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Gateway Arch

April 30, 2023

The Gateway Arch is a 630-foot-tall (192 m) monument in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a weighted catenary arch,[5] it is the world's tallest arch[4] and Missouri's tallest accessible building. Some sources consider it the tallest human-made monument in the Western Hemisphere.[6] Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States[5] and officially dedicated to "the American people", the Arch, commonly referred to as "The Gateway to the West", is a National Historic Landmark in Gateway Arch National Park and has become an internationally recognized symbol of St. Louis, as well as a popular tourist destination.

Gateway Arch
Alternative names
  • Gateway to the West
  • St. Louis Arch
General information
Architectural styleStructural expressionism[1]
Location100 Washington Avenue
St. Louis, Missouri, 63102, U.S.
Coordinates38°37′28″N 90°11′05″W / 38.6245°N 90.1847°W / 38.6245; -90.1847Coordinates: 38°37′28″N 90°11′05″W / 38.6245°N 90.1847°W / 38.6245; -90.1847
Construction startedFebruary 12, 1963; 60 years ago (1963-02-12)
CompletedOctober 28, 1965; 57 years ago (1965-10-28)
InauguratedJune 10, 1967; 55 years ago (1967-06-10)
Cost$13 million (c. $86.5 million in 2021)[2]
Height630 ft (192 m)
Dimensions
Other dimensions630 ft (192 m) width
Design and construction
Architect(s)Eero Saarinen
Architecture firmEero Saarinen and Associates
Structural engineerSeverud Associates
Main contractorMacDonald Construction Co.
Website
www.gatewayarch.com
Gateway Arch
NRHP reference No.87001423
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 28, 1987[3]
Designated NHLMay 28, 1987[4]

The Arch was designed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen in 1947; construction began on February 12, 1963, and was completed on October 28, 1965,[7][8] at an overall cost of $13 million[9] (equivalent to $86.5 million in 2018).[2] The monument opened to the public on June 10, 1967.[10] It is located at the 1764 site of the founding of St. Louis on the west bank of the Mississippi River.[11][12][13]

Historical background

See also: History of the Gateway Arch National Park

Inception and funding (1933–1935)

Around late 1933, civic leader Luther Ely Smith, returning to St. Louis from the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park in Vincennes, Indiana, saw the St. Louis riverfront area and envisioned that building a memorial there would both revive the riverfront and stimulate the economy.[14][15] He communicated his idea to mayor Bernard Dickmann, who on December 15, 1933, raised it in a meeting with city leaders. They sanctioned the proposal, and the nonprofit Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association (JNEMA—pronounced "Jenny May")[16] was formed. Smith was appointed chairman and Dickmann vice chairman. The association's goal was to create:[14]

A suitable and permanent public memorial to the men who made possible the western territorial expansion of the United States, particularly President Jefferson, his aides Livingston and Monroe, the great explorers, Lewis and Clark, and the hardy hunters, trappers, frontiersmen and pioneers who contributed to the territorial expansion and development of these United States, and thereby to bring before the public of this and future generations the history of our development and induce familiarity with the patriotic accomplishments of these great builders of our country.

Many locals did not approve of depleting public funds for the cause. Smith's daughter SaLees related that when "people would tell him we needed more practical things", he would respond that "spiritual things" were equally important.[16]

The association expected that $30 million would be needed to undertake the construction of such a monument (about $508 million[17] in 2021 dollars). It called upon the federal government to foot three-quarters of the bill ($22.5 million).[16]

 
The St. Louis riverfront after demolition

The suggestion to renew the riverfront was not original, as previous projects were attempted but lacked popularity. The Jefferson memorial idea emerged amid the economic disarray of the Great Depression and promised new jobs.[14] The project was expected to create 5,000 jobs for three to four years.[18] Committee members began to raise public awareness by organizing fundraisers and writing pamphlets. They also engaged Congress by planning budgets and preparing bills, in addition to researching ownership of the land they had chosen, "approximately one-half mile in length  ... from Third Street east to the present elevated railroad." In January 1934, Senator Bennett Champ Clark and Representative John Cochran introduced to Congress an appropriation bill seeking $30 million for the memorial, but the bill failed to garner support due to the large amount of money solicited. In March of the same year, joint resolutions proposed the establishment of a federal commission to develop the memorial. Although the proposal aimed for only authorization, the bill incurred opposition because people suspected that JNEMA would later seek appropriation. On March 28 the Senate bill was reported out, and on April 5 it was turned over to the House Library Committee, which later reported favorably on the bills. On June 8, both the Senate and House bills were passed. On June 15, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill into law, instituting the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission. The commission comprised 15 members, chosen by Roosevelt, the House, the Senate, and JNEMA. It first convened on December 19 in St. Louis, where members examined the project and its planned location.[14]

Meanwhile, in December, the JNEMA discussed organizing an architectural competition to determine the design of the monument. Local architect Louis LeBeaume had drawn up competition guidelines by January 1935.[14] On April 13, 1935, the commission certified JNEMA's project proposals, including memorial perimeters, the "historical significance" of the memorial, the competition, and the $30 million budget.[14] Between February and April, the Missouri State Legislature passed an act allowing the use of bonds to facilitate the project. On April 15, then Governor Guy B. Park signed it into law. Dickmann and Smith applied for funding from two New Deal agencies—the Public Works Administration (headed by Harold Ickes) and the Works Progress Administration (headed by Harry Hopkins). On August 7, both Ickes and Hopkins assented to the funding requests, each promising $10 million, and said that the National Park Service (NPS) would manage the memorial.[19] A local bond issue election granting $7.5 million (about $127 million[17] in 2021 dollars) for the memorial's development was held on September 10 and passed.[14][18]

On December 21, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 7253[15] to approve the memorial,[20] allocating the 82-acre area as the first National Historic Site.[15][16][19] The order also appropriated $3.3 million through the WPA and $3.45 million through the PWA[21] ($6.75 million in total).[18] The motivation of the project was two-fold—commemorating westward expansion and creating jobs.[14] Some taxpayers began to file suits to block the construction of the monument, which they called a "boondoggle".[16]

Initial planning (1936–1939)

Using the 1935 grant of $6.75 million and $2.25 million in city bonds,[18] the NPS acquired the historic buildings within the historic site—through condemnation rather than purchase—and demolished them. By September 1938, condemnation was complete. The condemnation was subject to many legal disputes which culminated on January 27, 1939, when the United States Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that condemnation was valid. A total of $6.2 million was distributed to land owners on June 14.[15] Demolition commenced on October 9, 1939, when Dickmann extracted three bricks from a vacant warehouse.[22]

Led by Paul Peters, adversaries of the memorial delivered to Congress a leaflet titled "Public Necessity or Just Plain Pork". The JNEMA's lawyer, Bon Geaslin, believed that the flyers did not taint the project, but motivated members of Congress to find out more about the same. Although Representative John Cochran wanted to ask Congress to approve more funds, Geaslin believed the association should "keep a low profile, maintaining its current position during this session of Congress". He advised the association to "get a good strong editorial in one of the papers to the effect that a small group of tenants ... is soliciting funds [to fight] the proposed improvement, and stating that these efforts do not represent the consensus of opinion in St. Louis ... , and pointing out that such obstructions should be condemned".[22]

Congress's reduction in spending made it impossible for the allocated funds to be obtained. NPS responded that the city would reduce its contribution if the federal government did. It also asserted that the funds were sanctioned by an executive order, but superintendent John Nagle pointed out that what "one Executive Order does, another can undo". In March 1936, Representative Cochran commented during a House meeting that he "would not vote for any measure providing for building the memorial or allotting funds to it". Geaslin found Cochran's statements to be a greater hindrance to the project than Paul Peters' opposition, for Congress might have Cochran's opinions as representative of public opinion.[22]

Peters and other opponents asked Roosevelt to rescind Executive Order 7253 and to redirect the money to the American Red Cross. Smith impugned their motives, accusing them of being "opposed to anything that is ever advanced in behalf of the city."[22] In February 1936, an editorial written by Paul W. Ward in The Nation denounced the project.[23] Smith was infuriated, fearing the impact of attacks from a prestigious magazine, and wanted "to jump on it strong with hammer and tongs". William Allen White, a renowned newspaper editor, advised Smith not to fret.[22]

Because the Mississippi River played an essential role in establishing St. Louis's identity as the gateway to the west, it was felt that a memorial commemorating it should be near the river. Railroad tracks that had been constructed in the 1930s on the levee obstructed views of the riverfront from the memorial site.[15] When Ickes declared that the railway must be removed before he would allocate funds for the memorial,[22] President of the St. Louis Board of Public Service Baxter Brown suggested that "a new tunnel ... conceal the relocated tracks and re-grading of the site to elevate it over the tunnel. These modifications would eliminate the elevated and surface tracks and open up the views to the river."[15] Although rejected by NPS architect Charles Peterson, Brown's proposal formed the basis for the ultimate settlement.[22]

By May 1942, demolition was complete.[20] The Old Cathedral and the Old Rock House, because of their historical significance, were the only buildings retained within the historic site.[24][25] The Old Rock House was later dismantled in 1959 with the intention of reassembling it at a new location, but pieces of the building went missing. Part of the house has been reconstructed in the basement of the Old Courthouse.[26]

Design competition (1945–1948)

... [T]he steel monument one sees today—carbon steel on the interior, stainless steel on the exterior, and concrete in-filling, with an equilateral-triangle-shaped section that tapers from 54 to 17 feet at the top, and the concept of a skin that is also structure—is in essence [Saarinen's] competition design.[27]

—Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future, 2006

In November 1944, Smith discussed with Newton Drury, the National Park Service Director, the design of the memorial, asserting that the memorial should be "transcending in spiritual and aesthetic values", best represented by "one central feature: a single shaft, a building, an arch, or something else that would symbolize American culture and civilization."[28]

The idea of an architectural competition to determine the design of the memorial was favored at the JNEMA's inaugural meeting. They planned to award cash for the best design.[16] In January 1945, the JNEMA officially announced a two-stage design competition that would cost $225,000 to organize. Smith and the JNEMA struggled to raise the funds, garnering only a third of the required total by June 1945.[a] Then mayor Aloys Kaufmann feared that the lack of public support would lead officials to abandon hope in the project. The passage of a year brought little success, and Smith frantically underwrote the remaining $40,000 in May 1946. By June, Smith found others to assume portions of his underwriting, with $17,000 remaining under his sponsorship. In February 1947, the underwriters were compensated, and the fund stood at over $231,199.[28]

Local architect Louis LaBeaume prepared a set of specifications for the design, and architect George Howe was chosen to coordinate the competition. On May 30, 1947, the contest officially opened. The seven-member jury that would judge the designs comprised Charles Nagel Jr., Richard Neutra, Roland Wank, William Wurster, LaBeaume, Fiske Kimball, and S. Herbert Hare.[30] The competition comprised two stages—the first to narrow down the designers to five and the second to single out one architect and his design.[28] The design intended to include:[31]

(a) an architectural memorial or memorials to Jefferson; dealing (b) with preservation of the site of Old St. Louis—landscaping, provision of an open-air campfire theater, reerection or reproduction of a few typical old buildings, provision of a Museum interpreting the Westward movement; (c) a living memorial to Jefferson's 'vision of greater opportunities for men of all races and creeds;' (d) recreational facilities, both sides of the river; and (e) parking facilities, access, relocation of railroads, placement of an interstate highway.

 
Saarinen working with a model of the arch in 1957

Saarinen's team included himself as designer, J. Henderson Barr as associate designer, and Dan Kiley as landscape architect, as well as Lily Swann Saarinen as sculptor and Alexander Girard as painter. In the first stage of the competition, Carl Milles advised Saarinen to change the bases of each leg to triangles instead of squares. Saarinen said that he "worked at first with mathematical shapes, but finally adjusted it according to the eye." At submission, Saarinen's plans laid out the arch at 569 feet (173 m) tall and 592 feet (180 m) wide from center to center of the triangle bases.[27]

On September 1, 1947, submissions for the first stage were received by the jury. The submissions were labeled by numbers only, and the names of the designers were kept anonymous. Upon four days of deliberation, the jury narrowed down the 172 submissions, which included Saarinen's father Eliel,[29] to five finalists, and announced the corresponding numbers to the media on September 27. Eero Saarinen's design (#144) was among the finalists, and comments written on it included "relevant, beautiful, perhaps inspired would be the right word" (Roland Wank) and "an abstract form peculiarly happy in its symbolism" (Charles Nagel). Hare questioned the feasibility of the design but appreciated the thoughtfulness behind it.[28] Local St. Louis architect Harris Armstrong was also one of the finalists.[32] The secretary who sent out the telegrams informing finalists of their advancement mistakenly sent one to Eliel rather than Eero. The family celebrated with champagne, and two hours later, a competition representative called to correct the mistake. Eliel "'broke out a second bottle of champagne' to toast his son."[29] They proceeded to the second stage, and each was given a $10,069 prize (about $97,220[17] in 2021 dollars). Saarinen changed the height of the arch from 580 feet to 630 feet (190 m)[b] and wrote that the arch symbolized "the gateway to the West, the national expansion, and whatnot."[27] He wanted the landscape surrounding the arch to "be so densely covered with trees that it will be a forest-like park, a green retreat from the tension of the downtown city," according to The New York Times architectural critic Aline Bernstein Louchheim.[c] The deadline for the second stage arrived on February 10, 1948, and on February 18, the jury chose Saarinen's design unanimously,[28] praising its "profoundly evocative and truly monumental expression."[35] The following day,[30] during a formal dinner at Statler Hotel that the finalists and the media attended, Wurster pronounced Saarinen the winner of the competition and awarded the checks—$40,000 to his team[27] and $50,000 to Saarinen.[36] The competition was the first major architectural design that Saarinen developed unaided by his father.[28]

On May 25, the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission endorsed the design.[30] Later, in June, the NPS approved the proposal.[27] Representative H. R. Gross, however, opposed the allocation of federal funds for the arch's development.[37]

The design drew varied responses. In a February 29, 1969, The New York Times article, Louchheim praised the arch's design as "a modern monument, fitting, beautiful and impressive."[38] Some local residents likened it to a "stupendous hairpin and a stainless steel hitching post." The most aggressive criticism emerged from Gilmore D. Clarke,[39] whose February 26, 1948,[16] letter compared Saarinen's arch to an arch imagined by fascist Benito Mussolini, rendering the arch a fascist symbol. This allegation of plagiarism ignited fierce debates among architects about its validity. Douglas Haskell from New York wrote that "The use of a common form is not plagiarism ... [T]his particular accusation amounts to the filthiest smear that has been attempted by a man highly placed in the architectural profession in our generation."[16] Wurster and the jury refuted the charges, arguing that "the arch form was not inherently fascist but was indeed part of the entire history of architecture."[35] Saarinen considered the opposition absurd, asserting, "It's just preposterous to think that a basic form, based on a completely natural figure, should have any ideological connection."[39]

By January 1951, Saarinen created 21 "drawings, including profiles of the Arch, scale drawings of the museums and restaurants, various parking proposals, the effect of the levee-tunnel railroad plan on the Arch footings, the Arch foundations, the Third Street Expressway, and the internal and external structure of the Arch." Fred Severud made calculations for the arch's structure.[40]

Railroad agreement (1949–1958)

Several proposals were offered for moving the railroad tracks, including:

  • Bates-Ross. Tracks would cross the memorial site diagonally in a tunnel.
  • Bowen. Similar to Bates-Ross proposal.[how?]
  • Hill-Tunnel. Supported by Saarinen and NPS engineer Julian Spotts, it would route the tracks in a tunnel below Second and First Streets. Saarinen further said that if the tracks passed between the memorial and the river, he would withdraw his participation.
  • La Beaume-Terminal. Opposed by Saarinen and the NPS, it would lay "three tracks on a contained fill along the lines of the elevated tracks."
  • Levee-Tunnel. Proposed by Frank J. McDevitt, president of the St. Louis Board of Public Service, it would lower the tracks into a tunnel concealed by walls and landscaping.

On July 7, 1949, in Mayor Joseph Darst's office, city officials chose the Levee-Tunnel plan, rousing JNEMA members who held that the decision had been pressed through when Smith was away on vacation. Darst notified Secretary of the Interior Julius Krug of the city's selection. Krug planned to meet with Smith and JNEM but canceled the meeting and resigned on November 11. His successor, Oscar L. Chapman, rescheduled the meeting for December 5 in Washington with delegates from the city government, JNEMA, railroad officials, and Federal government. A day after the conference, they ratified a memorandum of understanding about the plan: "The five tracks on the levee would be replaced by three tracks, one owned by the Missouri Pacific Railroad (MPR) and two by the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis (TRRA) proceeding through a tunnel not longer than 3,000 feet. The tunnel would be approximately fifty feet west of the current elevated line." It would also have an overhead clearance of 18 feet (5.5 m), lower than the regular requirement of 22 feet (6.7 m). Chapman approved the document on December 22, 1949, and JNEM garnered the approval of the Missouri Public Service Commission on August 7, 1952.[40]

Efforts to appropriate congressional funds began in January 1950 but were delayed until 1953 by the Korean War's depletion of federal funds.[40]

In August 1953, Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton declared that the Department of the Interior and the railroads should finalize the agreement on the new route. In October, NPS and the TRRA decided that the TRRA would employ a surveyor endorsed by Spotts "to survey, design, estimate, and report on" the expenses of shifting the tracks. They chose Alfred Benesch and Associates, which released its final report on May 3, 1957. The firm estimated that the two proposals would cost more than expected: more than $11 million and $14 million, respectively. NPS director Conrad Wirth enjoined Saarinen to make small modifications to the design. In October, Saarinen redrafted the plans, suggesting:[41]

[the placement of] the five sets of railroad tracks into a shortened tunnel 100 feet west of the trestle, with the tracks being lowered sixteen feet. This did not mean that the memorial would be cut off from the river, however, for Saarinen provided a 960-foot-long (290 m) tunnel to be placed over the railroad where a "grand staircase" rose from the levee to the Arch. At the north and south ends of the park, 150-foot tunnels spanned the tracks, and led to the overlook museum, restaurant, and stairways down to the levee. Saarinen designed a subterranean visitor center the length of the distance between the legs, to include two theaters and an entrance by inward-sloping ramps.

On November 29, involved interests signed another memorandum of understanding approving Saarinen's rework; implementing it would cost about $5.053 million. On March 10, 1959, mayor Raymond Tucker proposed that they drop "the tunnel idea in favor of open cuts roofed with concrete slabs," which would cost $2.684 million, $1.5 million less than the cost of the approved plan. On May 12, 1958, Tucker, TRRA president Armstrong Chinn, and Missouri Pacific Railroad president Russell Dearmont entered a written agreement: "The TRRA would place $500,000 in escrow for the project, and the city [would] sell $980,000 of the 1935 bonds to match the Federal contribution." Director Wirth and Secretary Seaton approved the plan on June 2.[41]

In July 1953, Representative Leonor Sullivan introduced H.R. 6549, a bill authorizing the allocation of no more than $5 million to build the arch. After much negotiation, both houses of Congress approved the bill in May 1954, and on May 18, 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law as Public Law 361. Congress could not afford to appropriate the funds in 1955, so association president William Crowdus resorted to asking the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations for $10 million. The foundations denied the request because their function as private foundations did not include funding national memorials. In 1956, Congress appropriated $2.64 million to be used to move the railroad tracks. The remainder of the authorized appropriation was requested via six congressional bills, introduced on July 1, 1958, that revised Public Law 361 to encompass the cost of the entire memorial, increasing federal funds by $12.25 million. A month later the Department of the Interior and the Bureau of the Budget endorsed the bill, and both houses of Congress unanimously passed the bill. Eisenhower signed it into law on September 7. The NPS held off on appropriating the additional funds, as it planned to use the already-appropriated funds to initiate the railroad work.[41]

Final preparations (1959–1968)

 
3-D model of the Arch

Saarinen and city functionaries collaborated to zone buildings near the arch. In April 1959, real estate developer Lewis Kitchen decided to construct two 40-level edifices across from the arch. In July, after the plan was condemned for its potential obstruction of the arch, Kitchen discussed the issue with officials. A decision was delayed for several months because Saarinen had yet to designate the arch's height, projected between 590 and 630 feet (180 and 190 m). By October, Mayor Tucker and Director Wirth resolved to restrict the height of buildings opposite the arch to 275 feet (84 m) (about 27 levels), and the city stated that plans for buildings opposite the arch would require its endorsement. Kitchen then decreased the height of his buildings, while Saarinen increased that of the arch.[42]

Moving the railroad tracks was the first stage of the project. On May 6, 1959, after an official conference, the Public Service Commission called for ventilation to accompany the tunnel's construction, which entailed "placing 3,000 feet of dual tracks into a tunnel 105 feet west of the elevated railroad, along with filling, grading, and trestle work." Eight bids for the work were reviewed on June 8 in the Old Courthouse, and the MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis[5] won with a bid of $2,426,115, less than NPS's estimate of the cost. At 10:30 a.m. on June 23, 1959, the groundbreaking ceremony occurred; Tucker spaded the first portion of earth. Wirth and Dickmann delivered speeches.[42]

The NPS acquired the $500,000 in escrow and transferred it to MacDonald to begin building the new tracks. In August, demolition of the Old Rock House[d] was complete, with workers beginning to excavate the tunnel. In November, they began shaping the tunnel's walls with concrete. Twenty-nine percent of the construction was completed by March and 95% by November. On November 17, trains began to use the new tracks. June 1962 was the projected date of fruition.[42]

On May 16, 1959, the Senate appropriations subcommittee received from St. Louis legislators a request for $2.4911 million, of which it granted only $133,000. Wirth recommended that they reseek the funds in January 1960.[42]

On March 10, 1959, Regional Director Howard Baker received $888,000 as the city's first subsidy for the project. On December 1, 1961, $23,003,150 in total had been authorized, with $19,657,483 already appropriated—$3,345,667 remained not yet appropriated.[42]

Construction

The bidding date, originally December 20, 1961, was postponed to January 22, 1962, to clarify the details of the arch construction.[e] About 50 companies that had requested the construction requirements received bidding invitations. Extending from $11,923,163 to $12,765,078, all four bids exceeded the engineer estimate of $8,067,000. Wirth had a committee led by George Hartzog determine the validity of the bids in light of the government's conditions. Following a meeting with the bidders, the committee affirmed the bids' reasonableness, and Wirth awarded the lowest bidder, MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis,[5] the contract for the construction of the arch and the visitor center. On March 14, 1962, he signed the contract and received from Tucker $2.5 million, the city's subsidy for the phase. MacDonald reduced its bid $500,000 to $11,442,418.[42] The Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company served as the subcontractor for the shell of the arch.[16]

In 1959 and 1960, ground was broken,[44] and in 1961, the foundation of the structure was laid.[13] Construction of the arch itself began on February 12, 1963, as the first steel triangle on the south leg was eased into place.[16] These steel triangles, which narrowed as they spiraled to the top, were raised into place by a group of cranes and derricks.[45] The arch was assembled of 142[46] 12-foot-long (3.7 m) prefabricated stainless steel sections. Once in place, each section had its double-walled skin filled with concrete, prestressed with 252 tension bars.[47] In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors truss was placed between them at 530 feet (160 m), later removed as the derricks were taken down.[48] The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis's bicentennial.[11][12][49]

Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a 30-foot (9.1 m) tower for spectators[50] and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking.[51] In 1963, a million people went to observe the progress, and by 1964, local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place.[18] St. Louis Post-Dispatch photographer Art Witman documented the construction for the newspaper's Sunday supplement Pictures, his longest and most noted assignment.[52] He visited the construction site frequently from 1963 to 1967 recording of every stage of progress. With assistant Renyold Ferguson, he crawled along the catwalks with the construction workers up to 190m above the ground.[53] He was the only news photographer on permanent assignment at the construction, with complete access. He primarily worked with slide film but also used the only Panox camera in St. Louis to create panoramic photographs covering 140 degrees. Witman's pictures of the construction are now housed in the State Historical Society of Missouri.

The project manager of MacDonald Construction Co., Stan Wolf, said that a 62-story building was easier to build than the arch: "In a building, everything is straight up, one thing on top of another. In this arch, everything is curved."[13]

Delays and lawsuits

 
Arch construction in June 1965.

Although an actuarial firm predicted thirteen workers would die while building the arch, no workers were killed during the monument's construction.[54] However, construction of the arch was still often delayed by safety checks, funding uncertainties, and legal disputes.[55]

Civil rights activists regarded the construction of the arch as a token of racial discrimination. On July 14, 1964, during the workers' lunchtime, civil rights protesters Percy Green and Richard Daly, both members of Congress of Racial Equality, climbed 125 feet (38 m) up the north leg of the arch to "expose the fact that federal funds were being used to build a national monument that was racially discriminating against black contractors and skilled black workers." As the pair disregarded demands to get off, protesters on the ground demanded that at least 10% of the skilled jobs belong to African Americans. Four hours later, Green and Daly dismounted from the arch to charges of "trespassing, peace disturbance, and resisting arrest."[56][57] This incident inter alia spurred the United States Department of Justice to file the first pattern or practice case against AFL–CIO under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, on February 4, 1966, but the department later called off the charges.[58] The 1966 lawsuit was an attempt by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC) to desegregate building-trade unions nationwide. Many technical building unions had little or no African-American representation into the mid-1960s. During Lyndon Johnson's presidency, the federal government recognized the need for more integration in all levels of society and started enforcing equal employment opportunity through federally funded job contracts.[58]

In 1964, the Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company of Warren, Pennsylvania, sued MacDonald for $665,317 for tax concerns. In 1965, NPS requested that Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel remove the prominent letters "P-D-M" (its initials) from a creeper derrick used for construction, contending that it was promotional and violated federal law with regards to advertising on national monuments. Although Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel initially refused to pursue what it considered a precarious venture, the company relented after discovering that leaving the initials would cost $225,000 and after that, $42,000 per month,[59] and the NPS dropped its lawsuit.[16]

On October 26, 1965, the International Association of Ironworkers delayed work to ascertain that the arch was safe. After NPS director Kenneth Chapman gave his word that conditions were "perfectly safe," construction resumed on October 27.[60] After the discovery of 16 defects, the tram was also delayed from running. The Bi-State Development Agency assessed that it suffered losses of $2,000 for each day the trains were stagnant.[61]

On January 7, 1966, members of AFL–CIO deserted their work on the visitor center,[61] refusing to work with plumbers affiliated with Congress of Industrial Unions (CIU), which represented black plumbers. A representative of AFL–CIO said, "This policy has nothing to do with race. Our experience is that these CIU members have in the past worked for substandard wages."[62] CIU applied to the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) for an injunction that required the AFL–CIO laborers to return to work. On February 7, Judge John Keating Regan ruled that AFL–CIO workers had participated in a secondary boycott. By February 11, AFL–CIO resumed work on the arch, and an AFL–CIO contractor declared that ten African Americans were apprenticed for arch labor. The standstill in work lasted a month.[57] Considering how large Federal projects often "go haywire", Secretary of War Newton D. Baker said, "This memorial will be like a cathedral; built slowly but surely."[18]

Topping out and dedication

 
The dedication plaque

President Lyndon B. Johnson and Mayor Alfonso J. Cervantes decided on a date for the topping-out ceremony, but the arch had not been completed by then. The ceremony date was reset to October 17, 1965; workers strained to meet the deadline, taking double shifts, but by October 17, the arch was still not complete. The chairman of the ceremony anticipated the ceremony to be held on October 30, a Saturday, to allow 1,500 schoolchildren, whose signatures were to be placed in a time capsule, to attend. Ultimately, PDM set the ceremony date to October 28.[16]

The time capsule, containing the signatures of 762,000 students and others, was welded into the keystone before the final piece was set in place.[63] On October 28, the arch was topped out as then Vice President Hubert Humphrey observed from a helicopter.[64] A Catholic priest and a rabbi prayed over the keystone,[36] a 10-short-ton (9.1 t), eight-foot-long (2.4 m) triangular section.[65] It was slated to be inserted at 10:00 a.m. local time but was done 30 minutes early[36] because thermal expansion had constricted the 8.5-foot (2.6 m) gap at the top[65] by 5 inches (13 cm).[64] To mitigate this, workers used fire hoses to spray water on the surface of the south leg to cool it down[55] and make it contract.[64] The keystone was inserted in 13 minutes[36] with only 6 inches (15 cm) remaining. For the next section, a hydraulic jack had to pry apart the legs six feet (1.8 m). The last section was left only 2.5 feet (0.76 m).[65] By noon, the keystone was secured.[36] Some filmmakers, in hope that the two legs would not meet, had chronicled every phase of construction.[66]

The Gateway Arch was expected to open to the public by 1964, but in 1967 the public relations agency stopped forecasting the opening date.[61] The arch's visitor center opened on June 10, 1967, and the tram began operating on July 24.[10]

The arch was dedicated by Humphrey on May 25, 1968.[67] He declared that the arch was "a soaring curve in the sky that links the rich heritage of yesterday with the richer future of tomorrow"[68] and brings a "new purpose" and a "new sense of urgency to wipe out every slum." "Whatever is shoddy, whatever is ugly, whatever is waste, whatever is false, will be measured and condemned" in comparison to the Gateway Arch. About 250,000 people were expected to attend, but rain canceled the outdoor activities.[67] The ceremony had to be transferred into the visitor center.[68][f] After the dedication, Humphrey crouched beneath an exit as he waited for the rain to subside so he could walk to his vehicle.[67]

After completion

The project did not provide 5,000 jobs as expected—as of June 1964, workers numbered fewer than 100. The project did, however, incite other riverfront restoration efforts, totaling $150 million. Building projects included a 50,000-seat sports stadium, a 30-story hotel, several office towers, four parking garages, and an apartment complex.[18] The idea of a Disneyland amusement park that included "synthetic riverboat attractions" was considered but later abandoned.[69][70] The developers hoped to use the arch as a commercial catalyst, attracting visitors who would use their services.[18] One estimate found that since the 1960s, the arch has incited almost $503 million worth of construction.[71]

In June 1976, the memorial was finalized by federal allocations—"the statue of Thomas Jefferson was unveiled, the Museum of Westward Expansion was previewed, a theater under the Arch was dedicated in honor of Mayor Raymond Tucker and the catenary-like curving staircases from the Arch down to the levee were built."[16]

Characteristics

Physical characteristics

 
The windows of the observation deck are located around the apex of the arch.

Both the width and height of the arch are 630 feet (192 m).[7][64] The arch is the tallest memorial in the United States[4] and the tallest stainless steel monument in the world.[72]

The cross-sections of the arch's legs are equilateral triangles, narrowing from 54 feet (16 m) per side at the bases to 17 feet (5.2 m) per side at the top.[73] Each wall consists of a stainless steel skin covering a sandwich of two carbon-steel walls with reinforced concrete in the middle from ground level to 300 feet (91 m), with carbon steel to the peak.[49][74] The arch is hollow to accommodate a unique tram system that takes visitors to an observation deck at the top.[11]

The structural load is supported by a stressed-skin design.[75] Each leg is embedded in 25,980 short tons (23,570 t) of concrete 44 feet (13 m) thick[64] and 60 feet (18 m) deep.[76] Twenty feet (6.1 m) of the foundation is in bedrock.[76] The arch is resistant to earthquakes[77] and is designed to sway up to 18 inches (46 cm) in either direction,[78] while withstanding winds up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h).[79] The structure weighs 42,878 short tons (38,898 t), of which concrete composes 25,980 short tons (23,570 t); structural steel interior, 2,157 short tons (1,957 t); and the 6.3mm thick grade 304 stainless steel panels that cover the exterior of the arch, 886 short tons (804 t).[67][80] This amount of stainless steel is the most used in any one project in history.[72][79] The base of each leg at ground level had to have an engineering tolerance of 1⁄64 inch (0.40 mm) or the two legs would not meet at the top.[7]

Mathematical elements

 
The arch is a weighted catenary—its legs are wider than its upper section.

The geometric form of the structure was set by mathematical equations provided to Saarinen by Hannskarl Bandel. Bruce Detmers and other architects expressed the geometric form in blueprints with this equation:[81]

 ,

with the constants

 

 

where fc = 625.0925 ft (191 m) is the maximum height of centroid, Qb = 1,262.6651 sq ft (117 m2) is the maximum cross sectional area of arch at base, Qt = 125.1406 sq ft (12 m2) is the minimum cross sectional area of arch at top, and L = 299.2239 ft (91 m) is the half width of centroid at the base. The triangular cross sectional area varies linearly with the vertical height of its centroid.

This hyperbolic cosine function describes the shape of a catenary. A chain that supports only its own weight forms a catenary; the chain is purely in tension.[82][83] Likewise, an inverted catenary arch that supports only its own weight is purely in compression, with no shear. The catenary arch is the stablest of all arches since the thrust passes through the legs and is absorbed in the foundations, instead of forcing the legs apart.[16] The Gateway Arch itself is not a common catenary, but a more general curve of the form y=Acosh (Bx).[84] This makes it an inverted weighted catenary.[48][85] Saarinen chose a weighted catenary over a normal catenary curve because it looked less pointed and less steep. In 1959, he caused some confusion about the actual shape of the arch when he wrote, "This arch is not a true parabola, as is often stated. Instead it is a catenary curve—the curve of a hanging chain—a curve in which the forces of thrust are continuously kept within the center of the legs of the arch." William V. Thayer, a professor of mathematics at St. Louis Community College, later wrote to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch calling attention to the fact that the structure was a weighted catenary.[86]

Lighting

 
The arch illuminated in pink in honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month
 
The arch's lighting system

The first proposal to illuminate the arch at night was announced on May 18, 1966, but the plan never came to fruition.[10] In July 1998, funding for an arch lighting system was approved by St. Louis's Gateway Foundation,[87] which agreed to take responsibility for the cost of the equipment, its installation, and its upkeep.[88] In January 1999, MSNBC arranged a temporary lighting system for the arch so the monument could be used as the background for a visit by Pope John Paul II.[87] Since November 2001, the arch has been bathed in white light between 10 p.m. and 1 a.m. via a system of floodlights.[89] Designed by Randy Burkett, it comprises 44 lighting fixtures situated in four pits just below ground level.[87][88]

On October 5, 2004, the U.S. Senate, at the pressing of Senators Jim Talent and Kit Bond, approved a bill permitting the illumination in pink of the arch in honor of breast cancer awareness month.[90] Both Estee Lauder and May Department Store Co. had championed the cause.[91] One employee said that the arch would be a "beacon  ... for the importance of prevention and finding a cure."[92] While the National Park Service took issue with the plan due to the precedent it would set for prospective uses of the arch, it yielded due to a realization that it and Congress were "on the same team" and because the illumination was legally obligatory; on October 25, the plan was carried out.[93] The previous time the arch was illuminated for promotional purposes was on September 12, 1995,[94] under the management of local companies Fleishman-Hillard and Technical Productions when a rainbow spectrum was shone on the arch to publicize the debut of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus' Wizard of Oz on Ice at the Kiel Center.[91][95]

Public access

 
Southern entrance to the subterranean visitor center

In April 1965, three million tourists were expected to visit the arch annually after completion;[13] 619,763 tourists visited the top of the arch in its first year open. On January 15, 1969, a visitor from Nashville, Tennessee, became the one-millionth person to reach the observation area; the ten-millionth person ascended to the top on August 24, 1979.[10] In 1974, the arch was ranked fourth on a list of "most-visited man-made attraction[s]".[16] The Gateway Arch is one of the most visited tourist attractions in the world with over four million visitors annually,[96] of which around one million travel to the top.[97] The arch was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1987, and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[4]

On December 8, 2009, sponsored by nonprofit CityArchRiver2015, the international design competition "Framing a Modern Masterpiece: The City + The Arch + The River 2015" commenced.[98] It aimed to "design a plan to improve the riverfront park landscape, ease access for pedestrians across Memorial Drive and expand onto the East St. Louis riverfront,"[99] as well as to attract visitors.[100] The contest consisted of three stages—portfolio assessment (narrowed down to 8–10 teams), team interviews (narrowed down to 4–5 teams), and review of design proposals.[101] The competition received 49 applicants,[102] which were narrowed down to five in the first two stages. On August 17, 2010, the designs of the five finalists were revealed to the public and exhibited at the theater below the arch.[103] On August 26, the finalists made their cases to an eight-member jury,[104][105] and on September 21,[106] the winner was revealed—Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates. The initiative's plans include updating Kiener Plaza and the Old Courthouse, connecting the city to the Arch grounds with a park over Interstate 70, a re-imagined museum and improved accessibility. The budget for the project is $380 million and was set to be completed in 2018.[102]

Ground broke on the "Park over the Highway" project, the first component of the CityArchRiver project, on August 2, 2013. This project features a landscaped structure over Interstate 70 and rerouted surface traffic that had previously formed a moat separating the Gateway Arch from the Old Courthouse. This project was completed in December 2014.[107]

Visitor center

 
Inside the visitor center

The underground visitor center for the arch was designed as part of the National Park Service's Mission 66 program.[108] The 70,000-square-foot (6,500 m2) center is located directly below the arch,[109] between its legs. Although construction on the visitor center began at the same time as construction for the arch itself, it did not conclude until 1976 because of insufficient funding;[110] however, the center opened with several exhibits on June 10, 1967.[10] Access to the visitor center is provided through ramps adjacent to each leg of the arch.[110]

The center houses offices, mechanical rooms, and waiting areas for the arch trams, as well as its main attractions: the Museum of Westward Expansion and two theaters displaying films about the arch.[110] The older theater opened in May 1972;[10] the newer theater, called the Odyssey Theatre, was constructed in the 1990s and features a four-story-tall screen. Its construction required the expansion of the underground complex, and workers had to excavate solid rock while keeping the disruption to a minimum so the museum could remain open.[110] The museum houses several hundred exhibits about the United States' westward expansion in the 19th century[73] and opened on August 10, 1977.[10]

As part of the CityArchRiver project, the visitor center and museum underwent a $176 million expansion and renovation that was completed in July 2018.[111] Once completed, the renovation will include a 46,000-square-foot underground addition featuring interactive story galleries, video walls, a fountain and a cafe.[111]

Observation area

 
Observation area on top of the Gateway Arch

Near the top of the Arch, passengers exit the tram compartment and climb a slight grade to enter the observation area. This arched deck, which is over 65 feet (20 m) long and 7 feet (2.1 m) wide,[112] can hold up to about 160 people, equivalent to the number of people from four trams.[74] Sixteen windows per side, each measuring 7 by 27 inches (180 mm × 690 mm), offer views up to 30 miles (48 km)[113] to the east across the Mississippi River and southern Illinois with its prominent Mississippian culture mounds at Cahokia Mounds and to the west over the city of St. Louis and St. Louis County beyond.[citation needed]

Modes of ascent

 
Interior of the tram capsule in the Gateway Arch

There are three modes of transportation up the arch: two sets of 1,076-step emergency stairs (one per leg),[114] a 12-passenger elevator to the 372-foot (113 m) height,[18] and a tram in each leg.[11]

Each tram is a chain of eight cylindrical, five-seat compartments[115] with a small window on the doors.[116] As each tram has a capacity of 40 passengers and there are two trams, 80 passengers can be transported at one time, with trams departing from the ground every 10 minutes.[79] The cars swing like Ferris-wheel cars as they ascend and descend the arch.[76] This fashion of movement gave rise to the idea of the tram as "half-Ferris wheel and half-elevator."[76] The trip to the top takes four minutes,[44] and the trip down takes three minutes.[74]

 
North stairs and tram descending from observation platform

Because of a lack of funds in March 1962, the NPS did not accept bids for the arch's internal train system[42] and considered discarding the idea.[16] In May 1962,[16] the Bi-State Development Agency proposed that it issue revenue bonds to obtain the required funds. The Department of the Interior and Bi-State entered into an agreement where Bi-State would construct and operate the tram.[16][42] Bi-State would have to raise $1,977,750 for the construction of the tram system.[42] It retired the bonds by setting a $1 riding fee to the top.[g]

 
A view of the city of St. Louis from the observation room of the St. Louis Arch

Bi-State put in $3.3 million revenue bonds and has operated the tram system since.[117] The tram in the north leg entered operation in June 1967,[75] but visitors were forced to endure three-hour-long waits until April 21, 1976, when a reservation system was put in place.[10] The south tram was completed by March 1968. Commemorative pins were awarded to the first 100,000 passengers.[16] As of 2007, the trams have traveled 250,000 miles (400,000 km), conveying more than 25 million passengers.[79]

Incidents

 
A young boy is looking out one of the observation windows at the city of St. Louis. Busch Stadium can be seen through the window.

On July 8, 1970, a six-year-old boy, his mother, and two of her friends were trapped in a tram in the arch's south leg after the monument closed. According to the boy's mother, the group went up the arch around 9:30 p.m. CDT, but when the tram reached the de-boarding area, its doors did not open. The tram then reportedly traveled up to a storage area 50 feet (15 m) above the ground, and the power was switched off.[118] One person was able to pry open the tram door and the four managed to reach a security guard for help after being trapped for about 45 minutes.[10]

On July 21, 2007, a broken cable forced the south tram to be shut down, leaving only the north tram in service until repairs were completed in March 2008.[97] Around 200 tourists were stuck inside the arch for about three hours because the severed cable contacted a high-voltage rail, causing a fuse to blow. The north tram was temporarily affected by the power outage as well, but some passengers were able to exit the arch through the emergency stairs and elevator. It was about two hours until all the tram riders safely descended, while those in the observation area at the time of the outage had to wait an additional hour before being able to travel back down. An arch official said the visitors, most of whom stayed calm during the ordeal, were not in any danger and were later given refunds.[119] The incident occurred while visitors in the arch were watching a fireworks display, and no one was seriously injured in the event. However, two people received medical treatment; one person needed oxygen and the other was diabetic.[120] Almost immediately after the tram returned to service in 2008, however, it was closed again for new repairs after an electrical switch broke. The incident, which occurred on March 14, was billed as a "bad coincidence."[121]

 
A view of the Mississippi River from the observation room of the St. Louis Arch.

On the morning of February 9, 2011, a National Park Service worker was injured while performing repairs on the south tram. The 55-year-old was working on the tram's electrical system when he was trapped between it and the arch wall for around 30 seconds, until being saved by other workers. Emergency officials treated the injured NPS employee at the arch's top before taking him to Saint Louis University Hospital in a serious condition.[122]

On March 24, 2011, around one hundred visitors were stranded in the observation area for 45 minutes after the doors of the south tram refused to close. The tourists were safely brought down the arch in the north tram, which had been closed that week so officials could upgrade it with a new computer system. The National Park Service later attributed the malfunction to a computer glitch associated with the new system, which had already been implemented with the south tram. No one was hurt in the occurrence.[123][124]

Around 2:15 p.m. local time on June 16, 2011, the arch's north tram stalled due to a power outage.[125] The tram became stuck about 200 feet (61 m) from the observation deck, and passengers eventually were told to climb the stairs to the observation area.[126] It took National Park Service workers about one hour to manually pull the tram to the top, and the 40 trapped passengers were able to return down on the south tram, which had previously not been operating that day because there was not an abundance of visitors. An additional 120 people were at the observation deck at the time of the outage and also exited via the south tram. During the outage, visitors were stuck in the tram with neither lighting nor air conditioning.[125] No one was seriously injured in the incident, but one visitor lost consciousness after suffering a panic attack,[127] and a park ranger was taken away with minor injuries. The cause of the outage was not immediately known.[125]

Stunts and accidents

 
The arch in September 2007

On June 16, 1965, the Federal Aviation Administration cautioned that aviators who flew through the arch would be fined and their licenses revoked.[128] At least ten pilots have disobeyed this order,[10] beginning on June 22, 1966.[16]

In 1973, Nikki Caplan was granted an FAA exception to fly a hot air balloon between the arch's legs as part of the Great Forest Park Balloon Race.[129] During the flight, on which the St. Louis park director was a passenger, the balloon hit the arch and plummeted 70 feet before recovering.[130]

In 1976, a U.S. Army exhibition skydiving team was permitted to fly through the arch as part of Fourth of July festivities,[131] and since then, numerous skydiving exhibition teams have legally jumped onto the Arch grounds, after having flown their parachutes through the legs of the Arch.

The arch has been a target of various stunt performers, and while such feats are generally forbidden, several people have parachuted to or from the arch regardless. In June 1980, the National Park Service declined a request by television producers to have a performer jump from the arch; a similar appeal by stuntman Dan Koko was also turned away in February 1986.[10] Koko, who was a stunt double for Superman, wanted to perform the leap during Fourth of July celebrations.[132]

1980 accident

On November 22, 1980, at about 8:45 a.m. CST, 33-year-old Kenneth Swyers of Overland, Missouri, parachuted onto the top of the arch. His plan was to release his main parachute and then jump off the arch using his reserve parachute to perform a base jump. Unfortunately, after landing the wind blew him to the side, and he slid down the north leg to his death.[133] The accident was witnessed by several people, including Swyers' wife, also a parachutist. She said her husband "was not a hot dog, daredevil skydiver" and that he had prepared for the jump two weeks in advance. Swyers, who had made over 1,600 jumps before the incident, was reported by one witness to have "landed very well" on the top of the arch, but "had no footing."[131] Swyers was reportedly blown to the top of the arch by the wind and was unable to save himself when his reserve parachute failed to deploy.[133] The Federal Aviation Administration said the jump was unauthorized and investigated the pilot involved in the incident.[131]

On December 27, 1980, St. Louis television station KTVI reported receiving calls from supposed witnesses of another stunt landing. The alleged parachutist, who claimed to be a retired professional stuntman, was said to be wearing a Santa Claus costume when he jumped off an airplane around 8:00 a.m. CST, parachuted onto the arch, grasped the monument's beacon, and used the same parachute to glide down unharmed. KTVI said it was told the feat was done as an act of homage to Swyers, and "apparently was a combination of a dare, a drunk, and a tribute."[134] On the day after the alleged incident, authorities declared the jump a hoax. A spokesperson for the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department said no calls were received about the jump until after it was broadcast on the news, and the Federal Aviation Administration said the two calls it had received were very similar. One caller also left an out-of-service phone number, while the other never followed up with investigators.[135] Arch officials said they did not witness any such jump, and photos provided by the alleged parachutist were unclear.[134]

1992 stunt

 
Aerial shot of the arch

On September 14, 1992, 25-year-old John C. Vincent climbed to the top of the Gateway Arch using suction cups and proceeded to parachute back to the ground. He was later charged with two misdemeanors: climbing a national monument and parachuting in a national park. Federal prosecutor Stephen Higgins called the act a "great stunt" but said it was "something the Park Service doesn't take lightly."[136] Vincent, a construction worker and diver from Harvey, Louisiana,[137] said he did it "just for the excitement, just for the thrill," and had previously parachuted off the World Trade Center in May 1991. He said that scaling the arch "wasn't that hard" and that he had considered a jump off the monument for a few months. In an interview, Vincent said he visited the arch's observation area a month before the stunt, to see if he could use a maintenance hatch for accessing the monument's peak. Due to the heavy security, he instead decided to climb up the arch's exterior using suction cups, which he had used before to scale shorter buildings. Dressed in black, Vincent began crawling up the arch around 3:30 a.m. CST on September 14 and arrived undetected at the top around 5:45 a.m., taking an additional 75 minutes to rest and take photos before finally jumping. During this time, he was seen by two traffic reporters inside the One Metropolitan Square skyscraper.[138]

Vincent was also spotted mid-air by Deryl Stone, a Chief Ranger for the National Park Service. Stone reported seeing Vincent grab his parachute after landing and run to a nearby car, which quickly drove away. However, authorities were able to detain two men on the ground who had been videotaping the jump.[139] Stone said 37-year-old Ronald Carroll and 27-year-old Robert Weinzetl, both St. Louis residents, were found with a wireless communication headset and a video camera, as well as a still camera with a telephoto lens. The two were also charged with two misdemeanors: disorderly conduct and commercial photography in a national park.[138] Vincent later turned himself in and initially pleaded not guilty to the charges against him.[137] However, he eventually accepted a guilty plea deal in which he testified against Carroll and Weinzetl, revealing that the two consented to record the jump during a meeting of all three on the day before his stunt occurred.[140] Federal magistrate judge David D. Noce ruled on January 28, 1993, that Carroll had been involved in a conspiracy and was guilty of both misdemeanor charges; the charges against Weinzetl were dropped by federal prosecutors. In his decision, Noce stated, "There are places in our country where the sufficiently skilled can savor the exhilaration and personal satisfaction of accomplishing courageous and intrepid acts, of reaching dreamed-of heights and for coursing dangerous adventures," but added that other places are designed for "the exhilaration of mere observation and for the appreciation of the imaginings and the works of others. The St. Louis Arch and the grounds of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial are in the latter category."[141]

After his guilty plea, Vincent was sentenced to a $1,000 fine, 25 hours of community service, and a year's probation. In December 1992, Vincent was sentenced to ninety days in jail for violating his probation.[142]

Security

Two years after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, a little over $1 million was granted to institute a counterterrorism program. Park officials were trained to note the activity of tourists, and inconspicuous electronic detection devices were installed. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, security efforts became more prominent and security checkpoints moved to the entrance of the visitor center.[143] At the checkpoints, visitors are screened by magnetometers and x-ray equipment,[144] devices which have been in place since 1997.[145]

The Arch also became one of several U.S. monuments placed under restricted airspace during 2002 Fourth of July celebrations.[146][147] In 2003, 10-foot-long (3.0 m), 32-inch-high (81 cm), 4,100-pound (1,900 kg)[148] movable Jersey barriers[149] were installed to impede terrorist attacks on the arch. Later that year, it was announced that these walls were to be replaced by concrete posts encased in metal to be more harmonious with the steel color of the arch.[150] The movable bollards can be manipulated from the park's dispatch center, which has also been upgraded.[151]

In 2006, arch officials hired a "physical security specialist," replacing a law enforcement officer. The responsibilities of the specialist include risk assessment, testing the park's security system, increasing security awareness of other employees, and working with other government agencies to improve the arch's security procedures.[151]

Symbolism and culture

The Gateway Arch packs a significant symbolic wallop just by standing there. But the Arch has a mission greater than being visually affecting. Its shape and monumental size suggest movement through time and space, and invite inquiry into the complex, fascinating story of our national expansion.[152]

—Robert W. Duffy of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 4, 2003

Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States, the arch typifies "the pioneer spirit of the men and women who won the West, and those of a latter day to strive on other frontiers." The arch has become the iconic image of St. Louis,[65] appearing in many parts of city culture. In 1968, three years after the monument's opening, the St. Louis phone directory contained 65 corporations with "Gateway" in their title and 17 with "Arch". Arches also appeared over gas stations and drive-in restaurants.[128] In the 1970s, a local sports team adopted the name "Fighting Arches"; St. Louis Community College would later (when consolidating all athletic programs under a single banner) name its sports teams "Archers". Robert S. Chandler, an NPS superintendent, said, "Most [visitors] are awed by the size and scale of the Arch, but they don't understand what it's all about ... Too many people see it as just a symbol of the city of St. Louis."[71]

 
The Gateway Arch as seen from southern leg

The arch has also appeared as a symbol of the State of Missouri. On November 22, 2002, at the Missouri State Capitol, Lori Hauser Holden, wife of then Governor Bob Holden uncovered the winning design for a Missouri coin design competition as part of the Fifty States Commemorative Coin Program. Designed by watercolorist Paul Jackson,[153] the coin portrays "three members of the Lewis and Clark expedition paddling a boat on the Missouri River upon returning to St. Louis" with the arch as the backdrop.[154] Holden said that the arch was "a symbol for the entire state ... Four million visitors each year see the Arch. [The coin] will help make it even more loved worldwide."[155][h] A special license plate designed by Arnold Worldwide[157] featured the arch, labeled with "Gateway to the West."[158] Profits earned from selling the plates would fund the museum and other educational components of the arch.[159]

 
The Arch viewed from one of two reflecting pools

Louchheim wrote that although the arch "has a simplicity which should guarantee timeliness", it is entirely modern as well because of the innovative design and its scientific considerations.[38] In The Dallas Morning News, architectural critic David Dillon opined that the arch exists not as a functional edifice but as a symbol of "boundless American optimism". He articulates the arch's multiple "moods"—"reflective in sunlight, soft and pewterish in mist; crisp as a line drawing one moment, chimerical the next"—as a way the arch has "paid for itself many times over in wonder".[66]

Some have questioned whether St. Louis really was—as Saarinen said[27]—the "Gateway to the West". Kansas City-born "deadline poet" Calvin Trillin wrote,[160]

I know you're thinking that there are considerable differences between T.S. Eliot and me. Yes, it is true that he was from St. Louis, which started calling itself the Gateway to the West after Eero Saarinen's Gateway Arch was erected, and I'm from Kansas City, where people think of St. Louis not as the Gateway to the West but as the Exit from the East.

With renovations in the 2010s of the visitor center, the message of the arch has been more inclusive in its historic perspective, highlighting the impact of colonialism and particularly Manifest Destiny of American frontierism on the environment, land and people of First Americans, as well as Native Mexicans.[161][162] Furthermore exhibiting the urban history of the site and the struggle of its people, as well as of its construction workers for more rights, during the civil rights movement era.[161]

Its futuristic style has been seen as a symbol for the automobile age and the surrounding automobile centric urban and interstate infrastructure, promising a technological future of a new accessible frontier.[161] This outlook has seen continuation, lending the Gateway Arch's iconic shape and meaning to the name and logo of the future Lunar Gateway, with its purpose as a gateway to the Moon and Mars.[163]

Awards and recognitions

In 1966, the arch was given a Special Award for Excellence from the American Institute of Steel Construction for being "an outstanding achievement in technology and aesthetics."[164][165] On February 9, 1967, the arch received the Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award of 1967 from the American Society of Civil Engineers.[166] The arch was once among Travel + Leisure's unofficial rankings for the most-visited attraction in the world, after Lenin's Tomb, Disney World, Disneyland, and the Eiffel Tower.[167] On February 22, 1990,[168] the arch received the American Institute of Architects' (AIA) Twenty-Five Year Award[46] for its "enduring significance that has withstood the test of time." It was declared "a symbolic bridge between East and West, past and future, engineering and art" that "embodies the boundless optimism of a growing nation."[169] In 2007, the arch was ranked fourteenth on the AIA's "America's Favorite Architecture" list.[170]

Cultural references

  • Dutch composer Peter Schat wrote a 1997 work, Arch Music for St. Louis, Op. 44.[171][172] for the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. It premiered on January 8, 1999, at the Powell Symphony Hall. Since Schat did not ascend the arch due to his fear of heights, he used his creativity to depict in music someone riding a tram to the top of the arch.[172]
  • Paul Muldoon's poem, "The Stoic", is set under the Gateway Arch. The work, "an elegy for a miscarried foetus",[173] describes Muldoon's ordeal standing under the Gateway Arch after his wife telephoned and informed him that the baby they were expecting had been miscarried.
  • Percy Jackson encounters Echidna and the Chimera in the Gateway Arch in The Lightning Thief, after he, Grover Underwood, and Annabeth Chase visit the Arch during their trip to California to recover the Master Bolt. Percy faces the Chimera, jumps out of the Arch, and falls into the Mississippi River.[174]
  • A damaged Gateway Arch is prominently featured in Defiance, a science fiction television series. The apex is used as a radio station studio, with the arch itself acting as the station's antenna.[175]

Maintenance

 
Welds on the arch's skin seal gaps between 4-by-8-foot sheets of stainless steel. Graffiti is scratched on the lower five to seven feet of the monument.

The first act of vandalism was committed in June 1968: the vandals etched their names on various parts of the arch. In all, $10,000 was spent that year to repair damage from vandalism.[16] The arch was first targeted by graffiti artists on March 5, 1969.[10]

In 2010, signs of corrosion were reported at the upper regions of the stainless steel surface. Carbon steel in the north leg has been rusting, possibly a result of water accumulation, a side effect of leaky welds in an environment that often causes rain to enter the skin of the structure. Maintenance workers use mops[176] and a temporary setup of water containers to ease the problem.[177] According to NPS documents, the corrosion and rust pose no safety concerns.[176]

A more comprehensive study of the corrosion had been suggested as early as 2006 by architectural specialists studying the Arch, and reiterated in a 2010 Historic Structure Report. In September 2010, the NPS granted Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. a contract for a structural study that would "gather data about the condition of the Arch to enable experts to develop and implement the right long-term solutions."[178]

Stain samples were taken from the west face of the Arch on October 21, 2014, to determine the best way to clean it. The cleaning will cost about $340,000.[179]

In 1984, structural engineer Tibor Szegezdy told Smithsonian Magazine that the Arch could stand "considerably less than a thousand years" before collapsing in a wind storm.[180]

Brickline Greenway

The Brickline Greenway Project is a major public-private partnership that aims to connect Forest Park and the Washington University in St. Louis Danforth Campus to the Gateway Arch grounds. Among the partners leading this project are Great Rivers Greenway, the Arch to Park Collaborative, St. Louis City, and Washington University in St. Louis.[181][182] The Brickline Greenway was known as the Chouteau Greenway prior to March 10, 2020.[183]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Once he revisited a generous sponsor, requesting more money: "Now you have to protect your investment".[29]
  2. ^ He would also change the width of the arch to match its height.
  3. ^ In 1954, Louchheim married Saarinen.[33][34]
  4. ^ Built in 1818 by Manuel Lisa, it was St. Louis' oldest standing building when Roosevelt approved the memorial in 1935.[43]
  5. ^ This deferral delayed the construction's ultimate completion, which had been slated for St. Louis' bicentennial.[42]
  6. ^ When Stuart Udall, then Secretary of the Interior, discussed the story of the arch, an African American person rose and hollered, "[Y]ou're all racists  ... we want jobs, not arches."[67] Behind him, a man wearing a veteran's hat jostled him,[68] and Secret Service personnel removed him from the room. Udall resumed his speech, unperturbed.[67]
  7. ^ Some locals wrote letters to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch accusing Bi-State of "gouging".[16]
  8. ^ The U.S. Mint altered Jackson's design to make it less "off balance," however, with three people in the canoe instead of just Lewis and Clark. A Mint representative said the third person was Clark's slave, York.[153] The finalized coin entered circulation on August 4, 2003.[156]

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Bibliography

  • AECOM (May 2010). "Cultural Landscape Report" (PDF). National Park Service. from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2011. Alt URL
  • Baglione, Chiara (June 2015), Eero Saarinen - Gateway to the West, 1947–1965, "Casabella", 850, June 2015, 4-27, 94-95 [English text].
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  • Brown, Sharon A. (June 1984). Administrative History: Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site. National Park Service.
  • Campbell, Tracy (2013). The Gateway Arch: A Biography. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Tackett, Michael (October 26, 1990). "The Arch at 25: Gateway Gave St. Louis a Much-Needed Identity". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. p. 4D. Retrieved March 26, 2011.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gateway Arch.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gateway Arch.

April 30, 2023
gateway, arch, foot, tall, monument, louis, missouri, united, states, clad, stainless, steel, built, form, weighted, catenary, arch, world, tallest, arch, missouri, tallest, accessible, building, some, sources, consider, tallest, human, made, monument, western. The Gateway Arch is a 630 foot tall 192 m monument in St Louis Missouri United States Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a weighted catenary arch 5 it is the world s tallest arch 4 and Missouri s tallest accessible building Some sources consider it the tallest human made monument in the Western Hemisphere 6 Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States 5 and officially dedicated to the American people the Arch commonly referred to as The Gateway to the West is a National Historic Landmark in Gateway Arch National Park and has become an internationally recognized symbol of St Louis as well as a popular tourist destination Gateway ArchAlternative namesGateway to the WestSt Louis ArchGeneral informationArchitectural styleStructural expressionism 1 Location100 Washington AvenueSt Louis Missouri 63102 U S Coordinates38 37 28 N 90 11 05 W 38 6245 N 90 1847 W 38 6245 90 1847 Coordinates 38 37 28 N 90 11 05 W 38 6245 N 90 1847 W 38 6245 90 1847Construction startedFebruary 12 1963 60 years ago 1963 02 12 CompletedOctober 28 1965 57 years ago 1965 10 28 InauguratedJune 10 1967 55 years ago 1967 06 10 Cost 13 million c 86 5 million in 2021 2 Height630 ft 192 m DimensionsOther dimensions630 ft 192 m widthDesign and constructionArchitect s Eero SaarinenArchitecture firmEero Saarinen and AssociatesStructural engineerSeverud AssociatesMain contractorMacDonald Construction Co Websitewww wbr gatewayarch wbr comGateway ArchU S National Register of Historic PlacesU S National Historic LandmarkShow map of St LouisShow map of MissouriShow map of the United StatesNRHP reference No 87001423Significant datesAdded to NRHPMay 28 1987 3 Designated NHLMay 28 1987 4 The Arch was designed by Finnish American architect Eero Saarinen in 1947 construction began on February 12 1963 and was completed on October 28 1965 7 8 at an overall cost of 13 million 9 equivalent to 86 5 million in 2018 2 The monument opened to the public on June 10 1967 10 It is located at the 1764 site of the founding of St Louis on the west bank of the Mississippi River 11 12 13 Contents 1 Historical background 1 1 Inception and funding 1933 1935 1 2 Initial planning 1936 1939 1 3 Design competition 1945 1948 1 4 Railroad agreement 1949 1958 1 5 Final preparations 1959 1968 2 Construction 2 1 Delays and lawsuits 2 2 Topping out and dedication 2 3 After completion 3 Characteristics 3 1 Physical characteristics 3 2 Mathematical elements 3 3 Lighting 4 Public access 4 1 Visitor center 4 2 Observation area 4 2 1 Modes of ascent 4 2 2 Incidents 4 3 Stunts and accidents 4 4 Security 5 Symbolism and culture 5 1 Awards and recognitions 5 2 Cultural references 6 Maintenance 7 Brickline Greenway 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External linksHistorical background EditSee also History of the Gateway Arch National Park Inception and funding 1933 1935 Edit Around late 1933 civic leader Luther Ely Smith returning to St Louis from the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park in Vincennes Indiana saw the St Louis riverfront area and envisioned that building a memorial there would both revive the riverfront and stimulate the economy 14 15 He communicated his idea to mayor Bernard Dickmann who on December 15 1933 raised it in a meeting with city leaders They sanctioned the proposal and the nonprofit Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association JNEMA pronounced Jenny May 16 was formed Smith was appointed chairman and Dickmann vice chairman The association s goal was to create 14 A suitable and permanent public memorial to the men who made possible the western territorial expansion of the United States particularly President Jefferson his aides Livingston and Monroe the great explorers Lewis and Clark and the hardy hunters trappers frontiersmen and pioneers who contributed to the territorial expansion and development of these United States and thereby to bring before the public of this and future generations the history of our development and induce familiarity with the patriotic accomplishments of these great builders of our country Many locals did not approve of depleting public funds for the cause Smith s daughter SaLees related that when people would tell him we needed more practical things he would respond that spiritual things were equally important 16 The association expected that 30 million would be needed to undertake the construction of such a monument about 508 million 17 in 2021 dollars It called upon the federal government to foot three quarters of the bill 22 5 million 16 The St Louis riverfront after demolition The suggestion to renew the riverfront was not original as previous projects were attempted but lacked popularity The Jefferson memorial idea emerged amid the economic disarray of the Great Depression and promised new jobs 14 The project was expected to create 5 000 jobs for three to four years 18 Committee members began to raise public awareness by organizing fundraisers and writing pamphlets They also engaged Congress by planning budgets and preparing bills in addition to researching ownership of the land they had chosen approximately one half mile in length from Third Street east to the present elevated railroad In January 1934 Senator Bennett Champ Clark and Representative John Cochran introduced to Congress an appropriation bill seeking 30 million for the memorial but the bill failed to garner support due to the large amount of money solicited In March of the same year joint resolutions proposed the establishment of a federal commission to develop the memorial Although the proposal aimed for only authorization the bill incurred opposition because people suspected that JNEMA would later seek appropriation On March 28 the Senate bill was reported out and on April 5 it was turned over to the House Library Committee which later reported favorably on the bills On June 8 both the Senate and House bills were passed On June 15 President Franklin D Roosevelt signed the bill into law instituting the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission The commission comprised 15 members chosen by Roosevelt the House the Senate and JNEMA It first convened on December 19 in St Louis where members examined the project and its planned location 14 Meanwhile in December the JNEMA discussed organizing an architectural competition to determine the design of the monument Local architect Louis LeBeaume had drawn up competition guidelines by January 1935 14 On April 13 1935 the commission certified JNEMA s project proposals including memorial perimeters the historical significance of the memorial the competition and the 30 million budget 14 Between February and April the Missouri State Legislature passed an act allowing the use of bonds to facilitate the project On April 15 then Governor Guy B Park signed it into law Dickmann and Smith applied for funding from two New Deal agencies the Public Works Administration headed by Harold Ickes and the Works Progress Administration headed by Harry Hopkins On August 7 both Ickes and Hopkins assented to the funding requests each promising 10 million and said that the National Park Service NPS would manage the memorial 19 A local bond issue election granting 7 5 million about 127 million 17 in 2021 dollars for the memorial s development was held on September 10 and passed 14 18 On December 21 President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 7253 15 to approve the memorial 20 allocating the 82 acre area as the first National Historic Site 15 16 19 The order also appropriated 3 3 million through the WPA and 3 45 million through the PWA 21 6 75 million in total 18 The motivation of the project was two fold commemorating westward expansion and creating jobs 14 Some taxpayers began to file suits to block the construction of the monument which they called a boondoggle 16 Initial planning 1936 1939 Edit Using the 1935 grant of 6 75 million and 2 25 million in city bonds 18 the NPS acquired the historic buildings within the historic site through condemnation rather than purchase and demolished them By September 1938 condemnation was complete The condemnation was subject to many legal disputes which culminated on January 27 1939 when the United States Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that condemnation was valid A total of 6 2 million was distributed to land owners on June 14 15 Demolition commenced on October 9 1939 when Dickmann extracted three bricks from a vacant warehouse 22 Led by Paul Peters adversaries of the memorial delivered to Congress a leaflet titled Public Necessity or Just Plain Pork The JNEMA s lawyer Bon Geaslin believed that the flyers did not taint the project but motivated members of Congress to find out more about the same Although Representative John Cochran wanted to ask Congress to approve more funds Geaslin believed the association should keep a low profile maintaining its current position during this session of Congress He advised the association to get a good strong editorial in one of the papers to the effect that a small group of tenants is soliciting funds to fight the proposed improvement and stating that these efforts do not represent the consensus of opinion in St Louis and pointing out that such obstructions should be condemned 22 Congress s reduction in spending made it impossible for the allocated funds to be obtained NPS responded that the city would reduce its contribution if the federal government did It also asserted that the funds were sanctioned by an executive order but superintendent John Nagle pointed out that what one Executive Order does another can undo In March 1936 Representative Cochran commented during a House meeting that he would not vote for any measure providing for building the memorial or allotting funds to it Geaslin found Cochran s statements to be a greater hindrance to the project than Paul Peters opposition for Congress might have Cochran s opinions as representative of public opinion 22 Peters and other opponents asked Roosevelt to rescind Executive Order 7253 and to redirect the money to the American Red Cross Smith impugned their motives accusing them of being opposed to anything that is ever advanced in behalf of the city 22 In February 1936 an editorial written by Paul W Ward in The Nation denounced the project 23 Smith was infuriated fearing the impact of attacks from a prestigious magazine and wanted to jump on it strong with hammer and tongs William Allen White a renowned newspaper editor advised Smith not to fret 22 Because the Mississippi River played an essential role in establishing St Louis s identity as the gateway to the west it was felt that a memorial commemorating it should be near the river Railroad tracks that had been constructed in the 1930s on the levee obstructed views of the riverfront from the memorial site 15 When Ickes declared that the railway must be removed before he would allocate funds for the memorial 22 President of the St Louis Board of Public Service Baxter Brown suggested that a new tunnel conceal the relocated tracks and re grading of the site to elevate it over the tunnel These modifications would eliminate the elevated and surface tracks and open up the views to the river 15 Although rejected by NPS architect Charles Peterson Brown s proposal formed the basis for the ultimate settlement 22 By May 1942 demolition was complete 20 The Old Cathedral and the Old Rock House because of their historical significance were the only buildings retained within the historic site 24 25 The Old Rock House was later dismantled in 1959 with the intention of reassembling it at a new location but pieces of the building went missing Part of the house has been reconstructed in the basement of the Old Courthouse 26 Design competition 1945 1948 Edit T he steel monument one sees today carbon steel on the interior stainless steel on the exterior and concrete in filling with an equilateral triangle shaped section that tapers from 54 to 17 feet at the top and the concept of a skin that is also structure is in essence Saarinen s competition design 27 Eero Saarinen Shaping the Future 2006 In November 1944 Smith discussed with Newton Drury the National Park Service Director the design of the memorial asserting that the memorial should be transcending in spiritual and aesthetic values best represented by one central feature a single shaft a building an arch or something else that would symbolize American culture and civilization 28 The idea of an architectural competition to determine the design of the memorial was favored at the JNEMA s inaugural meeting They planned to award cash for the best design 16 In January 1945 the JNEMA officially announced a two stage design competition that would cost 225 000 to organize Smith and the JNEMA struggled to raise the funds garnering only a third of the required total by June 1945 a Then mayor Aloys Kaufmann feared that the lack of public support would lead officials to abandon hope in the project The passage of a year brought little success and Smith frantically underwrote the remaining 40 000 in May 1946 By June Smith found others to assume portions of his underwriting with 17 000 remaining under his sponsorship In February 1947 the underwriters were compensated and the fund stood at over 231 199 28 Local architect Louis LaBeaume prepared a set of specifications for the design and architect George Howe was chosen to coordinate the competition On May 30 1947 the contest officially opened The seven member jury that would judge the designs comprised Charles Nagel Jr Richard Neutra Roland Wank William Wurster LaBeaume Fiske Kimball and S Herbert Hare 30 The competition comprised two stages the first to narrow down the designers to five and the second to single out one architect and his design 28 The design intended to include 31 a an architectural memorial or memorials to Jefferson dealing b with preservation of the site of Old St Louis landscaping provision of an open air campfire theater reerection or reproduction of a few typical old buildings provision of a Museum interpreting the Westward movement c a living memorial to Jefferson s vision of greater opportunities for men of all races and creeds d recreational facilities both sides of the river and e parking facilities access relocation of railroads placement of an interstate highway Saarinen working with a model of the arch in 1957 Saarinen s team included himself as designer J Henderson Barr as associate designer and Dan Kiley as landscape architect as well as Lily Swann Saarinen as sculptor and Alexander Girard as painter In the first stage of the competition Carl Milles advised Saarinen to change the bases of each leg to triangles instead of squares Saarinen said that he worked at first with mathematical shapes but finally adjusted it according to the eye At submission Saarinen s plans laid out the arch at 569 feet 173 m tall and 592 feet 180 m wide from center to center of the triangle bases 27 On September 1 1947 submissions for the first stage were received by the jury The submissions were labeled by numbers only and the names of the designers were kept anonymous Upon four days of deliberation the jury narrowed down the 172 submissions which included Saarinen s father Eliel 29 to five finalists and announced the corresponding numbers to the media on September 27 Eero Saarinen s design 144 was among the finalists and comments written on it included relevant beautiful perhaps inspired would be the right word Roland Wank and an abstract form peculiarly happy in its symbolism Charles Nagel Hare questioned the feasibility of the design but appreciated the thoughtfulness behind it 28 Local St Louis architect Harris Armstrong was also one of the finalists 32 The secretary who sent out the telegrams informing finalists of their advancement mistakenly sent one to Eliel rather than Eero The family celebrated with champagne and two hours later a competition representative called to correct the mistake Eliel broke out a second bottle of champagne to toast his son 29 They proceeded to the second stage and each was given a 10 069 prize about 97 220 17 in 2021 dollars Saarinen changed the height of the arch from 580 feet to 630 feet 190 m b and wrote that the arch symbolized the gateway to the West the national expansion and whatnot 27 He wanted the landscape surrounding the arch to be so densely covered with trees that it will be a forest like park a green retreat from the tension of the downtown city according to The New York Times architectural critic Aline Bernstein Louchheim c The deadline for the second stage arrived on February 10 1948 and on February 18 the jury chose Saarinen s design unanimously 28 praising its profoundly evocative and truly monumental expression 35 The following day 30 during a formal dinner at Statler Hotel that the finalists and the media attended Wurster pronounced Saarinen the winner of the competition and awarded the checks 40 000 to his team 27 and 50 000 to Saarinen 36 The competition was the first major architectural design that Saarinen developed unaided by his father 28 On May 25 the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission endorsed the design 30 Later in June the NPS approved the proposal 27 Representative H R Gross however opposed the allocation of federal funds for the arch s development 37 The design drew varied responses In a February 29 1969 The New York Times article Louchheim praised the arch s design as a modern monument fitting beautiful and impressive 38 Some local residents likened it to a stupendous hairpin and a stainless steel hitching post The most aggressive criticism emerged from Gilmore D Clarke 39 whose February 26 1948 16 letter compared Saarinen s arch to an arch imagined by fascist Benito Mussolini rendering the arch a fascist symbol This allegation of plagiarism ignited fierce debates among architects about its validity Douglas Haskell from New York wrote that The use of a common form is not plagiarism T his particular accusation amounts to the filthiest smear that has been attempted by a man highly placed in the architectural profession in our generation 16 Wurster and the jury refuted the charges arguing that the arch form was not inherently fascist but was indeed part of the entire history of architecture 35 Saarinen considered the opposition absurd asserting It s just preposterous to think that a basic form based on a completely natural figure should have any ideological connection 39 By January 1951 Saarinen created 21 drawings including profiles of the Arch scale drawings of the museums and restaurants various parking proposals the effect of the levee tunnel railroad plan on the Arch footings the Arch foundations the Third Street Expressway and the internal and external structure of the Arch Fred Severud made calculations for the arch s structure 40 Railroad agreement 1949 1958 Edit Several proposals were offered for moving the railroad tracks including Bates Ross Tracks would cross the memorial site diagonally in a tunnel Bowen Similar to Bates Ross proposal how Hill Tunnel Supported by Saarinen and NPS engineer Julian Spotts it would route the tracks in a tunnel below Second and First Streets Saarinen further said that if the tracks passed between the memorial and the river he would withdraw his participation La Beaume Terminal Opposed by Saarinen and the NPS it would lay three tracks on a contained fill along the lines of the elevated tracks Levee Tunnel Proposed by Frank J McDevitt president of the St Louis Board of Public Service it would lower the tracks into a tunnel concealed by walls and landscaping On July 7 1949 in Mayor Joseph Darst s office city officials chose the Levee Tunnel plan rousing JNEMA members who held that the decision had been pressed through when Smith was away on vacation Darst notified Secretary of the Interior Julius Krug of the city s selection Krug planned to meet with Smith and JNEM but canceled the meeting and resigned on November 11 His successor Oscar L Chapman rescheduled the meeting for December 5 in Washington with delegates from the city government JNEMA railroad officials and Federal government A day after the conference they ratified a memorandum of understanding about the plan The five tracks on the levee would be replaced by three tracks one owned by the Missouri Pacific Railroad MPR and two by the Terminal Railroad Association of St Louis TRRA proceeding through a tunnel not longer than 3 000 feet The tunnel would be approximately fifty feet west of the current elevated line It would also have an overhead clearance of 18 feet 5 5 m lower than the regular requirement of 22 feet 6 7 m Chapman approved the document on December 22 1949 and JNEM garnered the approval of the Missouri Public Service Commission on August 7 1952 40 Efforts to appropriate congressional funds began in January 1950 but were delayed until 1953 by the Korean War s depletion of federal funds 40 In August 1953 Secretary of the Interior Fred A Seaton declared that the Department of the Interior and the railroads should finalize the agreement on the new route In October NPS and the TRRA decided that the TRRA would employ a surveyor endorsed by Spotts to survey design estimate and report on the expenses of shifting the tracks They chose Alfred Benesch and Associates which released its final report on May 3 1957 The firm estimated that the two proposals would cost more than expected more than 11 million and 14 million respectively NPS director Conrad Wirth enjoined Saarinen to make small modifications to the design In October Saarinen redrafted the plans suggesting 41 the placement of the five sets of railroad tracks into a shortened tunnel 100 feet west of the trestle with the tracks being lowered sixteen feet This did not mean that the memorial would be cut off from the river however for Saarinen provided a 960 foot long 290 m tunnel to be placed over the railroad where a grand staircase rose from the levee to the Arch At the north and south ends of the park 150 foot tunnels spanned the tracks and led to the overlook museum restaurant and stairways down to the levee Saarinen designed a subterranean visitor center the length of the distance between the legs to include two theaters and an entrance by inward sloping ramps On November 29 involved interests signed another memorandum of understanding approving Saarinen s rework implementing it would cost about 5 053 million On March 10 1959 mayor Raymond Tucker proposed that they drop the tunnel idea in favor of open cuts roofed with concrete slabs which would cost 2 684 million 1 5 million less than the cost of the approved plan On May 12 1958 Tucker TRRA president Armstrong Chinn and Missouri Pacific Railroad president Russell Dearmont entered a written agreement The TRRA would place 500 000 in escrow for the project and the city would sell 980 000 of the 1935 bonds to match the Federal contribution Director Wirth and Secretary Seaton approved the plan on June 2 41 In July 1953 Representative Leonor Sullivan introduced H R 6549 a bill authorizing the allocation of no more than 5 million to build the arch After much negotiation both houses of Congress approved the bill in May 1954 and on May 18 1954 President Dwight D Eisenhower signed the bill into law as Public Law 361 Congress could not afford to appropriate the funds in 1955 so association president William Crowdus resorted to asking the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations for 10 million The foundations denied the request because their function as private foundations did not include funding national memorials In 1956 Congress appropriated 2 64 million to be used to move the railroad tracks The remainder of the authorized appropriation was requested via six congressional bills introduced on July 1 1958 that revised Public Law 361 to encompass the cost of the entire memorial increasing federal funds by 12 25 million A month later the Department of the Interior and the Bureau of the Budget endorsed the bill and both houses of Congress unanimously passed the bill Eisenhower signed it into law on September 7 The NPS held off on appropriating the additional funds as it planned to use the already appropriated funds to initiate the railroad work 41 Final preparations 1959 1968 Edit 3 D model of the Arch Saarinen and city functionaries collaborated to zone buildings near the arch In April 1959 real estate developer Lewis Kitchen decided to construct two 40 level edifices across from the arch In July after the plan was condemned for its potential obstruction of the arch Kitchen discussed the issue with officials A decision was delayed for several months because Saarinen had yet to designate the arch s height projected between 590 and 630 feet 180 and 190 m By October Mayor Tucker and Director Wirth resolved to restrict the height of buildings opposite the arch to 275 feet 84 m about 27 levels and the city stated that plans for buildings opposite the arch would require its endorsement Kitchen then decreased the height of his buildings while Saarinen increased that of the arch 42 Moving the railroad tracks was the first stage of the project On May 6 1959 after an official conference the Public Service Commission called for ventilation to accompany the tunnel s construction which entailed placing 3 000 feet of dual tracks into a tunnel 105 feet west of the elevated railroad along with filling grading and trestle work Eight bids for the work were reviewed on June 8 in the Old Courthouse and the MacDonald Construction Co of St Louis 5 won with a bid of 2 426 115 less than NPS s estimate of the cost At 10 30 a m on June 23 1959 the groundbreaking ceremony occurred Tucker spaded the first portion of earth Wirth and Dickmann delivered speeches 42 The NPS acquired the 500 000 in escrow and transferred it to MacDonald to begin building the new tracks In August demolition of the Old Rock House d was complete with workers beginning to excavate the tunnel In November they began shaping the tunnel s walls with concrete Twenty nine percent of the construction was completed by March and 95 by November On November 17 trains began to use the new tracks June 1962 was the projected date of fruition 42 On May 16 1959 the Senate appropriations subcommittee received from St Louis legislators a request for 2 4911 million of which it granted only 133 000 Wirth recommended that they reseek the funds in January 1960 42 On March 10 1959 Regional Director Howard Baker received 888 000 as the city s first subsidy for the project On December 1 1961 23 003 150 in total had been authorized with 19 657 483 already appropriated 3 345 667 remained not yet appropriated 42 Construction EditThe bidding date originally December 20 1961 was postponed to January 22 1962 to clarify the details of the arch construction e About 50 companies that had requested the construction requirements received bidding invitations Extending from 11 923 163 to 12 765 078 all four bids exceeded the engineer estimate of 8 067 000 Wirth had a committee led by George Hartzog determine the validity of the bids in light of the government s conditions Following a meeting with the bidders the committee affirmed the bids reasonableness and Wirth awarded the lowest bidder MacDonald Construction Co of St Louis 5 the contract for the construction of the arch and the visitor center On March 14 1962 he signed the contract and received from Tucker 2 5 million the city s subsidy for the phase MacDonald reduced its bid 500 000 to 11 442 418 42 The Pittsburgh Des Moines Steel Company served as the subcontractor for the shell of the arch 16 In 1959 and 1960 ground was broken 44 and in 1961 the foundation of the structure was laid 13 Construction of the arch itself began on February 12 1963 as the first steel triangle on the south leg was eased into place 16 These steel triangles which narrowed as they spiraled to the top were raised into place by a group of cranes and derricks 45 The arch was assembled of 142 46 12 foot long 3 7 m prefabricated stainless steel sections Once in place each section had its double walled skin filled with concrete prestressed with 252 tension bars 47 In order to keep the partially completed legs steady a scissors truss was placed between them at 530 feet 160 m later removed as the derricks were taken down 48 The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964 in observance of St Louis s bicentennial 11 12 49 Contractor MacDonald Construction Co arranged a 30 foot 9 1 m tower for spectators 50 and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking 51 In 1963 a million people went to observe the progress and by 1964 local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place 18 St Louis Post Dispatch photographer Art Witman documented the construction for the newspaper s Sunday supplement Pictures his longest and most noted assignment 52 He visited the construction site frequently from 1963 to 1967 recording of every stage of progress With assistant Renyold Ferguson he crawled along the catwalks with the construction workers up to 190m above the ground 53 He was the only news photographer on permanent assignment at the construction with complete access He primarily worked with slide film but also used the only Panox camera in St Louis to create panoramic photographs covering 140 degrees Witman s pictures of the construction are now housed in the State Historical Society of Missouri The project manager of MacDonald Construction Co Stan Wolf said that a 62 story building was easier to build than the arch In a building everything is straight up one thing on top of another In this arch everything is curved 13 Delays and lawsuits Edit Arch construction in June 1965 Although an actuarial firm predicted thirteen workers would die while building the arch no workers were killed during the monument s construction 54 However construction of the arch was still often delayed by safety checks funding uncertainties and legal disputes 55 Civil rights activists regarded the construction of the arch as a token of racial discrimination On July 14 1964 during the workers lunchtime civil rights protesters Percy Green and Richard Daly both members of Congress of Racial Equality climbed 125 feet 38 m up the north leg of the arch to expose the fact that federal funds were being used to build a national monument that was racially discriminating against black contractors and skilled black workers As the pair disregarded demands to get off protesters on the ground demanded that at least 10 of the skilled jobs belong to African Americans Four hours later Green and Daly dismounted from the arch to charges of trespassing peace disturbance and resisting arrest 56 57 This incident inter alia spurred the United States Department of Justice to file the first pattern or practice case against AFL CIO under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on February 4 1966 but the department later called off the charges 58 The 1966 lawsuit was an attempt by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance OFCC to desegregate building trade unions nationwide Many technical building unions had little or no African American representation into the mid 1960s During Lyndon Johnson s presidency the federal government recognized the need for more integration in all levels of society and started enforcing equal employment opportunity through federally funded job contracts 58 In 1964 the Pittsburgh Des Moines Steel Company of Warren Pennsylvania sued MacDonald for 665 317 for tax concerns In 1965 NPS requested that Pittsburgh Des Moines Steel remove the prominent letters P D M its initials from a creeper derrick used for construction contending that it was promotional and violated federal law with regards to advertising on national monuments Although Pittsburgh Des Moines Steel initially refused to pursue what it considered a precarious venture the company relented after discovering that leaving the initials would cost 225 000 and after that 42 000 per month 59 and the NPS dropped its lawsuit 16 On October 26 1965 the International Association of Ironworkers delayed work to ascertain that the arch was safe After NPS director Kenneth Chapman gave his word that conditions were perfectly safe construction resumed on October 27 60 After the discovery of 16 defects the tram was also delayed from running The Bi State Development Agency assessed that it suffered losses of 2 000 for each day the trains were stagnant 61 On January 7 1966 members of AFL CIO deserted their work on the visitor center 61 refusing to work with plumbers affiliated with Congress of Industrial Unions CIU which represented black plumbers A representative of AFL CIO said This policy has nothing to do with race Our experience is that these CIU members have in the past worked for substandard wages 62 CIU applied to the National Labor Relations Board NLRB for an injunction that required the AFL CIO laborers to return to work On February 7 Judge John Keating Regan ruled that AFL CIO workers had participated in a secondary boycott By February 11 AFL CIO resumed work on the arch and an AFL CIO contractor declared that ten African Americans were apprenticed for arch labor The standstill in work lasted a month 57 Considering how large Federal projects often go haywire Secretary of War Newton D Baker said This memorial will be like a cathedral built slowly but surely 18 Topping out and dedication Edit The dedication plaque President Lyndon B Johnson and Mayor Alfonso J Cervantes decided on a date for the topping out ceremony but the arch had not been completed by then The ceremony date was reset to October 17 1965 workers strained to meet the deadline taking double shifts but by October 17 the arch was still not complete The chairman of the ceremony anticipated the ceremony to be held on October 30 a Saturday to allow 1 500 schoolchildren whose signatures were to be placed in a time capsule to attend Ultimately PDM set the ceremony date to October 28 16 The time capsule containing the signatures of 762 000 students and others was welded into the keystone before the final piece was set in place 63 On October 28 the arch was topped out as then Vice President Hubert Humphrey observed from a helicopter 64 A Catholic priest and a rabbi prayed over the keystone 36 a 10 short ton 9 1 t eight foot long 2 4 m triangular section 65 It was slated to be inserted at 10 00 a m local time but was done 30 minutes early 36 because thermal expansion had constricted the 8 5 foot 2 6 m gap at the top 65 by 5 inches 13 cm 64 To mitigate this workers used fire hoses to spray water on the surface of the south leg to cool it down 55 and make it contract 64 The keystone was inserted in 13 minutes 36 with only 6 inches 15 cm remaining For the next section a hydraulic jack had to pry apart the legs six feet 1 8 m The last section was left only 2 5 feet 0 76 m 65 By noon the keystone was secured 36 Some filmmakers in hope that the two legs would not meet had chronicled every phase of construction 66 The Gateway Arch was expected to open to the public by 1964 but in 1967 the public relations agency stopped forecasting the opening date 61 The arch s visitor center opened on June 10 1967 and the tram began operating on July 24 10 The arch was dedicated by Humphrey on May 25 1968 67 He declared that the arch was a soaring curve in the sky that links the rich heritage of yesterday with the richer future of tomorrow 68 and brings a new purpose and a new sense of urgency to wipe out every slum Whatever is shoddy whatever is ugly whatever is waste whatever is false will be measured and condemned in comparison to the Gateway Arch About 250 000 people were expected to attend but rain canceled the outdoor activities 67 The ceremony had to be transferred into the visitor center 68 f After the dedication Humphrey crouched beneath an exit as he waited for the rain to subside so he could walk to his vehicle 67 After completion Edit The project did not provide 5 000 jobs as expected as of June 1964 workers numbered fewer than 100 The project did however incite other riverfront restoration efforts totaling 150 million Building projects included a 50 000 seat sports stadium a 30 story hotel several office towers four parking garages and an apartment complex 18 The idea of a Disneyland amusement park that included synthetic riverboat attractions was considered but later abandoned 69 70 The developers hoped to use the arch as a commercial catalyst attracting visitors who would use their services 18 One estimate found that since the 1960s the arch has incited almost 503 million worth of construction 71 In June 1976 the memorial was finalized by federal allocations the statue of Thomas Jefferson was unveiled the Museum of Westward Expansion was previewed a theater under the Arch was dedicated in honor of Mayor Raymond Tucker and the catenary like curving staircases from the Arch down to the levee were built 16 Characteristics EditPhysical characteristics Edit The windows of the observation deck are located around the apex of the arch Both the width and height of the arch are 630 feet 192 m 7 64 The arch is the tallest memorial in the United States 4 and the tallest stainless steel monument in the world 72 The cross sections of the arch s legs are equilateral triangles narrowing from 54 feet 16 m per side at the bases to 17 feet 5 2 m per side at the top 73 Each wall consists of a stainless steel skin covering a sandwich of two carbon steel walls with reinforced concrete in the middle from ground level to 300 feet 91 m with carbon steel to the peak 49 74 The arch is hollow to accommodate a unique tram system that takes visitors to an observation deck at the top 11 The structural load is supported by a stressed skin design 75 Each leg is embedded in 25 980 short tons 23 570 t of concrete 44 feet 13 m thick 64 and 60 feet 18 m deep 76 Twenty feet 6 1 m of the foundation is in bedrock 76 The arch is resistant to earthquakes 77 and is designed to sway up to 18 inches 46 cm in either direction 78 while withstanding winds up to 150 miles per hour 240 km h 79 The structure weighs 42 878 short tons 38 898 t of which concrete composes 25 980 short tons 23 570 t structural steel interior 2 157 short tons 1 957 t and the 6 3mm thick grade 304 stainless steel panels that cover the exterior of the arch 886 short tons 804 t 67 80 This amount of stainless steel is the most used in any one project in history 72 79 The base of each leg at ground level had to have an engineering tolerance of 1 64 inch 0 40 mm or the two legs would not meet at the top 7 Mathematical elements Edit The arch is a weighted catenary its legs are wider than its upper section The geometric form of the structure was set by mathematical equations provided to Saarinen by Hannskarl Bandel Bruce Detmers and other architects expressed the geometric form in blueprints with this equation 81 y A cosh C x L 1 x L C cosh 1 1 y A displaystyle y A left cosh frac Cx L 1 right quad Leftrightarrow quad x frac L C cosh 1 left 1 frac y A right with the constantsA f c Q b Q t 1 68 7672 displaystyle A frac f c Q b Q t 1 68 7672 C cosh 1 Q b Q t 3 0022 displaystyle C cosh 1 frac Q b Q t 3 0022 where fc 625 0925 ft 191 m is the maximum height of centroid Qb 1 262 6651 sq ft 117 m2 is the maximum cross sectional area of arch at base Qt 125 1406 sq ft 12 m2 is the minimum cross sectional area of arch at top and L 299 2239 ft 91 m is the half width of centroid at the base The triangular cross sectional area varies linearly with the vertical height of its centroid This hyperbolic cosine function describes the shape of a catenary A chain that supports only its own weight forms a catenary the chain is purely in tension 82 83 Likewise an inverted catenary arch that supports only its own weight is purely in compression with no shear The catenary arch is the stablest of all arches since the thrust passes through the legs and is absorbed in the foundations instead of forcing the legs apart 16 The Gateway Arch itself is not a common catenary but a more general curve of the form y Acosh Bx 84 This makes it an inverted weighted catenary 48 85 Saarinen chose a weighted catenary over a normal catenary curve because it looked less pointed and less steep In 1959 he caused some confusion about the actual shape of the arch when he wrote This arch is not a true parabola as is often stated Instead it is a catenary curve the curve of a hanging chain a curve in which the forces of thrust are continuously kept within the center of the legs of the arch William V Thayer a professor of mathematics at St Louis Community College later wrote to the St Louis Post Dispatch calling attention to the fact that the structure was a weighted catenary 86 Lighting Edit The arch illuminated in pink in honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month The arch s lighting system The first proposal to illuminate the arch at night was announced on May 18 1966 but the plan never came to fruition 10 In July 1998 funding for an arch lighting system was approved by St Louis s Gateway Foundation 87 which agreed to take responsibility for the cost of the equipment its installation and its upkeep 88 In January 1999 MSNBC arranged a temporary lighting system for the arch so the monument could be used as the background for a visit by Pope John Paul II 87 Since November 2001 the arch has been bathed in white light between 10 p m and 1 a m via a system of floodlights 89 Designed by Randy Burkett it comprises 44 lighting fixtures situated in four pits just below ground level 87 88 On October 5 2004 the U S Senate at the pressing of Senators Jim Talent and Kit Bond approved a bill permitting the illumination in pink of the arch in honor of breast cancer awareness month 90 Both Estee Lauder and May Department Store Co had championed the cause 91 One employee said that the arch would be a beacon for the importance of prevention and finding a cure 92 While the National Park Service took issue with the plan due to the precedent it would set for prospective uses of the arch it yielded due to a realization that it and Congress were on the same team and because the illumination was legally obligatory on October 25 the plan was carried out 93 The previous time the arch was illuminated for promotional purposes was on September 12 1995 94 under the management of local companies Fleishman Hillard and Technical Productions when a rainbow spectrum was shone on the arch to publicize the debut of Ringling Bros and Barnum amp Bailey Circus Wizard of Oz on Ice at the Kiel Center 91 95 Public access Edit Southern entrance to the subterranean visitor center In April 1965 three million tourists were expected to visit the arch annually after completion 13 619 763 tourists visited the top of the arch in its first year open On January 15 1969 a visitor from Nashville Tennessee became the one millionth person to reach the observation area the ten millionth person ascended to the top on August 24 1979 10 In 1974 the arch was ranked fourth on a list of most visited man made attraction s 16 The Gateway Arch is one of the most visited tourist attractions in the world with over four million visitors annually 96 of which around one million travel to the top 97 The arch was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2 1987 and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places 4 On December 8 2009 sponsored by nonprofit CityArchRiver2015 the international design competition Framing a Modern Masterpiece The City The Arch The River 2015 commenced 98 It aimed to design a plan to improve the riverfront park landscape ease access for pedestrians across Memorial Drive and expand onto the East St Louis riverfront 99 as well as to attract visitors 100 The contest consisted of three stages portfolio assessment narrowed down to 8 10 teams team interviews narrowed down to 4 5 teams and review of design proposals 101 The competition received 49 applicants 102 which were narrowed down to five in the first two stages On August 17 2010 the designs of the five finalists were revealed to the public and exhibited at the theater below the arch 103 On August 26 the finalists made their cases to an eight member jury 104 105 and on September 21 106 the winner was revealed Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates The initiative s plans include updating Kiener Plaza and the Old Courthouse connecting the city to the Arch grounds with a park over Interstate 70 a re imagined museum and improved accessibility The budget for the project is 380 million and was set to be completed in 2018 102 Ground broke on the Park over the Highway project the first component of the CityArchRiver project on August 2 2013 This project features a landscaped structure over Interstate 70 and rerouted surface traffic that had previously formed a moat separating the Gateway Arch from the Old Courthouse This project was completed in December 2014 107 Visitor center Edit Inside the visitor center The underground visitor center for the arch was designed as part of the National Park Service s Mission 66 program 108 The 70 000 square foot 6 500 m2 center is located directly below the arch 109 between its legs Although construction on the visitor center began at the same time as construction for the arch itself it did not conclude until 1976 because of insufficient funding 110 however the center opened with several exhibits on June 10 1967 10 Access to the visitor center is provided through ramps adjacent to each leg of the arch 110 The center houses offices mechanical rooms and waiting areas for the arch trams as well as its main attractions the Museum of Westward Expansion and two theaters displaying films about the arch 110 The older theater opened in May 1972 10 the newer theater called the Odyssey Theatre was constructed in the 1990s and features a four story tall screen Its construction required the expansion of the underground complex and workers had to excavate solid rock while keeping the disruption to a minimum so the museum could remain open 110 The museum houses several hundred exhibits about the United States westward expansion in the 19th century 73 and opened on August 10 1977 10 As part of the CityArchRiver project the visitor center and museum underwent a 176 million expansion and renovation that was completed in July 2018 111 Once completed the renovation will include a 46 000 square foot underground addition featuring interactive story galleries video walls a fountain and a cafe 111 Observation area Edit Observation area on top of the Gateway Arch Near the top of the Arch passengers exit the tram compartment and climb a slight grade to enter the observation area This arched deck which is over 65 feet 20 m long and 7 feet 2 1 m wide 112 can hold up to about 160 people equivalent to the number of people from four trams 74 Sixteen windows per side each measuring 7 by 27 inches 180 mm 690 mm offer views up to 30 miles 48 km 113 to the east across the Mississippi River and southern Illinois with its prominent Mississippian culture mounds at Cahokia Mounds and to the west over the city of St Louis and St Louis County beyond citation needed Modes of ascent Edit Interior of the tram capsule in the Gateway Arch There are three modes of transportation up the arch two sets of 1 076 step emergency stairs one per leg 114 a 12 passenger elevator to the 372 foot 113 m height 18 and a tram in each leg 11 Each tram is a chain of eight cylindrical five seat compartments 115 with a small window on the doors 116 As each tram has a capacity of 40 passengers and there are two trams 80 passengers can be transported at one time with trams departing from the ground every 10 minutes 79 The cars swing like Ferris wheel cars as they ascend and descend the arch 76 This fashion of movement gave rise to the idea of the tram as half Ferris wheel and half elevator 76 The trip to the top takes four minutes 44 and the trip down takes three minutes 74 North stairs and tram descending from observation platform Because of a lack of funds in March 1962 the NPS did not accept bids for the arch s internal train system 42 and considered discarding the idea 16 In May 1962 16 the Bi State Development Agency proposed that it issue revenue bonds to obtain the required funds The Department of the Interior and Bi State entered into an agreement where Bi State would construct and operate the tram 16 42 Bi State would have to raise 1 977 750 for the construction of the tram system 42 It retired the bonds by setting a 1 riding fee to the top g A view of the city of St Louis from the observation room of the St Louis Arch Bi State put in 3 3 million revenue bonds and has operated the tram system since 117 The tram in the north leg entered operation in June 1967 75 but visitors were forced to endure three hour long waits until April 21 1976 when a reservation system was put in place 10 The south tram was completed by March 1968 Commemorative pins were awarded to the first 100 000 passengers 16 As of 2007 the trams have traveled 250 000 miles 400 000 km conveying more than 25 million passengers 79 Incidents Edit A young boy is looking out one of the observation windows at the city of St Louis Busch Stadium can be seen through the window On July 8 1970 a six year old boy his mother and two of her friends were trapped in a tram in the arch s south leg after the monument closed According to the boy s mother the group went up the arch around 9 30 p m CDT but when the tram reached the de boarding area its doors did not open The tram then reportedly traveled up to a storage area 50 feet 15 m above the ground and the power was switched off 118 One person was able to pry open the tram door and the four managed to reach a security guard for help after being trapped for about 45 minutes 10 On July 21 2007 a broken cable forced the south tram to be shut down leaving only the north tram in service until repairs were completed in March 2008 97 Around 200 tourists were stuck inside the arch for about three hours because the severed cable contacted a high voltage rail causing a fuse to blow The north tram was temporarily affected by the power outage as well but some passengers were able to exit the arch through the emergency stairs and elevator It was about two hours until all the tram riders safely descended while those in the observation area at the time of the outage had to wait an additional hour before being able to travel back down An arch official said the visitors most of whom stayed calm during the ordeal were not in any danger and were later given refunds 119 The incident occurred while visitors in the arch were watching a fireworks display and no one was seriously injured in the event However two people received medical treatment one person needed oxygen and the other was diabetic 120 Almost immediately after the tram returned to service in 2008 however it was closed again for new repairs after an electrical switch broke The incident which occurred on March 14 was billed as a bad coincidence 121 A view of the Mississippi River from the observation room of the St Louis Arch On the morning of February 9 2011 a National Park Service worker was injured while performing repairs on the south tram The 55 year old was working on the tram s electrical system when he was trapped between it and the arch wall for around 30 seconds until being saved by other workers Emergency officials treated the injured NPS employee at the arch s top before taking him to Saint Louis University Hospital in a serious condition 122 On March 24 2011 around one hundred visitors were stranded in the observation area for 45 minutes after the doors of the south tram refused to close The tourists were safely brought down the arch in the north tram which had been closed that week so officials could upgrade it with a new computer system The National Park Service later attributed the malfunction to a computer glitch associated with the new system which had already been implemented with the south tram No one was hurt in the occurrence 123 124 Around 2 15 p m local time on June 16 2011 the arch s north tram stalled due to a power outage 125 The tram became stuck about 200 feet 61 m from the observation deck and passengers eventually were told to climb the stairs to the observation area 126 It took National Park Service workers about one hour to manually pull the tram to the top and the 40 trapped passengers were able to return down on the south tram which had previously not been operating that day because there was not an abundance of visitors An additional 120 people were at the observation deck at the time of the outage and also exited via the south tram During the outage visitors were stuck in the tram with neither lighting nor air conditioning 125 No one was seriously injured in the incident but one visitor lost consciousness after suffering a panic attack 127 and a park ranger was taken away with minor injuries The cause of the outage was not immediately known 125 Stunts and accidents Edit The arch in September 2007 On June 16 1965 the Federal Aviation Administration cautioned that aviators who flew through the arch would be fined and their licenses revoked 128 At least ten pilots have disobeyed this order 10 beginning on June 22 1966 16 In 1973 Nikki Caplan was granted an FAA exception to fly a hot air balloon between the arch s legs as part of the Great Forest Park Balloon Race 129 During the flight on which the St Louis park director was a passenger the balloon hit the arch and plummeted 70 feet before recovering 130 In 1976 a U S Army exhibition skydiving team was permitted to fly through the arch as part of Fourth of July festivities 131 and since then numerous skydiving exhibition teams have legally jumped onto the Arch grounds after having flown their parachutes through the legs of the Arch The arch has been a target of various stunt performers and while such feats are generally forbidden several people have parachuted to or from the arch regardless In June 1980 the National Park Service declined a request by television producers to have a performer jump from the arch a similar appeal by stuntman Dan Koko was also turned away in February 1986 10 Koko who was a stunt double for Superman wanted to perform the leap during Fourth of July celebrations 132 1980 accidentOn November 22 1980 at about 8 45 a m CST 33 year old Kenneth Swyers of Overland Missouri parachuted onto the top of the arch His plan was to release his main parachute and then jump off the arch using his reserve parachute to perform a base jump Unfortunately after landing the wind blew him to the side and he slid down the north leg to his death 133 The accident was witnessed by several people including Swyers wife also a parachutist She said her husband was not a hot dog daredevil skydiver and that he had prepared for the jump two weeks in advance Swyers who had made over 1 600 jumps before the incident was reported by one witness to have landed very well on the top of the arch but had no footing 131 Swyers was reportedly blown to the top of the arch by the wind and was unable to save himself when his reserve parachute failed to deploy 133 The Federal Aviation Administration said the jump was unauthorized and investigated the pilot involved in the incident 131 On December 27 1980 St Louis television station KTVI reported receiving calls from supposed witnesses of another stunt landing The alleged parachutist who claimed to be a retired professional stuntman was said to be wearing a Santa Claus costume when he jumped off an airplane around 8 00 a m CST parachuted onto the arch grasped the monument s beacon and used the same parachute to glide down unharmed KTVI said it was told the feat was done as an act of homage to Swyers and apparently was a combination of a dare a drunk and a tribute 134 On the day after the alleged incident authorities declared the jump a hoax A spokesperson for the St Louis Metropolitan Police Department said no calls were received about the jump until after it was broadcast on the news and the Federal Aviation Administration said the two calls it had received were very similar One caller also left an out of service phone number while the other never followed up with investigators 135 Arch officials said they did not witness any such jump and photos provided by the alleged parachutist were unclear 134 1992 stunt Aerial shot of the arch On September 14 1992 25 year old John C Vincent climbed to the top of the Gateway Arch using suction cups and proceeded to parachute back to the ground He was later charged with two misdemeanors climbing a national monument and parachuting in a national park Federal prosecutor Stephen Higgins called the act a great stunt but said it was something the Park Service doesn t take lightly 136 Vincent a construction worker and diver from Harvey Louisiana 137 said he did it just for the excitement just for the thrill and had previously parachuted off the World Trade Center in May 1991 He said that scaling the arch wasn t that hard and that he had considered a jump off the monument for a few months In an interview Vincent said he visited the arch s observation area a month before the stunt to see if he could use a maintenance hatch for accessing the monument s peak Due to the heavy security he instead decided to climb up the arch s exterior using suction cups which he had used before to scale shorter buildings Dressed in black Vincent began crawling up the arch around 3 30 a m CST on September 14 and arrived undetected at the top around 5 45 a m taking an additional 75 minutes to rest and take photos before finally jumping During this time he was seen by two traffic reporters inside the One Metropolitan Square skyscraper 138 Vincent was also spotted mid air by Deryl Stone a Chief Ranger for the National Park Service Stone reported seeing Vincent grab his parachute after landing and run to a nearby car which quickly drove away However authorities were able to detain two men on the ground who had been videotaping the jump 139 Stone said 37 year old Ronald Carroll and 27 year old Robert Weinzetl both St Louis residents were found with a wireless communication headset and a video camera as well as a still camera with a telephoto lens The two were also charged with two misdemeanors disorderly conduct and commercial photography in a national park 138 Vincent later turned himself in and initially pleaded not guilty to the charges against him 137 However he eventually accepted a guilty plea deal in which he testified against Carroll and Weinzetl revealing that the two consented to record the jump during a meeting of all three on the day before his stunt occurred 140 Federal magistrate judge David D Noce ruled on January 28 1993 that Carroll had been involved in a conspiracy and was guilty of both misdemeanor charges the charges against Weinzetl were dropped by federal prosecutors In his decision Noce stated There are places in our country where the sufficiently skilled can savor the exhilaration and personal satisfaction of accomplishing courageous and intrepid acts of reaching dreamed of heights and for coursing dangerous adventures but added that other places are designed for the exhilaration of mere observation and for the appreciation of the imaginings and the works of others The St Louis Arch and the grounds of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial are in the latter category 141 After his guilty plea Vincent was sentenced to a 1 000 fine 25 hours of community service and a year s probation In December 1992 Vincent was sentenced to ninety days in jail for violating his probation 142 Security Edit Two years after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing a little over 1 million was granted to institute a counterterrorism program Park officials were trained to note the activity of tourists and inconspicuous electronic detection devices were installed After the September 11 attacks in 2001 security efforts became more prominent and security checkpoints moved to the entrance of the visitor center 143 At the checkpoints visitors are screened by magnetometers and x ray equipment 144 devices which have been in place since 1997 145 The Arch also became one of several U S monuments placed under restricted airspace during 2002 Fourth of July celebrations 146 147 In 2003 10 foot long 3 0 m 32 inch high 81 cm 4 100 pound 1 900 kg 148 movable Jersey barriers 149 were installed to impede terrorist attacks on the arch Later that year it was announced that these walls were to be replaced by concrete posts encased in metal to be more harmonious with the steel color of the arch 150 The movable bollards can be manipulated from the park s dispatch center which has also been upgraded 151 In 2006 arch officials hired a physical security specialist replacing a law enforcement officer The responsibilities of the specialist include risk assessment testing the park s security system increasing security awareness of other employees and working with other government agencies to improve the arch s security procedures 151 Symbolism and culture EditThe Gateway Arch packs a significant symbolic wallop just by standing there But the Arch has a mission greater than being visually affecting Its shape and monumental size suggest movement through time and space and invite inquiry into the complex fascinating story of our national expansion 152 Robert W Duffy of the St Louis Post Dispatch October 4 2003 Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States the arch typifies the pioneer spirit of the men and women who won the West and those of a latter day to strive on other frontiers The arch has become the iconic image of St Louis 65 appearing in many parts of city culture In 1968 three years after the monument s opening the St Louis phone directory contained 65 corporations with Gateway in their title and 17 with Arch Arches also appeared over gas stations and drive in restaurants 128 In the 1970s a local sports team adopted the name Fighting Arches St Louis Community College would later when consolidating all athletic programs under a single banner name its sports teams Archers Robert S Chandler an NPS superintendent said Most visitors are awed by the size and scale of the Arch but they don t understand what it s all about Too many people see it as just a symbol of the city of St Louis 71 The Gateway Arch as seen from southern leg The arch has also appeared as a symbol of the State of Missouri On November 22 2002 at the Missouri State Capitol Lori Hauser Holden wife of then Governor Bob Holden uncovered the winning design for a Missouri coin design competition as part of the Fifty States Commemorative Coin Program Designed by watercolorist Paul Jackson 153 the coin portrays three members of the Lewis and Clark expedition paddling a boat on the Missouri River upon returning to St Louis with the arch as the backdrop 154 Holden said that the arch was a symbol for the entire state Four million visitors each year see the Arch The coin will help make it even more loved worldwide 155 h A special license plate designed by Arnold Worldwide 157 featured the arch labeled with Gateway to the West 158 Profits earned from selling the plates would fund the museum and other educational components of the arch 159 The Arch viewed from one of two reflecting pools Louchheim wrote that although the arch has a simplicity which should guarantee timeliness it is entirely modern as well because of the innovative design and its scientific considerations 38 In The Dallas Morning News architectural critic David Dillon opined that the arch exists not as a functional edifice but as a symbol of boundless American optimism He articulates the arch s multiple moods reflective in sunlight soft and pewterish in mist crisp as a line drawing one moment chimerical the next as a way the arch has paid for itself many times over in wonder 66 Some have questioned whether St Louis really was as Saarinen said 27 the Gateway to the West Kansas City born deadline poet Calvin Trillin wrote 160 I know you re thinking that there are considerable differences between T S Eliot and me Yes it is true that he was from St Louis which started calling itself the Gateway to the West after Eero Saarinen s Gateway Arch was erected and I m from Kansas City where people think of St Louis not as the Gateway to the West but as the Exit from the East With renovations in the 2010s of the visitor center the message of the arch has been more inclusive in its historic perspective highlighting the impact of colonialism and particularly Manifest Destiny of American frontierism on the environment land and people of First Americans as well as Native Mexicans 161 162 Furthermore exhibiting the urban history of the site and the struggle of its people as well as of its construction workers for more rights during the civil rights movement era 161 Its futuristic style has been seen as a symbol for the automobile age and the surrounding automobile centric urban and interstate infrastructure promising a technological future of a new accessible frontier 161 This outlook has seen continuation lending the Gateway Arch s iconic shape and meaning to the name and logo of the future Lunar Gateway with its purpose as a gateway to the Moon and Mars 163 Awards and recognitions Edit In 1966 the arch was given a Special Award for Excellence from the American Institute of Steel Construction for being an outstanding achievement in technology and aesthetics 164 165 On February 9 1967 the arch received the Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award of 1967 from the American Society of Civil Engineers 166 The arch was once among Travel Leisure s unofficial rankings for the most visited attraction in the world after Lenin s Tomb Disney World Disneyland and the Eiffel Tower 167 On February 22 1990 168 the arch received the American Institute of Architects AIA Twenty Five Year Award 46 for its enduring significance that has withstood the test of time It was declared a symbolic bridge between East and West past and future engineering and art that embodies the boundless optimism of a growing nation 169 In 2007 the arch was ranked fourteenth on the AIA s America s Favorite Architecture list 170 Cultural references Edit Dutch composer Peter Schat wrote a 1997 work Arch Music for St Louis Op 44 171 172 for the St Louis Symphony Orchestra It premiered on January 8 1999 at the Powell Symphony Hall Since Schat did not ascend the arch due to his fear of heights he used his creativity to depict in music someone riding a tram to the top of the arch 172 Paul Muldoon s poem The Stoic is set under the Gateway Arch The work an elegy for a miscarried foetus 173 describes Muldoon s ordeal standing under the Gateway Arch after his wife telephoned and informed him that the baby they were expecting had been miscarried Percy Jackson encounters Echidna and the Chimera in the Gateway Arch in The Lightning Thief after he Grover Underwood and Annabeth Chase visit the Arch during their trip to California to recover the Master Bolt Percy faces the Chimera jumps out of the Arch and falls into the Mississippi River 174 A damaged Gateway Arch is prominently featured in Defiance a science fiction television series The apex is used as a radio station studio with the arch itself acting as the station s antenna 175 Maintenance Edit Welds on the arch s skin seal gaps between 4 by 8 foot sheets of stainless steel Graffiti is scratched on the lower five to seven feet of the monument The first act of vandalism was committed in June 1968 the vandals etched their names on various parts of the arch In all 10 000 was spent that year to repair damage from vandalism 16 The arch was first targeted by graffiti artists on March 5 1969 10 In 2010 signs of corrosion were reported at the upper regions of the stainless steel surface Carbon steel in the north leg has been rusting possibly a result of water accumulation a side effect of leaky welds in an environment that often causes rain to enter the skin of the structure Maintenance workers use mops 176 and a temporary setup of water containers to ease the problem 177 According to NPS documents the corrosion and rust pose no safety concerns 176 A more comprehensive study of the corrosion had been suggested as early as 2006 by architectural specialists studying the Arch and reiterated in a 2010 Historic Structure Report In September 2010 the NPS granted Wiss Janney Elstner Associates Inc a contract for a structural study that would gather data about the condition of the Arch to enable experts to develop and implement the right long term solutions 178 Stain samples were taken from the west face of the Arch on October 21 2014 to determine the best way to clean it The cleaning will cost about 340 000 179 In 1984 structural engineer Tibor Szegezdy told Smithsonian Magazine that the Arch could stand considerably less than a thousand years before collapsing in a wind storm 180 Brickline Greenway EditThe Brickline Greenway Project is a major public private partnership that aims to connect Forest Park and the Washington University in St Louis Danforth Campus to the Gateway Arch grounds Among the partners leading this project are Great Rivers Greenway the Arch to Park Collaborative St Louis City and Washington University in St Louis 181 182 The Brickline Greenway was known as the Chouteau Greenway prior to March 10 2020 183 See also Edit Architecture portal National Register of Historic Places portalArchitecture of St Louis Fair Saint Louis List of tallest buildings in St Louis List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri National Register of Historic Places listings in St Louis Missouri Zhivopisny BridgeNotes Edit Once he revisited a generous sponsor requesting more money Now you have to protect your investment 29 He would also change the width of the arch to match its height In 1954 Louchheim married Saarinen 33 34 Built in 1818 by Manuel Lisa it was St Louis oldest standing building when Roosevelt approved the memorial in 1935 43 This deferral delayed the construction s ultimate completion which had been slated for St Louis bicentennial 42 When Stuart Udall then Secretary of the Interior discussed the story of the arch an African American person rose and hollered Y ou re all racists we want jobs not arches 67 Behind him a man wearing a veteran s hat jostled him 68 and Secret Service personnel removed him from the room Udall resumed his speech unperturbed 67 Some locals wrote letters to the St Louis Post Dispatch accusing Bi State of gouging 16 The U S Mint altered Jackson s design to make it less off balance however with three people in the canoe instead of just Lewis and Clark A Mint representative said the third person was Clark s slave York 153 The finalized coin entered circulation on August 4 2003 156 References Edit Gateway Arch GreatBuildings com Archived from the original on April 6 2011 Retrieved January 26 2011 a b Johnston Louis Williamson Samuel H 2023 What Was the U S GDP Then MeasuringWorth Retrieved January 1 2023 United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series National Register Information System National Register of Historic Places May 28 1987 Archived from the original on February 20 2013 a b c d National Historic Landmarks Program Gateway Arch National Historic Landmarks Program Archived from the original on August 4 2009 Retrieved December 14 2010 a b c d St Louis Arch PDF Modern Steel Construction American Institute of Steel Construction 3 4 12 14 1963 Retrieved January 16 2015 Lohraff Kevin 2009 Hiking Missouri 2nd ed Champaign IL Human Kinetics p 73 ISBN 978 0 7360 7588 6 a b c Gateway Arch Facts Gateway Arch Riverfront Archived from the original on May 1 2011 Retrieved December 14 2010 Ledden Nicholas October 6 2010 Gateway Arch to celebrate its 45th St Louis Business Journal Retrieved January 7 2011 Arch Frequently Asked Questions July 25 2006 Archived from the original on February 28 2011 Retrieved December 14 2010 a b c d e f g h i j k l Arch Timeline St Louis Post Dispatch October 17 2005 Archived from the original on December 14 2010 Retrieved December 14 2010 a b c d Gleaming 11 Million Arch at St Louis to Mark Gateway to West PDF The Christian Science Monitor August 31 1962 p 6 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved January 14 2011 a b Soroka Leo March 15 1964 St Louis Arch Going Up Up PDF Chicago Tribune p A3 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved January 24 2011 a b c d Wick Temple April 25 1965 Curving Gateway Arch Memorial To Pioneers St Petersburg Times p 9B Retrieved December 16 2010 a b c d e f g h Brown 1984 Chpt 1 1933 1935 The Idea Archived from the original on February 14 2011 Retrieved February 14 2011 a b c d e f Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects Wiss Janney Elstner Associates amp Alvine and Associates 2010 pp 25 27 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Corrigan Patricia October 27 1985 The Triumph of the Arch 1965 1986 St Louis Post Dispatch p 1F 12F and 13F a b c 1634 1699 McCusker J J 1997 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States Addenda et Corrigenda PDF American Antiquarian Society 1700 1799 McCusker J J 1992 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States PDF American Antiquarian Society 1800 present Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 Retrieved April 16 2022 a b c d e f g h i James Richard D June 19 1964 Poky Pump Primer St Louis Depression Project Nears End in a Boom PDF The 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National Expansion Memorial National Park Service a b c d e f Saarinen Eero Pelkonen Eeva Liisa Albrecht Donald 2006 Eero Saarinen Shaping the Future New Haven Yale University Press pp 222 229 ISBN 978 0 9724881 2 9 a b c d e f Brown 1984 Chpt 4 1945 1948 Archived from the original on February 14 2011 Retrieved February 14 2011 a b c Taylor Betsy October 20 2005 St Louis Arch to Ring in 40th Year USA Today Associated Press Archived from the original on May 21 2007 Retrieved September 21 2011 a b c Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects Wiss Janney Elstner Associates amp Alvine and Associates 2010 pp 29 31 AECOM 2010 pp 32 Raimist Andrew April 2006 Ten Things You Should Know About Harris Armstrong Dwell 6 4 3 ISSN 1530 5309 Archived from the original on April 24 2014 In 1947 Armstrong was among five finalists in the design competition for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial on the St Louis riverfront Armstrong was the only St Louis architect to be selected as a finalist Eero Saarinen Widely Known Detroit Architect Toledo Blade Associated Press September 2 1961 p 1 Eero Saarinen The New York Times September 3 1961 The associate art editor of this newspaper wrote of him in 1953 that his contribution was in giving form or visual order The words were written a year before the writer Aline Bernstein Louchheim became the architect s wife a b Mehrhoff W Arthur 1992 The Gateway Arch Fact and Symbol Bowling Green OH Bowling Green University Popular Press pp 17 18 ISBN 978 0 87972 568 6 a b c d e Duffy Robert W December 14 2003 Gateway Arch Is a Monument to Smith s Good Idea Saarinen s Design St Louis Post Dispatch p 30 ISSN 1930 9600 Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved January 7 2011 Monument Completed Gateway to West Portrays St Louis Role in History Reading Eagle October 29 1965 p 3 Retrieved December 16 2010 a b Louchheim Aline B February 29 1948 For a Modern Monument An Audacious Design PDF The New York Times p X8 Archived from the original on September 20 2011 a b AECOM 2010 pp 39 40 a b c Brown 1984 Chpt 5 1949 1952 Archived from the original on March 30 2011 Retrieved March 30 2011 a b c Brown 1984 Chpt 6 1953 1958 Archived from the original on April 4 2011 Retrieved April 4 2011 a b c d e f g h i j Brown 1984 Chpt 7 1959 1968 Archived from the original on May 15 2011 Retrieved May 15 2011 Old Rock House National Park Service Archived from the original on August 27 2007 Retrieved May 17 2011 a b Borcover Alfred June 14 1969 Gateway Arch The New Spirit of St Louis PDF Chicago Tribune p G1 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved December 22 2010 Gateway Arch in St Louis Celebrates 30th Anniversary All Things Considered October 27 1995 NPR Archived from the original on November 5 2012 a b Langmead Donald Garnaut Christine 2001 Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO pp 130 131 ISBN 978 1 57607 112 0 Franklin Ben A October 24 1965 St Louis s Arch Is Near Its Topping Out Stage 630 Foot High Memorial Is to Honor the West s Pioneers Saarinen Designed Monument Has Stainless Steel Shell PDF The New York Times p 51 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved January 27 2011 a b Hannon Robert E June 1963 Soaring Symbol for St Louis The Rotarian 102 6 33 34 ISSN 0035 838X a b Brinkman Grover August 30 1964 St Louis Gateway Arch To Be Tallest Monument Youngstown Vindicator p 2 Retrieved January 20 2011 St Louis Huge Gateway Arch Already Tourist Attraction Pittsburgh Press August 11 1963 p 24 Retrieved January 11 2011 St Louis Builds 630 Foot Arch The Spokesman Review Associated Press August 6 1963 p 18 Retrieved January 11 2011 Campbell Tracy 2013 The Gateway Arch a biography Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 16988 1 Gilbert Bailon 2015 Book and special section commemorate 50 years of the Gateway Arch St Louis Post Dispatch St Louis MO pp St Louis Post Dispatch St Louis MO Oct 25 2015 Johnson Christopher April 15 2008 The Gateway Arch A Reflection of America Library Journal 133 7 120 ISSN 0363 0277 a b 630 foot High Gateway Arch Is Topped Out PDF Chicago Tribune October 29 1965 p D19 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved December 15 2010 Lang Clarence 2004 Between Civil Rights and Black Power in the Gateway City The Action Committee to Improve Opportunities for Negroes ACTION 1964 75 Journal of Social History 37 3 725 754 doi 10 1353 jsh 2004 0013 ISBN 978 0 252 07648 0 S2CID 143641956 a b Moore Robert J 1994 Showdown Under the Arch The Construction Trades and the First Pattern or Practice Equal Employment Opportunity Suit 1966 Gateway Heritage 15 3 30 43 Archived from the original on December 26 2010 Retrieved January 26 2011 a b Wright John Aaron 2002 Discovering African American St Louis A Guide to Historic Sites Saint Louis Missouri History Museum p 4 ISBN 978 1 883982 45 4 Cost Higher Than High Sign So It Comes Down PDF The Salina Journal Associated Press August 25 1965 p 16 Archived from the original PDF on November 11 2011 Retrieved November 11 2011 Gateway Arch Work Resumed PDF The New York Times October 28 1965 p 50 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved December 16 2010 a b c Hauck Philip C July 14 1967 The St Louis Blues Will They Ever Finish That Gateway Arch PDF The Wall Street Journal p 1 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved December 22 2010 Union Dispute Stops Work on Gateway Arch PDF Chicago Tribune January 12 1966 p 3 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved January 7 2011 Leonard Mary Delach October 19 2005 Wow At 40 shining Arch still is beacon to visitors St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on December 14 2010 Retrieved December 14 2010 a b c d e Bryant Tim October 28 1985 Gateway Arch Marks 20 Years Over St Louis Chicago Tribune United Press International p 12 ISSN 1085 6706 Archived from the original on October 7 2012 Retrieved January 7 2011 a b c d Completion of Gateway Arch Hailed PDF The Hartford Courant October 29 1965 p 22 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved December 14 2010 a b Dillon David August 8 2001 Big Bend Gateway Arch Remains One of America s Most Inspirational Monuments The Dallas Morning News p 12C a b c d e f Offer Dave May 26 1968 Lofty Gateway Arch Dedicated And Hailed by HHH in St Louis PDF The Hartford Courant p 12A Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved January 6 2011 a b c A Little Sun For Humphrey Sarasota Herald Tribune May 26 1968 p 10A Retrieved January 7 2011 Huxtable Ada Louise June 18 1964 Architecture Fitting Site American Institute of Architects Meets in St Louis a Changing City PDF The New York Times p 32 Archived from the original on September 15 2011 Huxtable Ada Louise February 4 1968 St Louis Success Architecture PDF The New York Times p D33 Archived from the original on September 15 2011 a b McGuire John October 27 1975 Gateway Arch Now Spanning 10 Years St Louis Post Dispatch a b Cobb Harold M 2010 The History of Stainless Steel Materials Park OH ASM International pp 170 174 308 ISBN 978 1 61503 010 1 a b Remsberg Charles April 1964 St Louis Two Legged Tower Tallest U S Monument Popular Science 184 4 91 94 ISSN 0161 7370 a b c Mogin Sarah October 30 2006 How Things Work The Gateway Arch The Tartan Archived from the original on December 31 2010 Retrieved December 14 2010 a b Freeman Mary T November 4 1967 St Louis Gateway Arch a sweeping view PDF The Christian Science Monitor p 15 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved December 17 2010 a b c d Sutton Horace December 5 1965 Spectacle in Steel St Louis Giant Gateway Arch PDF Chicago Tribune p J21 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved December 22 2010 La Pierre Yvette July August 1998 On the Trail of Discovery National Parks National Parks Conservation Association 72 7 8 ISSN 0276 8186 Plan Your Visit a b c d The Gateway Arch St Louis Post Dispatch May 24 2007 p 23 ISSN 1930 9600 Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved January 11 2011 The Gateway Arch St Louis July 6 2015 Mathematical Equation National Park Service Archived from the original on April 13 2011 Retrieved December 14 2010 Kabai Sandor Toth Janos Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Wolfram Demonstrations Project Retrieved December 14 2010 Weisstein Eric Catenary MathWorld Osserman Robert February 2010 Mathematics of the Gateway Arch PDF Notices of the American Mathematical Society 57 2 220 229 ISSN 0002 9920 Archived from the original PDF on October 23 2012 Hicks Clifford B December 1963 The Incredible Gateway Arch America s Mightiest National Monument Popular Mechanics 120 6 89 ISSN 0032 4558 Crosbie Michael J June 1983 Is It a Catenary AIA Journal American Institute of Architects 72 6 78 79 a b c St Louis Gateway Arch will be illuminated at night The Nevada Daily Mail Associated Press August 9 2011 p 5A Retrieved January 29 2011 a b Duffy Robert W August 9 2001 Monument Soon Will Light Up The Night Sky Arch Illumination Project Gets Green Light St Louis Post Dispatch p A1 ISSN 1930 9600 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved February 1 2011 Visitors Take A Shine To Illuminated Arch St Louis Post Dispatch November 23 2001 p A1 ISSN 1930 9600 Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved February 1 2011 Bill S 2895 PDF United States Government Printing Office Archived from the original PDF on November 7 2012 Retrieved February 1 2011 a b Jonsson Greg October 26 2004 Reflections of Hope St Louis Post Dispatch p A1 Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved February 1 2011 Pink may light Arch in breast cancer fight St Louis Post Dispatch October 6 2004 p B1 ISSN 1930 9600 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved January 24 2011 St Louis Arch to Glow Pink for Anti Cancer Cause The New York Times Associated Press October 24 2004 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 24 2011 Berger Jerry September 7 1995 Oz On Ice Promotion Will Light Up the Arch St Louis Post Dispatch p 1G Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved February 1 2011 Lighting Dimensions Lighting Dimensions Associates 20 20 1996 Glaus Heidi July 8 2010 Gateway Arch draws the most visitors in St Louis St Louis KSDK TV Archived from the original on January 27 2013 Retrieved February 25 2011 a b After 8 months tram in St Louis Gateway Arch moving again USA Today Associated Press March 18 2008 Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved January 25 2011 International Design Competition to Invigorate the Gateway Arch Starts Today National Parks Conservation Association December 8 2009 Archived from the original PDF on August 20 2010 Retrieved January 28 2011 O Neil Tim January 26 2011 Revised riverfront plan including gondolas to be unveiled Wednesday St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on January 29 2011 Retrieved February 10 2011 Olson Bruce January 27 2011 Proposal unveiled for revamped Gateway Arch park Reuters Archived from the original on January 31 2011 Retrieved January 28 2011 Competition Manual PDF cityarchrivercompetition org Archived from the original PDF on July 23 2011 Retrieved January 28 2011 a b O Neil Tim January 26 2011 Latest Arch plan has 578 million price tag calls for closing Memorial Drive St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on January 28 2011 Retrieved January 28 2011 O Neil Tim August 18 2010 Plans for Arch grounds attract curious crowds and praise St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on November 21 2010 Retrieved January 28 2011 Arch 2015 A citizen s guide St Louis Post Dispatch August 17 2010 Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved January 28 2011 O Neil Tim August 27 2010 Archscape design competitors take their visions to the jury St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on November 30 2010 Retrieved February 1 2011 About cityarchrivercompetition org Archived from the original on January 31 2011 Retrieved January 28 2011 Hunn David Arch s park over highway bridge completed ready for landscaping work stltoday com Retrieved December 14 2017 Allaback Sara 2000 Appendix I Mission 66 Visitor Centers Mission 66 Visitor Centers The History of a Building Type National Park Service ISBN 978 0 16 050446 4 Kimbell Becky Yaeger October 12 2003 Enter the Gateway of St Louis The Cincinnati Enquirer p T 2 Archived from the original on November 5 2012 Retrieved January 13 2011 a b c d Hall Loretta 2004 Underground Buildings More Than Meets the Eye Quill Driver Books p 121 ISBN 978 1 884956 27 0 a b Hahn Valerie Schremp Gateway Arch museum visitors center to open in time for Fair St Louis stltoday com Retrieved December 14 2017 Selbert Pamela April 2004 Gateway Arch Trailer Life TL Enterprises Inc 64 4 64 ISSN 0041 0780 Top of the Gateway Arch Gateway Arch Riverfront Archived from the original on May 1 2011 Retrieved December 14 2010 Frequently Asked Questions National Park Service Archived from the original on May 30 2010 Retrieved December 14 2010 Nofziger Fred December 27 1987 The Ups amp Downs Of Jefferson Expansion Memorial Park Toledo Blade p D7 Retrieved January 13 2011 Schatt Steve December 28 1975 Gateway Arch Worth A Trip To St Louis Sarasota Herald Tribune p 7F Retrieved January 11 2011 St Louis Arch Train System Opens After Many Delays St Joseph News Press Associated Press July 24 1967 p 1B Retrieved January 24 2011 Four Spend Shaky Hour in High Train The Spokesman Review Associated Press July 10 1970 Retrieved March 24 2011 Tram out of service after Gateway Arch mishap NBC News Associated Press July 22 2007 Retrieved March 24 2011 200 Trapped in Gateway Arch for 2 Hours The Washington Post Associated Press July 22 2007 Retrieved March 24 2011 Gateway Arch tram reopens breaks down UPI NewsTrack United Press International March 15 2008 Currier Joel February 10 2011 Worker injured by tram inside Gateway Arch St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved May 14 2011 Held Kevin March 24 2011 Arch trams shut down stranding visitors St Louis KSDK TV Archived from the original on January 27 2013 Retrieved March 24 2011 Group trapped at top of Arch after malfunction St Louis KMOV TV March 24 2011 Archived from the original on March 26 2011 Retrieved March 24 2011 a b c Currier Joel June 16 2011 Arch tram stalls with 40 on board St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved June 16 2011 Held Kevin June 16 2011 St Louis Arch tram stalls trapping visitors St Louis KSDK TV Archived from the original on September 4 2012 Retrieved June 16 2011 Chiodo Joe June 16 2011 Arch tram loses power passengers stuck St Louis KMOV TV Archived from the original on June 18 2011 Retrieved June 16 2011 a b Wolf Jacob May 12 1968 St Louis Stainless Steel Streamline Baby PDF Chicago Tribune p I28 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved January 18 2011 Cox Jeremy R C 2011 The Beginning of Flight in St Louis St Louis Aviation Charleston SC Arcadia Publishing p 31 ISBN 978 0 7385 8410 2 Oppenheim Carol August 12 1976 Column 1 Hot air fans meet shoot the breezes PDF Chicago Tribune p 1 Archived from the original on September 15 2011 a b c I Knew He Was Dead Parachutist Dies After Landing On St Louis Arch Evening Independent Associated Press November 24 1980 Retrieved March 25 2011 Gateway Arch stunt off The Citizen February 13 1986 Retrieved March 25 2011 a b Wife sees chutist plunge to death The Gazette Montreal United Press International November 24 1980 Retrieved March 25 2011 a b Santa parachutes onto arch to honor stunt man Eugene Register Guard United Press International December 28 1980 Retrieved March 25 2011 Gateway Arch leap seen hoax Record Journal December 29 1980 Retrieved March 25 2011 Gateway Arch climber charged Press Courier Associated Press September 17 1992 Retrieved March 25 2011 a b Bryant Tim September 22 1992 Innocent Plea In Arch Climb Defendant Had Said That He Pulled Off Stunt St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved March 25 2011 a b Smith Bill September 15 1992 Climber Parachutes From Top Of Arch St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved March 25 2011 Man parachutes off Gateway Arch The Telegraph Nashua NH Associated Press September 15 1992 Retrieved March 25 2011 Photographer of arch jumper guilty of misdemeanor The Nevada Daily Mail Associated Press January 24 1993 Retrieved March 25 2011 Guilty Man Who Filmed Arch Climber St Louis Post Dispatch January 29 1993 Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved March 25 2011 St Louis MO Arch Base Jump Dropzone com January 3 2004 Retrieved April 10 2019 Nixon Mike May 31 2002 Security tightened at St Louis Gateway Arch St Charles County Business Record Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved January 21 2011 Miller Beth March 20 2003 Gateway Arch will close if alert raised to red St Louis Business Journal Archived from the original on August 9 2011 Retrieved January 21 2011 Hopgood Mei Ling May 21 1997 On Guard Metal Detectors Make Debut at Gateway Arch St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved January 28 2011 Locy Toni Watson Traci July 7 2002 USA engages in guarded celebration USA Today Retrieved January 28 2011 Government Restricts Airspace At 3 U S Landmarks for July 4 The New York Times June 27 2002 Archived from the original on September 24 2011 Retrieved February 4 2011 Wittenauer Cheryl February 7 2003 Barricades around Arch grounds draw some complaints Southeast Missourian Associated Press p 4A Retrieved February 1 2011 Duffy Robert W February 6 2003 Protecting the Arch Barriers Are Considered Temporary Solution Concrete Barricades Do the Job Until More Attractive Design Is Found St Louis Post Dispatch p B1 ISSN 1930 9600 Archived from the original on September 14 2011 Retrieved February 1 2011 Better looking Barriers To Protect Gateway Arch San Jose Mercury News November 30 2003 p 6H Retrieved January 14 2011 a b Goldstein Mark L 2010 Homeland Security Actions Needed to Improve Security Practices at National Icons and Parks Diane Publishing Co pp 19 36 ISBN 978 1 4379 2332 2 Duffy Robert W October 4 2003 Car Tag Sales Will Help Tell Arch s Tale St Louis Post Dispatch p 8 ISSN 1930 9600 Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved February 3 2011 a b Bell Kim November 23 2002 Commemorative Coin Artist Finds It Forgettable St Louis Post Dispatch p 12 ISSN 1930 9600 Retrieved February 2 2011 Dotan Yossi 2010 Watercraft on World Coins America and Asia 1800 2008 Sussex Academic Press p 231 ISBN 978 1 898595 50 2 permanent dead link Bengali Shashank November 23 2002 Missouri s Gateway Arch to become coin of the realm The Kansas City Star p A1 Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved February 2 2011 State Quarter Release Schedule United States Mint Archived from the original on December 24 2010 Retrieved February 2 2011 Arnold Worldwide to design Gateway Arch license plate St Louis Business Journal June 10 2003 Archived from the original on August 9 2011 Retrieved February 3 2011 License Plate Sample Book PDF Missouri Department of Revenue Archived from the original PDF on August 9 2011 Retrieved February 3 2011 Suhr Jim June 4 2004 Group unveils license plate for Gateway Arch fund raiser The Nevada Daily Mail Associated Press p 5 Retrieved February 4 2011 Trillin Calvin 2011 T S Eliot and Me Quite Enough of Calvin Trillin Random House ISBN 978 1 4000 6982 8 a b c Kennicott Philip June 26 2018 Perspective 50 years later St Louis s Gateway Arch emerges with a new name and a skeptical view of western expansion Washington Post Retrieved June 21 2022 As Gateway Arch Turns 50 Its Message Gets Reframed NPR org October 28 2015 Retrieved June 21 2022 Robert Z Pearlman September 18 2019 NASA Reveals New Gateway Logo for Artemis Lunar Orbit Way Station space com Archived from the original on June 28 2020 Retrieved June 28 2020 Special Award For Excellence The Gateway Arch Jefferson National Expansion Memorial St Louis Missouri Architectural Awards of Excellence American Institute of Steel Construction 8 1966 Gateway Arch Constructor Associated General Contractors of America 49 182 1967 Gateway Arch Wins Award St Joseph Gazette Associated Press February 10 1967 p 4B Retrieved January 11 2011 St Louis Gateway Arch 5th in Appeal to Tourists Milwaukee Journal Sentinel August 3 1973 p 23 Retrieved January 11 2011 permanent dead link A History of the Arch St Louis Post Dispatch October 28 1990 Archived from the original on October 11 2012 Retrieved January 26 2011 St Louis Pride And Joy St Louis Post Dispatch February 25 1990 p 2B Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved January 26 2011 Frangos Alex February 7 2007 Americans Favorite Buildings The Wall Street Journal Retrieved May 13 2011 Eisler Edith May June 1999 Choice Concerts Soloists Duos and Trios in New York Strings 13 78 Archived from the original on January 5 2007 Retrieved February 8 2011 a b Schat Peter Program Notes Arch Music for St Louis Op 44 1997 peterschat nl Archived from the original on July 24 2011 Retrieved February 8 2011 Twiddy Iain 2006 Grief Brought to Numbers Paul Muldoon s Circular Elegies English Oxford University Press 55 212 181 199 doi 10 1093 english 55 212 181 Millitzer Joe June 29 2021 St Louis Arch to play a pivotal role in a new Disney show KTVI Retrieved August 7 2022 Pennington Gail April 14 2013 Defiance imagines aliens humans in 2046 St Louis St Louis Post Dispatch Retrieved July 12 2015 a b Pistor Nicholas J C September 9 2010 Arch corrosion continues unabated St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on December 13 2010 Retrieved February 10 2011 Pistor Nicholas J C August 22 2010 Gateway Arch showing rust and decay St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on January 17 2011 Retrieved February 10 2011 National Park Service Awards Contract For Structural Study on Gateway Arch National Park Service September 21 2010 Archived from the original on June 28 2011 Retrieved February 2 2011 Worker scales west face of Gateway Arch St Louis Post Dispatch October 21 2014 Chiles James R March 1984 Engineers versus the eons or How long will our monuments last Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved September 30 2019 Chouteau Greenway Master Plan Great Rivers Greenway Retrieved August 3 2019 WashU a partner in greenway project to connect Forest Park to the Arch Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis October 11 2017 Retrieved August 3 2019 Brickline Greenway Great Rivers Greenway Retrieved May 23 2020 Bibliography EditAECOM May 2010 Cultural Landscape Report PDF National Park Service Archived from the original on November 7 2012 Retrieved January 31 2011 Alt URL Baglione Chiara June 2015 Eero Saarinen Gateway to the West 1947 1965 Casabella 850 June 2015 4 27 94 95 English text Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects Wiss Janney Elstner Associates Alvine and Associates June 2010 Historic Structure Report PDF National Park Service Archived from the original on November 7 2012 Retrieved January 27 2011 Alt URL Brown Sharon A June 1984 Administrative History Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site National Park Service Campbell Tracy 2013 The Gateway Arch A Biography New Haven Yale University Press Tackett Michael October 26 1990 The Arch at 25 Gateway Gave St Louis a Much Needed Identity Moscow Pullman Daily News p 4D Retrieved March 26 2011 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gateway Arch Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gateway Arch Official website Gateway Arch Construction photographs University of Missouri St Louis St Louis Gateway Arch Grounds Project 360 Degree Panorama of the Gateway Arch Taken from Malcolm W Martin Memorial Park Archived July 22 2011 at the Wayback Machine East St Louis IL Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gateway Arch amp oldid 1149466768, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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