]

Natalie Portman portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film Jackie, set during the JFK presidency and the immediate aftermath of the assassination.[331][332] Portman admitted being intimidated taking the role and doing research in preparation for filming.[333] Nigel M. Smith wrote that by portraying Kennedy, Portman was "taking on arguably the biggest challenge of her career".[334] Manohla Dargis,[335] David Edelstein,[336] and Peter Bradshaw[337] praised her performance. Portman was nominated for Best Actress by Academy Awards,[338] AACTA Awards,[339] AWFJ,[340] AFCA,[341] and BSFC,[342] and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society.[343]

Jodi Balfour portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2017 eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's drama series, The Crown, titled "Dear Mrs. Kennedy", set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to Buckingham Palace and the immediate reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[344]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Her French family had its origins in the Rhone River valley village of Pont-Saint-Esprit and left France for the US in the first years of the 19th century.[10] Although the French and English ancestors of the Bouviers were mostly middle class, her paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier Jr., fabricated a more noble ancestry for the family in his vanity family history book, Our Forebears, later disproved by the research by her cousin John Hagy Davis.[11]
  2. ^ At first she had opposed the magazine's offer of the cover, not wanting the baby to be used to benefit her husband's political career, but she hađ changed her mind in exchange for a promise from her father-in-law that John would stop campaigning during the summer to go to Paris with her.[66]
  3. ^ There were some mixed feelings about whether she should testify, Earl Warren in particular indicating an unwillingness to interview her while John J. McCloy outright opposed such an inquiry. Future president Gerald Ford, who served on the Warren Commission, proposed "most informally" having her interviewed by an associate.[125] With the varying opinions of what to do lingering, Warren held a short meeting with Kennedy at her apartment.[125][126]
  4. ^ In May 1965, she, Robert and Ted Kennedy joined Queen Elizabeth II at Runnymede, England, where they dedicated the United Kingdom's official memorial to JFK. The memorial included several acres of meadowland given in perpetuity from the UK to the US, near where King John had signed the Magna Carta in 1215.[137] In 1967, she attended the christening of the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)[138] in Newport News, Virginia, a memorial in Hyannis Port, and a park near New Ross, Ireland. She also attended a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband's coffin, after which he was reinterred so that officials at the cemetery could construct a safer and more stable eternal flame and accommodate the tourists' extensive foot traffic.[139]
  5. ^ Prior to her publishing employment, she had gained experience by being involved with several posthumous biographies of President Kennedy. The first of these was John F. Kennedy, President, by Hugh Sidey, which was published the year after his death in 1964. Simon Michael Bessie, Sidey's editor at Atheneum, recalled her as having read galleys and submitted detailed notes on them. Despite this recollection, Sidey did not acknowledge her contribution in the book. The following year, she helped Ted Sorensen with his book Kennedy. Sorensen told Greg Lawrence that after finishing the "first draft" of his "first big book", he gave Onassis the manuscript since he thought she would be helpful, and she provided him with several comments on the book. Sorensen lauded her assistance in his memoir Counselor, as he wrote that she had "proved to be a superb editor, correcting typographical errors, challenging mistaken assumptions, defending some of her husband's personnel decisions, suggesting useful clarifications, and repeatedly setting the record straight on matters not known to me".[171]
  6. ^ In the mid-1970s, photos of Onassis sunbathing in the nude had been published without her permission in the pornographic magazines Playmen, Screw, and Hustler.[188][189]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Craughwell-Varda, Kathleen (October 14, 1999). Looking for Jackie: American Fashion Icons. Hearst Books. ISBN 978-0-688-16726-4. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017 – via Pinterest.
  3. ^ Hall, Mimi (September 26, 2010). "Jackie Kennedy Onassis: America's Quintessential Icon of Style and Grace". USA Today. from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  4. ^ Bachmann, Elaine Rice. (PDF). White House History. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 28, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  5. ^ Newport, Frank; Moore, David W.; Saad, Lydia (December 13, 1999). "Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998". Gallup. from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
  6. ^ Burial Detail: Onassis, Jacqueline K (Section 45, Grave S-45 – at ANC Explorer.
  7. ^ Pottker, p. 64.
  8. ^ a b c Pottker, p. 7.
  9. ^ Flaherty, ch. 1, subsection "Early years".
  10. ^ "Jackie, la cousine d'Amérique".
  11. ^ Davis, John H. (1995). The Bouviers: Portrait of an American family. National Press Books. ISBN 978-1-882605-19-4.
  12. ^ Spoto, pp. 22, 61.
  13. ^ Rathe, Adam (February 16, 2019). "Lee Radziwill Has Died". Yahoo!. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i McFadden, Robert D. (May 20, 1994). "Death of a First Lady; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64". The New York Times. from the original on June 3, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  15. ^ Leaming, Barbara (2014). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 6–8.
  16. ^ a b Tracy, pp. 9–10.
  17. ^ Cosgrove-Mather, Bootie (April 1, 2004). "New Book: Jackie O's Lessons". CBS News.
  18. ^ a b Glueckstein, Fred (October 2004). (PDF). Equestrian. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
  19. ^ Harrison, Mim. "Jackie Kennedy's Prowess as a Polygot". America the Bilingual.
  20. ^ Tracy, p. 38.
  21. ^ Pottker, p. 74; Spoto, p. 28.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy". The John F. Kennedy Library. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  23. ^ a b Harris, pp. 540–541.
  24. ^ Flaherty, Ch. 1, "School Days"; Pottker, p. 99; Leaming, p. 7.
  25. ^ Leaming (2001), p. 5; Flaherty, Ch. 1, "School Days".
  26. ^ a b Tracy, p. 17.
  27. ^ a b c d e f . First Ladies' Biographical Information. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  28. ^ Pottker, p. 114.
  29. ^ Pottker, p. 8.
  30. ^ Pottker, pp. 100–101.
  31. ^ Spoto, p. 57.
  32. ^ Mead, Rebecca (April 11, 2011). "Jackie's Juvenilia". The New Yorker.
  33. ^ Spoto, p. 63.
  34. ^ Pottker, pp. 113–114
  35. ^ Pottker, pp. 113–114; Leaming, pp. 10–11.
  36. ^ Spoto, pp. 67–68.
  37. ^ Pottker, p. 116; Leaming, pp. 14–15.
  38. ^ Leaming, pp. 14–15.
  39. ^ Leaming, p. 17.
  40. ^ a b c d Leaming (2014), pp. 19–21
  41. ^ Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy; Radziwill, Lee Bouvier (1974). One Special Summer. New York City: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-440-06037-6.
  42. ^ Spoto, Donald (2000). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life. Macmillan. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-312-24650-1 – via Google Books.
  43. ^ Tracy, pp. 72–73.
  44. ^ Bernstein, Adam (September 18, 2002). "Washington Star Editor Sidney Epstein Dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  45. ^ Beasley, p. 79; Adler, pp. 20–21.
  46. ^ Leaming (2014), p. 25.
  47. ^ Spoto, pp. 89–91.
  48. ^ Tracy, p. 70.
  49. ^ O'Brien, pp. 265–266
  50. ^ Harris, pp. 548–549.
  51. ^ "Senator Kennedy to marry in fall". The New York Times. June 25, 1953. p. 31. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  52. ^ Alam, p. 8.
  53. ^ "Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy". jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  54. ^ jfklibrary.org February 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Special Exhibit Celebrates 50th Anniversary of the Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy.
  55. ^ Reed Miller, Rosemary E. (2007). The Threads of Time. T & S Press. ISBN 978-0-9709713-0-2.
  56. ^ Smith, Sally Bedell (2004). Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50449-5.
  57. ^ O'Brien, pp. 295–296.
  58. ^ Leaming (2001), pp. 31–32.
  59. ^ Gullen, Kevin (May 13, 2007). "Finding her way in the clan Diaries, letters reveal a more complex Kennedy matriarch". Boston Globe.
  60. ^ Dallek, Robert. An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963. Back Bay Books, pp. 99–106, 113, 195–197 (2004).
  61. ^ a b "Big Year for the Clan". Time. April 26, 1963.
  62. ^ "Mrs. Kennedy Loses Her Baby". The New York Times. August 24, 1956.
  63. ^ Thompson, Jonathan (May 29, 2017). "Boston: A tour of the city that JFK called home". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  64. ^ Bear, Rob (May 29, 2013). "On His Birthday, Mapping John F. Kennedy's Many Homes". Curbed. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  65. ^ Leaming (2014), p. 90.
  66. ^ Heymann, p. 61.
  67. ^ Spoto, pp. 142–144.
  68. ^ "Jackie Kennedy's Campaign Ad Appearance, before the 1960 Presidential Election". iagreetosee.com.
  69. ^ Hunt and Batcher, p. 167.
  70. ^ Schlesinger (1978), p. 17.
  71. ^ Spoto, p. 146.
  72. ^ Brasted, Chelsea (November 18, 2013). "JFK owes credit to Louisiana for winning 1960 presidential election". The Times-Picayune. from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  73. ^ Spoto, p. 152.
  74. ^ Beasley, p. 72.
  75. ^ Wertheime, Molly Meijer (2004). Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century.
  76. ^ Mulvagh, Jane (May 20, 1994). "Obituary: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis". The Independent.
  77. ^ a b c Beasley, pp. 72–76.
  78. ^ a b Spoto, pp. 155–157.
  79. ^ Schlesinger, p. 69.
  80. ^ Cassini, p. 153.
  81. ^ Spoto, p. 164.
  82. ^ "The Story of the Glen Ora Estate". HouseHistree.com. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  83. ^ a b Beasley, p. 76.
  84. ^ Beasley, pp. 73– 74.
  85. ^ a b c . Firstladies.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  86. ^ a b Beasley, pp. 78–83.
  87. ^ Schwalbe, pp. 111–127.
  88. ^ a b c d e f g h "Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House". The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  89. ^ a b c . Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  90. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  91. ^ a b Abbott, James; Rice, Elaine (1997). Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Thomson. ISBN 978-0-442-02532-8.
  92. ^ Goodman, Sidey and Baldrige, pp. 73–74.
  93. ^ . Time. June 9, 1961. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  94. ^ Blair, W. Grainger (June 3, 1961). "Just an Escort, Kennedy Jokes As Wife's Charm Enchants Paris; First Lady Wins Bouquets From Press – She Also Has Brief Chance to Visit Museum and Admire Manet". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  95. ^ Perry, Barbara A. (2009). Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1343-4.
  96. ^ Meagher and Gragg, p. 83.
  97. ^ Glass, Andrew (March 23, 2011). "Jackie Kennedy adopts Sardar, March 23, 1962". Politico.
  98. ^ Glass, Andrew (March 12, 2015). "Jacqueline Kennedy begins South Asia trip, March 12, 1962". Politico.
  99. ^ Long, Tania (May 1, 1961). "Ottawa Reacts to Mrs. Kennedy With 'Special Glow of Warmth'; Prime Minister Hails Her at Parliament – Crowds Cheer Her at Horse Show and During Visit to Art Gallery". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  100. ^ "Pioneering aide to Jacqueline Kennedy dies". Taipei Times. March 24, 2015.
  101. ^ Rabe, Stephen G. (1999). The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8078-4764-X.
  102. ^ Beschloss, Michael. (2011). Historical Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy. ISBN 978-1-4013-2425-4.
  103. ^ Taraborrelli, J. Randy. Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot. Warner Books: 2000. ISBN 978-0-446-52426-1
  104. ^ Clarke, Thurston (July 1, 2013). "A Death in the First Family". Vanity Fair.
  105. ^ a b Levingston, Steven (October 24, 2013). "For John and Jackie Kennedy, the death of a son may have brought them closer". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
  106. ^ a b Leaming (2014), pp. 120–122.
  107. ^ Schlesinger, p. xiv
  108. ^ Leaming (2014), p. 123.
  109. ^ Bugliosi, pp. 30, 34.
  110. ^ Ford, Elizabeth; Mitchell, Deborah C. (March 2004). The Makeover in Movies: Before and After in Hollywood Films, 1941–2002. McFarland. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7864-1721-6. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  111. ^ Alam, p. 36.
  112. ^ "Testimony of Clinton J. Hill, Special Agent, Secret Service". Warren Commission Hearings. Assassination Archives and Research Center. pp. 132–144. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  113. ^ Trask, p. 318.
  114. ^ "Warren Commission Hearings". Mary Ferrell Foundation. 1964. p. 180.
  115. ^ Manchester, William (1967). Death of a President. New York City: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-88365-956-4.
  116. ^ "Selections from Lady Bird's Diary on the assassination: November 22, 1963". Lady Bird Johnson: Portrait of a First Lady. PBS. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
  117. ^ Kettler, Sara (April 12, 2019). "Why Jacqueline Kennedy Didn't Take Off Her Pink Suit After JFK Was Assassinated". Biography.
  118. ^ Horyn, Cathy (November 14, 2013). "Jacqueline Kennedy's Smart Pink Suit, Preserved in Memory and Kept Out of View". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  119. ^ Caro, p. 329.
  120. ^ a b Campbell, Lady Jeanne (November 25, 1963). "Magic Majesty of Mrs. Kennedy". London Evening Standard. London. p. 1.
  121. ^ Hilty, p. 484.
  122. ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. . The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  123. ^ "In The Nation; The Unsolved Mysteries of Motive". The New York Times. September 29, 1964. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  124. ^ Leaming, Barbara (September 30, 2014). "The Winter of Her Despair". Vanity Fair.
  125. ^ a b White (1987), p. 203.
  126. ^ Leaming (2014), p. 171.
  127. ^ An Epilogue, in Life, Dec 6, 1963, pp. 158–159.
  128. ^ Spoto, pp. 233–234.
  129. ^ White, Theodore H. (December 6, 1963). "For President Kennedy, an Epilogue". Life. Vol. 55, no. 23. ISSN 0024-3019.
  130. ^ Tomlin, p. 295.
  131. ^ Hunter, Marjorie (December 7, 1963). "Mrs. Kennedy is in new home; declines 3-acre Arlington plot" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. 1, 13. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  132. ^ Andersen, pp. 55–56.
  133. ^ a b Spoto, pp. 239–240.
  134. ^ "1040 Fifth Avenue: Where Jackie O. lived". Abagond. August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  135. ^ Heymann, Clemens David (2007). American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy. Atria Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-9738-1.
  136. ^ Andersen, Christopher P. (2003). Sweet Caroline: Last Child of Camelot. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-103225-7.
  137. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis". u-s-history.com.
  138. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "May 27, 1967 – Jacqueline, Caroline and John at the christening of the U.S.S. John F. Kennedy". Retrieved November 15, 2014 – via YouTube.
  139. ^ "JFK's body moved to permanent gravesite". HISTORY.com.
  140. ^ Tracy, p. 180.
  141. ^ "AD Classics: JFK Presidential Library / I.M. Pei". ArchDaily. August 7, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  142. ^ Mills, p. 363.
  143. ^ Schlesinger, Vol 2., p. 762.
  144. ^ White, pp. 98–99.
  145. ^ . Devata.org. January 6, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. November 1967.
  146. ^ Alam, p. 32.
  147. ^ Little, Harriet Fitch (March 21, 2015). "Jacqueline Kennedy's charm offensive". The Phnom Penh Post.
  148. ^ Leaming (2014), pp. 237–238.
  149. ^ Thomas, p. 91.
  150. ^ Hersh, p. 85.
  151. ^ Tracy, p. 194.
  152. ^ a b c Flynt and Eisenbach, p. 216.
  153. ^ Heymann, p. 141.
  154. ^ Thomas, p. 361.
  155. ^ Ford, p. 273.
  156. ^ Morriss, John G. (June 6, 1968). "Kennedy claims victory; and then shots ring out". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  157. ^ Hill, Gladwin (June 6, 1968). "Kennedy is Dead, Victim of Assassin; Suspect, Arab Immigrant, Arraigned; Johnson Appoints Panel on Violence". The New York Times. from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  158. ^ Pottker, p. 257.
  159. ^ a b Seely, Katherine (July 19, 1999). "John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  160. ^ Spoto, p. 266.
  161. ^ "Cardinal Claims Excommunication Idea 'Nonsense,' in Talk about Jackie Kennedy". The Southeast Missourian. October 23, 1968 – via Google News.
  162. ^ "Roman Catholics: The Cardinal and Jackie". Time. November 1, 1968. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  163. ^ Tracy, p. 211.
  164. ^ Colacello, Bob (March 1994). "Doris Duke's Final Mystery". Vanity Fair. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  165. ^ "Duke, Doris | Learning to Give". Learning to Give. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  166. ^ Barnes, Valerie (November 25, 1973). "Peapack a Refuge For Mrs. Onassis". The New York Times.
  167. ^ Heymann, p. 90.
  168. ^ Hersh, p. 512.
  169. ^ Spoto, p. 282
  170. ^ Tracy, p. 232.
  171. ^ Lawrence, pp. 13–14.
  172. ^ Sabato, p. 324
  173. ^ Reeves, pp. 124–127.
  174. ^ Carmody, Deirdre (October 15, 1977). "Mrs. Onassis Resigns Editing Post". The New York Times. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  175. ^ Silverman, pp. 71–72.
  176. ^ Leaming (2014), p. 292.
  177. ^ Lawrence, p. 95.
  178. ^ Spoto, p. 319.
  179. ^ "Hutchins mss., 1972–1999". Indiana University.
  180. ^ a b McGee, Celia (December 2010). "Once an Editor, Now the Subject". The New York Times.
  181. ^ "Jackie O.: A Life in Books". oprah.com. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  182. ^ a b Adler, Bill (April 13, 2004). The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis – A Portrait in Her Own Words. Vol. 1. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-073282-0.
  183. ^ Schuyler, David (2018). Frederic Church's Olana on the Hudson: Art, Landscape, and Architecture. Hudson, New York: Rizzoli International Publications/The Olana Partnership. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8478-6311-2.
  184. ^ "Jackie Sues Indians In Martha's Vineyard Over A Beach". Chicago Tribune. January 23, 1989.
  185. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "1040 Fifth Avenue: Jackie O's Unusual New York City Neighbor". Vanity Fair. October 16, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2020 – via YouTube.
  186. ^ "Ron Galella". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  187. ^ Fried, Joseph (January 2, 2005). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015.
  188. ^ Bianchi, Martín (September 11, 2023). "Jackie Kennedy and the billion dollar nude: 50 years since the first case of 'revenge porn'". El País English.
  189. ^ Newman, Andy (December 19, 2013). "Al Goldstein, a Publisher Who Took the Romance Out of Sex, Dies at 77". The New York Times. p. A1.
  190. ^ Schmidt, Susan (August 2, 1997). "DNC Donor with an Eye on Diamonds." The Washington Post. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  191. ^ a b Clinton, pp. 135–138.
  192. ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (October 13, 2003). "The Student: How Hillary Clinton set out to master the Senate". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  193. ^ Lewis, Kathy (August 25, 1993). "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reaches Out To President Clinton – She Ends Long Political Isolation". The Seattle Times.
  194. ^ a b c d e f Leaming (2014), pp. 308–309.
  195. ^ "A fall while foxhunting marks the beginning of the end of Jackie O". Today. April 13, 2004. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
  196. ^ a b c d Altman, Lawrence K. (May 20, 1994). "Death of a first lady; No More Could Be Done, Mrs. Kennedy-Onassis Was Told". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  197. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "JFK Jr. speaks to the press outside of ..." Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via YouTube.
  198. ^ Apple, R. W. Jr. (May 24, 1994). "Death of a First Lady: The Overview; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Is Buried". The New York Times. p. A1.
  199. ^ Spoto, p. 22.
  200. ^ Horvitz, Paul F. (May 24, 1994). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  201. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (May 20, 1994). "On This Day – Death of a First Lady; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  202. ^ Johnston, David Cay (December 21, 1996). "Mrs. Onassis's Estate Worth Less Than Estimated". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  203. ^ Tierney, Tom (1985). Great fashion designs of the fifties : paper dolls in full color : 30 haute couture costumes by Dior, Balenciaga and others. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24960-3. OCLC 17308697.
  204. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer". The New York Times. May 20, 1994. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  205. ^ Swanson, Kelsey (2005). "From Saint to Sinner and Back Again: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Rehabilitates Her Image". Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II. 10 (Article 9): 70–86. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  206. ^ Swanson, p. 78.
  207. ^ Swanson p. 76.
  208. ^ Swanson p. 75.
  209. ^ Swanson, p. 71.
  210. ^ Swanson, pp. 80–82.
  211. ^ Swanson, pp. 84–85.
  212. ^ a b c . National Geographic Channel. October 15, 2013. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  213. ^ And I Quote (Revised Edition): The Definitive Collection of Quotes, Sayings, and Jokes for the Contemporary Speechmaker. Thomas Dunne Books. 2003. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-312-30744-8.
  214. ^ "Death of Namesake Jacke O. Inspires Jackie Joyner-Kersee To New U.S. Long Jump Record". Jet. June 6, 1994.
  215. ^ a b "Return of the Jackie Look – Sort of Fashion from A-Line Dresses to Fitted Jackets". Newsweek. August 28, 1994.
  216. ^ a b c d Bowles, Hamish; John F. Kennedy Library and Museum (2001). Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years : Selections from the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-87099-981-9.
  217. ^ Collins, Amy Fine (June 1, 2003). "It had to be Kenneth". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  218. ^ Wong, pp. 151–154
  219. ^ "Jackie O Sunglasses - How She Changed Fashion History". Mouqy Eyewear. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  220. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy's Style Changes After The White House". Refermate. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  221. ^ . Life. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  222. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2007.
  223. ^ a b "The Jacqueline Kennedy Collection by Camrose & Kross". from the original on March 12, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  224. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy's Black Lace Mantilla With Impeccable Provenance". University Archives. June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  225. ^ Farber, David (2004). The Sixties Chronicles. Publications International Ltd. p. 153. ISBN 1-4127-1009-X.
  226. ^ . Vanity Fair. 1965. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  227. ^ Lambert and Zilkha, pp. 64–69, 90.
  228. ^ "JACQUELINE KENNEDY: THE WHITE HOUSE YEARS". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  229. ^ Lee Adams, William (April 2, 2012). "All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons: Princess Diana". Time. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  230. ^ Boyd, Sara (March 14, 2016). "10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous". Forbes.
  231. ^ "1962: Jacqueline Kennedy". Time. March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  232. ^ Whitaker, Morgan (January 30, 2016). "Who will the next first lady (or first gentleman) of the US be?". AOL.
  233. ^ Greenhouse, Emily (August 17, 2015). "Vitamins & Caviar: Getting to Know Melania Trump". Bloomberg Politics. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  234. ^ Magill, p. 2817.
  235. ^ Brown, DeNeen L. (November 19, 2013). "The enduring legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy, a master at shaping public appearance". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  236. ^ Barber, Kelly (June 8, 1994). "Jackie Kennedy was a role model". Letters to the Editor. Allegheny Times – via Google News.
  237. ^ Suhay, Lisa (March 23, 2016). . The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
  238. ^ Connolly, Katie (November 28, 2008). "Why Michelle Obama Is Not the Next Jackie O". Newsweek.
  239. ^ Karsh, Yousuf; Travis, David (2009). Regarding Heroes. David R Godine. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-56792-359-9.
  240. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis dies in 1994". Daily News. New York. May 18, 2015.
  241. ^ Bush, Laura (2010). Spoken From the Heart. Scribner. pp. 183. ISBN 978-1-4391-5520-2.
  242. ^ Galop, Kathleen P. (Spring 2006). . Forum Journal. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  243. ^ Anthony, Carl (September 4, 2013). . firstladies.org. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016.
  244. ^ a b c d e f g "Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings" (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  245. ^ "Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5th to 4th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  246. ^ "Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 2nd to 5th; Jackie Kennedy from 7th to 4th Mary Todd Lincoln Up From Usual Last Place" (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Sienna College Research Center. September 29, 2003. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  247. ^ "2014 Power Couple Score" (PDF). scri.siena.edu/. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  248. ^ "Eleanor Roosevelt, Hillary Clinton Top First Lady Poll" (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Sienna College. January 10, 1994. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  249. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School". New York City Department of Education. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  250. ^ "P.S. 66 Queens – The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School". PS66q.com.
  251. ^ Kifner, John (July 23, 1994). "Central Park Honor for Jacqueline Onassis". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  252. ^ July 2; Bookmark +, 2014 • Metro Magazine Staff •. "N.Y. Grand Central Terminal foyer dedicated to Kennedy Onassis". www.metro-magazine.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  253. ^ . Municipal Art Society. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010.
  254. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "The last Public Appearance of Mrs Onassis". PlanetPR. March 1994. Retrieved August 16, 2020 – via YouTube.
  255. ^ . George Washington University. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  256. ^ Zweifel and Buckland, p. 87
  257. ^ (Press release). The Planetary Society. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  258. ^ "The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School at American Ballet Theatre". American Ballet Theatre. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  259. ^ Fitzpatrick, Elayne Wareing (2009). Traveling Backward. Xlibris, Corp. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4363-8242-7.
  260. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (May 24, 1994). "Death of a First Lady: the Companion; Quietly at Her Side, Public at the End". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
  261. ^ Pottker, p.181.
  262. ^ Leitch, Will (December 2, 2016). "Jackie: Death Becomes Her". New Republic.
  263. ^ O'Connor, John J. (October 14, 1981). "TV: 'Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy'". The New York Times.
  264. ^ Heil, Emily (September 13, 2016). "Natalie Portman may be (finally) the Jackie Kennedy fans want". The Washington Post.
  265. ^ Preston, Marrilyn (October 13, 1981). "'Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy' a naïve and misty look at the Camelot years". Chicago Tribune. p. 29.
  266. ^ Shales, Tom (October 14, 1981). "Fame! Fortune! Jackie! Fluff!". The Washington Post.
  267. ^ Pond, Neil (February 24, 2017). "First Ladies: Their Lives, Their Influence, Their Imitators". Parade.
  268. ^ Hall, Jane (November 28, 1983). "20 Years Later". People.
  269. ^ Bailey, Jason (March 10, 2009). "Kennedy: The Complete Series". DVD Talk.
  270. ^ Mullaney, Andrea. "Kennedy". eyeforfilm.co.uk.
  271. ^ Roberts, Jerry (2009). Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Scarecrow Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-8108-6138-1.
  272. ^ Kilian, Michael (July 10, 1991). "Actresses Of All Sizes Take Self-assuredness To New Heights". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  273. ^ King, Susan (October 12, 1991). "A Woman Named Roma". Los Angeles Times. from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  274. ^ Kahn, Eve (October 13, 1991). "TELEVISION; Clothes Help Make The Woman". The New York Times.
  275. ^ Kilian, Michael (July 15, 1991). . Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018.
  276. ^ Kogan, Rick (October 11, 1991). . Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018.
  277. ^ Rosenberg, Howard (October 11, 1991). "TV REVIEW : NBC's 'Jackie': Oh, No". Los Angeles Times. from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  278. ^ Cooper, Chet. "Interview with Roma Downey". Ability.
  279. ^ "1992 Emmy Winners". The New York Times. September 1, 1992.
  280. ^ Willis, John (2000). Screen World 1993, Vol. 44 (John Willis Screen World). Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-55783-175-0.
  281. ^ Shanley, Patrick (December 1, 2016). "Jackie Kennedy: 16 Actresses Who Have Played the Former First Lady". The Hollywood Reporter.
  282. ^ Roth, Elizabeth Schulte (November 16, 2012). "Class Act". The Atlantan. Modern Luxury. from the original on May 21, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  283. ^ "Kennedy Movies". The Daily Beast. April 29, 2010.
  284. ^ Brownfield, Paul (November 3, 2000). "They're Feeling Protective About Jackie". Los Angeles Times. from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  285. ^ Fries, Laura (November 1, 2000). "Review: 'Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'". Variety.
  286. ^ Wertheimer, Ron (November 3, 2000). "TV WEEKEND; Rule No. 1: Smile. Appear Cool and Detached. Always". The New York Times.
  287. ^ "Thirteen Days". pluggedin.com.
  288. ^ French, Philip (March 18, 2001). "Thirteen Days". The Guardian.
  289. ^ "Thirteen Days". Reeling Reviews. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  290. ^ Rosenberg, Howard (March 3, 2001). "Kennedy Tragedies Revisited in Weepy 'Women of Camelot'". Los Angeles Times.
  291. ^ Soichet, Emmanuelle (September 16, 2001). "Familiar Faces in New Places". Los Angeles Times.
  292. ^ Bobbin, Jay (March 4, 2001). "Kennedy Women: Miniseries Views Tragedy-plagued Lives Of Camelot". Chicago Tribune.
  293. ^ "TELEVISION REVIEW; Back to the Kennedy Well, With a Focus on the Women". The New York Times. March 3, 2001.
  294. ^ "Picks and Pans Review: Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot". People. March 5, 2001.
  295. ^ Oxman, Steve (March 1, 2001). "Review: 'Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot'". Variety.
  296. ^ Hal Erickson (2012). . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  297. ^ Pierce, Scott D. (January 9, 2003). "JFK Jr. movie just plain bad". Deseret News.
  298. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (January 11, 2003). "TELEVISION REVIEW; The Son of a Famous Father, Best Known for His Name". The New York Times.
  299. ^ Tauer, Kristen (November 23, 2016). "Before Natalie Portman, These Actresses Have Also Portrayed Jackie Kennedy". Women's Wear Daily.
  300. ^ "Tripplehorn adds color to 'Grey Gardens'". Reuters. November 5, 2007.
  301. ^ Nussbaum, Emily (April 12, 2009). "Hampton Gothic". New York.
  302. ^ Rohter, Larry (April 7, 2009). "'Grey Gardens,' Back Story Included". The New York Times.
  303. ^ Patterson, Troy (April 17, 2009). "Decaying Preppies". Slate.
  304. ^ "Grey Gardens". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 2009.
  305. ^ Wiegand, David (April 18, 2009). "TV review: Drew Barrymore in 'Grey Gardens'". San Francisco Chronicle.
  306. ^ Lowry, Brian (April 9, 2009). "Review: 'Grey Gardens'". Variety.
  307. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 13, 2014). "Katie Holmes To Return As Jackie O In 'The Kennedys: After Camelot' Reelz Mini". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  308. ^ Perez, Lexy (March 16, 2017). "Camelot' Premiere: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry on Playing Icons and the Family's Legacy". The Hollywood Reporter.
  309. ^ McNamara, Mary (April 1, 2011). "Television review: 'The Kennedys'". Los Angeles Times.
  310. ^ Stuever, Hank (March 31, 2011). "TV review: About the Kennedys, like the Kennedys, but never fully 'The Kennedys'". The Washington Post.
  311. ^ Freeman, Hadley (April 4, 2011). "The Kennedys retreads of old grounds in life and lore of JFK". The Guardian.
  312. ^ Bianco, Robert (January 13, 2017). "Katie Holmes compares her 'Jackie' to Natalie Portman's". USA Today.
  313. ^ Stanhope, Kate (January 13, 2017). "Katie Holmes Talks Reprising Jackie Kennedy Role After 'Jackie': There's Room for Both". The Hollywood Reporter.
  314. ^ "Matthew Perry on Ted Kennedy: "By far the most challenging role I've ever played"". Star Tribune. March 30, 2017.
  315. ^ Feinberg, Daniel (March 31, 2017). "'The Kennedys: After Camelot': TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter.
  316. ^ Keane, Allison (March 31, 2017). "'The Kennedys – After Camelot' Review: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry Take on Accents, Accountability". Collider.
  317. ^ Turnquist, Kristi (April 1, 2017). "'The Kennedys: After Camelot' buries Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry in bad wigs and lousy writing (review)". The Oregonian.
  318. ^ Derschowitz, Jessica (May 25, 2012). "Minka Kelly to play Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'". CBS News.
  319. ^ a b Cress, Jennifer (February 8, 2013). "Minka Kelly: 'I'm Not Worthy' of Acting with Oprah". People.
  320. ^ "Minka Kelly: It Was "Intimidating" Playing Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'". Life & Style. August 2, 2013. from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  321. ^ Hibberd, James (May 28, 2013). "Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie". Entertainment Weekly. from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  322. ^ Barnes, Bronwyn (June 20, 2013). "Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? – POLL". Entertainment Weekly.
  323. ^ Truitt, Brian (November 10, 2013). "Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side". USA Today.
  324. ^ "'Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK". Fox News. November 8, 2013.
  325. ^ Carson, Tom (November 8, 2013). "The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics". GQ.
  326. ^ Miller, Bruce (November 9, 2013). "Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination". Sioux City Journal.
  327. ^ Lloyd, Robert (November 8, 2013). "Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend". Los Angeles Times.
  328. ^ Lowry, Brian (November 5, 2013). "TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'". Variety.
  329. ^ McNary, Dave (August 19, 2015). "Kim Allen Cast as Jackie Kennedy in Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'". Variety.
  330. ^ "TIFF FILM REVIEW: Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'". thecliffedge.com. September 15, 2016.
  331. ^ Hopewell, John (May 14, 2015). "Natalie Portman to Star as Jacqueline Kennedy in New Drama (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  332. ^ Whipp, Glenn (January 26, 2017). "Natalie Portman's four steps — some simple, some not — to becoming Jackie Kennedy". Los Angeles Times.
  333. ^ Gurrrasio, Jason (September 14, 2016). "How Natalie Portman prepared for her Oscar-worthy performance as Jackie Kennedy". Business Insider. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  334. ^ Smith, Nigel M. (January 8, 2017). "Natalie Portman: bringing Jackie Onassis back to life". The Guardian.
  335. ^ Dargis, Manohla (December 1, 2016). "'Jackie': Under the Widow's Weeds, a Myth Marketer". The New York Times.
  336. ^ Edelstein, David (December 1, 2016). "Jackie Is Brutally Intimate and Admirably Brittle". Vulture.
  337. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (January 19, 2017). "Jackie review – Natalie Portman intelligent and poised as JFK's widow". The Guardian.
  338. ^ "Natalie Portman on her Oscar nomination for Jackie role". BBC. February 20, 2017.
  339. ^ "Nicole Kidman, Mel Gibson win AACTA international awards ahead of Golden Globes". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. January 7, 2017.
  340. ^ Merin, Jennifer (December 16, 2016). "2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  341. ^ Anderson, Erik (December 15, 2016). "Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations: The Handmaiden Lands Top Mentions, Trevante Rhodes Double Nominated". Awardswatch. AwardsWatch.com. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  342. ^ . Chicago Film Critics Association. December 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  343. ^ "20th Annual Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominations". Online Film Critics Society. December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  344. ^ Gaudette, Emily (December 18, 2017). "The Queen and Jackie Kennedy's Blood-covered Dress: Did Elizabeth Really Meet Jacqueline Onassis?". Newsweek. Retrieved December 23, 2017.

Bibliography edit

  • Adler, Bill (2009). The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: A Portrait in Her Own Words. HarperCollins.
  • Badrul Alam, Mohammed (2006). Jackie Kennedy: Trailblazer. Nova History Publication. ISBN 978-1-59454-558-0.
  • Andersen, Christopher (2015). The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved. Gallery Books. ISBN 978-1-4767-7557-9.
  • Beasley, Maurine (2005). First Ladies and the Press: The Unfinished Partnership of the Media Age. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-2312-0.
  • Bradford, Sarah (2000). America's Queen: The Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Viking.
  • Bugliosi, Vincent (2007). Four Days in November: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33215-5.
  • Caro, Robert A. (2013). The Passage of Power: Volume 4 of The Years of Lyndon Johnson (Illustrated reprint ed.). Vintage. ISBN 978-0-375-71325-5.
  • Cassini, Oleg (1995). A Thousand Days of Magic: Dressing the First Lady for the White House. Rizzoli International Publications. ISBN 978-0-8478-1900-3.
  • Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2003). Living History. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-2225-9.
  • Flaherty, Tina (2004). What Jackie Taught Us: Lessons from the Remarkable Life of Jacqueline. New York City: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-101-49427-1.
  • Flynt, Larry; David, Ph.D. Eisenbach (2011). One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-230-10503-4.
  • Goodman, Jon; Sidey, Hugh; Baldrige, Letitia (2006). The Kennedy Mystique: Creating Camelot: Essays. National Geographic Books. ISBN 978-0-7922-5308-2.
  • Ford, Lynne E. (2008). Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics. Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5491-6.
  • Harris, Bill (2012). First Ladies Fact Book -- Revised and Updated: The Childhoods, Courtships, Marriages, Campaigns, Accomplishments, and Legacies of Every First Lady from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. Black Dog & Leventhal. ISBN 978-1-57912-891-3.
  • Hersh, Burton (2010). Edward Kennedy: An Intimate Biography. Counterpoint. ISBN 978-1-58243-628-9.
  • Heymann, C. David (2007). American Legacy: The Story of John and Caroline Kennedy. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-9738-1.
  • Heymann, C. David (2009). Bobby and Jackie: A Love Story. Atria Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5624-4.
  • Hilty, James (2000). Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-766-7.
  • Hunt, Amber; Batcher, David (2014). Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family. Lyons Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7627-9634-2.
  • Kennedy, Jacqueline (2011). Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy. Hyperion. ISBN 1-4013-2425-8.
  • Lambert, Eleanor; Zilkha, Bettina (2004). Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List. Assouline. ISBN 2-84323-513-8.
  • Lawrence, Greg (2011). Jackie as Editor: The Literary Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-59193-9.
  • Leaming, Barbara (2001). Mrs. Kennedy: The Missing History of the Kennedy Years Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-86209-5.
  • Leaming, Barbara (2014). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-250-01764-2.
  • Mills, Judie (1998). Robert Kennedy. Millbrook Press. ISBN 978-1-56294-250-2.
  • Magill, Frank Northen (1999). Dictionary of World Biography: The 20th century, O-Z. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-57958-048-3.
  • Meagher, Michael; Gragg, Larry D. (2011). John F. Kennedy: A Biography. Greenwood.
  • O'Brien, Michael (2006). John F. Kennedy: A Biography. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 265–266. ISBN 978-0-312-35745-0.
  • Pottker, Jan (2002). Janet and Jackie: The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-30281-8.
  • Reeves, Richard (1977). Convention. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-122582-8.
  • Sabato, Larry J. (2013). The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination and Lasting Legacy. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-62040-280-1.
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (2002) [1965]. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-618-21927-8.
  • Schlesinger, Arthur (1978). Robert Kennedy and His Times, Volume 2. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-618-21928-5.
  • Silverman, Al (2008). The Time of Their Lives. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-35003-1.
  • Spoto, Donald (2000). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-97707-8.
  • Schwalbe, Carol B. (2005). "Jacqueline Kennedy and Cold War Propaganda". Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 49 (1): 111–127. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_7. S2CID 146316495.
  • Tomlin, Gregory M. (2016). Murrow's Cold War: Public Diplomacy for the Kennedy Administration. University of Nebraska Press.
  • Tracy, Kathleen (2008). The Everything Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Book: A portrait of an American icon. Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-59869-530-4.
  • Trask, Richard B. (1994). Pictures of the Pain: Photography and the Assassination of President Kennedy (hardcover ed.). Yeoman Press. ISBN 0-9638595-0-1.
  • West, J.B., with Mary Lynn Kotz (1973). Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. SBN 698-10546-X.
  • White, Mark (2013). Kennedy: A Cultural History of an American Icon. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-7867-2102-3.
  • White, G. Edward (1987). Earl Warren: A Public Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504936-7.
  • Wolff, Perry (1962). A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Doubleday & Company.
  • Wong, Aliza Z. (2010). Willett, Julie (ed.). The American beauty industry encyclopedia: Hairstylists, Celebrity. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. pp. 151–154. ISBN 978-0-313-35949-1.
  • Zweifel, John; Buckland, Gail (1994). The White House in Miniature: Based on the White House Replica by John, Jan, and the Zweifel Fam. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03663-3.
  • Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996. Sotheby's: 1996.
  • The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (category)
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.
Honorary titles
Preceded by First Lady of the United States
1961–1963 		Succeeded by

February 15, 2024
jacqueline, kennedy, onassis, kennedy, redirects, here, other, women, with, this, surname, kennedy, surname, jacqueline, jackie, kennedy, onassis, née, bouvier, july, 1929, 1994, american, writer, book, editor, socialite, served, first, lady, united, states, f. Mrs Kennedy redirects here For other women with this surname see Kennedy surname Jacqueline Jackie Lee Kennedy Onassis nee Bouvier ˈ b uː v i eɪ July 28 1929 May 19 1994 was an American writer book editor and socialite who served as the first lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963 as the wife of President John F Kennedy A popular first lady she endeared the American public with her devotion to her family dedication to the historic preservation of the White House the campaigns she led to preserve and restore historic landmarks and architecture along with her interest in American history culture and arts During her lifetime she was regarded as an international icon for her unique fashion choices and her work as a cultural ambassador of the United States made her very popular globally 1 Jacqueline Kennedy OnassisKennedy in the Diplomatic Reception Room of the White House 1961First Lady of the United StatesIn role January 20 1961 November 22 1963PresidentJohn F KennedyPreceded byMamie EisenhowerSucceeded byLady Bird JohnsonPersonal detailsBornJacqueline Lee Bouvier 1929 07 28 July 28 1929Southampton New York U S DiedMay 19 1994 1994 05 19 aged 64 New York City New York U S Resting placeArlington National CemeteryPolitical partyDemocraticSpousesJohn F Kennedy m 1953 died 1963 wbr Aristotle Onassis m 1968 died 1975 wbr Domestic partner s Maurice Tempelsman cohabited 1980 1994 ChildrenArabella Caroline John Jr and PatrickParentsJohn Vernou Bouvier III Janet Lee BouvierRelativesCaroline Lee Bouvier sister Janet Jennings Auchincloss half sister EducationVassar College George Washington University BA OccupationSocialite book editor journalistSignatureOther namesJacqueline Kennedy Jacqueline OnassisAfter studying history and art at Vassar College and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University in 1951 Bouvier started working for the Washington Times Herald as an inquiring photographer 2 The following year she met then Congressman John Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington He was elected to the Senate that same year and the couple married on September 12 1953 in Newport Rhode Island They had four children two of whom died in infancy Following her husband s election to the presidency in 1960 Kennedy was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and emphasis on arts and culture as well as for her style She also traveled to many countries where her fluency in foreign languages and history made her very popular 3 4 At age 31 she was the third youngest first lady of the United States when her husband was inaugurated and was named Time magazine s Woman of the Year in 1962 After her husband s assassination and funeral in 1963 Kennedy and her children largely withdrew from public view In 1968 she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis which caused controversy Following Onassis s death in 1975 she had a career as a book editor in New York City first at Viking Press and then at Doubleday and worked to restore her public image Even after her death she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable first ladies in American history and in 1999 she was listed as one of Gallup s Most Admired Men and Women of the 20th century 5 She died in 1994 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside President Kennedy and two of their children one stillborn and one who died shortly after birth 6 Surveys of historians conducted periodically by the Siena College Research Institute since 1982 have consistently found Kennedy Onassis to rank among the most highly regarded first ladies by the assessments of historians Contents 1 Early life 1929 1951 1 1 Family and childhood 1 2 College and early career 2 Marriage to John F Kennedy 3 First Lady of the United States 1961 1963 3 1 Campaign for presidency 3 2 As first lady 3 2 1 White House restoration 3 2 2 Foreign trips 3 2 3 Death of infant son 4 Assassination and funeral of John F Kennedy 5 Life following the assassination 1963 1975 5 1 Mourning period and later public appearances 5 2 Relationship with Robert F Kennedy 5 3 Marriage to Aristotle Onassis 6 Later years 1975 1990s 7 Illness death and funeral 8 Legacy 8 1 Popularity 8 2 Style icon 8 3 Historical assessments 9 Honors and memorials 10 Portrayals 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13 1 Bibliography 14 External linksEarly life 1929 1951 editFamily and childhood edit Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28 1929 at Southampton Hospital in Southampton New York to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III and socialite Janet Norton Lee 7 Her mother was of Irish descent 8 and her father had French Scottish and English ancestry 9 a Named after her father she was baptized at the Church of St Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and raised in the Roman Catholic faith 12 Caroline Lee her younger sister was born four years later on March 3 1933 13 Jacqueline Bouvier spent her early childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata the Bouviers country estate in East Hampton on Long Island 14 She looked up to her father who likewise favored her over her sister calling his elder child the most beautiful daughter a man ever had 15 Biographer Tina Santi Flaherty reports Jacqueline s early confidence in herself seeing a link to her father s praise and positive attitude to her and her sister Lee Radziwill stated that Jacqueline would not have gained her independence and individuality had it not been for the relationship she had with their father and paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier Jr 16 17 From an early age Jacqueline was an enthusiastic equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport and horse riding remained a lifelong passion 16 18 She took ballet lessons was an avid reader and excelled at learning foreign languages including French Spanish and Italian 19 French was particularly emphasized in her upbringing 20 nbsp Six year old Jacqueline Bouvier with her dog in 1935In 1935 Jacqueline Bouvier was enrolled in Manhattan s Chapin School where she attended grades 1 7 18 21 She was a bright student but often misbehaved one of her teachers described her as a darling child the prettiest little girl very clever very artistic and full of the devil 22 Her mother attributed this behavior to her finishing her assignments ahead of classmates and then acting out in boredom 23 Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave 23 The marriage of the Bouviers was strained by the father s alcoholism and extramarital affairs the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 14 24 They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later with the press publishing intimate details of the split 25 According to her cousin John H Davis Jacqueline was deeply affected by the divorce and subsequently had a tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own 14 When their mother married Standard Oil heir Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr the Bouvier sisters did not attend the ceremony because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to World War II 26 They gained three stepsiblings from Auchincloss s previous marriages Hugh Yusha Auchincloss III Thomas Gore Auchincloss and Nina Gore Auchincloss Jacqueline formed the closest bond with Yusha who became one of her most trusted confidants 26 The marriage later produced two more children Janet Jennings Auchincloss in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947 27 As a wedding gift Mr Auchincloss presented his new wife Janet with a car But being in the depths of World War II no new cars were being produced So Mr Auchincloss gave her a like new 1940 Ford Deluxe Convertible Jacqueline 13 at the time learned to drive in this 1940 Ford She continued using the car with her siblings through the 1940s Shortly before her graduation from George Washington University in 1951 the Auchincloss family sold the Ford The car now resides in the Crumpley Family Collection in Texas After the remarriage Auchincloss s Merrywood estate in McLean Virginia became the Bouvier sisters primary residence although they also spent time at his other estate Hammersmith Farm in Newport Rhode Island and in their father s homes in New York City and Long Island 14 28 Although she retained a relationship with her father Jacqueline Bouvier also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure 14 He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she otherwise would have never experienced 29 While adjusting to her mother s remarriage she sometimes felt like an outsider in the WASP social circle of the Auchinclosses attributing the feeling to her being Catholic as well as being a child of divorce which was not common in that social group at that time 30 After seven years at Chapin Jacqueline Bouvier attended the Holton Arms School in Northwest Washington D C from 1942 to 1944 and Miss Porter s School in Farmington Connecticut from 1944 to 1947 8 She chose Miss Porter s because it was a boarding school that allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses and because the school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes 31 In her senior class yearbook Bouvier was acknowledged for her wit her accomplishment as a horsewoman and her unwillingness to become a housewife She later hired her childhood friend Nancy Tuckerman to be her social secretary at the White House 32 She graduated among the top students of her class and received the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature 33 College and early career edit In the fall of 1947 Jacqueline Bouvier entered Vassar College in Poughkeepsie New York at that time a women s institution 34 She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College closer to New York City but her parents insisted that she choose the more isolated Vassar 35 She was an accomplished student who participated in the school s art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper 14 36 Due to her dislike of Vassar s location in Poughkeepsie she did not take an active part in its social life and instead traveled back to Manhattan for the weekends 37 She had made her debut to high society in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the debutante of the year 38 She spent her junior year 1949 1950 in France at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble and at the Sorbonne in Paris in a study abroad program through Smith College 39 Upon returning home she transferred to George Washington University in Washington D C graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951 27 During the early years of her marriage to John F Kennedy she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington D C 27 While attending George Washington Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve month junior editorship at Vogue magazine she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide 40 The position entailed working for six months in the magazine s New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris 40 Before beginning the job she celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee s high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer 40 The trip was the subject of her only autobiography One Special Summer co authored with Lee it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline Bouvier s drawings 41 On her first day at Vogue the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington According to biographer Barbara Leaming the editor was concerned about Bouvier s marriage prospects she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social circles She followed the advice left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work 40 Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was referred by a family friend to the Washington Times Herald where editor Frank Waldrop hired her as a part time receptionist 42 A week later she requested more challenging work and Waldrop sent her to city editor Sidney Epstein who hired her as an Inquiring Camera Girl despite her inexperience paying her 25 a week 43 He recalled I remember her as this very attractive cute as hell girl and all the guys in the newsroom giving her a good look 44 The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses 14 In addition to the random man on the street vignettes she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest such as six year old Tricia Nixon Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in the 1952 election 45 During this time Bouvier was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted After only a month of dating the couple published the announcement in The New York Times in January 1952 46 After three months she called off the engagement because she had found him immature and boring once she got to know him better 47 48 Marriage to John F Kennedy editFurther information Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier nbsp Senator John F Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy on their wedding day September 12 1953Jacqueline Bouvier and U S Representative John F Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and were formally introduced by a mutual friend journalist Charles L Bartlett at a dinner party in May 1952 14 She was attracted to Kennedy s physical appearance wit and wealth The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism writing enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad 49 Kennedy was busy running for the U S Senate seat in Massachusetts the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election Bouvier took some time to accept because she had been assigned to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times Herald After a month in Europe she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy s marriage proposal She then resigned from her position at the newspaper 50 Their engagement was officially announced on June 25 1953 She was 24 and he was 36 51 52 Bouvier and Kennedy married on September 12 1953 at St Mary s Church in Newport Rhode Island in a mass celebrated by Boston s Archbishop Richard Cushing 53 The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1 200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm 54 The wedding dress was designed by Ann Lowe of New York City and is now housed in the Kennedy Library in Boston Massachusetts The dresses of her attendants were also created by Lowe who was not credited by Jacqueline Kennedy 55 nbsp The Kennedys after John s spinal surgery December 1954The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco Mexico before settling in their new home Hickory Hill in McLean Virginia a suburb of Washington D C 56 Kennedy developed a warm relationship with her parents in law Joseph and Rose Kennedy 57 58 59 In the early years of their marriage the couple faced several personal setbacks John Kennedy suffered from Addison s disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain which had been exacerbated by a war injury in late 1954 he underwent a near fatal spinal operation 60 Additionally Jacqueline Kennedy suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter Arabella 61 62 They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy s brother Robert who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown 8 The Kennedys also resided at an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in Boston their permanent Massachusetts residence during John s congressional career 63 64 Kennedy gave birth to daughter Caroline on November 27 1957 61 At the time she and her husband were campaigning for his re election to the Senate and they posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21 1958 issue of Life magazine 65 b which They traveled together during the campaign as part of their efforts to reduce the physical separation that had characterized the first five years of their marriage Soon enough John Kennedy started to notice the value that his wife added to his congressional campaign Kenneth O Donnell remembered that the size of the crowd was twice as big when she accompanied her husband he also recalled her as always cheerful and obliging John s mother Rose however observed that Jacqueline was not a natural born campaigner due to her shyness and was uncomfortable with too much attention 67 In November 1958 John was reelected to a second term He credited Jacqueline s visibility in the ads and stumping as vital assets in securing his victory and he called her simply invaluable 68 69 In July 1959 the historian Arthur M Schlesinger visited the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port and had his first conversation with Jacqueline Kennedy he found her to have tremendous awareness an all seeing eye and a ruthless judgment 70 That year John Kennedy traveled to 14 states but Jacqueline took long breaks from the trips to spend time with their daughter Caroline She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for the presidential campaign planned for the following year 71 In particular she traveled to Louisiana to visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner support in the state for his presidential bid 72 First Lady of the United States 1961 1963 editCampaign for presidency edit nbsp Kennedy with her husband as he campaigns for the presidency in Appleton Wisconsin March 1960On January 2 1960 John F Kennedy was a United States senator from Massachusetts when he announced his candidacy for the presidency and launched his campaign nationwide In the early months of the election year Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle stops and dinners 73 Shortly after the campaign began she became pregnant Due to her previous high risk pregnancies she decided to stay at home in Georgetown 74 75 Jacqueline Kennedy subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column Campaign Wife answering correspondence and giving interviews to the media 22 Despite her non participation in the campaign Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices 76 On one hand she was admired for her personal style she was frequently featured in women s magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best dressed women in the world 77 On the other hand her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press 77 In order to downplay her wealthy background Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices 77 On July 13 at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles the party nominated John F Kennedy for president Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy which had been publicly announced ten days earlier 78 She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26 1960 debate which was the nation s first televised presidential debate between her husband and Republican candidate Richard Nixon who was the incumbent vice president Marian Cannon the wife of Arthur Schlesinger watched the debate with her Days after the debates Jacqueline Kennedy contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13 she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches 79 which On September 29 1960 the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on Person to Person interviewed by Charles Collingwood 78 As first lady edit nbsp Jacqueline and John F Kennedy Andre and Marie Madeleine Malraux Lyndon B and Lady Bird Johnson prior to a dinner May 1962 Jacqueline Kennedy is wearing a gown designed by Oleg Cassini 80 nbsp With Tunisian President Habib BourguibaOn November 8 1960 John F Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon in the U S presidential election 22 A little over two weeks later on November 25 Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple s first son John F Kennedy Jr 22 She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital during which the most minute details of both her and her son s conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family 81 Kennedy s husband was sworn in as president on January 20 1961 At 31 Kennedy was the third youngest woman to serve as first lady as well as the first Silent Generation first lady 22 She insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at Middleburg 82 As a presidential couple the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation youth and their relationship with the media Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular they emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s cool TV oriented culture 83 The discussion about Kennedy s fashion choices continued during her years in the White House and she became a trendsetter hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe 84 She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary Pamela Turnure and carefully managed her contact with the media usually shying away from making public statements and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed 85 86 The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors 86 Nevertheless she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies 87 Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history 88 89 The restoration of the White House was her main contribution but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts 88 89 One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts but she did contribute to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities established during Johnson s tenure 89 White House restoration edit nbsp Kennedy with Charles Collingwood of CBS News during their televised tour of the restored White House in 1962Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady the first time as a grade school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband s inauguration 88 She was dismayed to find that the mansion s rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance 88 and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character On her first day in residence she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator Sister Parish She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children The 50 000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted Continuing the project she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont 88 To solve the funding problem a White House guidebook was published sales of which were used for the restoration 88 Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband s assassination In addition Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington D C because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation s capital and played an essential role in its history She helped to stop the destruction of historic buildings along the square including the Renwick Building now part of the Smithsonian Institution and her support of historic preservation also reached beyond the United States as she brought international attention to the thirteenth century B C temples of Abu Simbel that were in danger of being flooded by Egypt s Aswan Dam 88 nbsp John and Jacqueline Kennedy at Christmas 1961Prior to Kennedy s years as first lady presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest 90 Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex presidents to claim as their own She also founded the White House Historical Association the Committee for the Preservation of the White House the position of a permanent Curator of the White House the White House Endowment Trust and the White House Acquisition Trust 91 She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator 85 On February 14 1962 Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied by Charles Collingwood of CBS News took American television viewers on a tour of the White House In the tour she stated that I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible It s so important the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world to foreign visitors The American people should be proud of it We have such a great civilization So many foreigners don t realize it I think this house should be the place we see them best 91 The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States 88 and was later distributed to 106 countries Kennedy won a special Academy of Television Arts amp Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in 1962 which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy 85 Foreign trips edit nbsp Jacqueline Kennedy at Vijay Chowk New Delhi in March 1962Jackie Kennedy was a cultural ambassador of the United States known for her cultural and diplomatic work globally and would travel sometimes without President John F Kennedy to different countries to promote cultural exchange and diplomatic relations She was highly regarded by foreign dignitaries as she used her fluency in foreign languages such as French Spanish and Italian as well as her cultural knowledge to establish strong relationships with foreign leaders and to give speeches in different countries She was awarded the French Legion of Honor the highest civilian award given by the French Government becoming the first First Lady and first American woman to win which was a testament to her language skills and cultural knowledge Her role as a cultural ambassador had a significant impact on cultural diplomacy and helped strengthen ties between the United States and other countries Jacqueline Kennedy s language skills and cultural knowledge were highly respected by the French people and her visit to France with President Kennedy in 1961 was seen as a great success During the visit she made a speech in French at the American University in Paris which was widely praised for its eloquence and fluency In her speech Jacqueline Kennedy spoke about the importance of cultural exchange between France and the United States and she emphasized the shared values and history of the two nations Throughout her husband s presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies Kennedy made many official visits to other countries on her own or with the President 27 Despite the initial worry that she might not have political appeal she proved popular among international dignitaries 83 Before the Kennedys first official visit to France in 1961 a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn After arriving in the country she impressed the public with her ability to speak French as well as her extensive knowledge of French history 92 At the conclusion of the visit Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted There was also that fellow who came with her Even President Kennedy joked I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris and I have enjoyed it 93 94 From France the Kennedys traveled to Vienna Austria where Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President s hand for a photo He replied I d like to shake her hand first 95 Khrushchev later sent her a puppy Pushinka the animal was significant for being the offspring of Strelka the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission 96 nbsp Kennedy at the Taj Mahal Agra Uttar Pradesh India March 1962At the urging of U S Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962 The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith s journals and memoirs The president of Pakistan Ayub Khan had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses 97 Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy conducted herself magnificently although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries 98 In addition to these well publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration she traveled to countries including Afghanistan Austria Canada 99 Colombia United Kingdom Greece Italy Mexico 100 Morocco Turkey and Venezuela 27 Unlike her husband Kennedy was fluent in Spanish which she used to address Latin American audiences 101 Death of infant son edit Main article Patrick Bouvier Kennedy In early 1963 Kennedy was again pregnant which led her to curtail her official duties She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island which was near the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod Massachusetts On August 7 five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date she went into labor and gave birth to a boy Patrick Bouvier Kennedy via emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base The infant s lungs were not fully developed and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children s Hospital where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth 102 103 Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died On August 14 the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite In appreciation she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House 104 The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick s death 105 and proceeded to enter a state of depression 106 However the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief 105 Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while John Kennedy always regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride their marriage never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963 107 which Jacqueline Kennedy s friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate President Kennedy initially had reservations but he relented because he believed that it would be good for her The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration by much of the general public and in Congress The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17 1963 She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been melancholy after the death of my baby 106 Assassination and funeral of John F Kennedy editMain articles Assassination of John F Kennedy State funeral of John F Kennedy and John F Kennedy autopsy nbsp The President and First Lady in the rear seat of the presidential limousine minutes before the assassinationOn November 21 1963 the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind this was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U S 108 After a breakfast on November 22 they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth s Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas s Love Field accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie 109 The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat 1 110 which had been personally selected by President Kennedy 111 A 9 5 mile 15 3 km motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch The First Lady was seated to her husband s left in the third row of seats in the presidential limousine with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them Vice President Lyndon B Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade citation needed After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring She did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream Within 8 4 seconds two more shots had rung out and one of the shots struck her husband in the head Almost immediately she began to climb onto the back of the limousine Secret Service agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for something coming off the right rear bumper of the car 112 Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it directing her back to her seat As Hill stood on the back bumper Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world 113 She would later testify that she saw pictures of me climbing out the back But I don t remember that at all 114 nbsp Kennedy still wearing her blood stained pink Chanel suit stands alongside Lyndon B Johnson as he takes the presidential oath of office administered by Sarah Hughes aboard Air Force OneThe President was rushed for the 3 8 mile 6 1 km trip to Parkland Hospital At the First Lady s request she was allowed to be present in the operating room 115 page needed President Kennedy never regained consciousness He died not long after aged 46 After her husband was pronounced dead Kennedy refused to remove her blood stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted them to see what they have done to Jack 116 She continued to wear the blood stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president The unlaundered suit became a symbol of her husband s assassination and was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964 Under the terms of an agreement with her daughter Caroline the suit will not be placed on public display before 2103 117 118 Johnson s biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jacqueline Kennedy to be present at his swearing in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large 119 nbsp Family members depart the U S Capitol after a lying in state service for the President November 24 1963Kennedy took an active role in planning her husband s state funeral modeling it after Abraham Lincoln s service 120 She requested a closed casket overruling the wishes of her brother in law Robert 121 The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St Matthew the Apostle in Washington D C with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington National Cemetery Kennedy led the procession on foot and lit the eternal flame created at her request at the gravesite Lady Jeanne Campbell reported back to the London Evening Standard Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people one thing they have always lacked Majesty 120 A week after the assassination 122 new president Lyndon B Johnson issued an executive order that established the Warren Commission led by Chief Justice Earl Warren to investigate the assassination Ten months later the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy 123 Privately his widow cared little about the investigation stating that even if they had the right suspect it would not bring her husband back 124 Nevertheless she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission c Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial Kennedy stepped back from official public view apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent Clint Hill who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President Life following the assassination 1963 1975 editMourning period and later public appearances edit Don t let it be forgot that once there was a spot for one brief shining moment that was known as Camelot There ll be great presidents again but there will never be another Camelot 127 Kennedy describing the years of her husband s presidency for Life On November 29 1963 a week after her husband s assassination Kennedy was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H White of Life magazine 128 In that session she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur s mythical Camelot commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe s musical recording before retreating to bed She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical trying to express how the loss felt 129 The era of the Kennedy administration has subsequently been referred to as the Camelot Era although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy s effort to lionize her husband must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief 130 Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination 131 Wanting to do something nice for Jackie President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her aware of her heritage and fondness for the country s culture but she turned the offer down as well as follow up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom At her request Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her 132 Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances In the winter following the assassination she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman s home in Georgetown On January 14 1964 Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General thanking the public for the hundreds of thousands of messages she had received since the assassination and said she had been sustained by America s affection for her late husband 133 She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th floor penthouse apartment for 250 000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy 134 135 136 In the following years Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband d She also oversaw the establishment of the John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration 140 Designed by architect I M Pei it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston 141 Despite having commissioned William Manchester s authorized account of President Kennedy s death The Death of a President Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966 1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block its publication 142 143 144 They sued publishers Harper amp Row in December 1966 the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy s private life White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family Jacqueline in particular were prepared to take to preserve John s public image citation needed During the Vietnam War in November 1967 Life magazine dubbed Kennedy America s unofficial roving ambassador when she and David Ormsby Gore former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration traveled to Cambodia where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk 145 146 According to historian Milton Osborne her visit was the start of the repair to Cambodian US relations which had been at a very low ebb 147 She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King Jr in Atlanta Georgia in April 1968 despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy s death 148 Relationship with Robert F Kennedy edit After her husband s assassination Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother in law Robert F Kennedy she observed him to be the least like his father of the Kennedy brothers 149 He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage it was he not her husband who stayed with her in the hospital 150 In the aftermath of the assassination Robert became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as attorney general required him to reduce attention 133 He credited her with convincing him to stay in politics and she supported his 1964 run for United States senator from New York 151 The January 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson s poll numbers and Robert Kennedy s advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race When Art Buchwald asked him if he intended to run Robert replied That depends on what Jackie wants me to do 152 153 She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him not to follow Jack but to be yourself Privately she worried about his safety she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was so much hatred in the United States 154 She confided in him about these feelings but by her own account he was fatalistic like her 152 Despite her concerns Jacqueline Kennedy campaigned for her brother in law and supported him 155 and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House 152 Just after midnight PDT on June 5 1968 an enraged Palestinian gunman named Sirhan Sirhan mortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary 156 Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to Los Angeles to join his wife Ethel her brother in law Ted and the other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside Robert Kennedy never regained consciousness and died the following day He was 42 years old 157 Marriage to Aristotle Onassis edit After Robert Kennedy s death in 1968 Kennedy reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband s assassination nearly five years prior 158 She came to fear for her life and those of her two children saying If they re killing Kennedys then my children are targets I want to get out of this country 159 On October 20 1968 Jacqueline Kennedy married her long time friend Aristotle Onassis a Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children 159 The wedding took place on Skorpios Onassis s private Greek island in the Ionian Sea 160 After marrying Onassis she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection which is an entitlement of a widow of a U S president The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living led to speculation that Jacqueline might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church though that concern was explicitly dismissed by Boston s archbishop Cardinal Richard Cushing as nonsense 161 She was condemned by some as a public sinner 162 and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her Jackie O 163 In 1968 billionaire heiress Doris Duke with whom Jacqueline Onassis was friends appointed her as the vice president of the Newport Restoration Foundation Onassis publicly championed the foundation 164 165 During their marriage Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis inhabited six different residences her 15 room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan her horse farm in Peapack Gladstone New Jersey 166 his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris his private island Skorpios his house in Athens and his yacht Christina O Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often 167 She developed a close relationship with Ted and from then on he was involved in her public appearances 168 Aristotle Onassis s health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973 169 He died of respiratory failure aged 69 in Paris on March 15 1975 His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law which dictated how much a non Greek surviving spouse could inherit After two years of legal wrangling Jacqueline Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of 26 million from Christina Onassis Aristotle s daughter and sole heir and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate 170 Later years 1975 1990s edit nbsp Onassis in 1985 with the president and first lady Ronald and Nancy Reagan nbsp Onassis with Hillary Clinton in 1993After the death of her second husband Onassis returned permanently to the United States splitting her time between Manhattan Martha s Vineyard and the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port Massachusetts In 1975 she became a consulting editor at Viking Press a position that she held for two years e After almost a decade of avoiding participation in political events Onassis attended the 1976 Democratic National Convention and stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors gallery 172 173 She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after John Leonard of The New York Times stated that she held some responsibility for Viking s publication of the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and describing an assassination plot against him 174 175 Two years later she appeared alongside her mother in law Rose Kennedy at Faneuil Hall in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge incumbent president Jimmy Carter for the Democratic nomination for president 176 She participated in the subsequent presidential campaign which was unsuccessful 177 Following her resignation from Viking Press Onassis was hired by Doubleday where she worked as an associate editor under an old friend John Turner Sargent Sr Among the books she edited for the company are Larry Gonick s The Cartoon History of the Universe 178 the English translation of the three volumes of Naghib Mahfuz s Cairo Trilogy with Martha Levin 179 and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland 180 singer songwriter Carly Simon 181 and fashion icon Diana Vreeland 180 She also encouraged Dorothy West her neighbor on Martha s Vineyard and one of the last surviving members of the Harlem Renaissance to complete the novel The Wedding 1995 a multi generational story about race class wealth and power in the U S The book was later adapted as a miniseries in 1998 starring Halle Berry and Lynn Whitfield and produced by Oprah Winfrey s Harpo Productions In addition to her work as an editor Onassis participated in cultural and architectural preservation In the 1970s she led a historic preservation campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and renovate the structure in Manhattan 182 A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation In the 1980s she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have cast large shadows on Central Park 182 the project was canceled A later project proceeded despite protests a large twin towered skyscraper the Time Warner Center was completed in 2003 Her historic preservation efforts also include her influence in the campaign to save Olana the home of Frederic Edwin Church in upstate New York She was awarded the Fine Arts Federation medal for her devotion to the cause of historic preservation in New York City 183 Onassis remained the subject of considerable press attention 184 especially from the paparazzi photographer Ron Galella who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her normal activities he took candid photos of her without her permission 185 186 She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi photography 187 f From 1980 until her death Onassis maintained a close relationship with Maurice Tempelsman a Belgian born industrialist and diamond merchant who was her companion and personal financial adviser 190 In the early 1990s Onassis supported Bill Clinton and contributed money to his presidential campaign 191 Following the election she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton and advised her on raising a child in the White House 192 In her memoir Living History Clinton wrote that Onassis was a source of inspiration and advice for me 191 Democratic consultant Ann Lewis observed that Onassis had reached out to the Clintons in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past 193 Illness death and funeral edit nbsp Onassis s grave at Arlington National CemeteryIn November 1993 Onassis was thrown from her horse while participating in a fox hunt in Middleburg Virginia and was taken to the hospital to be examined A swollen lymph node was discovered in her groin which was initially diagnosed by the doctor to be caused by an infection 194 The fall from the horse contributed to her deteriorating health over the next six months 195 In December Onassis developed new symptoms including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck and was diagnosed with non Hodgkins lymphoma 194 196 She began chemotherapy in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis stating that the initial prognosis was good 194 She continued to work at Doubleday but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord brain and liver and by May it was deemed terminal 194 196 Onassis made her last trip home from New York Hospital Cornell Medical Center on May 18 1994 194 196 The following night at 10 15 p m she died in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment at age 64 with her children by her side 196 In the morning her son John F Kennedy Jr announced his mother s death to the press stating that she had been surrounded by her friends and her family and her books and the people and the things that she loved He added that she did it in her very own way and on her own terms and we all feel lucky for that 197 On May 23 1994 her funeral Mass was held a few blocks away from her apartment at the Church of St Ignatius Loyola the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and confirmed as a teenager and asked for no cameras to film the event for privacy 198 199 She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington Virginia alongside President Kennedy their son Patrick and their stillborn daughter Arabella 14 194 President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service 200 201 She left an estate that its executors valued at 43 7 million 202 Legacy editPopularity edit nbsp Official portrait of Kennedy at the White House Her pleated linen dress was designed by Irish fashion designer Sybil Connolly 203 Jacqueline Kennedy s marriage to Aristotle Onassis caused her popularity to decline sharply among an American public who viewed it as a betrayal of the assassinated president 204 205 Her lavish lifestyle as Onassis s trophy wife 206 in contrast to the shy selfless and sacrificing mother the American public had come to respect as First Lady 207 led the press to portray her as a spendthrift and a reckless woman 208 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis took conscious control of her public image and by the time of her death succeeded in rehabilitating it 209 By moving back to New York City after Onassis s death working as an editor for Viking Press and Doubleday focusing on her children and grandchildren and participating in charitable causes she reversed her reckless spendthrift image 210 She also reestablished her relationship with the Kennedy family and supported the John F Kennedy Library and Museum 211 Onassis remains one of the most popular First Ladies She was featured 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century this number is surpassed by only Billy Graham and Queen Elizabeth II and is higher than that of any U S president 212 Both Tina Turner 213 and Jackie Joyner Kersee 214 have cited Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as an influence Style icon edit nbsp Kennedy wearing her pink Chanel suitJacqueline Kennedy became a global fashion icon during her husband s presidency After the 1960 election she commissioned French born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as First Lady From 1961 to 1963 Cassini dressed her in many of her ensembles including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe India and Pakistan In 1961 Kennedy spent 45 446 more on fashion than the 100 000 annual salary her husband earned as president 215 Kennedy preferred French couture particularly the work of Chanel Balenciaga and Givenchy but was aware that in her role as first lady she would be expected to wear American designers work 216 After noticing that her taste for Paris fashion was being criticized in the press she wrote to the fashion editor Diana Vreeland to ask for suitable American designers particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look 216 After considering the letter which expressed her dislike of prints and her preference for terribly simple covered up clothes Vreeland recommended Norman Norell who was considered America s first designer and known for his high end simplicity and fine quality work She also suggested Ben Zuckerman another highly regarded tailor who regularly offered re interpretations of Paris couture and the sportswear designer Stella Sloat who occasionally offered Givenchy copies 216 Kennedy s first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a Pierre Cardin design but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the White House with Mamie Eisenhower 216 In her role as first lady Kennedy preferred to wear clean cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee three quarter sleeves on notch collar jackets sleeveless A line dresses above the elbow gloves low heel pumps and pillbox hats 215 Dubbed the Jackie look these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world More than any other First Lady her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women 27 Her influential bouffant hairstyle described as a grown up exaggeration of little girls hair was created by Mr Kenneth who worked for her from 1954 until 1986 217 218 Her tastes in eyewear were also influential the most famous of which were the bespoke pairs designed for her by French designer Francois Pinton The coinage Jackie O glasses is still used today to refer to this style of oversized oval lensed sunglasses 219 After leaving the White House Kennedy underwent a style change Her new looks consisted of wide leg pantsuits silk Hermes headscarves and large round dark sunglasses 220 She began wearing jeans in public as part of a casualization of her look 221 nbsp Kennedy at a State dinner on May 22 1962Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis acquired a large collection of jewelry throughout her lifetime Her triple strand pearl necklace designed by American jeweler Kenneth Jay Lane became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as first lady in the White House Often referred to as the berry brooch the two fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany amp Co was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961 222 She wore Schlumberger s gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid 1960s that the press called them Jackie bracelets she also favored his white enamel and gold banana earrings Kennedy wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef amp Arpels throughout the 1950s 223 1960s 223 and 1970s her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef amp Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy Kennedy a Catholic was known for wearing a mantilla at Mass and in the presence of the Pope 224 Mary Tyler Moore s Dick Van Dyke Show character Laura Petrie who symbolized the feel good nature of the Kennedy White House often dressed like Kennedy 225 Kennedy was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965 226 227 Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F Kennedy Library and Museum pieces from the collection were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2001 Titled Jacqueline Kennedy The White House Years the exhibition focused on her time as a first lady 228 In 2012 Time magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All TIME 100 Fashion Icons list 229 In 2016 Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous 230 Historical assessments edit In 2020 Time magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her efforts in uplifting the American history and art 231 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is seen as being customary in her role as first lady 232 233 though Frank N Magill argued that her life was validation that fame and celebrity changed the way that first ladies are evaluated historically 234 Hamish Bowles curator of the Jacqueline Kennedy The White House Years exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed immensely appealing 235 After her death Kelly Barber referred to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as the most intriguing woman in the world furthering that her stature was also due to her affiliation with valuable causes 236 Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that the former first lady became an aspirational figure of that era one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate 212 Since the late 2000s Onassis s traditional persona has been invoked by commentators when referring to fashionable political spouses 237 238 A wide variety of commentators have positively credited the work of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in restoring the White House including Hugh Sidey 212 239 Letitia Baldrige 240 Laura Bush 241 Kathleen P Galop 242 and Carl Anthony 243 Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background value to the country intelligence courage accomplishments integrity leadership being their own women public image and value to the president Consistently Onassis has ranked among the three eight highly regarded first ladies in these surveys 244 In terms of cumulative assessment Onassis has been ranked 8th best of 42 in 1982 244 7th best of 37 in 1993 244 4th best of 38 in 2003 244 3rd best of 38 in 2008 244 3rd best of 39 in 2014 244 In the 2008 Siena Research Institute survey Onassis was ranked in the top five of all criteria ranking the 2nd highest in background 4th highest in intelligence 2nd highest in value to the country 4th highest in being her own woman 4th highest in integrity 5th highest in her accomplishments 2nd highest in courage 4th highest in leadership 1st in public image and 3rd highest in her value to the president 245 In the 2003 survey Onassis made the top five in half of the categories being ranked 1st highest in background 5th highest in intelligence 4th highest in courage 4th highest in value to the country and 1st highest in public image 246 In the 2014 Siena Research Institute survey in the rankings of 20th and 21st century American first ladies in additional survey questions Onassis was ranked 2nd highest for management of family life 4th highest for advancement of women s issues 3rd greatest as a political asset 4th strongest public communicator and 2nd highest for creation of a lasting legacy 244 In the 2014 survey Onassis and her first husband were also ranked the 6th highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a power couple 247 In the 1982 Sienna College Research Institute survey Onassis had been ranked the lowest in the criteria of integrity In subsequent iterations of the survey historians regard for her integrity markedly improved The initial disapproving view of her integrity may have been due to sentiments towards her marriage to Aristotle Onassis Historians overall opinions towards Onassis as a whole appear to have become more favorable in the subsequent years as she in her second widowhood demonstrated her independence with her career in publishing 248 Honors and memorials editExternal videos nbsp nbsp Jacqueline Kennedy First Ladies Influence and Image C SPANA high school named Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers was dedicated by New York City in 1995 the first high school named in her honor It is located at 120 West 46th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues and was formerly the High School of Performing Arts 249 Public School 66 in the Richmond Hill neighborhood of Queens New York City was renamed in honor of the former First Lady 250 The main reservoir in Central Park located in Manhattan near her apartment was renamed in her honor as the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir 251 The main entry foyer on East 42nd Street across from Pershing Square into Grand Central Terminal in New York City was renamed The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Foyer in honor of her work in the 1970s of saving the terminal 252 The Municipal Art Society of New York presents the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal to an individual whose work and deeds have made an outstanding contribution to the city of New York The medal was named in honor of the former MAS board member in 1994 for her tireless efforts to preserve and protect New York City s great architecture 253 She made her last public appearance at the Municipal Art Society two months before her May 1994 death 254 Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall at the George Washington University her alma mater in Washington DC 255 The White House s East Garden was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden in her honor 256 In 2007 her name and her first husband s were included on the list of people aboard the Japanese Kaguya mission to the Moon launched on September 14 as part of The Planetary Society s Wish Upon The Moon campaign 257 In addition they are included on the list aboard NASA s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission A school and an award at the American Ballet Theatre have been named after her in honor of her childhood study of ballet 258 The companion book for a series of interviews between mythologist Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers The Power of Myth was created under her direction prior to her death The book s editor Betty Sue Flowers writes in the Editor s Note to The Power of Myth I am grateful to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis the Doubleday editor whose interest in the books of Joseph Campbell was the prime mover in the publication of this book A year after her death in 1994 Moyers dedicated the companion book for his PBS series The Language of Life as follows To Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis As you sail on to Ithaka The reference is to the poem Ithaka by C P Cavafy that Maurice Tempelsman read at her funeral 259 260 A white gazebo is dedicated to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on North Madison Street in Middleburg Virginia The First Lady and President Kennedy frequented the small town of Middleburg and intended to retire in the nearby town of Atoka She also hunted with the Middleburg Hunt numerous times 261 Portrayals editSee also Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jaclyn Smith portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1981 television film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy depicting her life until the end of the JFK presidency 262 The film s producer Louis Rudolph stated an interest in creating a positive portrait of a woman who I thought had been very much maligned comments that were interpreted by John J O Connor of The New York Times as erasing any chances of critique toward her 263 Though Smith received praise for her performance 264 with Marilynn Preston calling her convincing in an impossible role 265 Tom Shales wrote Jaclyn Smith couldn t act her way out of a Gucci bag 266 Blair Brown portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries Kennedy set during the Kennedy presidency 267 Brown used wigs and makeup to better resemble Kennedy and said through playing the role she gained a different view of the assassination I realized that this was a woman witnessing the public execution of her husband 268 Jason Bailey praised her performance 269 while Andrea Mullaney noted her resemblance to Kennedy and general shyness 270 Brown was nominated for a television BAFTA as Best Actress and a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film 271 Marianna Bishop Sarah Michelle Gellar and Roma Downey portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 1991 miniseries A Woman Named Jackie covering her entire life until the death of Aristotle Onassis 272 Of being contacted for the role Downey reflected I thought I was a strange choice because I didn t think I looked anything like her and I was Irish 273 Half of Downey s wardrobe was designed by Shelley Komarov 274 and Downey stated that though she had long harbored great respect and admiration for Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis she was unaware of the troubles in her childhood 275 Reviewer Rick Kogan praised Downey with doing a surprisingly fine job in the demanding title role 276 while Howard Rosenberg lamented Downey s performance failing to pierce this thick glaze of superficiality 277 Ability credited the role with raising Downey s profile 278 In 1992 the miniseries won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries 279 Rhoda Griffis portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1992 film Love Field set shortly before and in the aftermath of JFK s assassination 280 It was Griffis s feature film debut 281 Griffis said she had been told by her orthodontist of her resemblance to Kennedy and was cast as her upon walking into the auditions for the role 282 Sally Taylor Isherwood Emily VanCamp and Joanne Whalley portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 2000 television miniseries Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis covering chronologically her entire life 283 Whalley prepared for the role by listening to recordings of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis s voice along with working with a dialect coach by the end of production she developed an attachment to her 284 Laura Fries assessed Whalley as lacking Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis s charisma despite being soulful and regal in her own right 285 while Ron Wertheimer viewed Whalley as being passive in the role and lamented the filmmakers render Jackie as Forrest Gump in a pillbox hat someone who keeps passing close to the center of things without really touching or being touched by very much 286 Stephanie Romanov portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2000 film Thirteen Days taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis 287 Philip French of The Guardian noted her small role and being out of the loop was accurate of women s roles in the early Sixties 288 Laura Clifford called Romanov unconvincing in the role 289 Jill Hennessy portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2001 television film Jackie Ethel Joan The Women of Camelot 290 291 Hennessy prepared for the performance by watching hours of archival footage of Kennedy and cited one of the reasons for her favoring of the miniseries was its distinctiveness in not focusing strictly on the men or only on Jackie 292 Reviewers Anita Gates 293 and Terry Kelleher 294 believed Hennessy brought elegance to the role while Steve Oxman panned the performance Hennessy simply doesn t possess the right natural grace But this pic has a habit of telling us more that it shows us and the actress manages to communicate the most important elements of the story without ever making it especially convincing 295 Jacqueline Bisset portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2003 film America s Prince The John F Kennedy Jr Story 296 Bisset said the glasses she used during the film were holdovers from a prior role in The Greek Tycoon 297 Neil Genzlinger thought Bisset should have known better in taking on the role 298 while Kristen Tauer wrote Bisset portraying Kennedy as a mother was a different central light than many proceeding films 299 Jeanne Tripplehorn portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2009 film Grey Gardens for a single scene 300 301 Tripplehorn said questions she had about Edith Bouvier Beale that she thought would be answered by being a part of the film remained unresolved 302 Tripplehorn received diverse reactions to her performance 303 304 305 while Brian Lowry noted her resemblance to Kennedy and small role 306 Katie Holmes portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries The Kennedys set during the Kennedy presidency and its 2017 sequel The Kennedys After Camelot focusing on her life after 1968 307 308 Mary McNamara 309 and Hank Stuever 310 regarded Holmes s performance with neutrality in their reviews of The Kennedys while Hadley Freeman called her bloodless in the role 311 Holmes stated reprising the role was a bigger challenge for having to act through later periods of Kennedy s life 312 When asked of the concurrent Jackie film Holmes said I think its really exciting It s just is a testament to how amazing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was and how much she meant to our country 313 Holmes also stated both should be watched due to covering different periods of Jackie s life 314 In The Kennedys After Camelot Holmes s performance was viewed favorably by Daniel Feinberg 315 and Allison Keane 316 while Kristi Turnquist panned her 317 Minka Kelly portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2013 film The Butler giving the film s protagonist Cecil one of her husband s neckties after his assassination 318 319 Kelly said she was intimidated and scared taking on the role 320 Kelly admitted to having difficulty with perfecting Kennedy s voice going to sleep listening to her and having discomfort with the wool clothing associated with the role 319 Ginnifer Goodwin portrays her in the 2013 television film Killing Kennedy 321 322 Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Jacqueline Kennedy and was concerned to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her 323 Costar Rob Lowe said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit It made it real If I were under any illusions about what we were doing seeing her in that iconic moment was I would say sobering 324 Tom Carson wrote that Goodwin s trademark vulnerability humanizes Jackie considerably 325 while Bruce Miller called her a miscast 326 and Robert Lloyd 327 and Brian Lowry 328 panned her performance Kim Allen portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film LBJ 329 Ray Bennett noted in his review of the film that Allen was in a non speaking role 330 Natalie Portman portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film Jackie set during the JFK presidency and the immediate aftermath of the assassination 331 332 Portman admitted being intimidated taking the role and doing research in preparation for filming 333 Nigel M Smith wrote that by portraying Kennedy Portman was taking on arguably the biggest challenge of her career 334 Manohla Dargis 335 David Edelstein 336 and Peter Bradshaw 337 praised her performance Portman was nominated for Best Actress by Academy Awards 338 AACTA Awards 339 AWFJ 340 AFCA 341 and BSFC 342 and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society 343 Jodi Balfour portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2017 eighth episode of the second season of Netflix s drama series The Crown titled Dear Mrs Kennedy set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to Buckingham Palace and the immediate reaction to the assassination of John F Kennedy 344 See also edit nbsp Biography portal nbsp United States portal nbsp Politics portal nbsp Literature portalKennedy family treeNotes edit Her French family had its origins in the Rhone River valley village of Pont Saint Esprit and left France for the US in the first years of the 19th century 10 Although the French and English ancestors of the Bouviers were mostly middle class her paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier Jr fabricated a more noble ancestry for the family in his vanity family history book Our Forebears later disproved by the research by her cousin John Hagy Davis 11 At first she had opposed the magazine s offer of the cover not wanting the baby to be used to benefit her husband s political career but she hađ changed her mind in exchange for a promise from her father in law that John would stop campaigning during the summer to go to Paris with her 66 There were some mixed feelings about whether she should testify Earl Warren in particular indicating an unwillingness to interview her while John J McCloy outright opposed such an inquiry Future president Gerald Ford who served on the Warren Commission proposed most informally having her interviewed by an associate 125 With the varying opinions of what to do lingering Warren held a short meeting with Kennedy at her apartment 125 126 In May 1965 she Robert and Ted Kennedy joined Queen Elizabeth II at Runnymede England where they dedicated the United Kingdom s official memorial to JFK The memorial included several acres of meadowland given in perpetuity from the UK to the US near where King John had signed the Magna Carta in 1215 137 In 1967 she attended the christening of the U S Navy aircraft carrier USS John F Kennedy CV 67 138 in Newport News Virginia a memorial in Hyannis Port and a park near New Ross Ireland She also attended a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband s coffin after which he was reinterred so that officials at the cemetery could construct a safer and more stable eternal flame and accommodate the tourists extensive foot traffic 139 Prior to her publishing employment she had gained experience by being involved with several posthumous biographies of President Kennedy The first of these was John F Kennedy President by Hugh Sidey which was published the year after his death in 1964 Simon Michael Bessie Sidey s editor at Atheneum recalled her as having read galleys and submitted detailed notes on them Despite this recollection Sidey did not acknowledge her contribution in the book The following year she helped Ted Sorensen with his book Kennedy Sorensen told Greg Lawrence that after finishing the first draft of his first big book he gave Onassis the manuscript since he thought she would be helpful and she provided him with several comments on the book Sorensen lauded her assistance in his memoir Counselor as he wrote that she had proved to be a superb editor correcting typographical errors challenging mistaken assumptions defending some of her husband s personnel decisions suggesting useful clarifications and repeatedly setting the record straight on matters not known to me 171 In the mid 1970s photos of Onassis sunbathing in the nude had been published without her permission in the pornographic magazines Playmen Screw and Hustler 188 189 References edit a b Craughwell Varda Kathleen October 14 1999 Looking for Jackie American Fashion Icons Hearst Books ISBN 978 0 688 16726 4 Retrieved May 1 2011 Photograph Archived from the original on December 3 2017 Retrieved December 3 2017 via Pinterest Hall Mimi September 26 2010 Jackie Kennedy Onassis America s Quintessential Icon of Style and Grace USA Today Archived from the original on November 4 2012 Retrieved February 13 2011 Bachmann Elaine Rice Circa 1961 The Kennedy White House Interiors PDF White House History Archived from the original PDF on July 28 2011 Retrieved February 13 2011 Newport Frank Moore David W Saad Lydia December 13 1999 Most Admired Men and Women 1948 1998 Gallup Archived from the original on November 16 2017 Retrieved August 18 2009 Burial Detail Onassis Jacqueline K Section 45 Grave S 45 at ANC Explorer Pottker p 64 a b c Pottker p 7 Flaherty ch 1 subsection Early years Jackie la cousine d Amerique Davis John H 1995 The Bouviers Portrait of an American family National Press Books ISBN 978 1 882605 19 4 Spoto pp 22 61 Rathe Adam February 16 2019 Lee Radziwill Has Died Yahoo Retrieved February 16 2019 a b c d e f g h i McFadden Robert D May 20 1994 Death of a First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64 The New York Times Archived from the original on June 3 2001 Retrieved February 9 2017 Leaming Barbara 2014 Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis The Untold Story New York Thomas Dunne Books pp 6 8 a b Tracy pp 9 10 Cosgrove Mather Bootie April 1 2004 New Book Jackie O s Lessons CBS News a b Glueckstein Fred October 2004 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Equestrienne PDF Equestrian Archived from the original PDF on April 27 2012 Retrieved September 8 2012 Harrison Mim Jackie Kennedy s Prowess as a Polygot America the Bilingual Tracy p 38 Pottker p 74 Spoto p 28 a b c d e Life of Jacqueline B Kennedy The John F Kennedy Library Retrieved April 6 2015 a b Harris pp 540 541 Flaherty Ch 1 School Days Pottker p 99 Leaming p 7 Leaming 2001 p 5 Flaherty Ch 1 School Days a b Tracy p 17 a b c d e f First Lady Biography Jackie Kennedy First Ladies Biographical Information Archived from the original on May 23 2017 Retrieved February 21 2012 Pottker p 114 Pottker p 8 Pottker pp 100 101 Spoto p 57 Mead Rebecca April 11 2011 Jackie s Juvenilia The New Yorker Spoto p 63 Pottker pp 113 114 Pottker pp 113 114 Leaming pp 10 11 Spoto pp 67 68 Pottker p 116 Leaming pp 14 15 Leaming pp 14 15 Leaming p 17 a b c d Leaming 2014 pp 19 21 Onassis Jacqueline Kennedy Radziwill Lee Bouvier 1974 One Special Summer New York City Delacorte Press ISBN 978 0 440 06037 6 Spoto Donald 2000 Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis A Life Macmillan pp 88 89 ISBN 978 0 312 24650 1 via Google Books Tracy pp 72 73 Bernstein Adam September 18 2002 Washington Star Editor Sidney Epstein Dies The Washington Post Retrieved February 21 2020 Beasley p 79 Adler pp 20 21 Leaming 2014 p 25 Spoto pp 89 91 Tracy p 70 O Brien pp 265 266 Harris pp 548 549 Senator Kennedy to marry in fall The New York Times June 25 1953 p 31 Retrieved November 29 2015 Alam p 8 Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F Kennedy jfklibrary org John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Retrieved February 6 2016 jfklibrary org Archived February 8 2009 at the Wayback Machine Special Exhibit Celebrates 50th Anniversary of the Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F Kennedy Reed Miller Rosemary E 2007 The Threads of Time T amp S Press ISBN 978 0 9709713 0 2 Smith Sally Bedell 2004 Grace and Power The Private World of the Kennedy White House Random House ISBN 978 0 375 50449 5 O Brien pp 295 296 Leaming 2001 pp 31 32 Gullen Kevin May 13 2007 Finding her way in the clan Diaries letters reveal a more complex Kennedy matriarch Boston Globe Dallek Robert An Unfinished Life John F Kennedy 1917 1963 Back Bay Books pp 99 106 113 195 197 2004 a b Big Year for the Clan Time April 26 1963 Mrs Kennedy Loses Her Baby The New York Times August 24 1956 Thompson Jonathan May 29 2017 Boston A tour of the city that JFK called home The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved August 16 2020 Bear Rob May 29 2013 On His Birthday Mapping John F Kennedy s Many Homes Curbed Retrieved August 16 2020 Leaming 2014 p 90 Heymann p 61 Spoto pp 142 144 Jackie Kennedy s Campaign Ad Appearance before the 1960 Presidential Election iagreetosee com Hunt and Batcher p 167 Schlesinger 1978 p 17 Spoto p 146 Brasted Chelsea November 18 2013 JFK owes credit to Louisiana for winning 1960 presidential election The Times Picayune Archived from the original on November 22 2013 Retrieved February 14 2016 Spoto p 152 Beasley p 72 Wertheime Molly Meijer 2004 Inventing a Voice The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century Mulvagh Jane May 20 1994 Obituary Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis The Independent a b c Beasley pp 72 76 a b Spoto pp 155 157 Schlesinger p 69 Cassini p 153 Spoto p 164 The Story of the Glen Ora Estate HouseHistree com Retrieved February 1 2021 a b Beasley p 76 Beasley pp 73 74 a b c Little known facts about our First Ladies Firstladies org Archived from the original on July 14 2015 Retrieved July 7 2015 a b Beasley pp 78 83 Schwalbe pp 111 127 a b c d e f g h Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House The John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Retrieved April 11 2016 a b c Jacqueline Kennedy First Lady Miller Center of Public Affairs Archived from the original on April 6 2016 Retrieved April 11 2016 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved August 10 2012 a b Abbott James Rice Elaine 1997 Designing Camelot The Kennedy White House Restoration Thomson ISBN 978 0 442 02532 8 Goodman Sidey and Baldrige pp 73 74 Nation La Presidente Time June 9 1961 Archived from the original on February 4 2011 Retrieved June 2 2010 Blair W Grainger June 3 1961 Just an Escort Kennedy Jokes As Wife s Charm Enchants Paris First Lady Wins Bouquets From Press She Also Has Brief Chance to Visit Museum and Admire Manet The New York Times Retrieved November 16 2015 Perry Barbara A 2009 Jacqueline Kennedy First Lady of the New Frontier University Press of Kansas ISBN 978 0 7006 1343 4 Meagher and Gragg p 83 Glass Andrew March 23 2011 Jackie Kennedy adopts Sardar March 23 1962 Politico Glass Andrew March 12 2015 Jacqueline Kennedy begins South Asia trip March 12 1962 Politico Long Tania May 1 1961 Ottawa Reacts to Mrs Kennedy With Special Glow of Warmth Prime Minister Hails Her at Parliament Crowds Cheer Her at Horse Show and During Visit to Art Gallery The New York Times Retrieved November 16 2015 Pioneering aide to Jacqueline Kennedy dies Taipei Times March 24 2015 Rabe Stephen G 1999 The Most Dangerous Area in the World John F Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press p 1 ISBN 0 8078 4764 X Beschloss Michael 2011 Historical Conversations on Life with John F Kennedy ISBN 978 1 4013 2425 4 Taraborrelli J Randy Jackie Ethel Joan Women of Camelot Warner Books 2000 ISBN 978 0 446 52426 1 Clarke Thurston July 1 2013 A Death in the First Family Vanity Fair a b Levingston Steven October 24 2013 For John and Jackie Kennedy the death of a son may have brought them closer The Washington Post Retrieved October 17 2015 a b Leaming 2014 pp 120 122 Schlesinger p xiv Leaming 2014 p 123 Bugliosi pp 30 34 Ford Elizabeth Mitchell Deborah C March 2004 The Makeover in Movies Before and After in Hollywood Films 1941 2002 McFarland p 149 ISBN 978 0 7864 1721 6 Retrieved May 1 2011 Alam p 36 Testimony of Clinton J Hill Special Agent Secret Service Warren Commission Hearings Assassination Archives and Research Center pp 132 144 Retrieved November 26 2012 Trask p 318 Warren Commission Hearings Mary Ferrell Foundation 1964 p 180 Manchester William 1967 Death of a President New York City Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0 88365 956 4 Selections from Lady Bird s Diary on the assassination November 22 1963 Lady Bird Johnson Portrait of a First Lady PBS Retrieved March 1 2008 Kettler Sara April 12 2019 Why Jacqueline Kennedy Didn t Take Off Her Pink Suit After JFK Was Assassinated Biography Horyn Cathy November 14 2013 Jacqueline Kennedy s Smart Pink Suit Preserved in Memory and Kept Out of View The New York Times Retrieved December 26 2014 Caro p 329 a b Campbell Lady Jeanne November 25 1963 Magic Majesty of Mrs Kennedy London Evening Standard London p 1 Hilty p 484 Peters Gerhard Woolley John T Lyndon B Johnson Executive Order 11130 Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President John F Kennedy November 29 1963 The American Presidency Project University of California Santa Barbara Archived from the original on December 4 2017 Retrieved December 5 2015 In The Nation The Unsolved Mysteries of Motive The New York Times September 29 1964 Retrieved May 17 2020 Leaming Barbara September 30 2014 The Winter of Her Despair Vanity Fair a b White 1987 p 203 Leaming 2014 p 171 An Epilogue in Life Dec 6 1963 pp 158 159 Spoto pp 233 234 White Theodore H December 6 1963 For President Kennedy an Epilogue Life Vol 55 no 23 ISSN 0024 3019 Tomlin p 295 Hunter Marjorie December 7 1963 Mrs Kennedy is in new home declines 3 acre Arlington plot PDF The New York Times pp 1 13 Retrieved April 13 2015 Andersen pp 55 56 a b Spoto pp 239 240 1040 Fifth Avenue Where Jackie O lived Abagond August 27 2008 Retrieved August 16 2020 Heymann Clemens David 2007 American Legacy The Story of John amp Caroline Kennedy Atria Books ISBN 978 0 7434 9738 1 Andersen Christopher P 2003 Sweet Caroline Last Child of Camelot William Morrow ISBN 978 0 06 103225 7 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis u s history com Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine May 27 1967 Jacqueline Caroline and John at the christening of the U S S John F Kennedy Retrieved November 15 2014 via YouTube JFK s body moved to permanent gravesite HISTORY com Tracy p 180 AD Classics JFK Presidential Library I M Pei ArchDaily August 7 2011 Retrieved March 2 2023 Mills p 363 Schlesinger Vol 2 p 762 White pp 98 99 Jacqueline Kennedy Visits Angkor Wat Devata org January 6 2010 Archived from the original on March 24 2010 November 1967 Alam p 32 Little Harriet Fitch March 21 2015 Jacqueline Kennedy s charm offensive The Phnom Penh Post Leaming 2014 pp 237 238 Thomas p 91 Hersh p 85 Tracy p 194 a b c Flynt and Eisenbach p 216 Heymann p 141 Thomas p 361 Ford p 273 Morriss John G June 6 1968 Kennedy claims victory and then shots ring out The New York Times p 1 Retrieved December 29 2015 Hill Gladwin June 6 1968 Kennedy is Dead Victim of Assassin Suspect Arab Immigrant Arraigned Johnson Appoints Panel on Violence The New York Times Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved December 29 2015 Pottker p 257 a b Seely Katherine July 19 1999 John F Kennedy Jr Heir to a Formidable Dynasty The New York Times Retrieved November 8 2009 Spoto p 266 Cardinal Claims Excommunication Idea Nonsense in Talk about Jackie Kennedy The Southeast Missourian October 23 1968 via Google News Roman Catholics The Cardinal and Jackie Time November 1 1968 Retrieved May 12 2014 Tracy p 211 Colacello Bob March 1994 Doris Duke s Final Mystery Vanity Fair Retrieved September 5 2020 Duke Doris Learning to Give Learning to Give Retrieved September 5 2020 Barnes Valerie November 25 1973 Peapack a Refuge For Mrs Onassis The New York Times Heymann p 90 Hersh p 512 Spoto p 282 Tracy p 232 Lawrence pp 13 14 Sabato p 324 Reeves pp 124 127 Carmody Deirdre October 15 1977 Mrs Onassis Resigns Editing Post The New York Times p 1 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 28 2019 Silverman pp 71 72 Leaming 2014 p 292 Lawrence p 95 Spoto p 319 Hutchins mss 1972 1999 Indiana University a b McGee Celia December 2010 Once an Editor Now the Subject The New York Times Jackie O A Life in Books oprah com Retrieved January 11 2015 a b Adler Bill April 13 2004 The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis A Portrait in Her Own Words Vol 1 HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 073282 0 Schuyler David 2018 Frederic Church s Olana on the Hudson Art Landscape and Architecture Hudson New York Rizzoli International Publications The Olana Partnership p 193 ISBN 978 0 8478 6311 2 Jackie Sues Indians In Martha s Vineyard Over A Beach Chicago Tribune January 23 1989 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine 1040 Fifth Avenue Jackie O s Unusual New York City Neighbor Vanity Fair October 16 2013 Retrieved August 16 2020 via YouTube Ron Galella Museum of Modern Art Retrieved August 16 2020 Fried Joseph January 2 2005 Ambush Photographer Leaves the Bushes The New York Times Archived from the original on May 29 2015 Bianchi Martin September 11 2023 Jackie Kennedy and the billion dollar nude 50 years since the first case of revenge porn El Pais English Newman Andy December 19 2013 Al Goldstein a Publisher Who Took the Romance Out of Sex Dies at 77 The New York Times p A1 Schmidt Susan August 2 1997 DNC Donor with an Eye on Diamonds The Washington Post Retrieved August 7 2023 a b Clinton pp 135 138 Kolbert Elizabeth October 13 2003 The Student How Hillary Clinton set out to master the Senate The New Yorker Retrieved November 16 2015 Lewis Kathy August 25 1993 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reaches Out To President Clinton She Ends Long Political Isolation The Seattle Times a b c d e f Leaming 2014 pp 308 309 A fall while foxhunting marks the beginning of the end of Jackie O Today April 13 2004 Retrieved December 3 2017 a b c d Altman Lawrence K May 20 1994 Death of a first lady No More Could Be Done Mrs Kennedy Onassis Was Told The New York Times Retrieved June 24 2011 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine JFK Jr speaks to the press outside of Retrieved December 20 2017 via YouTube Apple R W Jr May 24 1994 Death of a First Lady The Overview Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Is Buried The New York Times p A1 Spoto p 22 Horvitz Paul F May 24 1994 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Laid to Rest at Eternal Flame The New York Times Archived from the original on September 2 2009 Retrieved March 8 2020 McFadden Robert D May 20 1994 On This Day Death of a First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64 The New York Times Retrieved March 8 2020 Johnston David Cay December 21 1996 Mrs Onassis s Estate Worth Less Than Estimated The New York Times Retrieved April 11 2016 Tierney Tom 1985 Great fashion designs of the fifties paper dolls in full color 30 haute couture costumes by Dior Balenciaga and others New York Dover Publications ISBN 0 486 24960 3 OCLC 17308697 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer The New York Times May 20 1994 Retrieved February 4 2021 Swanson Kelsey 2005 From Saint to Sinner and Back Again Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Rehabilitates Her Image Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History Series II 10 Article 9 70 86 Retrieved February 4 2021 Swanson p 78 Swanson p 76 Swanson p 75 Swanson p 71 Swanson pp 80 82 Swanson pp 84 85 a b c Jackie Kennedy s Enduring Spell National Geographic Channel October 15 2013 Archived from the original on January 25 2016 Retrieved January 31 2016 And I Quote Revised Edition The Definitive Collection of Quotes Sayings and Jokes for the Contemporary Speechmaker Thomas Dunne Books 2003 p 355 ISBN 978 0 312 30744 8 Death of Namesake Jacke O Inspires Jackie Joyner Kersee To New U S Long Jump Record Jet June 6 1994 a b Return of the Jackie Look Sort of Fashion from A Line Dresses to Fitted Jackets Newsweek August 28 1994 a b c d Bowles Hamish John F Kennedy Library and Museum 2001 Jacqueline Kennedy The White House Years Selections from the John F Kennedy Library and Museum Metropolitan Museum of Art pp 28 29 ISBN 978 0 87099 981 9 Collins Amy Fine June 1 2003 It had to be Kenneth Vanity Fair Retrieved December 3 2012 Wong pp 151 154 Jackie O Sunglasses How She Changed Fashion History Mouqy Eyewear Retrieved August 16 2022 Jacqueline Kennedy s Style Changes After The White House Refermate Retrieved September 5 2022 Jackie Kennedy Post Camelot Style Life Archived from the original on August 2 2009 Retrieved October 9 2009 Treasures of the Kennedy Library PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 29 2007 a b The Jacqueline Kennedy Collection by Camrose amp Kross Archived from the original on March 12 2013 Retrieved August 16 2020 Jacqueline Kennedy s Black Lace Mantilla With Impeccable Provenance University Archives June 10 2020 Retrieved June 9 2021 Farber David 2004 The Sixties Chronicles Publications International Ltd p 153 ISBN 1 4127 1009 X The International Best Dressed List The International Hall of Fame Women Vanity Fair 1965 Archived from the original on July 12 2013 Retrieved February 15 2012 Lambert and Zilkha pp 64 69 90 JACQUELINE KENNEDY THE WHITE HOUSE YEARS The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved April 11 2016 Lee Adams William April 2 2012 All TIME 100 Fashion Icons Princess Diana Time Retrieved February 1 2017 Boyd Sara March 14 2016 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous Forbes 1962 Jacqueline Kennedy Time March 5 2020 Retrieved March 6 2020 Whitaker Morgan January 30 2016 Who will the next first lady or first gentleman of the US be AOL Greenhouse Emily August 17 2015 Vitamins amp Caviar Getting to Know Melania Trump Bloomberg Politics Retrieved September 4 2015 Magill p 2817 Brown DeNeen L November 19 2013 The enduring legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy a master at shaping public appearance The Washington Post Retrieved November 20 2013 Barber Kelly June 8 1994 Jackie Kennedy was a role model Letters to the Editor Allegheny Times via Google News Suhay Lisa March 23 2016 Is Melania Trump the next Jackie Kennedy video The Christian Science Monitor Archived from the original on March 31 2016 Retrieved April 2 2016 Connolly Katie November 28 2008 Why Michelle Obama Is Not the Next Jackie O Newsweek Karsh Yousuf Travis David 2009 Regarding Heroes David R Godine p 170 ISBN 978 1 56792 359 9 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis dies in 1994 Daily News New York May 18 2015 Bush Laura 2010 Spoken From the Heart Scribner pp 183 ISBN 978 1 4391 5520 2 Galop Kathleen P Spring 2006 The Historic Preservation Legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Forum Journal National Trust for Historic Preservation Archived from the original on March 6 2016 Retrieved March 6 2016 Anthony Carl September 4 2013 The Political and Public Influence of Jacqueline Kennedy firstladies org Archived from the original on March 1 2016 a b c d e f g Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America s Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material Laura Bush Pat Nixon Mamie Eisenhower Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor amp FDR Top Power Couple Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings PDF scri siena edu Siena Research Institute February 15 2014 Retrieved May 16 2022 Ranking America s First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still 1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5th to 4th Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th PDF Siena Research Institute December 18 2008 Retrieved May 16 2022 Ranking America s First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still 1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 2nd to 5th Jackie Kennedy from 7th to 4th Mary Todd Lincoln Up From Usual Last Place PDF scri siena edu Sienna College Research Center September 29 2003 Retrieved October 23 2022 2014 Power Couple Score PDF scri siena edu Siena Research Institute C SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States Retrieved October 9 2022 Eleanor Roosevelt Hillary Clinton Top First Lady Poll PDF scri siena edu Sienna College January 10 1994 Retrieved October 23 2022 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School New York City Department of Education Retrieved August 16 2020 P S 66 Queens The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School PS66q com Kifner John July 23 1994 Central Park Honor for Jacqueline Onassis The New York Times Retrieved August 15 2012 July 2 Bookmark 2014 Metro Magazine Staff N Y Grand Central Terminal foyer dedicated to Kennedy Onassis www metro magazine com Retrieved December 23 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal Municipal Art Society Archived from the original on November 24 2010 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine The last Public Appearance of Mrs Onassis PlanetPR March 1994 Retrieved August 16 2020 via YouTube Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis JBKO Hall George Washington University Archived from the original on August 10 2020 Retrieved August 16 2020 Zweifel and Buckland p 87 Send a New Year s Message to the Moon on Japan s SELENE Mission Buzz Aldrin Ray Bradbury and More Have Wished Upon the Moon Press release The Planetary Society January 11 2007 Archived from the original on February 12 2012 Retrieved July 14 2007 The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School at American Ballet Theatre American Ballet Theatre Retrieved August 15 2012 Fitzpatrick Elayne Wareing 2009 Traveling Backward Xlibris Corp p 71 ISBN 978 1 4363 8242 7 McFadden Robert D May 24 1994 Death of a First Lady the Companion Quietly at Her Side Public at the End The New York Times Retrieved September 14 2014 Pottker p 181 Leitch Will December 2 2016 Jackie Death Becomes Her New Republic O Connor John J October 14 1981 TV Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy The New York Times Heil Emily September 13 2016 Natalie Portman may be finally the Jackie Kennedy fans want The Washington Post Preston Marrilyn October 13 1981 Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy a naive and misty look at the Camelot years Chicago Tribune p 29 Shales Tom October 14 1981 Fame Fortune Jackie Fluff The Washington Post Pond Neil February 24 2017 First Ladies Their Lives Their Influence Their Imitators Parade Hall Jane November 28 1983 20 Years Later People Bailey Jason March 10 2009 Kennedy The Complete Series DVD Talk Mullaney Andrea Kennedy eyeforfilm co uk Roberts Jerry 2009 Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors Scarecrow Press p 199 ISBN 978 0 8108 6138 1 Kilian Michael July 10 1991 Actresses Of All Sizes Take Self assuredness To New Heights Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on October 14 2020 Retrieved October 14 2020 King Susan October 12 1991 A Woman Named Roma Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved February 18 2020 Kahn Eve October 13 1991 TELEVISION Clothes Help Make The Woman The New York Times Kilian Michael July 15 1991 Jackie Ode Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on December 10 2018 Kogan Rick October 11 1991 2 Hours Too Long Mini series On Jackie Kennedy Done In Pop psych Pastels Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on December 10 2018 Rosenberg Howard October 11 1991 TV REVIEW NBC s Jackie Oh No Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on December 23 2010 Retrieved February 18 2020 Cooper Chet Interview with Roma Downey Ability 1992 Emmy Winners The New York Times September 1 1992 Willis John 2000 Screen World 1993 Vol 44 John Willis Screen World Applause Theatre amp Cinema Books p 140 ISBN 978 1 55783 175 0 Shanley Patrick December 1 2016 Jackie Kennedy 16 Actresses Who Have Played the Former First Lady The Hollywood Reporter Roth Elizabeth Schulte November 16 2012 Class Act The Atlantan Modern Luxury Archived from the original on May 21 2018 Retrieved June 24 2017 Kennedy Movies The Daily Beast April 29 2010 Brownfield Paul November 3 2000 They re Feeling Protective About Jackie Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on December 24 2012 Retrieved February 18 2020 Fries Laura November 1 2000 Review Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Variety Wertheimer Ron November 3 2000 TV WEEKEND Rule No 1 Smile Appear Cool and Detached Always The New York Times Thirteen Days pluggedin com French Philip March 18 2001 Thirteen Days The Guardian Thirteen Days Reeling Reviews Retrieved August 16 2020 Rosenberg Howard March 3 2001 Kennedy Tragedies Revisited in Weepy Women of Camelot Los Angeles Times Soichet Emmanuelle September 16 2001 Familiar Faces in New Places Los Angeles Times Bobbin Jay March 4 2001 Kennedy Women Miniseries Views Tragedy plagued Lives Of Camelot Chicago Tribune TELEVISION REVIEW Back to the Kennedy Well With a Focus on the Women The New York Times March 3 2001 Picks and Pans Review Jackie Ethel Joan Women of Camelot People March 5 2001 Oxman Steve March 1 2001 Review Jackie Ethel Joan Women of Camelot Variety Hal Erickson 2012 America s Prince The John F Kennedy Jr Story 2003 Movies amp TV Dept The New York Times Archived from the original on May 5 2012 Retrieved October 9 2010 Pierce Scott D January 9 2003 JFK Jr movie just plain bad Deseret News Genzlinger Neil January 11 2003 TELEVISION REVIEW The Son of a Famous Father Best Known for His Name The New York Times Tauer Kristen November 23 2016 Before Natalie Portman These Actresses Have Also Portrayed Jackie Kennedy Women s Wear Daily Tripplehorn adds color to Grey Gardens Reuters November 5 2007 Nussbaum Emily April 12 2009 Hampton Gothic New York Rohter Larry April 7 2009 Grey Gardens Back Story Included The New York Times Patterson Troy April 17 2009 Decaying Preppies Slate Grey Gardens Los Angeles Times April 18 2009 Wiegand David April 18 2009 TV review Drew Barrymore in Grey Gardens San Francisco Chronicle Lowry Brian April 9 2009 Review Grey Gardens Variety Andreeva Nellie October 13 2014 Katie Holmes To Return As Jackie O In The Kennedys After Camelot Reelz Mini Deadline Hollywood Retrieved April 12 2017 Perez Lexy March 16 2017 Camelot Premiere Katie Holmes Matthew Perry on Playing Icons and the Family s Legacy The Hollywood Reporter McNamara Mary April 1 2011 Television review The Kennedys Los Angeles Times Stuever Hank March 31 2011 TV review About the Kennedys like the Kennedys but never fully The Kennedys The Washington Post Freeman Hadley April 4 2011 The Kennedys retreads of old grounds in life and lore of JFK The Guardian Bianco Robert January 13 2017 Katie Holmes compares her Jackie to Natalie Portman s USA Today Stanhope Kate January 13 2017 Katie Holmes Talks Reprising Jackie Kennedy Role After Jackie There s Room for Both The Hollywood Reporter Matthew Perry on Ted Kennedy By far the most challenging role I ve ever played Star Tribune March 30 2017 Feinberg Daniel March 31 2017 The Kennedys After Camelot TV Review The Hollywood Reporter Keane Allison March 31 2017 The Kennedys After Camelot Review Katie Holmes Matthew Perry Take on Accents Accountability Collider Turnquist Kristi April 1 2017 The Kennedys After Camelot buries Katie Holmes Matthew Perry in bad wigs and lousy writing review The Oregonian Derschowitz Jessica May 25 2012 Minka Kelly to play Jackie Kennedy in The Butler CBS News a b Cress Jennifer February 8 2013 Minka Kelly I m Not Worthy of Acting with Oprah People Minka Kelly It Was Intimidating Playing Jackie Kennedy in The Butler Life amp Style August 2 2013 Archived from the original on November 18 2015 Retrieved June 24 2017 Hibberd James May 28 2013 Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on May 28 2013 Retrieved May 28 2013 Barnes Bronwyn June 20 2013 Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes POLL Entertainment Weekly Truitt Brian November 10 2013 Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy s intimate side USA Today Killing Kennedy Co star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK Fox News November 8 2013 Carson Tom November 8 2013 The GQ Review Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics GQ Miller Bruce November 9 2013 Review Killing Kennedy offers respectful but grating view of assassination Sioux City Journal Lloyd Robert November 8 2013 Review Killing Kennedy is not the stuff of legend Los Angeles Times Lowry Brian November 5 2013 TV Review Killing Kennedy Variety McNary Dave August 19 2015 Kim Allen Cast as Jackie Kennedy in Rob Reiner s LBJ Variety TIFF FILM REVIEW Rob Reiner s LBJ thecliffedge com September 15 2016 Hopewell John May 14 2015 Natalie Portman to Star as Jacqueline Kennedy in New Drama EXCLUSIVE Variety Retrieved June 15 2016 Whipp Glenn January 26 2017 Natalie Portman s four steps some simple some not to becoming Jackie Kennedy Los Angeles Times Gurrrasio Jason September 14 2016 How Natalie Portman prepared for her Oscar worthy performance as Jackie Kennedy Business Insider Retrieved October 9 2016 Smith Nigel M January 8 2017 Natalie Portman bringing Jackie Onassis back to life The Guardian Dargis Manohla December 1 2016 Jackie Under the Widow s Weeds a Myth Marketer The New York Times Edelstein David December 1 2016 Jackie Is Brutally Intimate and Admirably Brittle Vulture Bradshaw Peter January 19 2017 Jackie review Natalie Portman intelligent and poised as JFK s widow The Guardian Natalie Portman on her Oscar nomination for Jackie role BBC February 20 2017 Nicole Kidman Mel Gibson win AACTA international awards ahead of Golden Globes Australian Broadcasting Corporation January 7 2017 Merin Jennifer December 16 2016 2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees Alliance of Women Film Journalists Retrieved December 17 2016 Anderson Erik December 15 2016 Austin Film Critics Association AFCA Nominations The Handmaiden Lands Top Mentions Trevante Rhodes Double Nominated Awardswatch AwardsWatch com Retrieved December 15 2016 The 2016 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Nominees Chicago Film Critics Association December 11 2016 Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 12 2016 20th Annual Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominations Online Film Critics Society December 27 2016 Retrieved December 27 2016 Gaudette Emily December 18 2017 The Queen and Jackie Kennedy s Blood covered Dress Did Elizabeth Really Meet Jacqueline Onassis Newsweek Retrieved December 23 2017 Bibliography edit Adler Bill 2009 The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis A Portrait in Her Own Words HarperCollins Badrul Alam Mohammed 2006 Jackie Kennedy Trailblazer Nova History Publication ISBN 978 1 59454 558 0 Andersen Christopher 2015 The Good Son JFK Jr and the Mother He Loved Gallery Books ISBN 978 1 4767 7557 9 Beasley Maurine 2005 First Ladies and the Press The Unfinished Partnership of the Media Age Northwestern University Press ISBN 978 0 8101 2312 0 Bradford Sarah 2000 America s Queen The Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Viking Bugliosi Vincent 2007 Four Days in November The Assassination of John F Kennedy W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 33215 5 Caro Robert A 2013 The Passage of Power Volume 4 of The Years of Lyndon Johnson Illustrated reprint ed Vintage ISBN 978 0 375 71325 5 Cassini Oleg 1995 A Thousand Days of Magic Dressing the First Lady for the White House Rizzoli International Publications ISBN 978 0 8478 1900 3 Clinton Hillary Rodham 2003 Living History Scribner ISBN 978 0 7432 2225 9 Flaherty Tina 2004 What Jackie Taught Us Lessons from the Remarkable Life of Jacqueline New York City Penguin Group ISBN 978 1 101 49427 1 Flynt Larry David Ph D Eisenbach 2011 One Nation Under Sex How the Private Lives of Presidents First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 230 10503 4 Goodman Jon Sidey Hugh Baldrige Letitia 2006 The Kennedy Mystique Creating Camelot Essays National Geographic Books ISBN 978 0 7922 5308 2 Ford Lynne E 2008 Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics Facts on File ISBN 978 0 8160 5491 6 Harris Bill 2012 First Ladies Fact Book Revised and Updated The Childhoods Courtships Marriages Campaigns Accomplishments and Legacies of Every First Lady from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama Black Dog amp Leventhal ISBN 978 1 57912 891 3 Hersh Burton 2010 Edward Kennedy An Intimate Biography Counterpoint ISBN 978 1 58243 628 9 Heymann C David 2007 American Legacy The Story of John and Caroline Kennedy Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 7434 9738 1 Heymann C David 2009 Bobby and Jackie A Love Story Atria Books ISBN 978 1 4165 5624 4 Hilty James 2000 Robert Kennedy Brother Protector Temple University Press ISBN 978 1 56639 766 7 Hunt Amber Batcher David 2014 Kennedy Wives Triumph and Tragedy in America s Most Public Family Lyons Press p 167 ISBN 978 0 7627 9634 2 Kennedy Jacqueline 2011 Jacqueline Kennedy Historic Conversations on Life with John F Kennedy Hyperion ISBN 1 4013 2425 8 Lambert Eleanor Zilkha Bettina 2004 Ultimate Style The Best of the Best Dressed List Assouline ISBN 2 84323 513 8 Lawrence Greg 2011 Jackie as Editor The Literary Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Thomas Dunne Books ISBN 978 0 312 59193 9 Leaming Barbara 2001 Mrs Kennedy The Missing History of the Kennedy Years Free Press ISBN 978 0 684 86209 5 Leaming Barbara 2014 Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis The Untold Story Macmillan ISBN 978 1 250 01764 2 Mills Judie 1998 Robert Kennedy Millbrook Press ISBN 978 1 56294 250 2 Magill Frank Northen 1999 Dictionary of World Biography The 20th century O Z Routledge ISBN 978 1 57958 048 3 Meagher Michael Gragg Larry D 2011 John F Kennedy A Biography Greenwood O Brien Michael 2006 John F Kennedy A Biography St Martin s Griffin pp 265 266 ISBN 978 0 312 35745 0 Pottker Jan 2002 Janet and Jackie The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis St Martin s Griffin ISBN 978 0 312 30281 8 Reeves Richard 1977 Convention Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ISBN 978 0 15 122582 8 Sabato Larry J 2013 The Kennedy Half Century The Presidency Assassination and Lasting Legacy Bloomsbury USA ISBN 978 1 62040 280 1 Schlesinger Arthur M Jr 2002 1965 A Thousand Days John F Kennedy in the White House Mariner Books ISBN 978 0 618 21927 8 Schlesinger Arthur 1978 Robert Kennedy and His Times Volume 2 Mariner Books ISBN 978 0 618 21928 5 Silverman Al 2008 The Time of Their Lives New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 35003 1 Spoto Donald 2000 Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis A Life St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 97707 8 Schwalbe Carol B 2005 Jacqueline Kennedy and Cold War Propaganda Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 49 1 111 127 doi 10 1207 s15506878jobem4901 7 S2CID 146316495 Tomlin Gregory M 2016 Murrow s Cold War Public Diplomacy for the Kennedy Administration University of Nebraska Press Tracy Kathleen 2008 The Everything Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Book A portrait of an American icon Adams Media ISBN 978 1 59869 530 4 Trask Richard B 1994 Pictures of the Pain Photography and the Assassination of President Kennedy hardcover ed Yeoman Press ISBN 0 9638595 0 1 West J B with Mary Lynn Kotz 1973 Upstairs at the White House My Life with the First Ladies Coward McCann amp Geoghegan SBN 698 10546 X White Mark 2013 Kennedy A Cultural History of an American Icon Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 978 0 7867 2102 3 White G Edward 1987 Earl Warren A Public Life Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 504936 7 Wolff Perry 1962 A Tour of the White House with Mrs John F Kennedy Doubleday amp Company Wong Aliza Z 2010 Willett Julie ed The American beauty industry encyclopedia Hairstylists Celebrity Santa Barbara Calif Greenwood pp 151 154 ISBN 978 0 313 35949 1 Zweifel John Buckland Gail 1994 The White House in Miniature Based on the White House Replica by John Jan and the Zweifel Fam W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 03663 3 Exhibition Catalogue Sale 6834 The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23 26 1996 Sotheby s 1996 The White House An Historic Guide White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society 2001 ISBN 0 912308 79 6 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis category nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Life of Jacqueline B Kennedy at the John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy at the White House Jacqueline Kennedy at C SPAN s First Ladies Influence amp Image Jackie Kennedy Archived May 23 2017 at the Wayback Machine at the National First Ladies Library The Last Will and Testament of Jacqueline K Onassis Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis at IMDb Appearances on C SPANHonorary titlesPreceded byMamie Eisenhower First Lady of the United States1961 1963 Succeeded byLady Bird Johnson Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis amp oldid 1207716447, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.