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Makassarese language

January 01, 1970

Makassarese (basa Mangkasaraʼ or basa Mangkasarak), sometimes called Makasar, Makassar, or Macassar, is a language of the Makassarese people, spoken in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia. It is a member of the South Sulawesi group of the Austronesian language family, and thus closely related to, among others, Buginese.

Makasar
Bahasa Makassar
ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ Basa Mangkasaraʼ
Native toIndonesia
RegionSouth Sulawesi (Sulawesi)
EthnicityMakassarese
Native speakers
2.1 million (2000 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Gowa-Takalar (Lakiung)
  • Jeʼneʼponto (Turatea)
  • Marusuʼ-Pangkajeʼneʼ
Lontara (present)
Latin (present)
Serang (Makassar Annals, religious purpose)
Old Makassarese (historical)
Language codes
ISO 639-2mak
ISO 639-3mak
Glottologmaka1311
This article contains Lontara script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Lontara characters.

Phonology edit

The following description of Makassarese phonology is based on Jukes (2005).[2]

Vowels edit

Makassarese has five vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/. The mid vowels are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ] in absolute final position and in the vowel sequences /ea/ and /oa/.

Consonants edit

Makassarese consonants except the glottal stop and voiced plosives can be geminated. Some instances of these might result from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian schwa phoneme *ə (now merged into a), which left gemination into the following consonant (*bəli → *bəlli → balli "to buy, price", compare Indonesian beli, contrasting with Makassarese bali "to oppose").[3]

  • /ɲ/ is written ⟨ny⟩ before a vowel, ⟨n⟩ before ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩
  • /ŋ/ is written ⟨ng⟩
  • /ɟ/ is written ⟨j⟩
  • /j/ is written ⟨y⟩
  • /h/ only occurs in loanwords
  • The glottal stop /ʔ/ only occurs in syllable-final position. It is written as ⟨k⟩ in the orthography promoted as the standard by the government and based on the practice in Indonesian, as an apostrophe ⟨ʼ⟩ in other orthographic standards, sometimes as ⟨q⟩ in academical writing, or not written at all in informal writing.

Phonotactics edit

All consonants except for /ʔ/ can appear in initial position. In final position, only /ŋ/ and /ʔ/ are found.

Consonant clusters only occur medially and (with one exception) can be analyzed as clusters of /ŋ/ or /ʔ/ + consonant. These clusters also arise through sandhi across morpheme boundaries.

nasal/lateral voiceless obstruents voiced stops + r
m n ɲ ŋ l p t c k s b d ɟ ɡ r
/ŋ/ mm nn ɲɲ ŋŋ ll mp nt ɲc ŋk ns mb nd ɲɟ ŋg nr
/ʔ/ ʔm ʔn ʔɲ ʔŋ ʔl pp tt cc kk ss ʔb ʔd ʔɟ ʔg ʔr

The geminate cluster /rr/ is only found in root-internal position and cannot be accounted for by the above rules.

Sequences of like vowels are contracted to a single vowel, e.g. sassa 'to wash' + -ang 'nominalizing suffix' > sassáng 'laundry', caʼdi 'small' + -i 'third person' > caʼdi 'it is small'.

Current writing systems edit

Although Makassarese is now often written in Latin script, it is still widely written using Lontara script, which once was used also to write important documents in Bugis and Mandar, two related languages from Sulawesi.

 
1. Makasar script
2. Lontara script
3. Serang Alphabet
4. Latin alphabet

Examples edit

Some common words/phrases in the Makasar language, transcribed in the Latin script, are as follows (ʼ = glottal stop):

Writing system examples
Lontara Romanized Indonesian Translation
ᨈᨕᨘ tau orang people
ᨄᨎᨗᨀᨗ paʼnyiki kelelawar bat
ᨕᨑᨙ areng nama name
ᨕᨊ anaʼ anak child
ᨔᨙᨑᨙ᨞ ᨑᨘᨓ᨞ ᨈᨒᨘ᨞ ᨕᨄ᨞ ᨒᨗᨆ᨞ seʼre, rua, tallu, appaʼ, lima satu, dua, tiga, empat, lima one, two, three, four, five
ᨅᨕᨗᨊᨙ baine perempuan, istri female, woman, wife
ᨅᨘᨑᨊᨙ buraʼne lelaki, suami male, man, husband
ᨈᨅᨙ tabeʼ permisi, maaf excuse me, sorry
ᨈᨕᨙᨊ, ᨈᨙᨊ, ᨈᨑᨙ taena, tena, tanreʼ tiada none, nothing
ᨒᨙᨅ leʼbaʼ telah already
ᨔᨒᨆᨀᨗ ᨅᨈᨘ ᨆᨕᨙ salamakkiʼ battu mae selamat datang welcome
ᨕᨄ ᨕᨈᨘ ᨆᨕᨙ ᨀᨅᨑ? apa antu mae kabaraʼ? apa kabar? how are you?
ᨅᨍᨗᨅᨍᨗᨍᨗ bajiʼ-bajiʼji baik-baik saja I am fine
ᨊᨕᨗ ᨕᨑᨙᨊᨘ? nai arenta? siapa namamu? what's your name?
ᨒᨀᨙᨑᨙᨀᨗ ᨆᨕᨙ?
ᨒᨀᨙᨀᨗ ᨆᨕᨙ?
ᨒᨀᨙᨆᨕᨗᨀᨗ? 		lakereki mae?,
lakekimae?,
lakemaeki? 		kamu mau ke mana? where are you going?
ᨀᨙᨑᨙ ᨆᨕᨙᨀᨗ ᨕᨆᨈ kere maekiʼ ammantang? kamu tinggal di mana? where do you live?
ᨔᨗᨐᨄᨆᨗ ᨕᨘᨆᨘᨑᨘᨈ? siapami umuruʼta? berapa usiamu? how old are you?
ᨔᨒᨆᨀᨗ ᨑᨗ ᨆᨂᨙᨕᨈᨙ salamakkiʼ ri mangeanta selamat sampai tujuan have a safe trip
ᨔᨒᨆᨀᨗ ᨑᨗ ᨒᨄᨈ salamakkiʼ ri lampanta selamat tinggal goodbye
ᨅᨈᨘ ᨑᨗ ᨀᨈᨙ battu ri katte tergantung padamu it depends on you

Historical writing systems edit

See also: Makasar script
 
Sample of a handwritten book, written in Makassarese using the Makasar script, of a diary of the Princes of the Sultanate of Gowa. The palláwa punctuation signs, typical of this script, are drawn and colored in red, as well as a few proper names and some inserts in Arabic.
 
Museum display showing script comparison of Makasar (left), Lontara (center), and Bilang-bilang (right) at Balla Lompoa Museum, Sungguminasa, Gowa

Makassarese was historically written using Makasar script (also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works).[4] In Makassarese the script is known as ukiriʼ jangang-jangang or huruf jangang-jangang ('bird letters'). It was used for official purposes in the kingdoms of Makasar in the 17th century but ceased to be used by the 19th century, being replaced by Lontara script.

In spite of their quite distinctive appearance, both the Makasar and Lontara scripts are derived from the ancient Brahmi script of India. Like other descendants of that script, each consonant has an inherent vowel "a", which is not marked. Other vowels can be indicated by adding diacritics above, below, or on either side of each consonant.

Further, Makassarese was written in the Serang script, a variant of the Arabic-derived Jawi script. Texts written in the Serang script are relatively rare, and mostly appear in connection with Islam-related topics. Parts of the Makassar Annals, the chronicles of the Gowa and Tallo' kingdoms, were also written using the Serang script.[3]

See also edit

Further reading edit

  • Tabain, Marija and Jukes, Anthony (2016). "Makasar". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 46 (1): 111–99. doi:10.1017/S002510031500033X{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.

References edit

  1. ^ Makasar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Jukes, Anthony, "Makassar" in K. Alexander Adelaar & Nikolaus Himmelmann, 2005, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar, pp. 649-682, London, Routledge ISBN 0-7007-1286-0
  3. ^ a b Jukes, Anthony (2020). A Grammar of Makasar: A Language of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Leiden & Boston: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-41266-8.
  4. ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2015-11-02). "L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode" (PDF).

External links edit

 
Look up Appendix:Makasar Swadesh list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Makassarese language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

January 01, 1970
makassarese, language, makassarese, basa, mangkasaraʼ, basa, mangkasarak, sometimes, called, makasar, makassar, macassar, language, makassarese, people, spoken, south, sulawesi, province, indonesia, member, south, sulawesi, group, austronesian, language, famil. Makassarese basa Mangkasaraʼ or basa Mangkasarak sometimes called Makasar Makassar or Macassar is a language of the Makassarese people spoken in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia It is a member of the South Sulawesi group of the Austronesian language family and thus closely related to among others Buginese MakasarBahasa Makassarᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ Basa MangkasaraʼNative toIndonesiaRegionSouth Sulawesi Sulawesi EthnicityMakassareseNative speakers2 1 million 2000 census 1 Language familyAustronesian Malayo PolynesianSouth SulawesiMakassaricMakasarDialectsGowa Takalar Lakiung Jeʼneʼponto Turatea Marusuʼ PangkajeʼneʼWriting systemLontara present Latin present Serang Makassar Annals religious purpose Old Makassarese historical Language codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks mak span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code mak class extiw title iso639 3 mak mak a Glottologmaka1311 This article contains Lontara script Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Lontara characters Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Vowels 1 2 Consonants 1 3 Phonotactics 2 Current writing systems 2 1 Examples 3 Historical writing systems 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External linksPhonology editThe following description of Makassarese phonology is based on Jukes 2005 2 Vowels edit Makassarese has five vowels a e i o u The mid vowels are lowered to ɛ and ɔ in absolute final position and in the vowel sequences ea and oa Consonants edit Makassarese consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Plosive voiceless p t c k ʔ voiced b d ɟ ɡ Fricative s h Semivowel j w Lateral l Trill r Makassarese consonants except the glottal stop and voiced plosives can be geminated Some instances of these might result from Proto Malayo Polynesian schwa phoneme e now merged into a which left gemination into the following consonant beli belli balli to buy price compare Indonesian beli contrasting with Makassarese bali to oppose 3 ɲ is written ny before a vowel n before c and j ŋ is written ng ɟ is written j j is written y h only occurs in loanwords The glottal stop ʔ only occurs in syllable final position It is written as k in the orthography promoted as the standard by the government and based on the practice in Indonesian as an apostrophe ʼ in other orthographic standards sometimes as q in academical writing or not written at all in informal writing Phonotactics edit All consonants except for ʔ can appear in initial position In final position only ŋ and ʔ are found Consonant clusters only occur medially and with one exception can be analyzed as clusters of ŋ or ʔ consonant These clusters also arise through sandhi across morpheme boundaries nasal lateral voiceless obstruents voiced stops r m n ɲ ŋ l p t c k s b d ɟ ɡ r ŋ mm nn ɲɲ ŋŋ ll mp nt ɲc ŋk ns mb nd ɲɟ ŋg nr ʔ ʔm ʔn ʔɲ ʔŋ ʔl pp tt cc kk ss ʔb ʔd ʔɟ ʔg ʔr The geminate cluster rr is only found in root internal position and cannot be accounted for by the above rules Sequences of like vowels are contracted to a single vowel e g sassa to wash ang nominalizing suffix gt sassang laundry caʼdi small i third person gt caʼdi it is small Current writing systems editAlthough Makassarese is now often written in Latin script it is still widely written using Lontara script which once was used also to write important documents in Bugis and Mandar two related languages from Sulawesi nbsp 1 Makasar script 2 Lontara script 3 Serang Alphabet 4 Latin alphabet Examples edit Some common words phrases in the Makasar language transcribed in the Latin script are as follows ʼ glottal stop Writing system examples Lontara Romanized Indonesian Translation ᨈᨕ tau orang people ᨄᨎ ᨀ paʼnyiki kelelawar bat ᨕᨑ areng nama name ᨕᨊ anaʼ anak child ᨔ ᨑ ᨑ ᨓ ᨈᨒ ᨕᨄ ᨒ ᨆ seʼre rua tallu appaʼ lima satu dua tiga empat lima one two three four five ᨅᨕ ᨊ baine perempuan istri female woman wife ᨅ ᨑᨊ buraʼne lelaki suami male man husband ᨈᨅ tabeʼ permisi maaf excuse me sorry ᨈᨕ ᨊ ᨈ ᨊ ᨈᨑ taena tena tanreʼ tiada none nothing ᨒ ᨅ leʼbaʼ telah already ᨔᨒᨆᨀ ᨅᨈ ᨆᨕ salamakkiʼ battu mae selamat datang welcome ᨕᨄ ᨕᨈ ᨆᨕ ᨀᨅᨑ apa antu mae kabaraʼ apa kabar how are you ᨅᨍ ᨅᨍ ᨍ bajiʼ bajiʼji baik baik saja I am fine ᨊᨕ ᨕᨑ ᨊ nai arenta siapa namamu what s your name ᨒᨀ ᨑ ᨀ ᨆᨕ ᨒᨀ ᨀ ᨆᨕ ᨒᨀ ᨆᨕ ᨀ lakereki mae lakekimae lakemaeki kamu mau ke mana where are you going ᨀ ᨑ ᨆᨕ ᨀ ᨕᨆᨈ kere maekiʼ ammantang kamu tinggal di mana where do you live ᨔ ᨐᨄᨆ ᨕ ᨆ ᨑ ᨈ siapami umuruʼta berapa usiamu how old are you ᨔᨒᨆᨀ ᨑ ᨆᨂ ᨕᨈ salamakkiʼ ri mangeanta selamat sampai tujuan have a safe trip ᨔᨒᨆᨀ ᨑ ᨒᨄᨈ salamakkiʼ ri lampanta selamat tinggal goodbye ᨅᨈ ᨑ ᨀᨈ battu ri katte tergantung padamu it depends on youHistorical writing systems editSee also Makasar script nbsp Sample of a handwritten book written in Makassarese using the Makasar script of a diary of the Princes of the Sultanate of Gowa The pallawa punctuation signs typical of this script are drawn and colored in red as well as a few proper names and some inserts in Arabic nbsp Museum display showing script comparison of Makasar left Lontara center and Bilang bilang right at Balla Lompoa Museum Sungguminasa Gowa Makassarese was historically written using Makasar script also known as Old Makassarese or Makassarese bird script in English language scholarly works 4 In Makassarese the script is known as ukiriʼ jangang jangang or huruf jangang jangang bird letters It was used for official purposes in the kingdoms of Makasar in the 17th century but ceased to be used by the 19th century being replaced by Lontara script In spite of their quite distinctive appearance both the Makasar and Lontara scripts are derived from the ancient Brahmi script of India Like other descendants of that script each consonant has an inherent vowel a which is not marked Other vowels can be indicated by adding diacritics above below or on either side of each consonant Further Makassarese was written in the Serang script a variant of the Arabic derived Jawi script Texts written in the Serang script are relatively rare and mostly appear in connection with Islam related topics Parts of the Makassar Annals the chronicles of the Gowa and Tallo kingdoms were also written using the Serang script 3 See also editMakassan contact with AustraliaFurther reading editTabain Marija and Jukes Anthony 2016 Makasar Illustrations of the IPA Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46 1 111 99 doi 10 1017 S002510031500033X a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link with supplementary sound recordings References edit Makasar at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Jukes Anthony Makassar in K Alexander Adelaar amp Nikolaus Himmelmann 2005 The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar pp 649 682 London Routledge ISBN 0 7007 1286 0 a b Jukes Anthony 2020 A Grammar of Makasar A Language of South Sulawesi Indonesia Leiden amp Boston BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 41266 8 Pandey Anshuman 2015 11 02 L2 15 233 Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode PDF External links edit nbsp Look up Appendix Makasar Swadesh list in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Makassarese language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Makassar pronunciation and alphabet at Omniglot Lontara and Makassar scripts Lontara Alphabet in Unicode http unicode table com en sections buginese Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Makassarese language amp oldid 1216167346, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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