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Festival

March 08, 2023

For other uses, see Festival (disambiguation).
"Festivity" redirects here. For the ship, see MV Festivity.

A festival is an extraordinary event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival constitutes typical cases of glocalization, as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship.[1] Next to religion and folklore, a significant origin is agricultural. Food is such a vital resource that many festivals are associated with harvest time. Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in autumn, such as Halloween in the northern hemisphere and Easter in the southern.

Village Feast. Facsimile of a woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant, facetious work end of 16th century (edition of 1609)
Procession in Honor of Isis depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1903)

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called patronal festivals. They may also provide entertainment, which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions; the involvement of elders sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among families.[2] Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability.[3][4]

Etymology

 
A Festival at Antwerp, Belgium, 17th century
 
Country Festival in Swabia

The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from Latin via Old French.[5] In Middle English, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.[6] Its first recorded used as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").[5] Feast first came into usage as a noun circa 1200,[7] and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.[8]

The word gala comes from Arabic word khil'a, meaning robe of honor.[9] The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century.[10]

History

Festivals have long been significant in human culture and are found in virtually all cultures.[11][12] The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.[13] Ancient Greek and Roman societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.[14] Saturnalia was likely influential to Christmas and Carnival.[15] Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.[15] Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in Ghana, for example, predate European colonisation of the 15th century.[4][15][16] Festivals prospered following the Second World War.[15] Both established in 1947, Avignon Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.[17] Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.[13] In modern times, festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly public or not-for-profit.[18][19]

Traditions

Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha serve to mark out the year. Others, such as harvest festivals, celebrate seasonal change. Events of historical significance, such as important military victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans.[20] In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests. Festivals are often commemorated annually.

There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food (showing the connection to "feasting") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier.[21]

Types of festivals

The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.[22][15] Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.[23] The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.[24] The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.[13] There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.[24]

Religious festivals

Main article: Religious festival

Among many religions, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of God or gods.[25] A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as Passover, Easter and Eid al-Adha are moveable feasts – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.[26] Among the Ashantis, most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.[27]

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.[28]

Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.[29] Hindu festivals, such as Holi are very ancient. The Sikh community celebrates the Vaisakhi festival marking the new year and birth of the Khalsa.[30]

Religious festivals

Arts festivals

Main article: Arts festival

Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as science festivals, literary festivals and music festivals.[31] Sub-categories include comedy festivals, rock festivals, jazz festivals and buskers festivals; poetry festivals,[32] theatre festivals, and storytelling festivals; and re-enactment festivals such as Renaissance fairs. In the Philippines, aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago.[33] The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry.[3] Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day.[34]

Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the Berlin International Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival.

Arts festivals
Main article: Food festival

A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the National Peanut Festival in the United States, or the Galway International Oyster Festival in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate wine. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of Beaujolais nouveau, which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year.[35][36] Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine sake are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks.[citation needed]

Food and drink festivals
  •  

    Soweto Wine Festival, South Africa (2009)

  •  

    Holi India (2011)

  •  

    La Tomatina, Spain (2010)

  •  

    Beer horse cart from the Hofbräuhaus brewery at Oktoberfest Germany (2013)

Seasonal and harvest festivals

Seasonal festivals, such as Beltane, are determined by the solar and the lunar calendars and by the cycle of the seasons, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a wide range of ancient and modern harvest festivals. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River, a form of irrigation, which provided fertile land for crops.[37] In the Alps, in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain pastures to the stables in the valley is celebrated as Almabtrieb. A recognized winter festival, the Chinese New Year, is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the winter solstice. Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.[38]

Midsummer or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the feast day of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. Winter carnivals also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods.[citation needed]

Seasonal and harvest festivals

Politics

Scholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning, such as ownership of place, which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival.[4][24] Furthermore, a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve "certain ideals", including those of identity and ideology.[39] Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city; the ephemerality of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal, of name, memory and perception.[13][24] In deviating from routine, festivals may reinforce the convention, be it social, cultural or economic.[15][24]

Study of festivals

See also

References

  1. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 9780415252256.
  2. ^ "Why festivals are important". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Davies, Karen (2021). "Festivals Post Covid-19". Leisure Sciences. 43 (1–2): 184–189. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000. ISSN 0149-0400. S2CID 225693273.
  4. ^ a b c Quinn, Bernadette (2003). "Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera". Tourism Geographies. 5 (3): 329–349. doi:10.1080/14616680309710. ISSN 1461-6688. S2CID 143509970. from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "festival, adj. and n. August 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine". OED Online. March 2014. Oxford University Press. Accessed April 16, 2014.
  6. ^ festival (adj.) July 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine at the Middle English Dictionary. Accessed April 16, 2014.
  7. ^ "feast, n. August 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine". OED Online. March 2014. Oxford University Press. Accessed April 16, 2014.
  8. ^ "feast, v. August 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine". OED Online. March 2014. Oxford University Press. Accessed April 16, 2014.
  9. ^ James E Glevin (2020). The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0190074067.
  10. ^ "gala (n.)". from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  11. ^ Cudny 2016, p. 13.
  12. ^ Falassi, Alessandro, ed. (1987). Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival. University of New Mexico Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8263-0932-1. OCLC 15017471. from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d Quinn, Bernadette (2005). "Arts Festivals and the City". Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927–943. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154354884.
  14. ^ Brandt, J. Rasmus; Iddeng, Jon W., eds. (2012). Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-969609-3.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  16. ^ Odotei, Irene (2002). "Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (6): 17–34. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406666. from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  17. ^ Bartie, Angela (2013). The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 6. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7486-7030-7. from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  18. ^ Prentice, Richard; Andersen, Vivien (2003). "Festival as creative destination". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (1): 7–30. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8. from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  19. ^ Andersson, Tommy D.; Getz, Donald (2008). "Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals". Journal of Convention & Event Tourism. 9 (3): 199–220. doi:10.1080/15470140802323801. ISSN 1547-0148. S2CID 154831702. from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  20. ^ Berrett, LaMar C.; Ogden D. Kelly (1996). Discovering the world of the Bible (3rd ed., rev. ed.). Provo, Utah: Grandin Book Co. p. 289. ISBN 0-910523-52-5.
  21. ^ See for example: List of festivals in Australia; Bangladesh; Canada; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Fiji; India; Indonesia; Iran; Japan; Laos; Morocco; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Romania; Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States; Vietnam.
  22. ^ Cudny 2016, p. 15.
  23. ^ Hondros, Konstantin; Silva, Glaucia Peres da, eds. (2019). Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange. Transcript. p. 86. ISBN 978-3-8394-4667-6. OCLC 1105916920. from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  24. ^ a b c d e Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN 0309-1325. S2CID 144867877.
  25. ^ Bleeker, Claas Jouco (1967). Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal. Brill Archive. from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  26. ^ "Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  27. ^ Robson, James P. (2007). "Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico". International Journal of Sustainable Development. 10 (3): 267. doi:10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647. ISSN 0960-1406.
  28. ^ "Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances / Theme | Tourism Promotions Board". www.tpb.gov.ph. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  29. ^ Gerson, Ruth (1996). Traditional festivals in Thailand. Kuala Lumpur; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9676531111.
  30. ^ Roy, Christian (2005). "Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure". Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 480. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.
  31. ^ See List of music festivals.
  32. ^ Some such as such as Cúirt International Festival of Literature started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope.
  33. ^ Kasilag, Giselle P. (February 1999). "Performances, exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month". BusinessWorld (SanJuan, Philippines): 1. ISSN 0116-3930 – via Nexis Uni.
  34. ^ Frey, Bruno S. (1994). "The Economics of Music Festivals". Journal of Cultural Economics. 18 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1007/bf01207151. ISSN 0885-2545. S2CID 153806851. from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  35. ^ Hyslop, Leah (November 21, 2013). "Beaujolais Nouveau day: 10 facts about the wine". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.
  36. ^ Haine, W. Scott (2006). Culture and Customs of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-313-32892-3. from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  37. ^ Bunson, Margaret (2009). "Nile festivals". Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8. from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  38. ^ . Directorate of Information, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. July 5, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  39. ^ Jeong, Sunny; Santos, Carla Almeida. (2004). "Cultural Politics and Contested Place Identity". Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (3): 640–656. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.004.
  40. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Heortology" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  41. ^ Parker, Robert (1996). Athenian religion : a history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814979-4. OCLC 32590127. from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.

Further reading

  • Ian Yeoman, ed. (2004). Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective (1st ed., repr. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9780750658720.

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Festivals".
  •   Media related to Festivals at Wikimedia Commons
  •   The dictionary definition of Festival at Wiktionary

March 08, 2023
festival, other, uses, disambiguation, festivity, redirects, here, ship, festivity, festival, extraordinary, event, celebrated, community, centering, some, characteristic, aspect, aspects, that, community, religion, cultures, often, marked, local, national, ho. For other uses see Festival disambiguation Festivity redirects here For the ship see MV Festivity A festival is an extraordinary event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures It is often marked as a local or national holiday mela or eid A festival constitutes typical cases of glocalization as well as the high culture low culture interrelationship 1 Next to religion and folklore a significant origin is agricultural Food is such a vital resource that many festivals are associated with harvest time Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in autumn such as Halloween in the northern hemisphere and Easter in the southern Village Feast Facsimile of a woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant facetious work end of 16th century edition of 1609 Procession in Honor of Isis depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by Frederick Arthur Bridgman 1903 Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods goddesses or saints they are called patronal festivals They may also provide entertainment which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass produced entertainment Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions the involvement of elders sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among families 2 Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism socialization and camaraderie the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection belonging and adaptability 3 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Traditions 4 Types of festivals 4 1 Religious festivals 4 2 Arts festivals 4 3 Seasonal and harvest festivals 5 Politics 6 Study of festivals 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEtymology Edit A Festival at Antwerp Belgium 17th century Country Festival in Swabia The word festival was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century deriving from Latin via Old French 5 In Middle English a festival dai was a religious holiday 6 Its first recorded used as a noun was in 1589 as Festifall 5 Feast first came into usage as a noun circa 1200 7 and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300 8 The word gala comes from Arabic word khil a meaning robe of honor 9 The word gala was initially used to describe festive dress but came to be a synonym of festival starting in the 18th century 10 History EditFestivals have long been significant in human culture and are found in virtually all cultures 11 12 The importance of festivals to the present is found in private and public secular and religious life 13 Ancient Greek and Roman societies relied heavily upon festivals both communal and administrative 14 Saturnalia was likely influential to Christmas and Carnival 15 Celebration of social occasions religion and nature were common 15 Specific festivals have century long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries some traditional festivals in Ghana for example predate European colonisation of the 15th century 4 15 16 Festivals prospered following the Second World War 15 Both established in 1947 Avignon Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals 17 Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century 13 In modern times festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly public or not for profit 18 19 Traditions EditMany festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities The most important religious festivals such as Christmas Rosh Hashanah Diwali Eid al Fitr and Eid al Adha serve to mark out the year Others such as harvest festivals celebrate seasonal change Events of historical significance such as important military victories or other nation building events also provide the impetus for a festival An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans 20 In many countries royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests Festivals are often commemorated annually There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food showing the connection to feasting and they bring people together Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier 21 Types of festivals EditThe scale of festivals varies in location and attendance they may range from a local to national level 22 15 Music festivals for example often bring together disparate groups of people such that they are both localised and global 23 The vast majority of festivals are however local modest and populist 24 The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of 13 There exists significant variation among festivals beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular rural and urban people and establishment 24 Religious festivals Edit Main article Religious festival Among many religions a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of God or gods 25 A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some such as Passover Easter and Eid al Adha are moveable feasts that is those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time The Sed festival for example celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh s rule and then every three or four in one case years after that 26 Among the Ashantis most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms Thus the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site assisting in biodiversity conservation 27 In the Christian liturgical calendar there are two principal feasts properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord Christmas and the Feast of the Resurrection Easter but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity In the Catholic Eastern Orthodox and Anglican liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints sacred events or doctrines In the Philippines each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival either from Catholic Islamic or indigenous origins 28 Buddhist religious festivals such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand 29 Hindu festivals such as Holi are very ancient The Sikh community celebrates the Vaisakhi festival marking the new year and birth of the Khalsa 30 Religious festivals Cleaning in preparation for Passover c 1320 Radha celebrating Holi Kangra India c1788 A Christmas mass at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem Palestine 1979 Moors and Christian festival in Villena Spain Decoration of god Krishna on Krishnastami in India Arts festivals Edit Main article Arts festival Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as science festivals literary festivals and music festivals 31 Sub categories include comedy festivals rock festivals jazz festivals and buskers festivals poetry festivals 32 theatre festivals and storytelling festivals and re enactment festivals such as Renaissance fairs In the Philippines aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year February is known as national arts month the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago 33 The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s 70s and have become a lucrative global industry 3 Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some such as the Three Choirs Festival remain to this day 34 Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films and are usually held annually Some of the most significant film festivals include the Berlin International Film Festival the Venice Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival Arts festivals Pushkin Poetry Festival Russia Television studio at the Hotel Martinez during the Cannes Film Festival France 2006 The opening ceremony at the Woodstock rock festival United States 1969 Main article Food festival A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food such as the National Peanut Festival in the United States or the Galway International Oyster Festival in Ireland There are also specific beverage festivals such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer Many countries hold festivals to celebrate wine One example is the global celebration of the arrival of Beaujolais nouveau which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year 35 36 Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine sake are associated with harvest time In the Philippines there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks citation needed Food and drink festivals Soweto Wine Festival South Africa 2009 Holi India 2011 La Tomatina Spain 2010 Beer horse cart from the Hofbrauhaus brewery at Oktoberfest Germany 2013 Seasonal and harvest festivals Edit Seasonal festivals such as Beltane are determined by the solar and the lunar calendars and by the cycle of the seasons especially because of its effect on food supply as a result of which there is a wide range of ancient and modern harvest festivals Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River a form of irrigation which provided fertile land for crops 37 In the Alps in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain pastures to the stables in the valley is celebrated as Almabtrieb A recognized winter festival the Chinese New Year is set by the lunar calendar and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the winter solstice Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest 38 Midsummer or St John s Day is an example of a seasonal festival related to the feast day of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere where it is particularly important in Sweden Winter carnivals also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice In the Philippines each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops fishes crustaceans milk and other local goods citation needed Seasonal and harvest festivals Temple Festival in India Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of Contemporary Art Sky lantern Festival in Loire Valley Midsummer dance by Anders Zorn Sweden 1897 Tanabata summer festival in Sendai Japan Grand Parade at the Sydney Royal Easter Show Australia 2009 Halloween pumpkins show the close relationship between a harvest and religious festivalsPolitics EditScholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning such as ownership of place which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival 4 24 Furthermore a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve certain ideals including those of identity and ideology 39 Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city the ephemerality of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal of name memory and perception 13 24 In deviating from routine festivals may reinforce the convention be it social cultural or economic 15 24 Study of festivals EditFestive ecology explores the relationships between the symbolism and the ecology of the plants fungi and animals associated with cultural events such as festivals processions and special occasions Heortology the study of religious festivals It was originally only used in respect of Christian festivals 40 but it now covers all religions in particular those of Ancient Greece 41 See list of foods with religious symbolism for some topical overlap See also Edit Society portal Holidays portalAll pages with titles containing Festival Convention Event planning Fair Festive ecology Holiday Lists of festivals Outline of festivals Patronal festival Procession Trade showReferences Edit Caves R W 2004 Encyclopedia of the City Routledge p 264 ISBN 9780415252256 Why festivals are important www thenews com pk Retrieved February 10 2023 a b Davies Karen 2021 Festivals Post Covid 19 Leisure Sciences 43 1 2 184 189 doi 10 1080 01490400 2020 1774000 ISSN 0149 0400 S2CID 225693273 a b c Quinn Bernadette 2003 Symbols practices and myth making Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera Tourism Geographies 5 3 329 349 doi 10 1080 14616680309710 ISSN 1461 6688 S2CID 143509970 Archived from the original on August 28 2022 Retrieved August 21 2022 a b festival adj and n Archived August 28 2022 at the Wayback Machine OED Online March 2014 Oxford University Press Accessed April 16 2014 festival adj Archived July 2 2014 at the Wayback Machine at the Middle English Dictionary Accessed April 16 2014 feast n Archived August 28 2022 at the Wayback Machine OED Online March 2014 Oxford University Press Accessed April 16 2014 feast v Archived August 28 2022 at the Wayback Machine OED Online March 2014 Oxford University Press Accessed April 16 2014 James E Glevin 2020 The Modern Middle East A History Oxford University Press p 21 ISBN 978 0190074067 gala n Archived from the original on June 27 2020 Retrieved June 27 2020 Cudny 2016 p 13 Falassi Alessandro ed 1987 Time Out of Time Essays on the Festival University of New Mexico Press p 1 ISBN 0 8263 0932 1 OCLC 15017471 Archived from the original on August 28 2022 Retrieved August 21 2022 a b c d Quinn Bernadette 2005 Arts Festivals and the City Urban Studies 42 5 6 927 943 doi 10 1080 00420980500107250 ISSN 0042 0980 S2CID 154354884 Brandt J Rasmus Iddeng Jon W eds 2012 Greek and Roman Festivals Content Meaning and Practice 1st ed Oxford University Press p 1 ISBN 978 0 19 969609 3 a b c d e f Cudny Waldemar 2014 The Phenomenon of Festivals Their Origins Evolution and Classifications Anthropos 109 2 640 656 doi 10 5771 0257 9774 2014 2 640 ISSN 0257 9774 JSTOR 43861801 Archived from the original on August 23 2022 Retrieved August 23 2022 Odotei Irene 2002 Festivals in Ghana Continuity Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 6 17 34 ISSN 0855 3246 JSTOR 41406666 Archived from the original on August 24 2022 Retrieved August 24 2022 Bartie Angela 2013 The Edinburgh Festivals Culture and Society in Post war Britain Edinburgh University Press p 6 doi 10 3366 edinburgh 9780748670307 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 7486 7030 7 Archived from the original on August 28 2022 Retrieved August 24 2022 Prentice Richard Andersen Vivien 2003 Festival as creative destination Annals of Tourism Research 30 1 7 30 doi 10 1016 S0160 7383 02 00034 8 Archived from the original on June 23 2022 Retrieved August 21 2022 Andersson Tommy D Getz Donald 2008 Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals Journal of Convention amp Event Tourism 9 3 199 220 doi 10 1080 15470140802323801 ISSN 1547 0148 S2CID 154831702 Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 28 2022 Berrett LaMar C Ogden D Kelly 1996 Discovering the world of the Bible 3rd ed rev ed Provo Utah Grandin Book Co p 289 ISBN 0 910523 52 5 See for example List of festivals in Australia Bangladesh Canada China Colombia Costa Rica Fiji India Indonesia Iran Japan Laos Morocco Nepal Pakistan Philippines Romania Tunisia Turkey United Kingdom United States Vietnam Cudny 2016 p 15 Hondros Konstantin Silva Glaucia Peres da eds 2019 Music Practices Across Borders E Valuating Space Diversity and Exchange Transcript p 86 ISBN 978 3 8394 4667 6 OCLC 1105916920 Archived from the original on August 28 2022 Retrieved August 24 2022 a b c d e Waterman Stanley 1998 Carnivals for elites The cultural politics of arts festivals Progress in Human Geography 22 1 54 74 doi 10 1191 030913298672233886 ISSN 0309 1325 S2CID 144867877 Bleeker Claas Jouco 1967 Egyptian Festivals Enactments of Religious Renewal Brill Archive Archived from the original on August 28 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Heb Sed Egyptian feast Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on May 4 2015 Retrieved April 16 2014 Robson James P 2007 Local approaches to biodiversity conservation lessons from Oaxaca southern Mexico International Journal of Sustainable Development 10 3 267 doi 10 1504 ijsd 2007 017647 ISSN 0960 1406 Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances Theme Tourism Promotions Board www tpb gov ph Retrieved February 10 2023 Gerson Ruth 1996 Traditional festivals in Thailand Kuala Lumpur New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9676531111 Roy Christian 2005 Sikh Vaisakhi Anniversary of the Pure Traditional Festivals Vol 2 M Z A Multicultural Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 480 ISBN 978 1 57607 089 5 See List of music festivals Some such as such as Cuirt International Festival of Literature started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope Kasilag Giselle P February 1999 Performances exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month BusinessWorld SanJuan Philippines 1 ISSN 0116 3930 via Nexis Uni Frey Bruno S 1994 The Economics of Music Festivals Journal of Cultural Economics 18 1 29 39 doi 10 1007 bf01207151 ISSN 0885 2545 S2CID 153806851 Archived from the original on August 28 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 Hyslop Leah November 21 2013 Beaujolais Nouveau day 10 facts about the wine The Telegraph Archived from the original on January 11 2022 Haine W Scott 2006 Culture and Customs of France Greenwood Publishing Group p 103 ISBN 978 0 313 32892 3 Archived from the original on May 1 2016 Retrieved December 15 2015 Bunson Margaret 2009 Nile festivals Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Infobase Publishing p 278 ISBN 978 1 4381 0997 8 Archived from the original on May 7 2016 Retrieved December 15 2015 Press release Dree festival Directorate of Information Govt of Arunachal Pradesh July 5 2004 Archived from the original on July 18 2011 Retrieved July 13 2009 Jeong Sunny Santos Carla Almeida 2004 Cultural Politics and Contested Place Identity Annals of Tourism Research 31 3 640 656 doi 10 1016 j annals 2004 01 004 Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Heortology Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Parker Robert 1996 Athenian religion a history Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 0 19 814979 4 OCLC 32590127 Archived from the original on May 12 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Cudny Waldemar 2016 Festivalisation of Urban Spaces Springer Geography Springer doi 10 1007 978 3 319 31997 1 ISBN 978 3 319 31997 1 S2CID 168194339 Further reading EditIan Yeoman ed 2004 Festival and events management an international arts and culture perspective 1st ed repr ed Amsterdam Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 9780750658720 External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Festivals Media related to Festivals at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Festival at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Festival amp oldid 1141662351, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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