Maninka (also known as Malinke), or more precisely Eastern Maninka, is the name of several closely related languages and dialects of the southeastern Manding subgroup of the Mande language family. It is the mother tongue of the Malinké people in Guinea, where it is spoken by 3,300,000 people and is the main language in the Upper Guinea region, and in Mali, where the closely related Bambara is a national language, as well as in Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast, where it has no official status. It was the language of court and government during the Mali Empire.
The Wudala dialect of Eastern Maninka, spoken in the central highlands of Guinea and comprehensible to speakers of all dialects in that country, has the following phonemic inventory.[2] (Apart from tone, which is not written, sounds are given in orthography, as IPA values are not certain.)
Tones
There are two moraic tones, high and low, which in combination form rising and falling tones.
The marker for definiteness is a falling floating tone: /kɔ̀nɔ̀/ 'a bird' (LL), /kɔ̀nɔ᷈/ 'the bird' (LLHL, perhaps [kɔ̌nɔ̂]); /kɔ́nɔ̀/ 'a belly' (HL), /kɔ́nɔ᷈/ 'the belly' (HLHL, perhaps [kɔ̂nɔ̂]).
Vowels
Vowel qualities are /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/. All may be long or short, oral or nasal: /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ and /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/. (It may be that all nasal vowels are long.) Nasal vowels nasalize some following consonants.
/d/ typically becomes a flap [ɾ] between vowels. /c/ (also written ⟨ty⟩) often becomes /k/ before the vowels /i/ or /ɛ/. There is regional variation between /g/ and the labial–velar /g͡b/. /h/ occurs mostly in Arabic loans, and is established. /p/ occurs in French and English loans, and is in the process of stabilizing.
Several voiced consonants become nasals after a nasal vowel. /b/ becomes /m/, /j/ becomes /ɲ/, and /l/ becomes /n/. For example, nouns ending in oral vowels take the plural in -lu; nouns ending in nasal vowels take -nu. However, /d/ remains oral, as in /nde/ "I, me".
Vydrine, Valentin. Manding–English Dictionary (Maninka, Bomana). Volume 1: A, B, D–DAD, Supplemented by Some Entries From Subsequent Volumes (1999). Dimitry Bulanin Publishing House, 315 pp. ISBN5-86007-178-7.
External links
Report on Malinke in Mali en Senegal
Some text from the language Museum
Language museum in kankan
Malidaba, an online French-English-Russian-Maninka dictionary
December 31, 2022
maninka, language, confused, with, mandinka, language, koro, language, mande, redirects, here, other, uses, koro, language, disambiguation, maninka, also, known, malinke, more, precisely, eastern, maninka, name, several, closely, related, languages, dialects, . Not to be confused with Mandinka language Koro language Mande redirects here For other uses see Koro language disambiguation Maninka also known as Malinke or more precisely Eastern Maninka is the name of several closely related languages and dialects of the southeastern Manding subgroup of the Mande language family It is the mother tongue of the Malinke people in Guinea where it is spoken by 3 300 000 people and is the main language in the Upper Guinea region and in Mali where the closely related Bambara is a national language as well as in Liberia Senegal Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast where it has no official status It was the language of court and government during the Mali Empire ManinkaMalinkeManinkakanN Ko ߡߊߣߌ ߞߊߞߊ Native toGuinea Mali Liberia Senegal Sierra Leone Ivory CoastEthnicityMandinkaNative speakers5 million 1999 2012 1 Language familyNiger Congo MandeWestern MandeMandingManinkaWriting systemN Ko LatinOfficial statusOfficial language inGuinea MaliLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code mku class extiw title iso639 3 mku mku a Konyanka a href https iso639 3 sil org code emk class extiw title iso639 3 emk emk a Eastern Maninkaka a href https iso639 3 sil org code msc class extiw title iso639 3 msc msc a Sankaran Maninkaka a href https iso639 3 sil org code mzj class extiw title iso639 3 mzj mzj a Manya Liberia a href https iso639 3 sil org code jod class extiw title iso639 3 jod jod a Wojenaka Odienne Jula a href https iso639 3 sil org code jud class extiw title iso639 3 jud jud a Worodougou a href https iso639 3 sil org code kfo class extiw title iso639 3 kfo kfo a Koro Koro Jula a href https iso639 3 sil org code kga class extiw title iso639 3 kga kga a Koyaga Koyaga Jula a href https iso639 3 sil org code mxx class extiw title iso639 3 mxx mxx a Mahou Mawukakan Glottologmane1267 Manenkanmani1303 Maninka MoriELPKoro Cote d Ivoire Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Tones 1 2 Vowels 1 3 Consonants 2 Writing 3 References 4 External linksPhonology EditThe Wudala dialect of Eastern Maninka spoken in the central highlands of Guinea and comprehensible to speakers of all dialects in that country has the following phonemic inventory 2 Apart from tone which is not written sounds are given in orthography as IPA values are not certain Tones Edit There are two moraic tones high and low which in combination form rising and falling tones The marker for definiteness is a falling floating tone kɔ nɔ a bird LL kɔ nɔ the bird LLHL perhaps kɔ nɔ kɔ nɔ a belly HL kɔ nɔ the belly HLHL perhaps kɔ nɔ Vowels Edit Vowel qualities are i e ɛ a ɔ o u All may be long or short oral or nasal iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː and ĩ ẽ ɛ a ɔ o ũ It may be that all nasal vowels are long Nasal vowels nasalize some following consonants Consonants Edit Maninkaka consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Dorsal Labial velarNasal m n ɲStop voiced b d ɾ ɟ g g bvoiceless p t c kFricative f s hApproximant l j w d typically becomes a flap ɾ between vowels c also written ty often becomes k before the vowels i or ɛ There is regional variation between g and the labial velar g b h occurs mostly in Arabic loans and is established p occurs in French and English loans and is in the process of stabilizing Several voiced consonants become nasals after a nasal vowel b becomes m j becomes ɲ and l becomes n For example nouns ending in oral vowels take the plural in lu nouns ending in nasal vowels take nu However d remains oral as in nde I me Writing EditManinka in Guinea is written in an official Latin based script an older official orthography also Latin based and the N Ko alphabet References Edit Konyanka at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Eastern Maninkaka at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Sankaran Maninkaka at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Manya Liberia at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Wojenaka Odienne Jula at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Additional references under Language codes in the information box Mamadou Camara 1999 Parlons Malinke Vydrine Valentin Manding English Dictionary Maninka Bomana Volume 1 A B D DAD Supplemented by Some Entries From Subsequent Volumes 1999 Dimitry Bulanin Publishing House 315 pp ISBN 5 86007 178 7 External links EditReport on Malinke in Mali en Senegal Some text from the language Museum Language museum in kankan Malidaba an online French English Russian Maninka dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Maninka language amp oldid 1042723685, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
