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Manding languages

January 06, 2023

The Manding languages (sometimes spelt Manden)[1][2] are a dialect continuum within the Mande language family spoken in West Africa. Varieties of Manding are generally considered (among native speakers) to be mutually intelligible – dependent on exposure or familiarity with dialects between speakers – and spoken by 30 to 40 million people in the countries Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast and the Gambia.[3] Their best-known members are Mandinka or Mandingo, the principal language of The Gambia; Bambara, the most widely spoken language in Mali; Maninka or Malinké, a major language of Guinea and Mali; and Jula, a trade language of the northern Ivory Coast and western Burkina Faso. Manding is part of the larger Mandé family of languages.

Manding
Geographic
distribution		West Africa
Linguistic classificationMande
  • Western Mande
    • Central Mande
      • Manding–Jogo
        • Manding–Vai
          • Manding–Mokole
            • Manding
Subdivisions
  • Manding-East
  • Manding-West
ISO 639-2 / 5man
Glottologmand1435
Map of the Manding language continuum

Subdivisions

The Manding languages, the differences from one another and relationships among them are matters that continue to be researched. In addition, the nomenclature is a mixture of indigenous terms and words applied by English and French speakers since before the colonisation of Africa, which makes the picture complex and even confusing.

The Mandinka people speak varieties from the first two groups. The differences between the western and eastern branches manifest themselves primarily phonetically. While dialects of the western group usually have 10 vowels (5 oral and 5 long/nasal), the eastern group, typified by Bambara, has 14 vowels (7 oral and 7 nasal):

Manding-West
Manding-East

In addition, Sininkere (Burkina Faso) is of an unclear placement within Manding.

Writing

The Manding languages have a strong oral tradition, but also have written forms: adaptations of the Arabic alphabet and the Latin alphabet[4] and at least two indigenous scripts.

  • The Arabic alphabet was introduced into the region with the arrival of Islam and was adapted to write in the Manding languages as the Ajami, which is still commonly used for Mandinka.
  • The Latin alphabet was introduced into the region following European conquest and colonization. It is used fairly widely, with "official" versions in many countries, for teaching, literacy and publication.
  • The N'Ko script, developed in 1949 by Solomana Kante, is designed to write Manding using a common literary standard comprehensible to speakers of all these varieties. It is gaining popularity.[5]
  • A lesser-known alphabet for Bambara was developed in the early 20th century but is not used.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Fairhead, James; Leach, Melissa (1996-10-17). Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest-Savanna Mosaic. CUP Archive. pp. xviii. ISBN 9780521563536.
  2. ^ Belcher, Stephen Paterson (1999-01-01). Epic Traditions of Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 89. ISBN 0253212812. manden manding.
  3. ^ "Mandé Language Family: Manding". www.sil.org. from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  4. ^ Donaldson, Coleman (2017) “Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Manding.” In Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery, edited by Pia Lane, James Costa, and Haley De Korne, 175–199. Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism. New York, NY: Routledge.
  5. ^ Donaldson, Coleman (2017) Clear Language: Script, Register and the N’ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa. Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
  6. ^ N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction

External links

  • Resources to learn Bambara, Dioula and Malinké — An ka taa Project

January 06, 2023
manding, languages, sometimes, spelt, manden, dialect, continuum, within, mande, language, family, spoken, west, africa, varieties, manding, generally, considered, among, native, speakers, mutually, intelligible, dependent, exposure, familiarity, with, dialect. The Manding languages sometimes spelt Manden 1 2 are a dialect continuum within the Mande language family spoken in West Africa Varieties of Manding are generally considered among native speakers to be mutually intelligible dependent on exposure or familiarity with dialects between speakers and spoken by 30 to 40 million people in the countries Burkina Faso Senegal Guinea Bissau Guinea Liberia Ivory Coast and the Gambia 3 Their best known members are Mandinka or Mandingo the principal language of The Gambia Bambara the most widely spoken language in Mali Maninka or Malinke a major language of Guinea and Mali and Jula a trade language of the northern Ivory Coast and western Burkina Faso Manding is part of the larger Mande family of languages MandingGeographicdistributionWest AfricaLinguistic classificationMandeWestern MandeCentral MandeManding JogoManding VaiManding MokoleMandingSubdivisionsManding East Manding WestISO 639 2 5manGlottologmand1435Map of the Manding language continuum Contents 1 Subdivisions 2 Writing 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksSubdivisions EditThe Manding languages the differences from one another and relationships among them are matters that continue to be researched In addition the nomenclature is a mixture of indigenous terms and words applied by English and French speakers since before the colonisation of Africa which makes the picture complex and even confusing The Mandinka people speak varieties from the first two groups The differences between the western and eastern branches manifest themselves primarily phonetically While dialects of the western group usually have 10 vowels 5 oral and 5 long nasal the eastern group typified by Bambara has 14 vowels 7 oral and 7 nasal Manding WestKassonke Western Maninka Mali Senegal Mandinka Senegal Gambia Guinea Bissau Kita Maninka Mali Jahanka Guinea Senegal Gambia Mali one of several dialects under this name Manding EastMarka Dafin Burkina Faso Mali Bambara Dyula Northeastern Manding Mali Burkina Faso Ivory Coast Eastern Maninka Southeastern Manding multiple varieties in Mali Guinea Ivory Coast Bolon Burkina Faso In addition Sininkere Burkina Faso is of an unclear placement within Manding Writing EditThe Manding languages have a strong oral tradition but also have written forms adaptations of the Arabic alphabet and the Latin alphabet 4 and at least two indigenous scripts The Arabic alphabet was introduced into the region with the arrival of Islam and was adapted to write in the Manding languages as the Ajami which is still commonly used for Mandinka The Latin alphabet was introduced into the region following European conquest and colonization It is used fairly widely with official versions in many countries for teaching literacy and publication The N Ko script developed in 1949 by Solomana Kante is designed to write Manding using a common literary standard comprehensible to speakers of all these varieties It is gaining popularity 5 A lesser known alphabet for Bambara was developed in the early 20th century but is not used 6 See also EditProto Mandekan reconstructions Wiktionary Mande languages N Ko languageReferences Edit Fairhead James Leach Melissa 1996 10 17 Misreading the African Landscape Society and Ecology in a Forest Savanna Mosaic CUP Archive pp xviii ISBN 9780521563536 Belcher Stephen Paterson 1999 01 01 Epic Traditions of Africa Indiana University Press pp 89 ISBN 0253212812 manden manding Mande Language Family Manding www sil org Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 Retrieved 1 January 2018 Donaldson Coleman 2017 Orthography Standardization and Register The Case of Manding In Standardizing Minority Languages Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery edited by Pia Lane James Costa and Haley De Korne 175 199 Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism New York NY Routledge Donaldson Coleman 2017 Clear Language Script Register and the N ko Movement of Manding Speaking West Africa Doctoral Dissertation Philadelphia PA University of Pennsylvania N Ko Language Tutorial IntroductionExternal links EditPanAfrican L10n page on Manding Resources to learn Bambara Dioula and Malinke An ka taa Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manding languages amp oldid 1118661260, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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