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Wikipedia

List of military headstamps

August 25, 2023

A headstamp is the marking on the bottom of a cartridge case designed for a firearm. It usually tells who manufactured the case. Military headstamps usually have only the year of manufacture .

The left cartridge's headstamp says "FC 223 REM" which means that it was made by Federal Cartridge Co. and it is in the caliber .223 Remington. The cartridge on the right has a Two digits are the last two digits of the year of manufacture. They can be together as two digits or opposite each other (i.e., the tens digit at 9 o'clock and the ones digit at 3 o'clock). Early 20th century cartridges may have additional digits or a letter indicating the month or yearly quarter of manufacture.

A letter, number, or alphanumeric code indicates the place of manufacture:[1] Other codes may indicate metal suppliers (like France or The Netherlands) or the percentage of copper in the alloy the cartridge case is made of (like Poland and Germany).

United States military cartridges

US arsenals

World War II manufactured cartridges with a single "4" as the year of production were made in 1944. The demand was so great for cartridges that most manufacturers just ground off the "3" on the "43" stamp to save time. Most wartime plants were closed by the end of the war. Some cartridges with a single "5" were made in 1955.

Civilian contractors

Commercial cartridges

The US military used commercial cartridges for its training rifles, non-standard weapons, and shotguns. These usually had different headstamps than the military ammunition (usually their civilian one) and were shipped in commercial crates rather than military packaging.

Competition-grade military cartridges

Ammunition designed for military competitive shooting was made by a variety of manufacturers.

  • MATCH Ammunition used for target shooting. It is also used by Designated Marksmen and Snipers because it is more accurate than regular rifle ammunition at long ranges.
  • NM National Match. Match ammunition specially made for the Camp Perry National Rifle and Pistol shooting matches.

Special cartridges

7.92mm Mauser

During World War II the Western Cartridge Company made 7.92mm Mauser ammunition for the Chinese Nationalists. The original Ball bullets made in 1942 had Gilding-Metal-clad jackets and the later Alternate Ball versions made from 1943 to 1944 had Gilding-Metal-Coated-Steel (GMCS) jackets. The Chinese numbers 七 (Qi, or "7") over 九 (Jiǔ, or "9") at the 9 o'clock position represent the bullet's caliber (7.9mm). The Chinese character 美 (Měi, or "Beautiful") at the 3 o'clock position is shorthand for 美国 (Měi-guó, "Beautiful Country"). (This was the term Chinese immigrants gave California in the 19th century – and, by extension, the United States). The 2-digit year of production (42, 43 or 44) is at the 6 o'clock position. The ammunition was bulk-packed in standard 20-round cartons without stripper clips to maximize the amounts delivered and the packaging was marked in the Chinese language. In 1944 there was a contract to make 30-million modified Springfield-type Mauser-compatible stripper clips which were bulk-packed in ammo cans. Due to the long transport times, the rough and mountainous terrain, and constantly changing battlelines, the order wasn't completely delivered until 1947.

.30 Caliber (.30-06 Springfield)

In 1953, large batches of .30-06 ammunition were manufactured under unique arsenal headstamps.[4] The case had red lacquer sealant around the primer annulus.[4] The headstamp has a two-letter manufacturer code and the lot code (rather than the year) is the number 40 followed by a third numeral.[4] Collectors allege that the cartridges were intended to be aid to anti-Communist insurgents and Allied forces equipped with US weapons.

7.62×39mm M43 Soviet

During the Vietnam War in the early 1970s (July, 1970 to January, 1972) the Lake City Ordnance Plant (code: LC) and Frankfort Arsenal (code: FA) produced unmarked Boxer-primed 7.62×39mm Blank and Ball cartridges for use by American and Allied personnel. The blanks were used by the "Tigerland" simulation exercise at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The ball ammunition allowed reconnaissance and Special Operations units to utilize captured Communist Bloc weapons like the SKS carbine and AKM assault rifle. Most ball ammunition went to support Marshal Lon Nol's Cambodian Army (1970–1975), which was receiving reconditioned SKS carbines and AK-47s as military aid.

The cartridges were based on a Lapua design. The bullets had Gilding Metal (GM) or Gilding Metal Coated Steel (GMCS) jackets and Gilding Metal-clad brass cases. Lake City cartridges had red sealant on the primer annulus and Frankfort Arsenal used purple sealant. They came in 20-round cartons that were marked with special short batch numbers that lacked the contractor code and date.

Afterwards Bell Laboratories (code: BEL) made batches of 7.62×39mm ammo in the 1970s and 1980s for training soldiers in the familiarization and use of Communist Bloc weapons. They can be identified by the light-blue sealant used on the primer annulus.

Commonwealth military cartridges

The number in parentheses is the nation's Nation Code.

Australia (66)

Canada (20 and 21)

Arsenals

The "C"s in "DAC", "DCA", "LAC" and "VC" had a small broadshead arrowhead (/|\) inset to indicate it was Canadian Government Issue property. This mark was adopted by the Canadian government in 1867 upon its creation as a Dominion to replace the British government's broadshead arrow mark. The ammunition color code system used by Canada used the British system for .303 ammunition, the American system for .30-06 ammunition, and later the NATO system for all other ammunition.

  • C-I-L or CIL Canadian Industries Ltd. (1955–1976). A corporation formed in 1910 from a merger of five Canadian explosives companies and their assets. It ran the Defence Industries Ltd. munitions plants from 1940 to 1946. It owned the Dominion (1955–1966), Imperial (?-1976), Monark, and Canuck commercial ammunition brands. It used the CIL headstamp on its cartridges from 1955 until 1976, when IVI bought out its commercial ammunition production.
  • DA, DAC, or DAQ Dominion Arsenal Co. – Quebec City (1882–1958) – Quebec City, Quebec; Canada.[9][10] Dominion Arsenal used the DAQ headstamp from 1914 to 1918, the DAC headstamp from 1919(?) until 1945, the DCA headstamp in 1935, the DA headstamp from 1945 to 1958, and the CIL headstamp from 1955 to 1976. From 1945 to 1986 Dominion Arsenal was under the control of a nationalised crown corporation called Canadian Arsenals Ltd that was controlled by the Department of Supply and Services. Canadian Arsenals Ltd. was privatised and bought by SNC-Lavalin in 1986.
  • DI Defence Industries Ltd. (1940–1946) – Park Avenue, Brownsburg, Montreal, Canada. A division of Canadian Industries Ltd. formed in late 1939 to produce munitions for the projected war effort. In 1941 they began to make high-quality boxer-primed .303 "Red Label"-type ammunition for use in aircraft machineguns. In 1942 they made the first Canadian government-manufactured 9×19mm Parabellum cartridges for Commonwealth forces. They also made 7.92×57mm Mauser rifle ammunition for use in the British 7.92mm BESA machine gun and issue to European Resistance groups and the Nationalist and Communist Chinese.
  • DIV Defence Industries Ltd. – Verdun (1940–1946) – Verdun, Quebec; Canada. A division of Canadian Industries Ltd. formed in 1939 to produce munitions for the war effort.
  • IVI Industries Valcartier Inc. (1977–1991; 1989–present) – Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier, Quebec, Canada. In 1935, an ammunition manufacturing facility called Val-Rose was built on the grounds of the disused World War I-era Valcartier Military Camp.[11] From 1945 to 1967 the facility was part of Canadian Arsenals Ltd. and specialized in small arms ammunition.[11] It was privatized as Industrie Valcartier Incorporee in 1967. It bought out Imperial, CIL's commercial cartridge division, in 1976.[12] It was acquired by SNC-Lavalin (SNC Tec) in 1980, which renamed it IVI Inc.[11] The IVI plant in Valcartier ceased making commercial ammunition in 1988. IVI Inc. was later amalgamated into General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems – Canada Inc. in 1989.[13] The Valcartier plant itself finally closed in 1991.[11]
  • LAC, DAL Dominion Arsenal – Lindsay (1914–1921) – Lindsay, Ontario; Canada. A division of Dominion Arsenal Co. formed in 1914 to expand munitions production for the war effort. It used the headstamp LAC ("Lindsay Arsenal, Canada") from 1914 to 1917 and DAL ("Dominion Arsenal – Lindsay") from 1918 to 1921.
  • TR Three Rivers plant (1940–1945) – Trois-Rivières, Quebec; Canada. A division of Dominion Rubber & Munitions.
  • VC Canadian Industries Limited – Verdun (Verdun Arsenal) (1939–1945) – Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada[9]
Civilian Contractors
Commercial Manufacturers
  • DCCO, DOMINION Dominion Cartridge Co. Ltd. (1886–1955) – Brownsburg, Argenteuil, Quebec, Canada. A division of Dominion Arsenal that produced ammunition for the civilian market from 1911 to 1955. It was made part of Canadian Industries Ltd. (CIL) in 1928. During World War II it made military ammunition for CIL under the DCCO headstamp. It changed its headstamp to DOMINION in 1947 and to CIL in 1955, but was still sold under the Dominion brand. It was sold to IVI in 1966.
  • IMPERIAL A commercial brand of ammunition manufactured by Canadian Industries Ltd. (CIL); it later used the headstamp CIL-Imperial from 1954 to 1976. It was bought out by IVI Inc. in 1976, restarted production in 1977, and ceased production in 1991(?).

New Zealand (98)

South Africa (18)

  • M M Musgrave Manufacturers and Distributors (Pty) Ltd. (1933–1996; 1940?-1945?) – Bloemfontein, South Africa. Safari rifle manufacturer who manufactured "wildcat" .303 British hunting cartridges. They manufactured military cartridges (9×19mm Parabellum and 7.92×57mm Mauser) during the war from 1940? to 1945?. Headstamp is the letter "M" at 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock facing the primer annulus and the caliber at 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock facing the rim. Musgrave went out of business in 1996. Its rifle shop was bought out by Vektor and its ammunition production was bought out by Pretoria Metal Pressings (PMP).
  • SAM South African Mint (1961–1965) – Pretoria, South Africa. Later became Pretoria Metal Pressing LTD.
  • U (1937–1961) – Pretoria Branch Mint – Pretoria, South Africa. Converted to ammunition production in 1937. Later became South African Mint (SAM) in 1961.
  • U <> (1939–1961) – Kimberley Branch Mint – Kimberley, South Africa.

United Kingdom (99)

/|\ = UK Government Property. Formerly the badge of the Sidney family, the broad arrow (or "Devil's Claws") symbol was appropriated by the British government to indicate the item was government issue.
FF = Filling Factory.
GCF = Government Cartridge Factory (1918–1919).
ROF = Royal Ordnance Factory.
SAA = Small Arms Ammunition Factory (1940–1946).

NATO manufacturers

The number in parentheses is the nation's Nation Code.

Austria (41)

  • * * Hirtenberger Patronenfabrik – Hirtenberg, Baden bei Wien, Lower Austria, Austria. "Clean" export headstamp used by Hirtenberger – with the stars at 3 o'clock and 6 o'clock, the 2-digit year at 12 o'clock, and the caliber at 6 o'clock. The marks are either two 5-point stars, two 6-point asterisks, or a 5-point star and a 6-point asterisk.
  • B Wöllersdorfer Werke – Berndorf, Bezirk Baden, Lower Austria, Austria.
  • GR Georg Roth AG – Lichtenwörth, Austria. Headstamp is a cypher of G & R combined. Many of its foreign holdings were seized and nationalized after World War I. Absorbed by Hirtenberger Patronen in the 1930s.
  • H or HP Hirtenberger Patronen-, Zündhütchen-und Metallwarenfabrik A.-G. (1860–1938; 1957–2004) – Hirtenberg, Baden bei Wien, Lower Austria, Austria. Originally a metalware and cartridge factory, it eventually concentrated on cartridge-making. In 2004 it closed down its cartridge production lines and now focuses exclusively on making mortar shells.
  • KC or K&C Keller & Co – Hirtenberg, Baden bei Wien, Lower Austria, Austria.
  • ÖJP Österreichische Jagdpatronenfabrik (1948 – ?) – Kramsach, Tirol, Austria. Founded in 1948, taken over by Hirtenberger in 1964.
German P-Codes (1938–1940) – Operated under German occupation

Belgium (13)

Bosnia-Herzegovina (75)

  • ИК, IK Igman zavod ad Konjic ("Igman Factory at Konjic") – Konjic, Bosnia. Named for the nearby Igman plateau.

Czech Republic (16)

  • bxn Sellier & Bellot – Vlasim, Czech Republic.

Denmark (22)

Danish headstamps have the Danish Crown at 12 o'clock, the year of production split between 9- and 3-o'clock (thousands and hundreds place at 9 and tens and ones at 3), and the manufacturer code at 6 o'clock. Reloaded cartridges overstamp a triangle at the 6 o'clock position. From 1968 to 2007 ammunition packaging was stamped or embossed with the letters HMAK ensigned by a crown – standing for Hærens Materielkommando (Army Materiel Command)

  • AMA Ammunitionsarsenalet ("Ammunition Arsenal") (1676–?) – Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • HA Hærens ammunitionsarsenalet ("Army Arsenal") (?-?) –
  • HL Hærens Krudt et Patroner Laboratoriesværks ("Army Powder & Cartridges Laboratory Works") (1900–1937) – Copenhagen, Denmark.

Egypt (36)

Egypt uses Arabic-language letters and numerals in its headstamp – letters and numerals are read from right to left and dates and numbers are read from left to right. (Arabic-language numerals are different from the Western "Arabic" numerals (i.e., 1, 2, 3, etc.) – also, Arabs refer to their counting system as the "Indian" numbers). At 12 o'clock is the three-letter acronym for Gomhoreyyet Maṣr el-ʿArabeyya (جمهورية مصر العربية, "Arab Republic of Egypt") – which looks like the English letters ERC in cursive from left to right but represent the Egyptian Arabic letters GMA from right to left. At 4 o'clock is the two-digit Arsenal Number and at 8 o'clock is the two-digit year. The metric designation for a cartridge on the headstamp is written in reverse with the length first, followed by the bore (i.e., 7.62×54mmR M91 Russian is written as 54 × 7.62).

  • ٠١ (GMA 01) Military Factory 10 ( Abu-Kir Company for Engineering Industries) – Abu Qir, Alexandria, Egypt.
  • ٧٢ (GMA 72) Military Factory 27 (Shubra Company for Engineering Industries) (1953–present) – Shubra district, Cairo, Egypt.

Finland (58)

  • LAPUA Lapuan Patruunatehdas ("Cartridge Factory at Lapua") (1949–1998) – Lapua, Finland. It is now called Nammo Lapua (1998–present), a division of the Nammo Group.
  • SAT, SAKO Sako A. B. (Suojeluskuntain Ase-ja Konepaja Oy, "Civil Guard Weapon- and Machining-works Ltd.") (1921–present)- Riihimäki, Finland. It was later acquired by Beretta Holding Group in 2000.
  • T Oy Tikkakoski Ab (aka TIKKA) – Jyväskylä, Central Finland, Finland. Manufactured arms and various consumer goods, like sewing machines. Tikkakoski Arsenal was its arms division, the only privately owned weapons manufacturer in the country, and operated from 1930 to 1947. It was seized by the Russians as war reparations from 1947 to 1957 and demilitarized to produce consumer goods. Private investors bought it back and ran it from 1957 to 1983. The company was bought out by SAKO in 1983. SAKO (and through them, the TIKKA hunting rifle brand) was later acquired by Beretta in 2000.
  • VPT Valtion Patruunatehdas ("State Ammunition Factory") (1923–1949) – Lapua, Finland. The forerunner to Lapua. In 1949 it was absorbed by Valmet and renamed LAPUA.

France (14)

Notes:

Early French headstamps mark the bullet type at 12 o'clock (eg., ART.M), the 1-digit Quarter of production at 9 o'clock, and the 2-digit Year of production at 3 o'clock. The codes for the manufacturer (e.g. A.RS) and metal producer (e.g. S) are conjoined at 6 o'clock (i.e, A.RS.S).
Later French headstamps mark the 1-digit Quarter of the year of production and 2-digit Year at the 12-o'clock position (e.g. Q-YY), the letter code for the metal supplier for the case at the 3-o'clock position, the cartridge caliber and model at the 6-o'clock position, and the manufacturer at the 9-o'clock position. They are oriented so that the 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock sides are at right angles to the 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock sides.
  • ART. Direction de l'Artillerie ("Management of the Artillery") (?-1918) – The French state body under the ministère de Guerre ("Ministry of War") that oversaw the manufacturing of artillery pieces and munitions before the creation of the Service de l'Équipement ("Equipment Service"). It was a prefix to the cartridge designation at the 12 o'clock position used on early French-made military cartridges.
    • ART.M stands for 8mm Lebel Balle M (manufactured 1886–1898). Colonial arsenals manufactured the cartridge after 1898 for Colonial forces equipped with earlier-pattern rifles.
    • ART.D stands for 8mm Lebel Balle D (manufactured 1898–1932).
  • A.A. Amorçage Anglais ("English Primers") (1915?-1918) – A suffix on the cartridge designation at the 12 o'clock position used on British-made cartridges during World War I. British primers were of a different type than the French models, lacking a cover over the annulus.
Manufacturers
  • ABS Atelier de Construction de Bourges ("Manufacturing Workshops of Bourges") – Bourges, Cher, Centre, France.
  • ALM Ateliers Legueu de Meaux (Legueu Workshops of Meaux) – Meaux, France. Manufactured cartridge-cases and bullets.
  • AMN Atelier de Chargement de Montluçon (Loading Workshop of Montluc) – Montluçon, France.
  • APX Atelier de Construction de Puteaux (Manufacturing Workshop of Puteaux) – Puteaux, France.
  • A.RS, RS Atelier de Construction de Rennes (Manufacturing Workshop of Rennes) – Rennes, France.
  • A.TE, TE Atelier de Fabrication de Toulouse (Manufacturing Workshop of Toulouse) – Toulouse, France.
  • A.TS, TS Atelier de Construction de Tarbes (Manufacturing Workshop of Tarbes) – Tarbes, France.
  • A.VE, VE Cartoucherie de Valence (Cartridge Factory of Valence) (1874–1964) – town of Bourg-lès-Valence, municipality of Valence, department of Drôme, region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France.
  • A.VS, VS Atelier de Fabrication de Vincennes (Manufacturing Workshop of Vincennes) Vincennes, France.
  • CN Ateliers Mécaniques de Normandie (Mechanical Workshops of Normandy).
  • CP Cartoucherie Leon Paulet à Marseille – Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.
  • DTE ? – Unknown.
  • ECP Ecole Centrale de Pyrotechnie (Central School of Pyrotechnics) Bourges, France.
  • F Cartoucherie Française ("Cartridge Factory of France") – Survilliers, department of Val-d'Oise, region of Île-de-France, France. Starting as a small ammo-production firm with a dozen workers, government contracts during World War I (1914–1918) to produce military cartridges, rockets and shells caused it to grow to 332 employees. The interwar years (1919–1939) were prosperous, but the cartridge production line was shut down during the German Occupation (1940–1945). Production resumed in the mid 1940s, but munitions production was stopped in the late 1980s due to a cancelling of government contracts.
  • G Gévelot S. A. (Société Française des Munitions de Issy-les-Moulineaux) (1820–1950; 1950–1980) – Paris, France. Firm founded in Paris by Marin Gévelot in 1820. Initially set up to manufacture swords, they began making percussion caps from 1823. Merged with Gaupillat & Cie in 1883 to become Société Française des Munitions in 1884. Took the name of Gévelot S.A. in 1950.
  • LM Cartoucherie du Mans (Cartridge Factory of Le Mans) Le Mans, France.
  • MGM Manufacture Générale de Munitions ("General Ammunition Factory") (1930–1978) – Bourg-les-Valence and Clérieux, France. Bought out by Gevelot S.A. in 1974 and integrated into Société Française des Munitions in 1978. The Bourg-les-Valence site is closed and the Clérieux site is run by Cheddite France.
  • MI, SM Robert Paulet & Cie (Société Méridionale d'Industrie > "Meridian Industrial Association") – Marseille, France. Formerly Cartoucherie Leon Paulet à Marseille.
  • MR Manufacture de Machines du Haut-Rhin ("Machine-Building Factory of the Upper Rhine", or MANURHIN) (?-1990) – Mulhouse–Bourtzwiller, Haut-Rhin, Grand Est (formerly Alsace), France. Manufactured cartridges as well as the industrial machinery to make bullets and casings and load cartridges. Bought out and merged with GIAT in 1990.
  • PB (Poudrerie Belge de Clermont) – Rue de Clermont, Engis, Belgium.
  • RY Établissements Rey Frères ("Rey Brothers Enterprises") – Nîmes, France.
  • SF, SFM Société Française de Munitions de Issy-les-Moulineaux ("French Association for Munitions of Issy-les-Moulineaux") (1820-?; 1950-?) – Issy les Moulineaux, France. Firm founded in Paris by Marin Gévelot in 1820. Merged with Gaupillat & Cie in 1883 to become Société Française des Munitions in 1884. Took the name of Gévelot S.A. in 1950. If the headstamp has five-pointed stars at the 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock positions, it is commercial sales or export contract ammunition.
  • TH Cartoucherie de la Seine ("Cartridge Factory of the Seine") – Le Havre, France. A division of Tréfileries du Havre à Rugles ("Wire-Drawing Works of Le Havre and Rugles").
Metal Suppliers
  • BS Atelier de laminage de l'Ecole de Pyrotechnie de Bourges ("Rolling Mill Workshop of the Pyrotechnics School of Bourges") – Bourges, France.
  • C Compagnie française des métaux ("French Metals Company") – Castelsarrazin, Tarn-et-Garonne, Midi-Pyrénées, France. A metal-supplier for Atelier de Fabrication de Toulouse.
  • D Société Electro-métallurgie de Dives (Electro-plating Association of Dives") – Dives, France. Formerly Compagnie du Duralin de Dives.
  • F Tréfileries et Laminoirs de la Méditerranée à St-Louis. ("Wire-Drawing Works and Rolling Mills of the Mediterranean of St. Louis") (1957–present) – Île Saint-Louis, Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France. A metal-supplier for Cartoucherie Leon Paulet de Marseilles.
  • I Société de Métallurgie Franco-Belge de Issy-les-Moulineaux ("Franco-Belgian Metallurgic Society of Issy-les-Molineaux") (1895–Present) – Issy-les-Moulineaux, France. A Belgian company that supplied metal stock for Société Française de Munitions de Issy-les-Moulineaux.
  • P S.A. Des Mines et Fonderies de Pontgibaud (?-1897) – Pontgibaud, Puy-de-Dôme department, Auvergne region, France. Manufactured bullets and cartridge-cases. It went out of business in 1897 when the local lead deposits played out.
  • P Société Française des Métaux à Couéran (1901–1961) – Originally founded as the Laveissière company in 1859, but was refounded and renamed in 1901. In 1961 it was merged with Tréfileries et laminoirs du Havre to form Tréfimétaux. In 1967 Tréfimétaux came under the control of Péchiney, who later sold the company to the Italian group SMI SpA (Società Metallurgica Italiana) in 1987.
  • R Trefilerie et Laminoirs du Havre à Rugles (Usine de Rugles) ("Wire-Drawing Works and Rolling Mills of La Havre and Rugles (Factory at Rugles)") – Rugles, Normandy, France. Made bullets and cartridge-cases for Cartoucherie de la Seine.
  • S Compagnie Française des Métaux ("French Metals Company") – Sérifontaine, Oise, France. A metal-supplier for Tréfileries du Havre à Rugles.
French Colonial Arsenals

Germany (12)

(?-1919)

All loading, assembly and packing of ammunition took place at Spandau Arsenal. Peacetime headstamps had the 2-digit year of production at 3 o'clock, month of production at 9 o'clock, and content case manufacturer (S for Spandau or P for Polte) at 6 o'clock. Wartime headstamps had the 2-digit year of production at 12 o'clock, case type (S67 = Brass made with 67% copper) at 3 o'clock, content case manufacturer at 6 o'clock, and the batch number at 9 o'clock.

The carton label had three lines of text. The first line would be made up of the bullet type, cartridge assembly and packing facility (Mf. for Spandau's Munitionsfabrik), followed by the date of assembly (in the format MM.DD.YY; 2-digit Month, the Day, and 2-digit Year). The second line concerned the propellant manufacturer (P. for Spandau's Pulverfabrik or Tr. for the powdermill at Troisdorf). The third line listed the model of primer (Zdh, or zundhuetchen), the date of manufacture, and the manufacturer; an "X" between the primer type and date of manufacture indicated it was a type of primer with a low mercury content.

  • C Munitionsfabrik Cassel ("Ammunition Factory at Kassel") – Kassel, Hesse-Nassau, Germany. Closed after the war. Old wartime-manufactured batches of catridges were still being loaded in the early 1920s by German cartridge-manufacturers who bought up the remaining stock. (They had a declaration on the label that attested that they were old production, to prevent accusations they circumvented the Versailles Treaty).
  • S Kaiserlich Munitionsfabrik ("Imperial [Prussian] Munitions Factory") (1722–1919) – Spandau Arsenal, Spandau, Berlin, Germany. Manufactured 7.92mm Mauser ammunition. It was decommissioned in 1919 and was no longer allowed to manufacture war materiel. Gustav Genschow & Co. (GECO) bought the facility in 1924 and used it to make .22-caliber target rifles. GECO loaded cartridges with wartime-manufactured Spandau cases, presumably ones they picked up when they bought the facility.
    • Mf. Munitionsfabrik – The portions of Spandau arsenal dedicated to making cartridge cases and bullets, assembling full cartridges, and packing them into cartons and crates. This would be found in the middle of the first line of the ammo carton label, followed by F1, F2 or F3 (the number of the assembly line that assembled the ammunition).
    • P Pulverfabrik – The portions of Spandau arsenal dedicated to manufacturing propellants. The code P. would be followed by the propellant batch number, the letter L. (for Lieferung > "Shipment") and the 2-digit year of manufacture.
  • P Polte – Magdeburg, Saxony, Germany.
  • D. Königlich Sächsisch Arsenal ("Royal Arsenal of Saxony") – Dresden, Saxony.
  • DM Karlsruhe, DM K Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik ("German Metallic Cartridge Factory") (1889–1896) – Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany. It started making Mauser rifle ammunition for the Argentinian Army in 1891 and the Prussian Army in 1893. It was reorganized in 1896 to form Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM). The "DM" headstamp was used by DWM until the early 20th century, perhaps after using up all the old DM cases and headstamp bunters in stock.
  • DWM Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (1896–1945) – Berlin-Borsigwalde, Germany. Between 1922 and 1936 the company is briefly renamed Berlin-Karlsruher Industrie-Werke AG (BERKA). It secretly begins armament production in 1928.
  • H E & C Patronenhulsenfabrik Henri Ehrmann & Cie. (1872–1878) – Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany. A cartridge-case factory set up by Henri Ehrmann and Leopold & Wilhelm Holtz. It is bought out by engineer Wilhelm Lorenz in 1878 and becomes Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik Lorenz In 1883 it begins production of complete cartridges and is renamed Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik Karlsruhe-Baden. Bought out by Ludwig Loewe & Cie in 1889 and merged with Pulverfabrik Rottweil-Hamburg ("Rottweil Powdermill at Hamburg") and the Vereinigte Rheinisch-Westfälische Pulverfabriken ("United Rhenish & Westphalian Powdermills") to form Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik.[17]
  • N & S Niebecker und Schumacher – Solingen, Germany.
(1919–1926)

The post-war German government assembled cartridges at the Wehrkreis ("Defense District") arsenals. War industries were reduced to monopolies: Polte was selected to supply cartridge cases and bullets and Dynamit Nobel was selected to provide explosives and propellants. Cartridge-loading machines were installed at artillery depots to train technicians in how to operate the machinery in times of emergency. The Wehrkreise were reorganized and increased after Hitler came to power.

  • I (Königsberg) (1919–1932) – Königsberg Arsenal
  • II (Stettin) (1919–1932) – ?
  • III (Berlin) (1919–1932) – Jüterbog Arsenal
  • IV (Dresden) (1919–1932) – Zeithain/Riesa Arsenal
  • V (Stuttgart) (1919–1932) – Kassel
  • VI (Münster) (1919–1932) – ?
  • VII (Munich) (1919–1932) – Ingolstadt
  • AI Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken A.G. (1936?-1939) – Lübeck, Germany. Headstamp used by Germany to covertly supply the Spanish Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The headstamp has "AI" at the 12 o'clock position (perhaps to copy the headstamp of the Dutch Artillerie-Inrichtingen munitions works), large lower-case letter "e"s at the 3- and 9-o'clock positions, and the year of production at the 6 o'clock position.
  • DWM B Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (1896–1945) – Berlin-Borsigwalde, Germany.
  • DWM H Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (1940–1945) – 's-Hertogenbosch, North Brabant, Netherlands. The Nederlandsche Wapen-en Munitiefabriek NV. factory run by the German occupation forces.
  • DWM K Deutsche Waffen uund Munitionsfabriken (1896–1945) – Karlsruhe, Germany.
  • DWM L Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken – Lübeck-Schlutup, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
  • N Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoff, A.G. (RWS) – Nuremberg, Germany. Made gunpowder and complete cartridges.
  • P Polte Armaturen-und-Maschinenfabrik A.G., Werk Magdeberg – Magdeburg, Sachsen, Germany. After Versailles they were the official supplier of ammunition components to the Weimar Republic. Made cartridge cases and bullets from 1919 to 1926? and complete cartridges from 1926? to 1945. There were also cover-headstamps used to pretend that Polte, the official contractor for the Weimar Republic, manufactured them.
    • Pi Hirtenberger Patronenfabrik – Hirtenberg, Austria. Renamed the Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik after the German occupation.
    • Pu H. Burgsmüller & Söhne – Kreiensen, Germany. A small gunsmithing firm that made hunting shotguns and drillings. They later got into munitions production.
    • Pö Gehre Dampfmesser GmbH – Sebaldushof, Treuenbrietzen, Brandenburg, Germany. Dr. Martin Böhme was an engineer whose factory made gas, steam and liquid gauges and a sideline in metalwares. In 1926 the metalware factory in the hamlet of Sebaldushof was bought out by the Kopp Brothers of Berlin and it was renamed to Metallwarenfabrik Truenbrietzen.
    • Ps – Production by the Swedish government.
  • PVT Polizeischule fuer Technik und Verkehr ("Police Academy for Technology and Transport") (1927?-1945) – Berlin, Germany. The Polizeischule fuer Technik und Verkehr was founded in 1927? The central academy building was designed in 1929 and built by 1934. It was renamed the Technische Polizeischule ("Technical Police Academy") in 1936. The PVT monogram and government Eagle property mark was inscribed on its small arms at the factory by Simson.
  • SKD Selve-Kronbiegel-Dornheim A.-G. (1924–1945) – Sömmerda, Thuringia, Germany. A partnership between three former arms manufacturers who were turning to cartridge manufacture. Selve owned the Braun und Bloem pinfire cartridge trademarks, manufactured pinfire cartridges at the Fabrik von Braun und Bloem, and operated out of Düsseldorf. Rheinmetall owned the Dreyse und Collenbusch needlefire cartridge trademarks and operated out of Sömmerda, Thüringen; it used the name Kronbiegel for Ehrfurt merchant Friedrich Kronbiegel (?-1820) – Dreyse's first partner. G.[eorge] C.[arl] Dornheim owned the GECADO trademark, the B.STAHL Metallhulsenfabrik – Suhl ammunition plant in Suhl (which made metal cartridge cases), and the Lindender Zünderhütchen-, Patronen- und Tonwarenfabrik in Empelde, Ronnenberg, Hanover (which made percussion caps and primers, assembled cartridges, and made clay pottery and dishes). SKD manufactured ammunition under the SELKADO ammunition trademark until 1940. G.C. Dornheim A.G. sold the cartridge plant in Suhl in 1925 and sold off the factory in Empelde and the GECADO ammunition trademark to Dynamit-Nobel in 1927. Afterwards RWS began producing ammunition for G.C. Dornheim.
  • Has Pulverfabrik Hasloch – Hasloch, Bavaria, Germany. Made propellants.
  • Mog. Deutsche Sprengchemie, Werk Moschwig – Moschwig, Germany. Made explosives and gunpowder.
  • Rdf. Dynamit Nobel, Werk Reinsdorf – Reinsdorf, Germany. Made explosives and gunpowder. Absorbed by I.G. Farben in 1926, and then by WASAG (Westfälisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff-Actien-Gesellschaft) in 1945.
    • Rdf 128 Pulverfabrik Walsrode – Walsrode, Germany. A cover code as a subterfuge to pretend that the powder had been made by Dynamit Nobel, the official explosives and propellant manufacturer for the Weimar Republic.
  • Rottw. Pulverfabrik Rottweil ("Gunpowder Factory at Rottweil"), Rottweil, Baden-Wurttemburg, Germany. Made gunpowder. A particular type of shotgun-cartridge propellant called "Rottweil Powder" was invented by them.
  • Tr. Troisdorf – Troisdorf, Germany. Manufactured propellants.
  • Walsr. Pulverfabrik Walsrode ("Gunpowder Factory at Walsrode") – Walsrode, Germany. Made gunpowder.
P-Codes (1926–1941)

The German government adopted coded headstamps for military ammunition to keep the identity of their suppliers secret. This was briefly continued during the early war and included factories in occupied countries. It was a subterfuge to pretend that Polte manufactured the items.

Headstamps had the cartridge manufacturer's P-code at 12 o'clock, the cartridge case type (e.g., S* for brass) at 3 o'clock, the Lot number at 6 o'clock, and the 2-digit year of production at 9 o'clock. Steel-cased ammunition had a combined code at the 3 o'clock position that was composed of the Roman numeral code for the steel mill (I through XXIII), the lower-case letter code for the firm that plated the cases (a through z?), and the composition of the steel alloy used (1 through 17). (e.g., IXw1).

  • P.14A Waffenwerke Brünn A.-G. ("Armory at Brno"), Werk Povazska Bystrica - Považská Bystrica, Czechoslovakia. Operated under German occupation. Later renamed Povazske Strojárne ("Factory at Povaska") post-war.
  • P.25 Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen G.m.b.H, Werk A (Sebaldushof) – Sebaldushof, Treuenbrietzen, Pommern, Germany. This was the first factory owned by the Kopp Brothers. They expanded to Selterhof (Treuenbrietzen) (1934), Roederhof (Belzig) (1935), Metgethen and Salzwedel.
  • P.28 Deutsche Waffen u. Munitionsfabriken A.-G. (DWM), Karlsruhe, Germany
  • P.69 Patronen-, Zündhütchen- und Metallwarenfabrik A.-G. (formerly Sellier & Bellot Schönebeck) – Schönebeck-an-der-Elbe, Salzlandkreis, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany. Made cartridges, primers and detonator caps, and metalware.
  • P90D Munitionsfabriken Prag (vormals Sellier & Bellot) – Vlasim, Czechoslovakia.
  • P.94 Kabel- und Metallwerke- Neumeyer A.-G. – Nürnberg, Germany.
  • P.120 Dynamit A.-G. (DAG), Werk Empelde (1928–1945) – Empelde, Ronnenberg, Hanover, Germany. Formerly Lindender Zünderhütchen- und Patronen-fabrik ("percussion-cap- and cartridge-factory of Linden") (?-1927); closed for a year for reorganization and then reopened in 1928.
  • P.131 Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken A.-G. (DWM), Berlin-Borsigwalde, Germany
  • P.151 Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoff A.-G. (RWS) ("Rhenish-Westphalian Explosives Co."), Werk Nürnberg-Stadeln – Nürnberg-Stadeln, Germany.
  • P.154 Polte Metallwarenfabrik, Werk Grüneberg (formerly Grüneberger Metallgeselschaft G.m.b.H.) – Grüneberg (Nordbahn), Brandenburg, Germany
  • P.163 Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen G.m.b.H., Werk Selterhof – Selterhof, Treuenbrietzen, Pommern, Germany.
  • P.181 Hugo A. Schneider A.-G. (HASAG) – Leipzig, Germany.
  • P.198 Metallwarenfabriken Treuenbrietzen GmbH., Werk Röderhof (1935-?) – Roederhof, Belzig, Germany.
  • P207 Metallwerk Odertal GmbH – Odertal, Post Lautaberg, Harz, Germany.
  • P.249 Finower Industrie G.m.b.H. – Finow/Mark, Germany.
  • P.334 Mansfeld A.-G. Metallwarenfabrik, Werk Rothenburg – Saale, Rothenburg, Germany
  • P.369 Teuto Metallwerke G.m.b.H., Osnabrück, Germany
  • P.405 Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoff A.-G. (RWS), Werk Durlach (formerly Gustav Genschow & Co.); Durlach, Germany.
  • P.413 Deutsche Waffen- und Munitions-fabriken A.G. (DWM), Lûbeck-Schlutup, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
  • P.490 Hugo A. Schnieder A.G. (HASAG), Werk Altenburg – Altenburg, Thuringia, Germany.
  • P.635 Gustloff-Werk Hirtenberg (Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik) – Hirtenberg, Niederdonau, Austria. A division of Gustloff Werk (Gustloff Works), a division of the Wilhelm Gustloff Stiftung (Wilhelm Gustloff Foundation), a nationalized corporation composed of companies confiscated from Jewish owners or partners. It was later renamed for Otto Eberhardt.
Letter Codes (1940–1945)
  • ak Munitionsfabriken Prag ("Munitions Factory – Prague") (formerly Sellier & Bellot) (Occupation: 1938–1945) – Vlasim, Czechoslovakia.
  • auy Polte Metallwarenfabrik, Werk Grüneberg (formerly Grüneberger Metallgeselschaft G.m.b.H.) – Grüneberg (Nordbahn), Brandenburg, Germany
  • bne Metallwerk Odertal GmbH – Odertal, Post Lautaberg, Harz, Germany.
  • cg Finower Industrie GmbH – Finow, Mark, Brandenburg.
  • ch DWM Lüttich (formerly FN-Herstal, Liège) (Occupied: 1940–1944) – Liège, Belgium.
  • cxm Gustav Genschow & Co. A.-G. (Geco) (1887–1959) – Berlin, Germany. Ammunition manufacturer and sporting arms wholesaler. They owned ammunition plants in Durlach and Wolfartsweier; a leather-goods factory in Hachenburg; associated arms factories in Zella-Mehlis, Suhl, and Liège; and had stores in Cologne, Suhl, Frankfurt am Main, Nuremberg, and Königsberg. In 1924 they bought a firearms factory in Spandau from Deutsche Werke. In 1927 they were bought out by I.G. Farben and were allied with RWS. In 1938 they were one of the firms who bought the rights to manufacture the Klein-Kaliber Wehrsportgewehr ("Small-Caliber Military Sports Rifle", or KKW), a .22-caliber competition and training rifle sold to the public. They also bored rifle-barrel blanks for the K98k Mauser and Sturmgewehr 44.
  • de Hugo Schneider AG (HASAG) (1944–1945) – Leipzig, Germany.
  • dnh Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoff A.-G., (Previously Gustav Genschow & Co.) Werk Durlach, Germany.
  • dou Waffenwerke Brunn (formerly Zbrojovka Brno) (Occupation: 1938–1945) – Považská Bystrica, Czechoslovakia.
  • eej Märkisches Walzwerk GmbH – Strausberg bez., Potsdam, Germany
  • emp Dynamit A.-G., Werk Empelde – Empelde, Ronnenberg, Hanover, Germany.
  • fer Metallwerke Wandhofen GmbH – Wandhofen, Schwerte an der Ruhr, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
  • fva Draht- und Metallwarenfabrik GmbH ("Wire- and Metalware-factory") – Salzwedel, Saxony, Germany.
  • Hak Hanseatisches Kettenwerke ("Hanseatic Chain Works") (1935-?) – Langenhorn, Hamburg Gau, Germany. A division of Pötz und Sand Metallwaren of Monheim that also manufactured autocannon and light artillery shells. It also managed the ammunition factories in occupied and Vichy France (1940–1944).
  • hhw Metallwerke Silberhütte GmbH, St-Andreasberg-im-Harz, Goslar, Lower Saxony, Germany.
  • hla Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen G.m.b.H., Werk Sebaldushof – Sebaldushof, Treuenbrietzen, Pommern, Germany.
  • hlb Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen G.m.b.H., Werk Selterhof – Selterhof, Treuenbrietzen, Pommern, Germany.
  • hlc Zieh- und Stanz-werke GmbH ("[Wire] Drawing and [Metal] Punching Works") – Schleusingen, Thüringen
  • hrn Presswerke G.m.b.H. – Metgethen, Ostpreußen, Germany (now Imeni Alexandra Kosmodemyanskogo, Kaliningrad oblast, Russian Federation)
  • htg Polte Armaturen- und Maschinenfabriken, AG - Duderstadt Plant, Westphalia, Germany.
  • kam HASAG (formerly P.W.U. Fabryka Amunicji Skarżysko-Kamienna) (occupied 1939–1944) – Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland.
  • naq Graphische Kunstanstalt Karl Vogel (Karl Vogel "Graphic Arts Institution") – Leipzig, Germany. Made pasteboard cartons and cardboard boxes for ammunition; the manufacturer code and year of production were impressed on the box. May have also made ammo labels, as they did high-quality color printing work before the war.
  • ndn Heinrich Bluecher Fabrik technischer Buersten ("industrial-brush-making factory") – Spremberg, Spree-Neiße, Brandenburg, Germany. A factory that manufactured 9×19mm cartridge cases to be filled elsewhere.
  • oma Ernst Mahla Blechwarenwerke ("sheetmetal-ware works") – Prague, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. A factory that made 9×19mm ball and armor-piercing ammunition.
  • oyj Atelier de Construction de Tarbes – Tarbes, France. Produced ammunition during the German Occupation (1940–1944).
  • wa HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG, Abteilung Lampenfabrik – Leipzig, Germany. Found on ammunition headstamps and cannon shell cases
  • wb HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Berlin-Koepenick plant. See 'wa'
  • wc HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Meuselwitz plant, Thuringia.
  • wd HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG (Hasag Werk II) – Taucha, Saxony plant.
  • we HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Langewiesen, Thuringia plant.
  • wf HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Kielce plant, Poland.
  • wg HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Altenburg plant.
  • wh HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Eisenach plant.
  • wj HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Oberweissbach, Thuringia plant.
  • wk HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Schlieben plant.
  • wm HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Dermbach plant, Thuringia.
  • wn HASAG, Hugo Schneider AG – Derrnabach Dermbach plant, Thuringia (Often confused with 'wm').
(1946–present)

The headstamp has the manufacturer code at 12 o'clock, 2-digit year of production at 3 o'clock, 2-digit week of production at 6 o'clock, and NATO interchangeability symbol (+) at 9 o'clock. Example: MEN / 79 21 / (+) would mean it was manufactured by Metallwerk Elisenhütte Nassau GmbH in week 21 (i.e., May 21–27) of 1979.

Greece (23)

  • ΕΠΚ (Ελληνικό Πυριτιδοποιείο Καλυκοποιείο > Ellinikó Pyritidopoieío Kalykopoieío (Pyrkal) = "Hellenic Powder & Cartridge Factory") (1908-1950s) - Athens, Greece. The Greek alphabet version of the headstamp, with the manufacturer's code (ΕΠΚ) at 12 o'clock and the caliber or cartridge name at 6 o'clock.
  • GPC ("Greek Powder and Cartridge Company") - The English language version of the headstamp.
  • HXP (Pyrkal) Greek Powder & Cartridge Company (1950s–2004) – Athens, Greece. Manufactures cartridges and disintegrating belt links. Merged with EBO in 2004 to become EAS ("Hellenic Defense Systems"). The headstamp had the manufacturer's code (HXP) at 12 o'clock and the two-digit year of production at 6 o'clock.
  • P C H, PC Pouderie et Cartoucherie Hellenique (Pyrkal). Pyrkal's export and commercial headstamp during the interwar years (1920s and 1930s). Packaging was in French. The PC headstamp was used on British contract orders up until the German occupation (1941–1945).

India (72)

Israel (31)

Israel has supposedly manufactured ammunition under the Spanish S, SA, and SB headstamps. This is ammunition captured from Egypt and Syria, which bought ammunition from Spain and Italy.

  • AE Eretz Ayalon ("Ayalon Institute") (1945–1948) – Kibbutzim Hill, Rehovot, British Mandate, Palestine. An underground munitions factory hidden in the basement of a community center that had a working bakery and a laundry.[18] The copper for the casings was acquired by scrap dealers who supposedly were using it to make brass lipstick cases.[18] They made 9×19mm Parabellum and 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridges.
  • IMI, TZZ, or ת צ (T Tz, or T'aasiya Tz'vaeet, "Military Industries") Israeli Military Industries – Tel Aviv, Israel. Manufactures small-arms cartridges, clips, and disintegrating belt links. TZZ is the NATO Manufacturer's Identification Symbol for IMI's Small Arms Ammunition Division. The first two TZZ lots produced in 1982 for the US Navy had the incorrect TZ headstamp belonging to Texas Foundries Inc.

Italy (15)

  • B. Stabilimento Pirotecnico di Bologna ("Pyrotechnical Factory at Bologna") – Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The Royal Army Pyrotechnical Laboratory.
  • BPD Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino (1912–1968/1988) – Colleferro, Rome, Italy. A chemical company that made explosives and gunpowder. After World War I it expanded into fertilizer and cement and after World War II it diversified into industrial metalworking, textiles, and chemicals. In 1968 the Parodi-Delfino family sold their interest in BPD to SNIA-Viscosa. SNIA-Viscosa merged BPD with their chemical division, which was renamed SNIA-BPD. SNIA-BPD later sold its BPD holdings to Simmel Difesa in 1988 and reorganized itself as SNIA S.p.A.
  • GFL Giulio Fiocchi Lecco – Lecco, Italy.
  • HB Enrico Barthe & Cie (1883–1889) – Milan, Italy. A company created as a front for the Società Franco Italiana per la fabbricazione delle Munizioni di caccia, da tiro, da guerra, ed affini (SFIM, "Franco-Italian Corporation for the manufacture of hunting, target-shooting, warfare, and related munitions"). SFIM was the Italian sales division of Société Française des Munitions (SFM, "French Association for Munitions"), the munitions division of the French firm Gevelot. It was an Italian-registered firm created for tax purposes. The president of the firm, Henri Barthe, was an SFM employee that used to be owner of Tarbes Freres before merging with SFM in 1883. French by birth and nationality, they recorded his name as Enrico Barthe in the incorporation papers – although being an Italian citizen or of Italian birth were not prerequisites for the tax law loophole.
  • L or Lri Polverificio Esercito di Fontana Liri (PEFL) ("Military Explosives Factory of Fontana Liri") (1893–present) – Fontana Liri, Frosinone, Lazio. An explosives and propellant factory. Its marking is on ammunition packaging when they provide the propellant.
  • LBC Leon Beaux & Cie. (1889–1932) – Milan, Italy. A company created as a front for SFIM, the Italian sales division of SFM, the munitions division of the French firm Gevelot. It was an Italian-registered firm created for tax purposes. Leon Beaux, an SFIM salesman, took over from Henri Barthe as president of SFIM in 1889 and the front company was renamed after him.
  • MCM Munizioni e Cartucce Martignoni ("Martignoni Ammunition and Cartridges") (?-Present) – Genoa, Italy. Manufactured pinfire cartridges. Was acquired by Nobel in 1929 to become Nobel Sport Martignoni SpA.
  • PC or PECA Lo Stabilimento Pirotecnico dell'Esercito di Capua ("Army Pyrotechnical Factory at Capua") (1856–Present) – Capua, Caserta, Campania, Italy. Originally founded as part of the Sala degli Artefici ("Hall of the Arts") during the Murat regime (1808–1815). The cartridge factory and cannon foundry were moved to the Castello di Lecce in 1856 and remained until after World War II, where the facilities were moved elsewhere to Capua. Since July, 2012 the company now manufactures 9mm NATO, 5.56mm NATO, and 7.62mm NATO ammunition for Fiocchi.
  • SMI Società Metallurgica Italiana (Italian Metallurgical Corporation) (1911–2006) – Campo Tizzoro, San Marcello Pistoiese, Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy. Manufactured small arms cartridges and light artillery shells for the Italian Army and Navy. The factory was closed in 2006 when the company stopped manufacturing munitions.

Lithuania (47)

  • L D Linkaičiai Dirbtuves ("Workshop at Linkaičiai") (1931–1940) – Linkaičiai, Lithuania. The factory originally just bought the components from Belgian companies like Fabrique Nationale and assembled them onsite from 1931. They weren't able to make their own components self-sufficiently until after 1937. The headstamp had the "L" at the 9 o'clock position and the "D" at the 3 o'clock position; the 2-digit year of production was in the 12 o'clock position and the batch number was at the 6 o'clock position.
  • GGG AB Giraitės Ginkluotes Gamykla ("Giraitės Armament Factory") (2000–present) – Vijuku km., Uzliedziu sen., Kaunas raj., Kaunas County, Lithuania. First manufactured 7.62×39mm Soviet rounds in 2002, NATO-standard 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×51mm NATO rounds in 2005 (earning the NATO interchangeability rating in 2006), and sporting .223 Remington and .308 Winchester rounds in 2012. The headstamp has the caliber at 12 o'clock, manufacturer's code at 6 o'clock, 2-digit year of production at 3 o'clock, and NATO interchangeability symbol at 9 o'clock.

The Netherlands (17)

The early cartridges were made exclusively by Artillerie Inrichtingen, the Dutch state-run munitions factory, until the early-1980s.

The pre-war headstamp has the 1- or 2-letter code for the brass supplier of the cartridge case at 6 o'clock, the 2-digit year the cartridge case was produced at 12 o'clock, the lot number of the propellant at 9 o'clock, and the 2-digit year the finished cartridge was assembled at 3 o'clock. The brass suppliers or cartridge manufacturers would sometimes have the brass batch or cartridge lot number to the right of their code letter.

The post-war headstamp had the manufacturer code (AI / EMZ or NWM) at the 6 o'clock position.

  • AI Artillerie Inrichtingen NV ("Artillery Factories") (1679–1983) – Zaandam-Hembrug, Netherlands. Reorganized as EMZ in 1983.
  • D N.V. Nederlandsche Patronen-, Slaghoedjes-en Metaalwarenfabriek ("Dutch Cartridges, Percussion Caps and Metalwares Factory") – Dordrecht (Dordt), Netherlands. Dordt, the English name for Dordrecht, was sometimes used on the packaging.
  • EMZ Eurometaal Zaandam NV (1983–1999) – Zaandam-Hembrug, Netherlands.
  • MB-Z N.V. Plaatmetaalindustrie van Mouwerik & Bal – Zeist ("von Mouwerk & Bal Sheetmetal Business of Zeist") – Zeist, Netherlands. Made disintegrating metal link belts, with "MB" over "Z".
  • NWM Nederlandsche Wapen-en Munitiefabriek 'de Kruithoorn' NV ("Dutch Weapon & Munitions Factory – 'The Powder Flask'") (1948–1998) – 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. Made a brand of aluminum-hulled shotshells called Bataaf ("Batavian"). Industriewerke Karlsruhe (IWK, part of the Quandt Group) acquired a majority of its stock in 1961. NWM made hunting ammunition for IWK under the DWM label and made parts for Mauser Werke Luger and HSc pistols. All shares were bought by Rheinmetall in 1975.

Norway (25)

  • AYR A/S Ammunisjons Fabrikker Raufoss ("Ammunition Factory at Raufoss") - Raufoss, Norway. Now divided into several smaller ammunition and munitions companies: Nammo, Raufoss Technologies, etc. RA headstamp.
  • BF Bakelittfabrikken A/S ("Bakelite Factories") (1946-Presnt) - Aurskog, Norway. Founded originally in Oslo in 1946, then moved to Aurskog in 1955. They invented and marketed the first fully plastic-hulled blank ammunition in 1953 and worked with other manufacturers to develop similar rounds. The headstamp has the NATO symbol (+) at 12 o'clock, 2-digit year at 6 o'clock, BF at 9 o'clock, and 2-digit batch code at 3 o'clock.
  • R A Raufoss Ammunisjonfabrikker ("Ammunition Factory at Raufoss") – Raufoss, Norway.
  • RANO Raufoss og Norma projektilfabrikk ("Raufoss & Norma Projectile Factory") (1965–1989) – Oslo, Norway. A cooperative partnership between Raufoss and Norma that provided ammunition for Norwegian sports organizations.

Pakistan (76)

Poland (43)

Poland (1918–1939)

The young Polish state in 1918 had inherited arms from Prussia, Russia, Austria and France. The military issued both the Mauser rifle in 7.9×57mm Mauser (1918–1939) for frontline troops and Lebels and Berthiers in 8×50mmR Lebel "Balle D" (1923–1937) for reservists in the Obrona Narodowa ("National Defense"). Police and paramilitary forces were armed with Mosin-Nagants (classified Mosin Karabin M91/98/25) and Mannlichers converted to 7.9×57mm Mauser.

On the headstamp the cartridge manufacturer placed their code letters at the 12 o'clock position. Government-run factories that made ammunition for the military (Wytwornia Amunicji) placed the Polish National Eagle stamp instead. The case manufacturer's code letter or numeral was placed in the 6 o' clock position and the two digit percentage of copper in the case's brass (usually 67 for 7.9mm Mauser) was placed at the 9 o'clock position. The last two digits of year of production was placed at the 3 o'clock position. Beginning in 1926 the headstamps on domestically produced 8mm Lebel cartridges were done in the French style, with the 12- and 6-o'clock stamps at a right angle to the 9- and 3-o'clock stamps.

Bullets had the manufacturer code over the Quarter number and two-digit year of production engraved on the base (e.g. Pk/2-26 is Zaklady Amunicyjne, Pocisk, 2nd Quarter of 1926). 8mm Lebel "Balle D" bullets were differenced from 7.9mm Mauser bullets by a capital letter "D" inset between the contractor code and the date (e.g. Pk/D/2-26).

Ammunition packed loose in cartons were marked do KM (do Karabin Maszynowy, "for Machineguns") or do CKM (Ciężki Karabin Maszynowy, "for Heavy Machineguns"). Ammunition packed in clips were marked kar. am. (Karabinu Amunicji, "Rifle Ammunition") for rifles or do KBK (Karabinek, "for Short Rifle") for carbines. 7.9mm Mauser ammunition packets were marked Nb. MAUSER.KAL. 7.9 Wz.[19] ("Cartridges, Mauser, 7.9 Caliber, Pattern..."), then followed by S for Spiczasty ("Pointed [Ball]")[20] or SC for Spiczasty Ciężki ("Pointed, Heavy [Ball]").[21] 8mm Lebel "D" ammunition packets were marked Nb. Francuskie OSTRA ("Cartridges, French LIVE"). The Lot code had the 3-digit lot number (in Arabic numerals), month (in Roman numerals), and four-digit year. The third line had the code for the Ammunition Factory (W. AM. No.-#) that made it.

  • I Wytwornia Amunicji (WYTW. AM., "Ammunition Factory") No.1 (Brest-Litovsk).
  • II Wytwornia Amunicji No.2 (Poznań).
  • III Wytwornia Amunicji No.3 (Warsaw).
  • IV Wytwornia Amunicji No.4 (Kraków).
  • V Wytwornia Amunicji No.5 (Przemyśl).
  • F A S Fabrika Amunicji Skarzysko ("Ammunition Plant at Skarzysko) (1925–1939) – Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. Civilian ammunition brand manufactured by P.W.U. Fabryka Amunicji.
  • W Wojskowa Wytwornia Amunicji Karabinowej (WWAK, "Military Rifle Ammunition Factory") (1921–1925) – Warsaw, Poland. Founded in 1921 using nationalized machinery liberated from the Georg Roth A.G. subsidiary factory in Poznań (formerly Posen). It made bullets, primers, cases, and complete cartridges. It was closed in 1925 and moved to Skarzysko.
  • SK Państwowa Wytwornia Uzbrojenia Fabryka Amunicji (P.W.U. Fabryka Amunicji, "National Armament Factory – Ammunition Plant") (1925–1939) – Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. Founded in 1925 by moving the WWAK's machinery from Warsaw.
  • N Norblin S.A.. Ammunition factory founded in 1922 in Warsaw. It had a metal foundry and cartridge production plant at Glownie that made cartridge brass for other firms as well. Ammunition made by Norblin had the Norblin "N" at both the 12 o'clock (cartridge manufacturer) and 6 o'clock (case manufacturer) positions.
  • Pk Zaklady Amunicyjne, Pocisk, Spolka Akcyjna ("Ammunition Works 'Bullets' Joint Stock Company"), or Z.A. Pocisk S.A. – A Franco-Polish Joint Stock Company created in 1921 to supply the Polish Government with ammunition. Using machinery purchased from Hirtenberger of Austria, a cartridge plant was set up in Warsaw and a munitions plant was set up in Rembertów. In 1932 it was nationalized by the Polish Government, who consolidated all production at Rembertów. In 1934 it began producing the Darzbór ("Good Hunting") shotshell line. In 1935 it began production of the Gryf ("Griffin") shotshell line, which used French-made components by SFM that were assembled by Pocisk in Poland.
  • Dz Walconie Metali "Dziedzice" S.A. (1896–Present) – Dziedzice, Silesian Voivodeship. A metalworks that also manufactured cartridge cases.
  • F or Fr Fraget – Warsaw, Poland. A metalworks that manufactured cartridge cases. It was originally a Russian-owned factory set up in the 1850s as for making galvanized silverplate wares. It was repurposed after World War I due to the economic crisis that followed the fall of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires.
Poland (1939–1945)
  • kam [Hugo Schneider AG|HASAG Eisen und Metallwerke] G.m.b.H. - Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. Manufactured ammunition and small arms for the German military using slave labor. The Germans removed all the machinery in 1945, then wrecked whatever they could before they retreated.
  • nbe [Hugo Schneider AG HASAG Eisen und Metallwerke] GmbH, Werk Apparatebau Tschenstochau - Częstochowa, Poland.
  • pae - probably HASAG Skarżysko-Kamienna.
  • DZ Metallwalzwerke A.G. Dziedzitz – Dziedzitz, Gau Schlesien. In early 1940 they originally made brass cartridge cases and copper, aluminum and zinc alloys for the war effort. The facility was later focused on only producing duraluminum sheets and all its other machinery was shipped to other factories in Poland. The machinery was later returned in 1947.
Poland (1945–1989)

The Polish headstamp for Factory 21 either has the factory number in an oval or upside-down to keep it from being confused with the Hungarian and Romanian Factory 21s. This was extended to other Polish headstamps for consistency.

  • (21) Panstwowa Fabryka Amunicji Skarżysko-Kamienna ("State Ammunition Factory at Skarżysko-Kamienna") (1945–1948) – Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. Made small arms ammunition.
  • 21 Zakłady Wyrobów Metalowych Skarżysko-Kamienna ("Skarżysko-Kamienna Metal Products Works") (1948–1988) – Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. Made small arms ammunition and the civilian MESKO brand, along with appliances and metalware. MESKO is an acronym for Zakłady Metalowe Skarzysko Kompania ("Metal Works Company at Skarzysko"). It was merged with the PREDOM appliance brand and renamed PREDOM-MESKO S.A. in 1975. It then separated again and was renamed MESKO S.A. in 1985.
  • 21 General Sikorski Zakłady Metalowe MESKO ("General Sikorski MESKO Metal Works") (1988–1993) – Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. Renamed as an expression of Polish independence.
  • 54 Factory 54 – Poniatowa, Poland. Only 7,62x25 Tokarev.
  • 343 Factory 343 – Wrocław pilczyce. 1952-1973?
  • PFA Panstwowa Fabryka Amunicji ("State Ammunition Factory") (1945–1955?) – Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. Skarżysko-Kamienna's headstamp until they were assigned factory numbers.
  • MESKO Marka Export Solidnosc Knokurencyjnosc Otwartosc ("Brand for Export – Reliability, Competitiveness, and Honesty") – Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. Civilian hunting and competitive shooting ammunition brand that reworded the acronym for MESKO. In 2005 MESKO joined the PHZ Bumar Group, which consists of 22 manufacturing companies from the now privatized Pol'shi Promyshlennost' Oborony (PPO, "Polish Defense Industry").
  • NITRON – NITRON S.A. Krupski Mlyn, Silesia, Poland. Only produced sport ammunition .22 short, .22 Long Rifle.

Portugal (24)

  • * AE * Arsenal do Exercito ("Army Arsenal") – Lisbon, Portugal. In the cypher-style headstamp, the "A" is superimposed over the "E" and is at 12 o'clock, the 4-digit year is at 6 o'clock, and 5-pointed stars are at 9- and 3-o'clock.
  • BF Arsenal do Exercito ("Army Arsenal") – Lisbon, Portugal. A cover headstamp used by the Portuguese government on ammunition sent to Angola, Rhodesia, and South Africa during the Border War. The code was created from the headstamp AE by moving one letter to the right in the alphabet. The headstamp code faces the rim, with the letter code at 6 o'clock, the batch number at 12 o'clock, the NATO Interchangeability symbol (+) at 9 o'clock, and the 2-digit year at 3 o'clock.
  • FA Fabrica de Armas ("Arms Factory") (?-1902) – Santa Clara, Lisbon, Portugal.
  • FCPQ Fábrica de Cartuchame e Pólvoras Quimicas ("Cartridge & Chemical Powder Factory") (1927–1947) – Chelas, Marvila, Lisbon, Portugal. Changed to Fabrica Nacional de Municoes de Armas Ligeiras (FNMAL) in 1947.
  • FMBP, FBP Fábrica de Material de Guerra de Braça de Prata ("War Materiel Factory in Braça de Prata") (1907–1998) – Braça de Prata, Portugal.
  • FNM Fabrica Nacional de Municoes de Armas Ligeiras ("National Small Arms Munitions Factory") (1947–2001) – Lisbon, Portugal.
  • FPB? Fábrica da Pólvora em Barcarena ("Powdermill in Barcarena") (1619–1988) – Bacarena, Oeiras, Lisbon, Portugal.
  • FPC Fábrica da Pólvora em Chellas ("Powdermill in Chelas") (1898–1927) – Chelas, Marvila, Lisbon, Portugal. Changed to Fábrica de Cartuchame e Pólvoras Quimicas (FCPQ) in 1927.

Romania (39)

UM stands for Uzina Mecanica (Mechanical Plant).

  • 21 RPR, 21 Factory 21 (UM Cugir), Republica Populară Romînă ("Romanian People's Republic") (1947–present) – Cugir. The acronym RPR was used from 1947 to 1965 to differentiate the Romanian Factory 21 from the Hungarian and Polish Factory 21s.
  • 22 Factory 22 (UM Sadu) (1970–present)[22] – Bumbești-Jiu. Sadu was the name of a nearby town about 14-km away and was adopted as a cover.
  • CMC Uzinele Metalurgice din Copșa - Mică și Cugir ("Metallurgical Works of Copșa Mica and Cugir") (1925–1944) – Cugir, Transylvania, Romania. Created in Paris in 1925 by investments by the Romanian government, the British firm Vickers-Armstrong, and the privatized Austrian firm UDR Co. (Uzinele de Fier si Domeniile Reşiţa – "Reşiţa Iron Works and Domains"), with production beginning in 1928. It made both small arms and ammunition, with the factory in Cugir and the metal-smelting plant in Copșa Mică. The Czech firm CZ-Brno replaced Vickers Armstrong in 1934 and CMC began producing ZB-30 machineguns and 7.92mm Mauser ammunition in 1935. In 1939 the Czechs' holdings in the company were taken over by Hermann Göring. Romania was taken over by a German-sponsored right-wing coup in 1940 and were German allies from 1941 to 1944. CMC made 9×19mm Parabellum and 7.92×57mm Mauser ammunition and the Orița submachine gun. CMC later became UM Cugir.
  • kyn Astra, Fabrica Româna de Vagoane, Motoare, Armament și Muniții (" 'Astra', Romanian Factory for Wagons, Engines, Weapons, and Munitions") (1943–1944) – Brașov, Transylvania, Romania. The German contractor code for the Astra factory in Brașov. It manufactured artillery shells and land mines.
  • kyo Întreprinderile metalurgice "Dumitru Voina", Societate Anonimă Română, Fabrica de Armament, Brașov (" 'Dumitru Voina' Metallurgy Enterprise, Romanian S.A., Armament Factory at Brașov) (1943–1944) – Brașov, Treansylvania, Romania. The German contractor code for the PAB metal works, owned by Mr. Dumitru Voina.
  • PA Pirotehnia Armatei ("Army Pyrotechnics") (1861-1939) – Bucharest, Romania. The government explosives factory. It manufactured 9mm Steyr pistol, 6.5mm Mannlicher rifle, 13.2mm Hotchkiss Long HMG, 37mm Hotchkiss QF, and 53x176mmR M1887 Gruson QF cartridges. A third letter in the headstamp indicated the metal supplier or manufacturer for the cases. It was closed in 1944 when Romania pulled out of the war. It was renamed the "9th of May" Workshops in 1947 and was demilitarized and repurposed to make machinery and spare parts for the construction industry. It was privatized as PUMAC S.A. in the 1990s. The complex was demolished in 2009.
    • PAB Pirotehnia Armatei / Brașov (Armament Factory / Brașov) (?-1943) – Brașov.
    • PAF – Unknown.
    • PAH – Unknown.
    • PAM – Unknown.
    • PAR – Unknown.
    • PAT – Unknown.
  • PA Pirotehnia Armatei (1939–1944) – Bumbești-Jiu. A factory set up with German investment and assistance. Closed in 1944. Reopened and name changed to UM Sadu in 1947. It manufactured 6.5mm Mannlicher and 13.2x99 Hotchkiss Long HMG cartridges.
  • R SD ("Romania – SaDu") UM Sadu [ro] (2015–present) – The new headstamp for all Sadu ammunition production, replacing all previous commercial and military headstamps. This is in accordance with an arms industry reform (Law 295/2004, reviewed 2014) in which the first letter stands for Romania and the next letters are the two syllables of Sadu. R SD is at 10 o'clock, the 2-digit year is at 2 o'clock, and the metric caliber is at 6 o'clock. The "L" prefix to the metric caliber means "long" (i.e., L 5,56 or L 7,62×54mm).
  • U Viromet S.A. (1936–1942; 1949–1991; 1991–present) – Victoria, Romania. A factory initially conceived by the Romanian military to make locally produced smokeless propellants. The military's proposal was approved in 1936 and government permission and planning were provided in 1937. The German firm Ferrostaal was contracted to build it in the hamlet of Ucea in the town of Victoria and provide technical assistance. Work began in 1939 but was stopped in 1942 due to wartime austerity measures. The contract was cancelled in 1944 when Romania declared war on Germany. In 1949 it was finished, reopened and renamed to Fabricile Ucea ("Factories at Ucea"). In the 1970s it started making its own primers, detonator caps, and fuses. Gradually it diversified from explosives and propellants to making refined chemicals, synthetic resins, and processed plastics.[23] In 1991 its explosives, propellants and fuses division was spun off and renamed S.C Pirochim Victoria S.A, made a division of ROMARM, and transferred under R.A. Rompiro Făgăraş.[24] The remainder of Viromet S.A. was reorganized and then placed under control by InterAgro S.A.

Serbia (73)

  • FOMU Fabryka Oruzja i Municje, Užice ("Weapons and Munitions Factory – Užice") (1935–1940; 1944–1947) – Užice, Serbia, Yugoslavia.
  • PP, PPU or ППУ Prvi Partizanski [zavod] ad Užice ("First Partizan [factory] at Užice") (1941; 1947–Present) – Užice, Serbia. On September 24, 1941, the FOMU facility was liberated from the Germans, who had wrecked the machinery and burned down the administration building. The ammunition production machinery and tool shop were moved to an underground vault under the National Bank and the other machinery was dispersed to the surrounding towns. An explosion on November 22, 1941, that killed 130 workers forced its closure. The factory moved back to the FOMU facility in 1944. It was renamed Prvi Partizanki zavod ad Užice (PPU) on September 5, 1947.

Singapore (32)

  • CHJ Chartered Industries of Singapore (1967–2000) – Singapore. The headstamp used a letter code for the date (O = 0, A = 1, etc.; "J" is used instead of "I"): the first two letters were the last two digits of the year and the third was the letter 'B' for "Berdan primed". FJ B would be 1969, GG B would be 1977, and JH would be 1998. When the company switched to Boxer primed cartridges in the 1980s, the third letter was dropped. Chartered Industries was merged with ST Kinetics in 2000.

Republic of South Africa (18)

South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations in 1961 and was re-admitted in 1994. It remains a Republic.
NOTE: The manufacturer and last two digits of the year are on the upper arc of the stamp (e.g., WA 80 for Walter Annexe, 1980). The symbols on the lower arc of the stamp indicates the caliber (7.7mm, 5.56mm or 7.62mm) and R# or R#M# indicate the model (R) and mark (M) of the cartridge, like the Commonwealth L#A# stamp (e.g., R1M1 is the first model and second Mark of a cartridge). Later, the 2-digit year is in the 12 o'clock position and a digit in the 6 o'clock position on the headstamp indicated the load identification code.
  • A Factory A, Pretoria Metal Pressings. – Pretoria, South Africa.
  • B Factory B, Pretoria Metal Pressings. – Kimberly, South Africa.
  • LA Luther Annexe, Pretoria Metal Pressings. A factory named for Stephanus "'Fanie" Luther, a former PMP employee.[25] Produced mostly civilian ammo, but there was some military production during high volume orders.
  • WA Walter Annexe, Pretoria West factory, Pretoria Metal Pressings. – Pretoria, South Africa. A factory named for Allen Walter, a former PMP employee.[25] Produced military ammo.
  • PMP Pretoria Metal Pressings – A division of Denel Group.
  • JMPD Pretoria Metal Pressings – A division of Denel Group. For Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD)

South Korea (37)

  • KA Government Arsenal – Busan Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. Manufactures military cartridges.
  • PS Poong-San, Poongsan Metal Mfg. Co. Ltd. – Angang Ammunition Plant, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Manufactures military cartridges.
  • PSD Poong-San Defense, Poongsan Metal Mfg. Co. Ltd. – Dongrae Ammunition Plant, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Manufactures military cartridges.
  • PMC Precision Made Cartridges, Poongsan Metal Mfg. Co. Ltd. – Seoul, Republic of Korea. Manufactures commercial cartridges. Owns the HotShot brand. Note: The "M" in the headstamp looks like an upside-down "W" "In 1968, the Poong-San Corporation established the Precision Made Cartridges division to focus specifically on commercial ammunition production. After officially being introduced to the market in the 1970s, PMC ammunition quickly gained recognition for its consistent performance and reliability after being made available to military and civilian customers. Over the years, PMC expanded its product line to cater to various firearm calibers and now offers ammunition for handguns, rifles, and shotguns, covering popular calibers such as 9mm, .45 ACP, .223 Remington, and .308 Winchester. In addition to their standard ammunition offerings, PMC manufactures specialty lines, such as the Bronze, X-TAC, and Starfire series."[26]

Spain (33)

  • ENSB, SB, or SB-T Empresa Nacional Santa Barbara de Industrias Militares ("Saint Barbara National Military Industries Enterprise") (?-2001); Toledo, Spain. Later absorbed as part of General Dynamics in 2001.
  • FNP Fábrica Nacional de Palencia ("National Factory at Palencia"); Palencia, Spain. The FNP is at 12 o'clock and the 4-digit year is at 6 o'clock.
  • FN T Fábrica Nacional de Toledo ("National Factory at Toledo"); Toledo, Spain. The factory is famous for making blades for swords, knives, bayonets and razors. Ammunition was made at a separate cartridge plant at the factory complex. The FN is at 12 o'clock and the T is at 6 o'clock; the first 2 digits of the year (19) were at 9 o'clock and the last 2 digits were at 3 o'clock. Later reorganized as Empresa Nacional Santa Bárbara de Industrias Militares, part of Santa Bárbara Sistemas.
  • PS Pirotecnia Militar de Sevilla ("Military Explosives Factory at Seville"), Seville, Spain.
  • SBS Santa Bárbara Sistemas ("Saint Barbara Systems") (2001–present); Toledo, Spain. The new name for Empresa Nacional Santa Barbara de Industrias Militares since it was absorbed by General Dynamics in 2001.

Sweden (65)

Amf stands for Ammunitionsfabrik ("Ammunition Factory"). They used a royal crown at the 12 o'clock position for government-manufactured or foreign-contracted ammunition; this was left blank if it was made by a private Swedish contractor. The 2-digit year is displayed at the 9 o'clock (tens) and 3 o'clock (ones) positions, and the contractor letter or number at the 6 o'clock position. Early ammunition had a 4-digit year with the first 2 digits (thousands and hundreds) at 9 o'clock and the second 2 digits (tens and ones) at 3 o'clock. Ammunition with an E at the 12 o'clock position (which stands for Ersättning, or "Substitute") have a bimetallic cartridge-case (brass-clad steel) due to wartime economy measures during World War II.

The component manufacturers were marked on the packaging. Kbr. stood for Karlsborg and Mbr. stood for Marieberg, the government ammunition factories. Åker or Åbr. stood for Åkersberga, the government powdermill. Tillverkade ("assembled by") is the final manufacturer of the assembled cartridges; Krut ("gunpowder") is the propellant manufacturer, Hylsor ("cases") is the cartridge case manufacturer, Tändh ("primers") is the primer manufacturer, and Kulor ("balls") is the bullet manufacturer.

Parti ("Lot") is the Lot Number. The old method was made up of the 1-letter arsenal code (usually preceded by AMF), the lot number and 2-digit year of production, and the day and month of manufacture. (example: AMF K p3/43 2-3 is Amf Karlsborg - Lot #003 - 1943 - 2nd of March). The new method is made up of the 1-letter arsenal or 3-digit contractor code, 2-digit manufacturing year, and 3-digit (or larger) lot number, followed by the day and month of manufacture. (example: 02762614 24/08 is Amf 27 (ÅB Norma), 1962, Lot #614, 24th of August).

Foreign ammunition producers included Deutschen Waffen- und Munitionsfabrik (DWM) of Germany; Hirtenberger Patronen-, Zündhütchen- und Metallwarenfabrik A.G. (HP) and Keller & Co (KC or K&C) of Austria; Société Française des Munitions (SFM) of France; and Valtion Patruunatehdas (VPT) of Finland. The ammunition was repacked in Swedish-made packaging to keep the contractors anonymous.

Tändsticksfabrik means "Matchstick Factory". The government contracted match factories to manufacture gunpowder and pyrotechnic fillers like tracers. This was to prevent foreign supplies from being cut off due to embargo or war. It not only made Sweden self-sufficient but helped local industries by giving them government contracts.

Amf Codes
  • K Amf Karlsborg (1870–?) – Karlsborg, Sweden. Factory originally founded inside the Karlsborg fortress in 1870, then transferred to an external factory complex (Vanäsverken) in 1887. The letter code on the packaging was Kbg.
  • M Amf Marieberg (1876–1950) – Marieberg, Stockholm, Sweden. The ammunition factory was closed in 1950 and production was transferred to FFV Zakrisdalsverken in Karlstad. The letter code on the packaging was Mbg.
  • H Hirtenberg bei Wien, Austria. Hirtenberg was home to a number of ammunition factories and Sweden had contracts with most of them. H is in the 12 o'clock position and the company headstamp (HP or KC) is at the 6 o'clock position.
  • 24 Norrhammars Bruk (AKA Husqvarna) – Norrhammars, Sweden. Only manufactured the brass cases.
  • 25 Vulcans Tändsticksfabrik – Tidaholm, Sweden.
  • 26, 026 ÅB Svenska Metallverken – Västerås, Sweden.
  • 27, 027 ÅB Norma Projektilfabrik – Åmotfors, Sweden
  • 28 Jönköpings Vestra Tändsticksfabrik – Jönköping, Sweden.
  • 29 Valtion Patruunatehdas (VPT) – Finland. Only contracted for 6.5×55mm Swedish Mauser ammunition during World War II.
  • 30 Deutschen Waffen- und Munitionsfabrik (DWM), Germany.
  • 31 Svenska Tändsticks – Jönköping, Sweden.
  • 32 Lidköpings Tändsticksfabrik – Lidköping, Sweden
  • 33 Waffenwerke Brünn (1939–1945) – Povázská Bystrica, Czechoslovakia. Contracted with the German occupation owners of the Czech Brno plant. Only contracted for 7.92×57mm Mauser ammunition during World War II.
  • 34 Jönköpings Tändsticksfabrik, Jönköping, Sweden.
  • 35, 035 Svenska Metallverken (1954–1965) – Blikstorp, Sweden.
  • 070 FFV Vanäsverken (AKA Nammo/Vanäsverken) – Vanäsverken, Karlsborg, Sweden.
  • 071 FFV Zakrisdalsverken – Karlstad, Sweden.
Headstamps
  • CG Carl Gustav Gevärsfaktori (1812–present) – Vanäsverken, Sweden. Reorganized and absorbed by FFV in 1943 and renamed FFV-Vanäsverken. Acquired by Bofors in 1991 as Bofors-Carl Gustav. Acquired by NAMMO Group in 1998 and renamed NAMMO Vanäsverken. Despite the name changes, the CG headstamp is still retained.
  • FFV Förenede Fabriksverken (1943–1991) – Karlsborg, Sweden.
  • N Nordiska Metallaktiebolaget – Västerås, Sweden. The N is at the 12 o'clock position, the 2-digit year is at the 9 o'clock (tens) and 3 o'clock (ones) positions, and the caliber is at the 6 o'clock position.
  • NORMA ÅB Norma Projektilfabrik – Åmotfors, Sweden.
Foreign Contract Number Headstamps
  • 434 Bakelittfabrikken (1946–present) – Aurskog, Norway. Acquired by the Nammo Group in 2005 and absorbed by Nammo Raufoss in 2017.
  • 583 Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikk (AKA Nammo/Raufoss) – Raufoss, Norway.
  • 586 Hirtenberger Patronenfabrik A.G. – Hirtenberg bei Wien, Austria
  • 599 Diehl Wehrtechnik (a division of Diehl Stiftung) – Germany.
  • 602 IVI Inc. (a division of SNC-Lavalin) – Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier, Canada. Only contracted for .50 BMG ammunition.
  • 613 Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos – Santo Andre, Brazil.
  • 616 Winchester/Olin – East Alton, Illinois, USA.

Turkey (27)

  • MKE – Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu (MKEK; "Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation") – Kırıkkale, Turkey. Its munitions are distributed in North America by Zenith Quest International (ZQI), which owns the commercial Guardian Ammunition (GA) brand. Military ammunition corporation.

Warsaw Pact manufacturers (1955–1991)

Soviet Union

Imperial Russian Letter Code System (1860s to 1928)
  • П ТУЛЬСКИЙ З (P[atrony] Tulskiy Z[avod] > "Tula Cartridge Factory") (1880–1908) – Designated T (Factory "T") in 1908.
  • П Factory "P" (St. Petersburg Cartridge Factory) (1869–1918) – Petrograd (renamed Leningrad from 1924 to 1990), Russia. Plant closed in 1918 and machinery moved to facilities in Simbirsk (renamed Ulyanovsk in 1924) and Podolsk.
  • T Factory "T" (Tula Cartridge Factory) (1908–1941) – Tula, Tula Oblast, Russia. Designated Factory 38 in 1928. Plant closed in 1941 and machinery moved to Yuryuzan, Chelyabinsk, Russia to new facility designated Factory 38.
  • Л Factory "L" (Lugansk Cartridge Factory) (1895–1941) – Lugansk, Ukraine. Redesignated Factory 60 in 1928. Plant closed in 1941 and machinery moved to Frunze, Khirgizia, Russia to new facility designated Factory 60.
  • C Factory "S" (Simbirsk Cartridge Factory) (1916–1924) – Simbirsk (town renamed Ulyanovsk in 1924), Russia. Briefly redesignated Factory "U" from 1925 to 1927.
  • П Factory "P" (Podolsk Cartridge Factory) (1920 to 1927) – Podolsk, Moscow, Russia. Initial headstamp used in 1920 was first ППЗ (PPZ) and later ПП (PP) for Podolskiy Patronnyj Zavod ("Podolsk Cartridge Factory"). Changed to П (Factory "P") in 1921. Redesignated Factory 17 in 1928. Plant closed and its machinery moved to Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia in 1941.
  • У Factory "U" (Ulyanovsk Cartridge Factory) (1925–1927) – Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia. Redesignated ЗВ ("ZV", Zavod Volodarskogo) in 1928.
  • ЗВ (Factory "ZV", Zavod Volodarskogo > "Factory [named for] Volodarsky") (1928 to 1941) – Ulyanovsk, Russia. Redesignated Factory 3 in 1928 but used the ЗВ ("ZV") headstamp until 1942.
  • X (Factory "H", Хиртенбeргер > "Hirtenberger", Hirtenberger Patronenfabrik) – Hirtenberg, Austria. Contract ammunition made by Hirtenberger for Russia in 1905, 1906 and 1909.
Soviet Russian Number Code System (1928 to 1990s)

The headstamp is the factory code number at 12 o'clock and the last two digits of the year of manufacture at 6 o'clock.

  • 3 Factory 3 (Ulyanovsk Machinery Plant) (1942–2005) – Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Privolzhsky federalny okrug ("Volga Federal District"), Russia. Owned the Sapsan (Sapsan > "Peregrine Falcon") ammunition brand. It was absorbed by the Tula Cartridge Plant in 2005.
  • 7 Factory 7 (Amursk Machine-Building Plant) – Amursk, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. Later reorganized in 1976 as Vympel State Production Association (Vympel > "Pennant"). They manufacture 5.45×39mm Soviet, 5.56×45mm NATO, 7.62×39mm Soviet, and 9×19mm Parabellum ammunition and own the Golden Tiger ammunition brand.
  • 10 Factory 10 (Unknown) (1944–1946) – Manufactured ammunition during World War 2. Closed after the war and records lost.
  • 17 Factory 17 (Barnaul Cartridge Works) (1927–present) – Barnaul, Krasnogorsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. They own the Barnaul, Bear, and Centaur ammunition brands and produce the Monarch ammunition brand for Academy Sports.
  • 38 Factory 38 (Tula Cartridge Plant – 1930's-1941) – Tula, Tula Oblast, Russia. Plant closed in 1941 and the factory's machinery and staff were moved to a new facility in Yuryuzan.
  • 44 Factory 44 – Moscow, Russia. Laboratory used to produce experimental munitions.
  • 46 Factory 46 (Kuntsevsk Cartridge Works) (?-1941) – Kuntsevsk, Russia. Plant closed in 1941 and the factory's machinery and staff were moved to a new facility in Sverdlovsk designated Factory 46.
  • 54 Factory 54 – Nytva, Nytvensky District, Perm, Russia.
  • 60, BMZ Factory 60 (Frunze Cartridge Plant) (1942–1991) – Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (formerly Frunze, Kirghizia). After independence in 1991, the factory was nationalized and renamed Bishkek Mashinostroitel'nyy Zavod (BMZ, or "Bishkek Machine-Building Plant").
  • 184 Factory 184 – Kazan, Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Russia.
  • 187 Factory 187 (Tula Cartridge Plant) – Tula, Tula Oblast, Russia. This second ammunition plant to be built in Tula was refounded between 1942 and 1944. It manufactured small arms ammunition. The Cyrillic headstamp ТПЗ (TPZ, for Tulski Patronyj Zavod, Russian > "Tula Cartridge Works") was used on military ammunition and TCW was used on commercial and hunting ammunition. It owns the TulAmmo trademark.
  • 188 Factory 188 (Klimovsk Cartridge Plant) (1936–1941) – Klimovsk, Podolsk Urban Okrug, Moscow Oblast, Russia. Opened as Factory 188 in Klimovsk in December 1936. Plant closed in 1941 and the factory's machinery and staff were moved to a new facility in Novosibirsk designated Factory 188.
  • 270, ЛПЗ (LPZ), LU, LCW Factory 270 (Lugansk Cartridge Works) (1943–present) – Luhansk (formerly Lugansk), Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. The second Lugansk ammunition plant was founded in 1943. The 270 headstamp was used on military ammunition from 1943 to 2008 and ЛПЗ (LPZ, for Luganskij Patronnyj Zavod, Russian > "Lugansk Cartridge Works") from 2008 to present. The LU headstamp (for Luhansk, Ukraine) was used on commercial and contract ammunition for Red Army Standard. The LCW headstamp has been used since 2002 on exported ammunition.
  • 304 Factory 304 (Kuntsevo Cartridge Works) – Kuntsevo District, Zapadny Administrative Okrug, Moscow, Russia. This second ammunition plant to be built in Kuntsevo was refounded between 1942 and 1944. Kuntsevo was integrated as part of Moscow in 1960.
  • 529 Factory 529 (Novaya Lyalya Cartridge Works) – Novaya Lyalya, Novolyalinsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia.
  • 539 Factory 539 (Tula Cartridge Plant) (1942/1944–present) – Tula, Tula Oblast, Russia. Factory closed and its machinery moved in 1941 but was refounded in 1942/1944.
  • 540 Factory 540 – Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russia.
  • 541 Factory 541 (Chelyubinsk Cartridge Works) – Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia.
  • 543 Factory 543 – Kazan, Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Russia.
  • 544 Factory 544 – Glazov, Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Russia.
  • 545 Factory 545 – Chkalov, Chkalov Oblast, Russia.
  • 710 Factory 710 (Podolsk Cartridge Works) – Podolsk, Podolsk Urban Okrug, Moscow Oblast, Russia. This second ammunition plant to be built in Podolsk was refounded between 1942 and 1944.
  • 711 Factory 711 (Klimovsk Stamping Plant) (1942/1944-?) – Klimovsk, Podolsk Urban Okrug, Moscow Oblast, Russia. This second ammunition plant to be built in Klimovsk was refounded between 1942 and 1944.

Albania (59)

The headstamp used the reverse of the regular ComBloc headstamp code, with the "3" at 6 o'clock and the two-digit year at 12 o'clock. The country was informally allied with China from 1961 and formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968. Most of the ammunition used by the Albanian armed forces was imported from China, as it was better quality and cheaper than domestic production. Since 2001 it has been involved in disposing of both domestic and foreign munitions for the UN and NATO.

  • 1 Uzina Mekanike (UM) Gramsh ("Engineering Factory" in Gramsh) (1962–present) – Gramsh, Elbasan county, central region, Albania. Armory.
  • 2 Uzina e Lëndëve Plasëse (ULP) Mjekës ("Factory for Explosive Materials" in Mjekës) (1962–present) – Mjekes, Shirgjan municipality, Elbasan county, central region, Albania. Explosives factory.
  • 3 Kombinati Mekanik (KM) Poliçan ("Industrial Combine" in Poliçan) (1962–present) – Poliçan, Berat County, southern region, Albania. Munitions factory. Was privatized in 2006.

Bulgaria (50)

Bulgaria is now a NATO member. It often manufactures ammunition for other NATO partners.

  • ((10)) Factory 10 (1947–present) – Kazanlak, Bulgaria. Manufactured ammunition and clips. A double ring was added around the number so that it would not be confused with the defunct Russian Factory 10 ammo plant. It was named the Universal Industrial Plant "Friedrich Engels" from 1964 to 1977 and the Машиностроителен Комбинат «Фридрих Енгелс» (Mashinostroitelen Kombinat "Fridrikh Engels", "Fridrikh Engels" Machine-Building Combine) from 1977 to 1989. It was privatized as Arsenal JSCo in 1989.
  • Д В Ф (DVF) Durjavna Voenna Fabrika ("State Military Factory") (1924–1947) – Kazanlak, Bulgaria. Manufactured ammunition and explosives. Also started manufacturing commercial and agricultural products from 1944 onwards. The headstamp had Д ("D") at 9 o'clock, В ("V") at 12 o'clock, and Ф ("F") at 3 o'clock, with the 2-digit year at 6 o'clock. The Cyrillic alphabet headstamp has mistakenly been read as B or A B O because of mistranslation by collectors.

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia declared independence from Austro-Hungary in 1918. It was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993.

Czechoslovakia – Pre-War (1918–1939)
  • (M) Československé Muniční a Kovodělné Závody A.S. ("Czechoslovakian Munitions and Metalworking Factories") (1934–1946) – Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). The nationalized Georg Roth AG factory. The "M" headstamp is embossed in either a full- or half-circle.
  • Ô / SB / Ô Sellier & Bellot – Vlašim, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Made percussion caps from 1825 and metal cartridges from 1870, beginning commercial hunting cartridge production in 1895. On the commercial ammunition headstamps the SB is at the 12 o'clock position. The "O"s (often referred to as "rosettes") are at the 3- and 9-o'clock positions, and the caliber is at 6 o'clock. (Pistol ammo usually had only one "rosette"). The "rosettes" (a reversed arrowhead superimposed atop a circle, representing a rifled gunbarrel) indicate the use of Neroxin non-corrosive primers, S&B's proprietary brand.
  • S&B, SB Sellier & Bellot (1825–1936; 1983–present) – Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic). On the headstamp the "S&B" is at the 12 o'clock position. Military ammunition had the 4-digit year of production split between 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock (e.g., 19 and 38 for 1938), and the factory code letter at 6 o'clock. When Riga, the last of its satellite factories, was sold off in 1937 the unified factory code letters SBP were placed at 12 o'clock and the quadrant at 6 o'clock were replaced with the month of production in Roman numerals (e.g., VI for June, the sixth month). The headstamp was changed back to S&B in 1983.
    • SBP, SB / P Sellier & Bellot – Prague (1936–1939; 1939–46; 1946?–1983) – Prague, Czechoslovakia. Manufacturing moved to Vlasim in the mid-1930s (starting up in 1936) but the international headquarters remained in Prague. The civilian headstamp has the "SBP" at 12 o'clock and the caliber at 6 o'clock. On the military headstamp the "SB" is at 12 o'clock and the "P" is at 6 o'clock.
    • SBR, SB / R Sellier & Bellot – Riga (1884–1937; 1937–1940; 1940–1941 & 1944–1946) – Krusenhof, Riga, Latvia. A satellite factory set up for sales to Northern Europe and the Baltic region. The civilian headstamp has the "SBR" at 12 o'clock and the caliber at 6 o'clock. On the military headstamp the "SB" is at 12 o'clock and the "R" is at 6 o'clock. It manufactured 7,92mm Mauser and .303 British military ammunition because most of the regional powers used either captured German or Austrian war surplus or British military aid. It was bought out in 1937 by Vairogs (Latvian > "Shield"), a Latvian train-car manufacturing company (formerly Fenikss (Latvian > "Phoenix") until 1936) that had diversified into automobile production. Vairogs used a stylized "V" as its headstamp from 1937 to 1940. It was later seized and nationalized by the Soviet Union in 1940 and renamed Factory 520 (with "520" as its headstamp). It manufactured 7.62×54mmR M91 Russian rifle ammunition until the machinery was evacuated to Sverdlovsk in 1941. It was returned in 1944/1945 and briefly was in operation until 1946. The facility was then repurposed into a train car factory.
    • SBS, SB / S Sellier & Bellot – Schönebeck (1829–1922) – Schönebeck, Germany. A satellite factory set up initially for production of mercury fulminate. This was due to pollution restrictions placed on the Prague site until 1841. The civilian headstamp has the "SBS" at 12 o'clock and the caliber at 6 o'clock. On the military headstamp the "SB" is at 12 o'clock and the "S" is at 6 o'clock. Sold to the Steyr-Werke A.G. of Vienna, Austria in 1922.
    • SB / Schönebeck, P69 Sellier & Bellot – Schönebeck (1922–1945) – Schönebeck, Germany. The "SB" was at 12 o'clock and the text for Schönebeck occupied the lower half of the headstamp. The month of production was on the left of the SB and the two-digit year was to the right. Production was initially by Steyr-Werke A.G. and a group of other Austrian investors. It was eventually bought out by senior investor Fritz Mandl of Hirtenberger A.G. in 1930. The plant was confiscated from Mandl by the German government in 1933 because he was a Jew. It was then owned by IG Farben from 1933 to 1945, and used the headstamp P-code "P69" for military ammunition.
Czechoslovakia – German Occupation (1939–1945)
  • ak Munitionsfabriken (vormals Sellier & Bellot, Prag – Fabrik in Wlaschim) (1939–1945) – Vlašim, Czechoslovakia. Sellier & Bellot cartridge factory.
  • dou Waffenwerke Brünn A.-G., Werk Povázská Bystrica (1939–1945) – Považská Bystrica, Czechoslovakia. Brno Arsenal.
Czechoslovakia – Cold War (1945–1990)
7,62–43 (1953–1990s) = Crate marking indicating 7.62×39mm M43 Soviet (7,62mm vz. 43). Introduced around 1953.
7,62–59 (1959–1990s) = Crate marking indicating 7.62×54mmR M91 Russian (7,62mm vz. 59). Replaced the 7.92mm Mauser round in 1959.
  • PS Povazske Strojarne ("Factory at Povazska") (1946–1952) – Považská Bystrica, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). The renamed National Ammunition Plant after its move from Bratislava.
  • SBP ("Sellier & Bellot at Prague") (1946?-1983) – Sellier & Bellot's commercial headstamp for civilian sales and European exports. The original S&B headstamp was reintroduced for commercial sales in 1983.
  • UX, UXA (1946–1949) – Unknown location. Sterile ammunition provided to communist clients like the early Israeli state (c.1947–1948). Spurious headstamp dates are 4, 44, and 45 – making it look like they were made during the latter days of the German occupation (1939–1945).
  • ZV Zbrojova Vlašim ("Vlašim Armory") (1945–1983) – Vlašim, Czechoslovakia. Zbrojova Vlašim was the nationalized name for the former Sellier & Bellot plant in Vlasim and was used for military export.
  • aym Povazske Strojarne (1952–1998) – Považská Bystrica, Horné Považie region, Czechoslovakia. Used for internal Warsaw Pact sales.
  • bxn Zbrojova Vlašim – Vlašim, Central Bohemia region, Czechoslovakia. Used for internal Warsaw Pact sales. Now used for military munitions sales.
  • czo Zbrojova Vsetín – Vsetín, Zlín region, Czechoslovakia. Used for internal Warsaw Pact sales.

East Germany

VEB stands for Volkseigene Betreib (literally "People's Own Enterprise"), a state-owned or nationalized business. Headstamps were Warsaw Pact standard, with the contractor code at 12 o'clock and 2-digit year at 6 o'clock; brass-cased ammunition (Messing Hulse or Ms-Hulse) had an asterisk at 3 o'clock. Lots were made in blocks of 10; the first number before the slash was the sub-lot (1-10) and the number before the slash was the number of lots (1/9 is the 9th sub-lot of Lot 1).

  • 04 VEB Mechanische Werkstätten Königswartha ("Mechanical Workshops" at Königswartha) – Königswartha, Bezirk Dresden, East Germany. An ammunition factory that made 9×19mm Parabellum (9mm P-08), 7,92×57mm Mauser (7,92mm Patr.), 7.92×33mm Kurz (7,92mm Patr.-Kz 43) and 7.62×39mm M43 Soviet (7.62mm Patr. M43) ammo.
  • 05 VEB Spreewerk Lübben – Lübben, Bezirk Cottbus, East Germany. The nationalized BKIW arsenal. It made 9×19mm Parabellum (9mm P-08), 7,92×57mm Mauser (7,92mm Patr.), 7.92×33mm Kurz (7,92mm Patr.-Kz 43), 5.45×39mm M74 Soviet (5.45mm Patr. M74) and 7.62×39mm M43 Soviet (7.62mm Patr. M43) ammo.
  • 201 VEB Sprengstoffwerk I (Schönebeck/Elbe) ("Explosives Factory #1 at Schönebeck on the Elbe) (1951?–1990) – Schönebeck, Saxony-Anhalt, East Germany. Made sporting rimfire and shotshell cartridges and recycled centerfire ammo cases as blanks.

Yugoslavia

  • 11 Enterprise 11 (Prvi Partizanski zavod ad Uzice) (1948–1956) – Uzice, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). Cover headstamp briefly used for ППУ from 1948? to 1956?. Cartridge headstamp had the code number at 12 o'clock, 5-point Communist Stars at 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock, and the 2-digit year of production at 6 o'clock.
  • 12 Enterprise 12 (Igman zavod ad Konjic) (1952–1955) – Konjic, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia-Herzegovina). Cover headstamp briefly used for ИК from 1952? to 1955?. Cartridge headstamp had the code number at 12 o'clock, 5-point Communist Stars at 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock, and the 2-digit year of production at 6 o'clock.
  • A Т Ӡ (A T Z) Artiljerijsko Tehnički Institut ("Artillery Technical Institute") (1853-?) – Kragujevac, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). A cannon foundry and pyrotechnics laboratory founded in 1853. In 1883 the laboratory was spun off to form Vojno Tehnicki Zavod, which concentrated on munitions and pyrotechnics. The headstamp had the A at 9 o'clock, T at 12 o'clock and Ӡ at 3 o'clock, with the two-digit year at 6 o'clock.
  • В Т Ӡ (V T Z) Vojno Tehnički Zavod ("Military Technical Institute") (1883–1941; 1944–1992) – Kragujevac, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). A factory that manufactured munitions and pyrotechnics from 1883 to 1941. The headstamp wasn't changed from AТӠ to ВТӠ until 1932. Production was halted during World War II from 1941 to 1944 due to the German occupation and again briefly in 1991 during the Yugoslavian Civil War. It is now focused on artillery ammunition and explosives manufacture. The headstamp had the В at 9 o'clock, T at 12 o'clock and Ӡ at 3 o'clock, with the two-digit year at 6 o'clock.
  • ИК (IK) Igman zavod ad Konjic ("Igman Factory at Konjic") – Konjic, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia-Herzegovina).
  • ППУ (PPU) Prvi Partizanski zavod ad Užice ("First Partisan" Ammunition Plant) (1945–present) – Užice, Yugoslavia (now Serbia).
  • ЕИГН (EIGN) – Unknown Factory. Headstamp had the code letters at 12 o'clock and the 2-digit year of production at 6 o'clock.
  • МБЛ (MBL) Milan Blagojevic namenska ad Lucani ("Milan Blajojevic dedicated [plant] at Lucani") (1949–present) – Lucani, Moravica, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). Specialized chemical plant that manufactures propellants, primers, and explosives. It is named after Serbian partisan and war hero Milan Blagojević (also written as Milan Blagojev or Miloje Blagojevic). The МБЛ acronym is often found as the propellant supplier on the cartridge packaging.
  • РКI (RK-1) Rezervisani Kapacitet No.1? (Reserve Capacity #1) – Unknown factory. Might be a cover headstamp for Fabryka «Suvenir».
  • СМБ (SMB) Fabryka «Suvenir» (Factory "Souvenir") (1981–present) – Samokov, Makedonski Brod, Poreče, Yugoslavia (now Republic of North Macedonia). Arms and ammunition factory that also mints all of North Macedonia's coinage. They made 9mm Parabellum, 7.62mm M43 Soviet, and 7,9mm Mauser ammunition and repaired small arms. From 2005 to 2009 it was owned by Greek munitions manufacturer Olympic Arms S.A., but no ammunition was manufactured. From 2009 they were bought out by the Czech firm Real Trade Praha A.S. and were renamed '«Suvenir» Metal Products Equipment'. They own the SUMBRO ammunition brand (which stands for «Suvenir», Makedonski Brod). Currently they are owned by Ammunition Technology Services (ATS). They currently (as of 2022) manufacture 9mm Parabellum, 5.56mm NATO, 7.62mm M43 Soviet, 7.62mm NATO, 12.7mm NATO and 12.7mm M35 Soviet ammunition.

Caribbean manufacturers

Cuba

The Spanish government ran a munitions plant in Havana.

  • P M H Pirotecnia Militar de La Habana ("Military Pyrotechnic Factory at Havana") (1870s?-1901)- Loma de Arostegui, Havana, Cuba. The raised headstamp has the P at 9 o'clock, the M at 12 o'clock, the H at 3 o'clock, and the two digit year of production at 6 o'clock. It manufactured black powder .58 Spanish Berdan Carbine, .43 Spanish Remington, and .43 Spanish Remington Reformed cartridges. It was closed in 1901 and converted into the new campus for the University of Havana in May, 1902.

Early Communist ammunition didn't use a headstamp code until the late 1970s.

Dominican Republic

  • R D República Dominicana (Armeria F.A. San Cristobal, "Army Armory at San Cristobal") (1947-1968) – San Cristobal, Dominican Republic. The armory was set up in 1947. After Trujillo's assassination in 1961, the armory gradually wound down production and was then closed. The first headstamp (1954-1959) has the "R" at 9 o'clock, "D" at 3 o'clock, cartridge designation (e.g., .30 M1) at 12 o'clock, and 2-digit year of production at 6 o'clock. The simplified second headstamp (1959-1962) deleted the "R" and "D".

South American manufacturers

Argentina (29)

  • FLB, FM"FLB" Fábrica Militar 'Fray Luís Beltran' ("Military Factory – 'Friar Louis Beltran'") (1961–present) – San Lorenzo, Argentina. A military supply and ammunition factory named after the friar who helped create the first armory and cannon foundry during the Spanish American wars of independence. The headstamp has the caliber on the upper arc. The lower arc contains the factory's initials flanked by the two-digit month on the left side and the last two digits of the production year on the right side (e.g., 03FLB82 means March-Fabrica Militar Fray Luis Beltran-1982).
  • FM Fabrica de Munición para Armas Portátiles ("Small Arms Munitions Factory") (1935–1937) – San Lorenzo, Argentina. A military cartridge factory that was originally on the grounds of the San Lorenzo Arsenal cantonment. It was built between 1933 and 1935 with machinery and technical aid from Fritz Werner Manufacturing. It was separated into its own facilities in 1936 and was made part of the Dirección de Fabricas Militares del Ejercito Argentino ("Argentinean Army – Directorate of Military Manufacturing"). Its name was changed to Fabrica Militar de Municion de Armas Portatiles de Puerto Borghi in 1937.
  • FMC-SL Fábrica Militar de Cartuchos de San Lorenzo ("Military Cartridge Factory at San Lorenzo") (1950–1955) – San Lorenzo, Argentina.
  • FMSL Fábrica Militar de San Lorenzo (1955–1961) – A merger of the Fábrica Militar de Cartuchos de San Lorenzo and Fabrica Militar de Munición de Artillería. The previous name of Fábrica Militar Fray Luís Beltran.
  • SF, FMSF Fábrica Militar de Cartuchos de San Francisco ("Military Cartridge Factory at San Francisco") – San Francisco, Córdoba, Argentina.
  • FMMAP-B Fabrica [Argentina] Militar de Municion de Armas Portatiles de Puerto Borghi ("Military Light Arms Munitions Factory at Puerto Borghi") (1937–1950) – Puerto Borghi, San Lorenzo, Argentina.
  • FMMAP-DM Fabrica Militar de Municion de Armas Portátiles "Domingo Matheu" de Rosario ("Military Factory for Light Arms Munitions – 'Domingo Matheu' at Rosario") (1942-?) – Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
  • FMMAP-SF Fabrica [Argentina] Militar de Municion de Armas Portatiles de San Francisco ("Military Factory for Light Arms Ammunition at San Francisco") – San Francisco, Córdoba, Argentina.
  • IMPA Industrias Metalúrgicas y Plásticas Argentina ("Metallurgical and Plastic Industries of Argentina") (1928–present) – barrio de Almagro, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The co-operative briefly made cartridge cases for the military.
  • ORBEA Cartucheria Orbea (1906-?) – Buenos Aires, Argentina. Private Spanish ammunition manufacturer (Orbea Hermanos y Cía.) originally headquartered in Eibar, Spain.

Brazil (19)

Chile (52)

Colombia (80)

Paraguay

  • F D FAMAE & DIMABEL. Made in Chile by FAMAE for the Paraguayan Armed Forces' Armaments Directorate (Direccion de Material Belico – DIMABEL).
    NOTE: On its headstamp, F is in the 9 o'clock position and D is in the 3 o'clock position; the 2-digit year is at the 6 o'clock position and the metric caliber (7.62×51mm, 9×19mm) is at the 12 o'clock position.
  • IMP Industrias Militares de Paraguay ("Military Industries of Paraguay"), a division of DIMABEL – Piribebuy, Paraguay (1988–1993; 1995–present). Originally set up with Fabrique National equipment and assistance; reformed and reorganized with help from FAMAE from 1993 to 1995. It manufactures small arms ammunition and owns the Yaguareté (Guarani > "Jaguar") civilian ammo brand.
  • ##MDRP Ministerio de Defencia, Republica Del Paraguay ("Ministry of Defense, Republic of Paraguay"). Made in France by Gevelot / Société Française des Munitions and in Israel by IMI, supposedly for the Paraguayan military. Some ammunition with this headstamp was seized before it could be diverted to South Africa in violation of the arms embargo. Headstamp has the 2-digit year of production in front of it. Gevelot-made ammunition was Berdan-primed and IMI-made ammunition was Boxer-primed.

Venezuela

  • CAVIM Compañía Anónima Venezolana de Industrias Militares ("Venezuelan Military Industries, Ltd.") – Caracas. (1975–present) The headstamp follows ComBloc pattern with CAVIM at 6 o'clock and the 2-digit year of production at 12 o'clock. The headquarters is in Caracas, the Armament and Munitions Factory is in Maracay, and the Chemical Plant is in Morón.
    • OP Codigo DAEX[28] del Organismos Policiales ("DAEX Code for the Police Organizations") = A code number assigned by DAEX that is placed on the headstamp of police-issue ammunition to indicate which organization it was issued. It is designed to prevent pilferage and black market arms proliferation. On the headstamp, the manufacturer code (CAVIM) is at 12 o'clock, the OP code (example OP:35) is at 6 o'clock, and the 2-digit year of production is at 3 o'clock.
  • VEN Ministerio de la Defensa, Servicio de Armamento, Arsenal y Fábrica de Municiones ("Ministry of Defense, Armaments Service, Arsenal and Munitions Factory") – Caracas, Venezuela. This headstamp was used on military ammunition that had been imported from Fabrique Nationale.

African manufacturers

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

  • MANUCAM Manufacture Camerounaise de Munition ("Cameroonian Munitions Factory") - Cameroon. A government-owned cartridge factory that made 7.62mm NATO ammo.

Ethiopia

The first domestic ammunition plant was set up by Emperor Menelik II in 1911. It made 10.75mm M1870 Russian Berdan Mk.2 and 7.62mm M1891 Russian Mosin-Nagant cartridges. Ethiopia had long economic ties to Czechoslovakia dating back to the early 20th Century. An ammunition plant was set up by the Czechs in the reign of Empress Zäwditu in the 1920s that produced 7.92mm Mauser cartridges for the new Czech weapons it was importing. A new Czech plant was set up around 1947 to 1953 CE with assistance from the Považské Strojárne factory and was named after the contemporary ruler, Emperor Haile Selassie I. It made 7.92mm Mauser, .30-06 Springfield, and 7.62mm NATO ammunition for the military and .303 British rifle ammunition for the civilian market. Packaging lists the date in the Ethiopian calendar year (7 to 8 years less than that of the Gregorian calendar), while the cartridge headstamp uses the Common Era year.

  • ቀኃሥ ("Qä. Ha. Sə.") Emperor Haile Selassie I Ammunition Factory (c.1950–1974) – Mexico Square, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The packaging is labeled in Amharic and is stamped on the inner packaging with ink. The headstamp has the phonetic Amharic initials of the factory name at 12 o'clock, six-pointed stars at 3- and 9 o'clock (the downward-pointing triangles are so small and faint that the stars sometimes look like single large upward-pointing triangles), and the 4-digit Common Era year at 6 o'clock. From the late 1960s to 1974 the caliber of the cartridges (7.92, .30, and 7.62) were shown to the right of the 2-digit year.
  • መ ኢ ድ ("Mä. Lī. Də.") Hibret Manufacturing and Machine Building Industry, Department of Defence Industry (1974–1987?) – Mexico Square, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The factory was renamed after Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed in 1974. Its light ammunition production lines were later moved to the Homicho plant in Ambo. The headstamp is similar, except the six-pointed stars are more defined and the Common Era year only uses the last 2 digits.
  • ? Homicho Ammunition Engineering Industry plant (1987–Present) – Ambo, Ethiopia. An ammunition plant set up with Soviet and North Korean assistance. It makes 7.62mm M43 Soviet, 7.62mm M91 Russian, 12.7mm ComBloc, and 14.5mm ComBloc ammunition. Packaging is labeled in English and is stamped with blue ink on the white cardboard cartons. Export ammunition is made without a headstamp and has been found in Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, the Central African Republic, and Libya.

Kenya

  • K O F (Kenya Ordnance Factories Corporation) (1995–present) – Eldoret, Kenya. Set up by FN-Herstal between 1988 and 1995. It manufactures 9×19mm Parabellum, 5.56×45mm NATO, and 7.62×51mm NATO. NOTE: Headstamp is "K" at 9 o'clock, "O" at 12 o'clock, "F" at 3 o'clock, and 2-digit year at 6 o'clock.

Namibia

Namibia has ties to both North and South Korea dating back to 1990; SWAPO had connections to North Korea dating back to the 1970s. North Korean technical support and labor was used in 2005 to build army barracks at Suiderhof military base, a military school and museum at Okahandja, a new Ministry of Defense headquarters, and an expansion of the munitions plant in Leopard Valley.[29][30][31] A munitions and explosives complex was built in 2010 in Oamites, a disused copper mine.[32]

Nigeria

Nigeria produces its own .303 British, 7.62×51mm NATO, and 9×19mm Parabellum cartridges. The cartridges are made using ammunition equipment sold by Fritz Werner Manufacturing, which is why the headstamp's font and markings look German-made. .303 British was phased out for 7.62mm NATO since the mid-1960s and is now sold as a hunting and sporting cartridge. 12 gauge shotgun shells are sold to civilians for hunting. 7.62×39mm Soviet production will supplement (or could even replace) 7.62mm NATO in the near future. The headstamps have 3-letter codes (OFN and AFN) but the packaging has 2-letter codes (OF or AF).

  • AFN Ammunition Factory of Nigeria (1986–present) – Kaduna, Nigeria.
  • OFN Ordnance Factory of Nigeria (1964–1986) – Kaduna, Nigeria. The Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria (DICoN) was set up by Act of Parliament in 1964. The Ordnance Factory was designed, laid-out, and set up within the year by Fritz Werner Manufacturing. After the end of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), the factory diversified to produce civilian items like rural water supply equipment, industrial spare parts, and furniture.

Sudan

Kynoch helped the Sudanese government to set up a small arms factory that opened in 1956. They produced .303 British initially and later in 1959 produced 7.62×39mm Soviet. The headstamp uses Arabic language lettering and "Indian" (Arab-language) numbering. It was later placed under the control of the Military Industry Corporation in 1993.

  • س ("S") Military Industry Corporation – Al Shajara ammunition plant, Al Shajara, Khartoum, Sudan. The Arabic "S" letter stands for Sudan (السودان, al-suwdan) or the Republic of the Sudan ( جمهورية السودان, jumhuriat al-suwdan). The early headstamps had a quadrant headstamp with the manufacturer code at 12 o'clock, 4-digit year of production at 3 o'clock, 1- or 2-digit month of production at 6 o'clock, and the caliber number in hundredths (i.e., .303) at 9 o'clock. In the 1970s they adopted a new three-part headstamp with the manufacturer's code at 12 o'clock, 1- or 2-digit month at 5 o'clock, and 2-digit year at 7 o'clock; it omits the caliber designation.

Zimbabwe

  • Z28 Unknown factory – Zimbabwe.
  • ZI Zimbabwe Defense Industries – Harare, Harare Province, Zimbabwe. Headstamp has the 2-digit production year at 12-o'clock and ZI at 6-o'clock. It sold surplus military ammunition under the civilian Cheetah brand through Vector Arms, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA from 1993 to 2005.

Central Asian manufacturers

Azerbaijan

Uzbekistan

  • 601 Factory 601 (SUE SPA «Vostok») (2002 – ?) – Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Set up began after independence in 1998 – with full production commencing in 2002. The loading machinery was provided by Manhurin and the packing machinery was subcontracted out to a German firm. On the headstamp, the factory number "601" is at 12 o'clock, the 2-digit year of production is at 6 o'clock, and an eight-point star is at 9 o'clock. The ammo code letter is at 3 o'clock; this is in the Cyrillic alphabet for export within the former Soviet sphere and Warsaw Pact. Early test-batch cartridges were made with Latinate letters and might be used for domestic production (as Uzbekistan uses both alphabets) and commercial sales to Europe and the Americas. A ("A") stands for 7,62×39mm M43 Soviet and is packed in 30-round cartons. б ("B") stands for 7,62×54mmR M91 Russian and is packed in 20-round cartons. Ц ("C") stands for 5,45×39mm M74 Soviet and is packed in 30-round cartons. Д ("D") stands for 9×18mm Makarov and is packed in 16-round plastic trays in 16-round cartons. E ("E") stands for 9×19mm Parabellum and is packed in plastic trays in 90-round cartons (later reduced to a 50-round tray in 2021). The Vostok company logo on the packaging is a Cyrillic letter B ("V", for Vostok) with a shooting star in its stem. Some of its ammunition has been found in Sellier & Bellot packaging and sold in Europe. In 2021 it began exporting to the US through Tactical Sh*t of St. Peters, MO.

East Asian manufacturers

China

NORINCO (North Industries Corporation – Beijing, People's Republic of China. Operates several state arsenals that produce weapons and munitions for both the military and civilian markets. Ammunition headstamp has the arsenal number at 12 o'clock and the last 2 digits of the year of manufacture at 6 o'clock. From 1912 to 1950 the communist Chinese used the Republican calendar, which numbered the years from the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 rather than the Western Anno Domini / Common Era. The following are arsenals known to exist before 1979.

  • 11 State Factory 11 (1949?-Present) – Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. Previously was the Nationalist Arsenal 10 before 1949; received Factory Code 11 in 1952.
  • 31 or 031 State Factory 31 (1953–present) –
  • 41 State Factory 41 (1953–present) -
  • 51 or 051 State Factory 51 (1953–present) -
  • 61 State Factory 61 (Long Jiang Special Equipment Company, Ltd.) (1953–Present) – Harbin, Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China.
  • 71 State Factory 71 (1953–present) -
  • 81 State Factory 81 (1953–present) -

Headstamps 1, 101, 111, 121, 131, 201, 211, 221, 141, 301, 311, 321 (1953-?), 351, 391, 501 / 0501, 651, 661 (1953-?), 821, 846, 911, 964, 6201, 6202, 6203, 9121, and 9141 are confirmed as Chinese, while 451, 671 and 946 are unconfirmed. They are either a subterfuge method to conceal the actual locations and numbers of Chinese arsenals (e.g., 946 as a cover headstamp for State Factory 964) or a designation for annexes attached to an arsenal (i.e., 311 is an annex of State Factory 11 or State Factory 31).

  • 451 & 456 Chung-Ching Arsenal - ,Chung Ching, People's Republic of China.
  • 791 Changjiang Electric Industry Group Co., Ltd. – Chongqing independent municipality, (formerly part of Sichuan Province), People's Republic of China. The former Nationalist Arsenal 10 at Chongqing. It also uses the former Chongqing Arsenal "Double Ring" symbol on civilian sport ammunition.

Japan (30)

  • P##S Showa Kinzoku Ltd. (a division of Nippon Oil & Fats Co. Ltd.[33]) (1943–present) – Tokyo, Japan. The ## symbol stands for the last two digits of the year of manufacture (P54S would mean 1954 production). The P prefix stands for "Police" contract ammunition. It manufactured .38 Special cartridges for use with Police-issue Smith & Wesson and Colt revolvers.
  • TE Toyo Seiki Manufacturing Company, Limited – Tokyo, Japan.
  • TS or TOYO Toyo Seiki Manufacturing Company, Limited – Japan.

North Korea

  • 93 Factory 93 – North Korea.

Taiwan (Republic of China)

Taiwanese dates are calculated from 1911, the year the KMT government came into power, rather than the Western Anno Domini / Common Era date system.

  • 60A Arsenal 60.
  • TAA 205th Arsenal, Material Production Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. A sub-contractor that manufactures 5.56mm NATO and 7.62mm NATO cartridges for General Dynamics.[34]

South-East Asian manufacturers

Cambodia

The Cambodian government usually imported its small arms ammunition, but briefly had a domestic ammunition plant from 1969 to 1970. Lon Nol's Khmer Republic received ammunition from its SEATO partners, like the United States and Australia. Communist Kampuchea received surplus ammunition from the Soviet Bloc and new-made ammunition from its sponsor China.

  • "Cambodian Army Ammunition Plant"[35] – Stung Chral, Cambodia. A deal was made in February, 1962 between the Cambodian government and the Czechoslovakian firm of Sellier & Bellot to set up a cartridge factory to manufacture 9×19mm Parabellum, 7.5×54mm French, and 30-06 Springfield cartridges. Originally supposed to be completed by 1965, it didn't start production until 1969. The plant didn't use a headstamp code on their ammunition, but did use a contractor code of SC on the packaging. It was overrun by the Khmer Rouge in November 1970, damaged in the fighting, and then sabotaged by the retreating Khmer Rouge forces.

Indonesia (45)

  • AD Pabrik Alat Peralatan TNI Angkatan Darat (Pabal AD, "Army Tool and Equipment Factory") (1958–1962) – Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. PSM was renamed to Pabrik Alat Peralatan Angkatan Darat (Pabal AD, "Army Tool and Equipment Factory") in 1958 and came under the control of the Army.
  • PSM Pabrik Senjata dan Mesiu ("Weapons and Munitions Factory") (1950 to 1958) – Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The Javanese name for the Dutch Leger Productie Bedrijven ("Military Production Facilities") (1947–1950) – ceded to Indonesia in 1950.
  • P, PINDAD, or PIN PT. PINDAD (Persero) (1962–present) – Turen, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Pabrik Alat Peralatan TNI Angkatan Darat was renamed PT. PINDAD (Perindustrian Angkatan Darat, "Army Industries") in 1962. PINDAD was briefly renamed KOPINDAD (Komando Perindustrian TNI, Angkatan Darat, "Army Industries Command") in 1972 but reverted to PINDAD in 1976. It was made into a State-Owned Enterprise in 1983. PINDAD was under management by PT. BPIS (Persero)[36] from 1989 until 1998, when BPIS was disbanded. PT. BPIS was restructured as PT Bahana Pakarya Industri Strategis (Persero) in 1999, then was dissolved in 2002. From 2003 PT. PINDAD (Persero) came under the direct control of the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises.

Malaysia (34)

  • MAL Syarikat Malaysia Explosives Ltd. (1969–present) – Batu-Arang, Malaysia. Winchester and Radway Green sub-contractor for NATO ammunition (9mm Parabellum, 5.56mm NATO, 7.62mm NATO, and .50 Browning Machine-Gun) using British specifications. Headstamp has the contractor code (MAL) at 12 o'clock, the metric caliber (9, 5.56, 7.62, or 12.7) at 8 o'clock, and the date of manufacture (two-digit month and two-digit year separated by a hyphen) at 4 o'clock. It lacks the NATO standard stamp because it is not a Tier 3 NATO nation.

Philippines (46)

See also

References

  1. ^ Sharpe, Philip B. Complete Guide to Handloading (1953) Funk & Wagnalls p.75
  2. ^ Davis, William C. Jr. Handloading (1981) National Rifle Association p.21
  3. ^ a b c The Tell-Tale Dash: James Files and the Dented Cartridge Case by Allan Eaglesham
  4. ^ a b c Small-Caliber Ammunition Identification Guide (U) Volume 1 (DST-1160G-514-81-Vol1)
  5. ^ a b A
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Australian Military Headstamps (1939-1945)
  7. ^ Formerly the Australian Explosives and Chemical Company Ltd. (1875–1897) and Nobel (Australasia) Ltd. (1898–1926)
  8. ^ a b Hendon Ammunition Factory
  9. ^ a b Davis, William C. Jr. Handloading (1981) National Rifle Association p.12
  10. ^ Canadian Encyclopedia Dominion Arsenal
  11. ^ a b c d Shannon Municipality History (Page 2)
  12. ^ International Ammunition Association forum Canadian DI headstamp on 303 and 9x19 cases
  13. ^ Canada Companies Info: Canadian Arsenals Ltd.
  14. ^ Cartridge Headstamps Canada
  15. ^ Meighan, Michael. Scotland's Lost Industries, Amberley Publishing (2012)
  16. ^ Register of Defunct Companies (2nd edition), Macmillan Publishing (for Stock Exchange Press, a division of the International Stock Exchange of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, Ltd.) (1990), pg.146
  17. ^ Center For Art And Media Karlsruhe: From the munitions factory to a »culture factory« Hallenbau A of the IWKA – Industriewerke Karlsruhe-Augsburg
  18. ^ a b The Ayalon Institute: Kibbutzim Hill by Yael Zisling 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ "Nabóje Mauser Kaliber 7.9 Wzor
  20. ^ Treat like 7.92mm M1905 Mauser S (Spitzgeschoß, "Spitzer" bullet) patrone.
  21. ^ Treat like 7.92mm Mauser sS (schwere Spitzgeschoß, Heavy "Spitzer" bullet) patrone.
  22. ^ "Societatea "Uzina Mecanică Sadu" SA". umsadu.ro. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  23. ^ Bloomberg.com Company Overview of VIROMET SA Victoria (January 11, 2019 6:40 AM ET)
  24. ^ . Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2019-01-11.
  25. ^ a b IAA Forums > South African "WA" headstamp 7.62 x 51
  26. ^ "History of Precision Made Cartridges | Ammunition Depot". Ammunition Depot Store View. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
  27. ^ "Russia Plans AK-47 Ammo Factory in Cuba". Fox News. 10 December 2016.
  28. ^ DAEX (Dirección General de Armas y Explosivos > "General Directorate of Weapons and Explosives")
  29. ^ africanarguments.org > Is it all over between Namibia and North Korea (July 13, 2016)
  30. ^ Defense News > Namibia Confirms North Korean-Built Arms and Ammunition Factory by Oscar Nkala (March 17, 2016)
  31. ^ Afripost.net > Home > Politics> North Korean built arms and ammunition factory in Namibia (March, 2016)
  32. ^ Mail & Guardian (South Africa) > World Namibia violates UN sanctions against North Korea by John Grobler (15 Apr 2016)
  33. ^ NOF Corporation History
  34. ^ Battle Over Bullets By Scott Barancik. St. Petersburg Times. Published April 12, 2007
  35. ^ Carlow, Theodore. "Cambodian Army Ammunition Plant", The American Rifleman, July 1974, pg.12
  36. ^ BPIS (Persero): Javanese > Badan Pengelola Industri Strategis (Perseroan) ("Strategic Industrial Management Agency (Company)")

External links

  • IAA Headstamp Codes

August 25, 2023
list, military, headstamps, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of military headstamps news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message A headstamp is the marking on the bottom of a cartridge case designed for a firearm It usually tells who manufactured the case Military headstamps usually have only the year of manufacture The left cartridge s headstamp says FC 223 REM which means that it was made by Federal Cartridge Co and it is in the caliber 223 Remington The cartridge on the right has a Two digits are the last two digits of the year of manufacture They can be together as two digits or opposite each other i e the tens digit at 9 o clock and the ones digit at 3 o clock Early 20th century cartridges may have additional digits or a letter indicating the month or yearly quarter of manufacture A letter number or alphanumeric code indicates the place of manufacture 1 Other codes may indicate metal suppliers like France or The Netherlands or the percentage of copper in the alloy the cartridge case is made of like Poland and Germany Contents 1 United States military cartridges 1 1 US arsenals 1 2 Civilian contractors 1 3 Commercial cartridges 1 4 Competition grade military cartridges 1 5 Special cartridges 1 5 1 7 92mm Mauser 1 5 2 30 Caliber 30 06 Springfield 1 5 3 7 62 39mm M43 Soviet 2 Commonwealth military cartridges 2 1 Australia 66 2 2 Canada 20 and 21 2 3 New Zealand 98 2 4 South Africa 18 2 5 United Kingdom 99 3 NATO manufacturers 3 1 Austria 41 3 2 Belgium 13 3 3 Bosnia Herzegovina 75 3 4 Czech Republic 16 3 5 Denmark 22 3 6 Egypt 36 3 7 Finland 58 3 8 France 14 3 9 Germany 12 3 10 Greece 23 3 11 India 72 3 12 Israel 31 3 13 Italy 15 3 14 Lithuania 47 3 15 The Netherlands 17 3 16 Norway 25 3 17 Pakistan 76 3 18 Poland 43 3 19 Portugal 24 3 20 Romania 39 3 21 Serbia 73 3 22 Singapore 32 3 23 Republic of South Africa 18 3 24 South Korea 37 3 25 Spain 33 3 26 Sweden 65 3 27 Turkey 27 4 Warsaw Pact manufacturers 1955 1991 4 1 Soviet Union 4 2 Albania 59 4 3 Bulgaria 50 4 4 Czechoslovakia 4 5 East Germany 4 6 Yugoslavia 5 Caribbean manufacturers 5 1 Cuba 5 2 Dominican Republic 6 South American manufacturers 6 1 Argentina 29 6 2 Brazil 19 6 3 Chile 52 6 4 Colombia 80 6 5 Paraguay 6 6 Venezuela 7 African manufacturers 7 1 Burkina Faso 7 2 Cameroon 7 3 Ethiopia 7 4 Kenya 7 5 Namibia 7 6 Nigeria 7 7 Sudan 7 8 Zimbabwe 8 Central Asian manufacturers 8 1 Azerbaijan 8 2 Uzbekistan 9 East Asian manufacturers 9 1 China 9 2 Japan 30 9 3 North Korea 9 4 Taiwan Republic of China 10 South East Asian manufacturers 10 1 Cambodia 10 2 Indonesia 45 10 3 Malaysia 34 10 4 Philippines 46 11 See also 12 References 13 External linksUnited States military cartridges EditUS arsenals Edit World War II manufactured cartridges with a single 4 as the year of production were made in 1944 The demand was so great for cartridges that most manufacturers just ground off the 3 on the 43 stamp to save time Most wartime plants were closed by the end of the war Some cartridges with a single 5 were made in 1955 AO or KS Allegheny Ordnance Plant Kelly Springfield 1943 1945 Cumberland Maryland Operated by Kelly Springfield Tire Co a division of Goodyear Rubber Conversion back to rubber tire production began in 1944 CB Curtis Bay Ordnance Depot CBOD 1917 1957 Baltimore Maryland Used to store examine overhaul and repack ammunition DEN Denver Ordnance Plant 1941 1945 Denver Colorado a division of Remington Arms DM Iowa Army Ammunition Plant January 1942 to July 1945 Des Moines Iowa a division of US Rubber Co EC Evansville Ordnance Plant Chrysler June 1942 to April 1944 Evansville Indiana a division of Chrysler Plymouth They manufactured brass cased ammunition From 1943 to 1944 it manufactured steel cased 45 ACP ammunition ECS Evansville Ordnance Plant Chrysler Sunbeam 1942 1944 Evansville Indiana a division of Sunbeam Electric Manufacturing Company Chrysler bought the plant to keep up with demand It loaded cartridges made at the Evansville Chrysler plant across town and then packed them in shipping crates for shipment In November 1943 it was the first plant to package ammo in vacuum packed metal cans In the Spring and Summer of 1944 it was employed in inspecting and repacking 45 ACP and 30 Carbine ammunition EW Eau Claire Ordnance Plant August 1942 to December 1943 Eau Claire Wisconsin a division of US Rubber Co FA Frankford Arsenal 1816 1977 Philadelphia HAW Hawthorne Naval Ammunition Depot 1926 1977 Hawthorne Nevada USA HW Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant 1977 present Hawthorne Nevada USA From 1977 to 1992 it was designated the Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant HWAAP and from 1992 present it was redesignated the Hawthorne Army Ammunition Depot HWAD KOP Kingsbury Ordnance Plant 1941 1945 1950 1959 Kingsbury Indiana LC Lake City Ordnance Plant operated by Winchester Arms 1941 1945 1951 Present Independence Missouri A sub contractor originally owned by Remington Arms It is currently owned by the US Government and operated by Northrop Grumman Innovative Systems LM Lowell Ordnance Plant 1942 1943 Lowell Massachusetts LOD Letterkenny Ordnance Depot 1942 present Letterkenny Franklin County Pennsylvania It was renamed Letterkenny Army Depot in August 1962 LOP Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant 1942 1996 Doyline Webster Parish Louisiana USA LS Lone Star Army Ammunition Plant 1941 2009 Texarkana Texas USA M Milwaukee Ordnance Plant August 1942 to December 1943 Milwaukee Wisconsin Operated by US Rubber Co P PC PCC Kings Mills Ordnance Plant Peters Cartridge Company 1942 1944 Kings Mills Ohio A sub contractor owned by Remington Arms from 1934 to March 1944 It was converted to only produce 30 Carbine ammunition in 1943 and produced more than Lake City by 1944 It was closed down in March 1944 to consolidate production at more centrally located plants The site was converted to press vinyl 78rpm records for Columbia Records from 1944 to 1949 It was then used for storage from 1949 to 1968 PBA Pine Bluff Arsenal 1941 present Pine Bluff Arkansas USA ROP Redstone Ordnance Plant Huntsville Alabama 1941 1949 Combined with the Huntsville Depot facility to form Redstone Arsenal in 1949 SL St Louis Ordnance Plant November 1941 to June 1945 St Louis Missouri SND Seneca Ordnance Depot 1941 1990s Seneca NY TW Twin Cities Ordnance Plant 1942 1945 1950 1957 1965 1976 2002 2005 Minneapolis U or UT Utah Ordnance Plant March 1942 to December 1943 Salt Lake City a division of Remington Arms Civilian contractors Edit FC or FCC Federal Cartridge Corporation 1917 Anoka Minnesota 2 NC National Brass amp Copper Tube Co 1917 1918 Hastings on Hudson New York Manufactured 303 British ammunition during World War I OMF Saint Marks Powder Co A division of Olin Mossberg Saint Marks Crawfordville Florida RA Remington Arms Company Bridgeport Connecticut RA H Remington Arms Company Hoboken New Jersey RHA Co Robin Hood Ammunition Company 1915 1915 1917 Swanton Vermont Bought out by Remington in 1915 becoming Remington UMC Swanton but retaining the old headstamp when it received a wartime contract to produce rifle ammunition for the French government The French style headstamp has the yearly quarter before the 4 digit year e g 4 1917 would mean 4th Quarter October November and December 1917 US United States Cartridge Company 1867 1926 Lowell Massachusetts Manufactured 303 British ammunition during World War I TZ Texas Foundries Inc 1976 present Lufkin Texas W WC or WCC Western Cartridge Company East Alton Illinois Manufactured 30 06 Springfield ammunition during World War I and World War II WMA Winchester Military Ammunition Winchester Arms Co WRA Winchester Repeating Arms Company a division of Western Cartridge Company New Haven Connecticut Manufactured 30 06 Springfield and 303 British ammunition during World Wars I and II and 30 Carbine and 45 ACP ammunition during World War II Commercial cartridges Edit The US military used commercial cartridges for its training rifles non standard weapons and shotguns These usually had different headstamps than the military ammunition usually their civilian one and were shipped in commercial crates rather than military packaging Western Cartridge Company East Alton Illinois F Federal Cartridge Corporation Anoka Minnesota H Winchester Repeating Arms Company New Haven Connecticut P PCCo or PETERS Peters Cartridge Company Kings Mills Ohio R P Remington Peters Lonoke Arkansas 1970 present Lonoke facility only produced centerfire ammo from 1970 took over rimfire production from Bridgeport in 1989 3 R P Remington Peters Bridgeport Connecticut 1960 1989 Bridgeport facility only produced rimfire ammo from 1970 then finally closed down in 1989 3 REM UMC Remington Union Metallic Cartridge Bridgeport Connecticut 1911 1960 Renamed Remington Peters in 1960 3 U Union Metallic Cartridge Company Bridgeport Connecticut 1873 1911 Merged with Remington Arms in 1911 but still used the U headstamp for shotgun shells and rimfire cartridges U S C Co United States Cartridge Company Lowell Massachusetts 1867 1926 WRA CO Winchester Repeating Arms Company New Haven ConnecticutCompetition grade military cartridges Edit Ammunition designed for military competitive shooting was made by a variety of manufacturers MATCH Ammunition used for target shooting It is also used by Designated Marksmen and Snipers because it is more accurate than regular rifle ammunition at long ranges NM National Match Match ammunition specially made for the Camp Perry National Rifle and Pistol shooting matches Special cartridges Edit 7 92mm Mauser Edit During World War II the Western Cartridge Company made 7 92mm Mauser ammunition for the Chinese Nationalists The original Ball bullets made in 1942 had Gilding Metal clad jackets and the later Alternate Ball versions made from 1943 to 1944 had Gilding Metal Coated Steel GMCS jackets The Chinese numbers 七 Qi or 7 over 九 Jiǔ or 9 at the 9 o clock position represent the bullet s caliber 7 9mm The Chinese character 美 Mei or Beautiful at the 3 o clock position is shorthand for 美国 Mei guo Beautiful Country This was the term Chinese immigrants gave California in the 19th century and by extension the United States The 2 digit year of production 42 43 or 44 is at the 6 o clock position The ammunition was bulk packed in standard 20 round cartons without stripper clips to maximize the amounts delivered and the packaging was marked in the Chinese language In 1944 there was a contract to make 30 million modified Springfield type Mauser compatible stripper clips which were bulk packed in ammo cans Due to the long transport times the rough and mountainous terrain and constantly changing battlelines the order wasn t completely delivered until 1947 30 Caliber 30 06 Springfield Edit In 1953 large batches of 30 06 ammunition were manufactured under unique arsenal headstamps 4 The case had red lacquer sealant around the primer annulus 4 The headstamp has a two letter manufacturer code and the lot code rather than the year is the number 40 followed by a third numeral 4 Collectors allege that the cartridges were intended to be aid to anti Communist insurgents and Allied forces equipped with US weapons AN 40 Twin Cities Ordnance Plant Minneapolis Minnesota BN 40 St Louis Ordnance Plant St Louis Missouri CN 40 Lake City Ordnance Plant Independence Missouri 7 62 39mm M43 Soviet Edit During the Vietnam War in the early 1970s July 1970 to January 1972 the Lake City Ordnance Plant code LC and Frankfort Arsenal code FA produced unmarked Boxer primed 7 62 39mm Blank and Ball cartridges for use by American and Allied personnel The blanks were used by the Tigerland simulation exercise at Fort Polk Louisiana The ball ammunition allowed reconnaissance and Special Operations units to utilize captured Communist Bloc weapons like the SKS carbine and AKM assault rifle Most ball ammunition went to support Marshal Lon Nol s Cambodian Army 1970 1975 which was receiving reconditioned SKS carbines and AK 47s as military aid The cartridges were based on a Lapua design The bullets had Gilding Metal GM or Gilding Metal Coated Steel GMCS jackets and Gilding Metal clad brass cases Lake City cartridges had red sealant on the primer annulus and Frankfort Arsenal used purple sealant They came in 20 round cartons that were marked with special short batch numbers that lacked the contractor code and date Afterwards Bell Laboratories code BEL made batches of 7 62 39mm ammo in the 1970s and 1980s for training soldiers in the familiarization and use of Communist Bloc weapons They can be identified by the light blue sealant used on the primer annulus Commonwealth military cartridges EditThe number in parentheses is the nation s Nation Code Australia 66 Edit A F Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 1 Footscray Melbourne Victoria Australia 1888 1945 5 The broadshead arrowhead between the A and F was the Government Property mark ADI Australian Defence Industries 1991 1993 1994 present Footscray Melbourne Victoria Australia 1991 1993 Benalla Melbourne Victoria Australia 1994 present Moved from Footscray to Benalla in 1994 Became privatized as Thales Australia a division of the French firm Thales Defense in 2006 AFF Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 2 Footscray Melbourne Victoria Australia 1988 1994 5 6 Headstamp chamged from MF to AFF in 1988 and changed to ADI in 1991 F Military Factory Footscray Footscray Melbourne Australia 1888 1945 The broadshead arrowhead before the F was the Government Property mark ICI ANZ Imperial Chemical Industries of Australia amp New Zealand 1928 1998 An Australian subsidiary of the British chemical company Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Originally founded in 1928 as ICI Australasia it was changed to ICI Australia and New Zealand a year later It owned an explosives factory 7 at Deer Park Yarraville Victoria through ICI s original Nobel holdings This provided explosives during World War II ICIANZ became a publicly traded company by ICI UK in 1950 and was renamed ICI Australia Pty Ltd in 1971 ICI divested itself of ICI Australia in 1997 which later becomes Orica in 1998 MF Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 1 Footscray Melbourne Australia 1888 1945 6 MG Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 2 Footscray Melbourne Australia 1940 1948 1949 1988 6 Headstamp changed to MF in 1949 and used until 1988 MH Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 3 Hendon Adelaide South Australia Australia 1940 1945 6 8 MJ Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 4 Hendon Adelaide South Australia Australia 1940 1945 6 8 MQ Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 5 Rocklea Brisbane Australia 1942 1945 6 MW Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 6 Welshpool Western Australia Australia 1942 1945 6 SAAF Small Arms Ammunition Factory Footscray Melbourne Australia 1888 1945 Canada 20 and 21 Edit ArsenalsThe C s in DAC DCA LAC and VC had a small broadshead arrowhead inset to indicate it was Canadian Government Issue property This mark was adopted by the Canadian government in 1867 upon its creation as a Dominion to replace the British government s broadshead arrow mark The ammunition color code system used by Canada used the British system for 303 ammunition the American system for 30 06 ammunition and later the NATO system for all other ammunition C I L or CIL Canadian Industries Ltd 1955 1976 A corporation formed in 1910 from a merger of five Canadian explosives companies and their assets It ran the Defence Industries Ltd munitions plants from 1940 to 1946 It owned the Dominion 1955 1966 Imperial 1976 Monark and Canuck commercial ammunition brands It used the CIL headstamp on its cartridges from 1955 until 1976 when IVI bought out its commercial ammunition production DA DAC or DAQ Dominion Arsenal Co Quebec City 1882 1958 Quebec City Quebec Canada 9 10 Dominion Arsenal used the DAQ headstamp from 1914 to 1918 the DAC headstamp from 1919 until 1945 the DCA headstamp in 1935 the DA headstamp from 1945 to 1958 and the CIL headstamp from 1955 to 1976 From 1945 to 1986 Dominion Arsenal was under the control of a nationalised crown corporation called Canadian Arsenals Ltd that was controlled by the Department of Supply and Services Canadian Arsenals Ltd was privatised and bought by SNC Lavalin in 1986 DI Defence Industries Ltd 1940 1946 Park Avenue Brownsburg Montreal Canada A division of Canadian Industries Ltd formed in late 1939 to produce munitions for the projected war effort In 1941 they began to make high quality boxer primed 303 Red Label type ammunition for use in aircraft machineguns In 1942 they made the first Canadian government manufactured 9 19mm Parabellum cartridges for Commonwealth forces They also made 7 92 57mm Mauser rifle ammunition for use in the British 7 92mm BESA machine gun and issue to European Resistance groups and the Nationalist and Communist Chinese DIV Defence Industries Ltd Verdun 1940 1946 Verdun Quebec Canada A division of Canadian Industries Ltd formed in 1939 to produce munitions for the war effort IVI Industries Valcartier Inc 1977 1991 1989 present Saint Gabriel de Valcartier Quebec Canada In 1935 an ammunition manufacturing facility called Val Rose was built on the grounds of the disused World War I era Valcartier Military Camp 11 From 1945 to 1967 the facility was part of Canadian Arsenals Ltd and specialized in small arms ammunition 11 It was privatized as Industrie Valcartier Incorporee in 1967 It bought out Imperial CIL s commercial cartridge division in 1976 12 It was acquired by SNC Lavalin SNC Tec in 1980 which renamed it IVI Inc 11 The IVI plant in Valcartier ceased making commercial ammunition in 1988 IVI Inc was later amalgamated into General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems Canada Inc in 1989 13 The Valcartier plant itself finally closed in 1991 11 LAC DAL Dominion Arsenal Lindsay 1914 1921 Lindsay Ontario Canada A division of Dominion Arsenal Co formed in 1914 to expand munitions production for the war effort It used the headstamp LAC Lindsay Arsenal Canada from 1914 to 1917 and DAL Dominion Arsenal Lindsay from 1918 to 1921 TR Three Rivers plant 1940 1945 Trois Rivieres Quebec Canada A division of Dominion Rubber amp Munitions VC Canadian Industries Limited Verdun Verdun Arsenal 1939 1945 Verdun Montreal Quebec Canada 9 Civilian ContractorsRR Co Ross Rifle Co 1914 1919 Verdun Quebec Canada 14 Commercial ManufacturersDCCO DOMINION Dominion Cartridge Co Ltd 1886 1955 Brownsburg Argenteuil Quebec Canada A division of Dominion Arsenal that produced ammunition for the civilian market from 1911 to 1955 It was made part of Canadian Industries Ltd CIL in 1928 During World War II it made military ammunition for CIL under the DCCO headstamp It changed its headstamp to DOMINION in 1947 and to CIL in 1955 but was still sold under the Dominion brand It was sold to IVI in 1966 IMPERIAL A commercial brand of ammunition manufactured by Canadian Industries Ltd CIL it later used the headstamp CIL Imperial from 1954 to 1976 It was bought out by IVI Inc in 1976 restarted production in 1977 and ceased production in 1991 New Zealand 98 Edit CAC Colonial Ammunition Company Auckland New Zealand 1890 1920 South Africa 18 Edit M M Musgrave Manufacturers and Distributors Pty Ltd 1933 1996 1940 1945 Bloemfontein South Africa Safari rifle manufacturer who manufactured wildcat 303 British hunting cartridges They manufactured military cartridges 9 19mm Parabellum and 7 92 57mm Mauser during the war from 1940 to 1945 Headstamp is the letter M at 9 o clock and 3 o clock facing the primer annulus and the caliber at 12 o clock and 6 o clock facing the rim Musgrave went out of business in 1996 Its rifle shop was bought out by Vektor and its ammunition production was bought out by Pretoria Metal Pressings PMP SAM South African Mint 1961 1965 Pretoria South Africa Later became Pretoria Metal Pressing LTD U 1937 1961 Pretoria Branch Mint Pretoria South Africa Converted to ammunition production in 1937 Later became South African Mint SAM in 1961 U lt gt 1939 1961 Kimberley Branch Mint Kimberley South Africa United Kingdom 99 Edit UK Government Property Formerly the badge of the Sidney family the broad arrow or Devil s Claws symbol was appropriated by the British government to indicate the item was government issue FF Filling Factory GCF Government Cartridge Factory 1918 1919 ROF Royal Ordnance Factory SAA Small Arms Ammunition Factory 1940 1946 used 1940 1941 ROF Radway Green SAA ROF 13 After 1941 the use of the broad arrow was dropped and switched to the letters RG used 1940 1941 ROF Spennymoor SAA ROF 21 After 1941 the use of the 2 broad arrows was dropped and switched to the letters SR used 1940 1941 ROF Steeton SAA After 1941 the use of the 3 broad arrows was dropped and switched to the letters ST B BE E amp BPF 1940 1946 Royal Ordnance Factory Blackpole SAA ROF 20 Blackpole Worcester Worcestershire UK This Cadbury Bros Ltd factory was temporarily converted into an ordnance plant for the war effort G18F1 C18F1 1918 Government Cartridge Factory No 1 production overseen by Birmingham Metal and Munitions Co Blackheath Staffordshire The digits 18 are the last two digits of the year of production G F3 C F3 1918 1919 Government Cartridge Factory No 3 production overseen by Kings Norton Metal Co Blackpole Worcestershire The are the last two digits of the year of production HN 1942 1945 ROF Hirwaun Hirwaun Rhondda Cynon Taf South Wales UK RG 1940 present Royal Ordnance Factory Radway Green Radway Green Cheshire England United Kingdom R L Royal Laboratory 1696 1965 Woolwich Greenwich London United Kingdom RNADC Royal Naval Armaments Depot Caerwent Wales United Kingdom ST Royal Ordnance Factory Steeton Steeton West Yorkshire SWN Royal Ordnance Factory Swynnerton Swynnerton Staffordshire United Kingdom TH ROF Thorp Arch Thorp Arch West Yorkshire England UK ASL Aerator Systems Ltd 1918 Sutton South London London UK Made 8mm Lebel cartridge cases for France during World War I BBC Barking Brassware Co Barking Essex UK BMARC BMARCo British Manufacturing and Research Company Grantham Lincolnshire BMM Birmingham Metals and Munitions Co Birmingham UK Made 8mm Lebel cartridges for France during World War I C amp H Curtis amp Harvey Ltd 1820 1942 Houndslow Scottish Borders Great Britain Made black powder for the Snider and Martini Henry and smokeless powder for the Lee Enfield Manufactured high quality fast burining black powder and black powder cartridges until 1973 when it ran out of the specialized charcoal to produce it Had its head office in London and its factory in Hounslow later acquiring powdermills in Bedfont North Feltham and Tonbridge It was later acquired by Explosive Trades Ltd in 1918 later diversified into Nobel Industries in 1920 which was later made a component of Imperial Chemical Industries when it was formed in 1926 15 It was reorganized as part of the ICI Explosives division in 1932 and merged into ICI in 1942 but survived as an ICI brand until the factory closed in 1973 16 C P Crompton Parkinson Co Ltd Doncaster Yorkshire U K E EB Eley Brothers 1866 present Edmonton London UK GB Greenwood and Batley Leeds Yorkshire UK GKB 1884 George Kynock amp Co of Birmingham later Kynoch Ltd in 1896 Made percussion caps from 1862 and metallic cartridges from 1884 H Hall Telegraph Co K Kynoch Factories Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Birmingham UK K Kynoch amp Co Witton Birmingham UK K2 1943 1944 I C I Kynoch Standish Greater Manchester Lancashire UK K3 There was no Kynoch factory designated K3 K4 1942 1944 I C I Kynoch Yeading Middlesex UK K5 1944 I C I Kynoch Kidderminster Worcestershire UK KN Kings Norton Metal Company Kings Norton Birmingham Worcestershire UK P amp S Platers amp Stampers Ltd 1936 1959 Burnley Lancashire RC RCC amp RH 1941 1945 Raleigh Cycle Co Carlton Nottingham NATO manufacturers EditThe number in parentheses is the nation s Nation Code Austria 41 Edit Hirtenberger Patronenfabrik Hirtenberg Baden bei Wien Lower Austria Austria Clean export headstamp used by Hirtenberger with the stars at 3 o clock and 6 o clock the 2 digit year at 12 o clock and the caliber at 6 o clock The marks are either two 5 point stars two 6 point asterisks or a 5 point star and a 6 point asterisk B Wollersdorfer Werke Berndorf Bezirk Baden Lower Austria Austria GR Georg Roth AG Lichtenworth Austria Headstamp is a cypher of G amp R combined Many of its foreign holdings were seized and nationalized after World War I Absorbed by Hirtenberger Patronen in the 1930s H or HP Hirtenberger Patronen Zundhutchen und Metallwarenfabrik A G 1860 1938 1957 2004 Hirtenberg Baden bei Wien Lower Austria Austria Originally a metalware and cartridge factory it eventually concentrated on cartridge making In 2004 it closed down its cartridge production lines and now focuses exclusively on making mortar shells KC or K amp C Keller amp Co Hirtenberg Baden bei Wien Lower Austria Austria OJP Osterreichische Jagdpatronenfabrik 1948 Kramsach Tirol Austria Founded in 1948 taken over by Hirtenberger in 1964 German P Codes 1938 1940 Operated under German occupationP 635 Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik 1938 1945 Hirtenberg Niederdonau Austria Formerly Hirtenberger Patronen Zundhutchen und Metallwaren fabrik A G until taken over after the Anschluss in 1938 Belgium 13 Edit AEP Anciens Etablissements Pieper 1905 1950 Herstal Belgium Contracted with Fabrique Nationale and other manufacturers to make ammunition under their headstamp FN or FNB Fabrique Nationale d Armes de Guerre FN Bruges Belgium JA Jules Ancion amp Cie Liege Belgium P Fabrique Nationale d Armes de Guerre FN Herstal Belgium PB Poudrerie Belge de Clermont gt Belgian Powdermill of Clermont 1990 Presnt Rue Clermont Clermont sous Huy Engis Belgium Powder mill that provides propellants for both French and Belgian manufacturers Currently owned by SNPE group Formerly Poudreries Reunies de Belgique Reunified Powdermills of Belgium from 1969 to 1989 Bosnia Herzegovina 75 Edit IK IK Igman zavod ad Konjic Igman Factory at Konjic Konjic Bosnia Named for the nearby Igman plateau Czech Republic 16 Edit bxn Sellier amp Bellot Vlasim Czech Republic Denmark 22 Edit Danish headstamps have the Danish Crown at 12 o clock the year of production split between 9 and 3 o clock thousands and hundreds place at 9 and tens and ones at 3 and the manufacturer code at 6 o clock Reloaded cartridges overstamp a triangle at the 6 o clock position From 1968 to 2007 ammunition packaging was stamped or embossed with the letters HMAK ensigned by a crown standing for Haerens Materielkommando Army Materiel Command AMA Ammunitionsarsenalet Ammunition Arsenal 1676 Copenhagen Denmark HA Haerens ammunitionsarsenalet Army Arsenal HL Haerens Krudt et Patroner Laboratoriesvaerks Army Powder amp Cartridges Laboratory Works 1900 1937 Copenhagen Denmark Egypt 36 Edit Egypt uses Arabic language letters and numerals in its headstamp letters and numerals are read from right to left and dates and numbers are read from left to right Arabic language numerals are different from the Western Arabic numerals i e 1 2 3 etc also Arabs refer to their counting system as the Indian numbers At 12 o clock is the three letter acronym for Gomhoreyyet Maṣr el ʿArabeyya جمهورية مصر العربية Arab Republic of Egypt which looks like the English letters ERC in cursive from left to right but represent the Egyptian Arabic letters GMA from right to left At 4 o clock is the two digit Arsenal Number and at 8 o clock is the two digit year The metric designation for a cartridge on the headstamp is written in reverse with the length first followed by the bore i e 7 62 54mmR M91 Russian is written as 54 7 62 ٠١ GMA 01 Military Factory 10 Abu Kir Company for Engineering Industries Abu Qir Alexandria Egypt ٧٢ GMA 72 Military Factory 27 Shubra Company for Engineering Industries 1953 present Shubra district Cairo Egypt Finland 58 Edit LAPUA Lapuan Patruunatehdas Cartridge Factory at Lapua 1949 1998 Lapua Finland It is now called Nammo Lapua 1998 present a division of the Nammo Group SAT SAKO Sako A B Suojeluskuntain Ase ja Konepaja Oy Civil Guard Weapon and Machining works Ltd 1921 present Riihimaki Finland It was later acquired by Beretta Holding Group in 2000 T Oy Tikkakoski Ab aka TIKKA Jyvaskyla Central Finland Finland Manufactured arms and various consumer goods like sewing machines Tikkakoski Arsenal was its arms division the only privately owned weapons manufacturer in the country and operated from 1930 to 1947 It was seized by the Russians as war reparations from 1947 to 1957 and demilitarized to produce consumer goods Private investors bought it back and ran it from 1957 to 1983 The company was bought out by SAKO in 1983 SAKO and through them the TIKKA hunting rifle brand was later acquired by Beretta in 2000 VPT Valtion Patruunatehdas State Ammunition Factory 1923 1949 Lapua Finland The forerunner to Lapua In 1949 it was absorbed by Valmet and renamed LAPUA France 14 Edit Notes Early French headstamps mark the bullet type at 12 o clock eg ART M the 1 digit Quarter of production at 9 o clock and the 2 digit Year of production at 3 o clock The codes for the manufacturer e g A RS and metal producer e g S are conjoined at 6 o clock i e A RS S Later French headstamps mark the 1 digit Quarter of the year of production and 2 digit Year at the 12 o clock position e g Q YY the letter code for the metal supplier for the case at the 3 o clock position the cartridge caliber and model at the 6 o clock position and the manufacturer at the 9 o clock position They are oriented so that the 12 o clock and 6 o clock sides are at right angles to the 9 o clock and 3 o clock sides ART Direction de l Artillerie Management of the Artillery 1918 The French state body under the ministere de Guerre Ministry of War that oversaw the manufacturing of artillery pieces and munitions before the creation of the Service de l Equipement Equipment Service It was a prefix to the cartridge designation at the 12 o clock position used on early French made military cartridges ART M stands for 8mm Lebel Balle M manufactured 1886 1898 Colonial arsenals manufactured the cartridge after 1898 for Colonial forces equipped with earlier pattern rifles ART D stands for 8mm Lebel Balle D manufactured 1898 1932 A A Amorcage Anglais English Primers 1915 1918 A suffix on the cartridge designation at the 12 o clock position used on British made cartridges during World War I British primers were of a different type than the French models lacking a cover over the annulus ManufacturersABS Atelier de Construction de Bourges Manufacturing Workshops of Bourges Bourges Cher Centre France ALM Ateliers Legueu de Meaux Legueu Workshops of Meaux Meaux France Manufactured cartridge cases and bullets AMN Atelier de Chargement de Montlucon Loading Workshop of Montluc Montlucon France APX Atelier de Construction de Puteaux Manufacturing Workshop of Puteaux Puteaux France A RS RS Atelier de Construction de Rennes Manufacturing Workshop of Rennes Rennes France A TE TE Atelier de Fabrication de Toulouse Manufacturing Workshop of Toulouse Toulouse France A TS TS Atelier de Construction de Tarbes Manufacturing Workshop of Tarbes Tarbes France A VE VE Cartoucherie de Valence Cartridge Factory of Valence 1874 1964 town of Bourg les Valence municipality of Valence department of Drome region of Auvergne Rhone Alpes France A VS VS Atelier de Fabrication de Vincennes Manufacturing Workshop of Vincennes Vincennes France CN Ateliers Mecaniques de Normandie Mechanical Workshops of Normandy CP Cartoucherie Leon Paulet a Marseille Marseille Bouches du Rhone France DTE Unknown ECP Ecole Centrale de Pyrotechnie Central School of Pyrotechnics Bourges France F Cartoucherie Francaise Cartridge Factory of France Survilliers department of Val d Oise region of Ile de France France Starting as a small ammo production firm with a dozen workers government contracts during World War I 1914 1918 to produce military cartridges rockets and shells caused it to grow to 332 employees The interwar years 1919 1939 were prosperous but the cartridge production line was shut down during the German Occupation 1940 1945 Production resumed in the mid 1940s but munitions production was stopped in the late 1980s due to a cancelling of government contracts G Gevelot S A Societe Francaise des Munitions de Issy les Moulineaux 1820 1950 1950 1980 Paris France Firm founded in Paris by Marin Gevelot in 1820 Initially set up to manufacture swords they began making percussion caps from 1823 Merged with Gaupillat amp Cie in 1883 to become Societe Francaise des Munitions in 1884 Took the name of Gevelot S A in 1950 LM Cartoucherie du Mans Cartridge Factory of Le Mans Le Mans France MGM Manufacture Generale de Munitions General Ammunition Factory 1930 1978 Bourg les Valence and Clerieux France Bought out by Gevelot S A in 1974 and integrated into Societe Francaise des Munitions in 1978 The Bourg les Valence site is closed and the Clerieux site is run by Cheddite France MI SM Robert Paulet amp Cie Societe Meridionale d Industrie gt Meridian Industrial Association Marseille France Formerly Cartoucherie Leon Paulet a Marseille MR Manufacture de Machines du Haut Rhin Machine Building Factory of the Upper Rhine or MANURHIN 1990 Mulhouse Bourtzwiller Haut Rhin Grand Est formerly Alsace France Manufactured cartridges as well as the industrial machinery to make bullets and casings and load cartridges Bought out and merged with GIAT in 1990 PB Poudrerie Belge de Clermont Rue de Clermont Engis Belgium RY Etablissements Rey Freres Rey Brothers Enterprises Nimes France SF SFM Societe Francaise de Munitions de Issy les Moulineaux French Association for Munitions of Issy les Moulineaux 1820 1950 Issy les Moulineaux France Firm founded in Paris by Marin Gevelot in 1820 Merged with Gaupillat amp Cie in 1883 to become Societe Francaise des Munitions in 1884 Took the name of Gevelot S A in 1950 If the headstamp has five pointed stars at the 9 o clock and 3 o clock positions it is commercial sales or export contract ammunition TH Cartoucherie de la Seine Cartridge Factory of the Seine Le Havre France A division of Trefileries du Havre a Rugles Wire Drawing Works of Le Havre and Rugles Metal SuppliersBS Atelier de laminage de l Ecole de Pyrotechnie de Bourges Rolling Mill Workshop of the Pyrotechnics School of Bourges Bourges France C Compagnie francaise des metaux French Metals Company Castelsarrazin Tarn et Garonne Midi Pyrenees France A metal supplier for Atelier de Fabrication de Toulouse D Societe Electro metallurgie de Dives Electro plating Association of Dives Dives France Formerly Compagnie du Duralin de Dives F Trefileries et Laminoirs de la Mediterranee a St Louis Wire Drawing Works and Rolling Mills of the Mediterranean of St Louis 1957 present Ile Saint Louis Paris Hauts de Seine Ile de France France A metal supplier for Cartoucherie Leon Paulet de Marseilles I Societe de Metallurgie Franco Belge de Issy les Moulineaux Franco Belgian Metallurgic Society of Issy les Molineaux 1895 Present Issy les Moulineaux France A Belgian company that supplied metal stock for Societe Francaise de Munitions de Issy les Moulineaux P S A Des Mines et Fonderies de Pontgibaud 1897 Pontgibaud Puy de Dome department Auvergne region France Manufactured bullets and cartridge cases It went out of business in 1897 when the local lead deposits played out P Societe Francaise des Metaux a Coueran 1901 1961 Originally founded as the Laveissiere company in 1859 but was refounded and renamed in 1901 In 1961 it was merged with Trefileries et laminoirs du Havre to form Trefimetaux In 1967 Trefimetaux came under the control of Pechiney who later sold the company to the Italian group SMI SpA Societa Metallurgica Italiana in 1987 R Trefilerie et Laminoirs du Havre a Rugles Usine de Rugles Wire Drawing Works and Rolling Mills of La Havre and Rugles Factory at Rugles Rugles Normandy France Made bullets and cartridge cases for Cartoucherie de la Seine S Compagnie Francaise des Metaux French Metals Company Serifontaine Oise France A metal supplier for Trefileries du Havre a Rugles French Colonial ArsenalsA AR AR Cartoucherie d Alger Cartridge Plant of Algiers Algiers Algeria CV Cartoucherie Voltaique Cartridge Plant of the Volta Ouagadougou Haute Volta later Republic of Upper Volta 1958 1984 modern day Burkina Faso 1984 present EID Etablissements Industriels de la Defense Defense Industry Establishments Damascus Syria Mandat Francais pour la Syrie et le Liban French Mandate of Syria and the Levant Uses Arabic letters and numbers on the headstamp since independence as the Syrian Republic Post colonial headstamp has the Arabic word for Syria سورية or Surya at 12 o clock metric caliber at 3 o clock contractor code م م د MMD for مؤسسة معامل الدفاع Muasasat Meaml aldifae or Defense Industries Corporation at 6 o clock and two digit year of production at 9 o clock Germany 12 Edit 1919 All loading assembly and packing of ammunition took place at Spandau Arsenal Peacetime headstamps had the 2 digit year of production at 3 o clock month of production at 9 o clock and content case manufacturer S for Spandau or P for Polte at 6 o clock Wartime headstamps had the 2 digit year of production at 12 o clock case type S67 Brass made with 67 copper at 3 o clock content case manufacturer at 6 o clock and the batch number at 9 o clock The carton label had three lines of text The first line would be made up of the bullet type cartridge assembly and packing facility Mf for Spandau s Munitionsfabrik followed by the date of assembly in the format MM DD YY 2 digit Month the Day and 2 digit Year The second line concerned the propellant manufacturer P for Spandau s Pulverfabrik or Tr for the powdermill at Troisdorf The third line listed the model of primer Zdh or zundhuetchen the date of manufacture and the manufacturer an X between the primer type and date of manufacture indicated it was a type of primer with a low mercury content C Munitionsfabrik Cassel Ammunition Factory at Kassel Kassel Hesse Nassau Germany Closed after the war Old wartime manufactured batches of catridges were still being loaded in the early 1920s by German cartridge manufacturers who bought up the remaining stock They had a declaration on the label that attested that they were old production to prevent accusations they circumvented the Versailles Treaty S Kaiserlich Munitionsfabrik Imperial Prussian Munitions Factory 1722 1919 Spandau Arsenal Spandau Berlin Germany Manufactured 7 92mm Mauser ammunition It was decommissioned in 1919 and was no longer allowed to manufacture war materiel Gustav Genschow amp Co GECO bought the facility in 1924 and used it to make 22 caliber target rifles GECO loaded cartridges with wartime manufactured Spandau cases presumably ones they picked up when they bought the facility Mf Munitionsfabrik The portions of Spandau arsenal dedicated to making cartridge cases and bullets assembling full cartridges and packing them into cartons and crates This would be found in the middle of the first line of the ammo carton label followed by F1 F2 or F3 the number of the assembly line that assembled the ammunition P Pulverfabrik The portions of Spandau arsenal dedicated to manufacturing propellants The code P would be followed by the propellant batch number the letter L for Lieferung gt Shipment and the 2 digit year of manufacture P Polte Magdeburg Saxony Germany D Koniglich Sachsisch Arsenal Royal Arsenal of Saxony Dresden Saxony DM Karlsruhe DM K Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik German Metallic Cartridge Factory 1889 1896 Karlsruhe Baden Germany It started making Mauser rifle ammunition for the Argentinian Army in 1891 and the Prussian Army in 1893 It was reorganized in 1896 to form Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken DWM The DM headstamp was used by DWM until the early 20th century perhaps after using up all the old DM cases and headstamp bunters in stock DWM Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken 1896 1945 Berlin Borsigwalde Germany Between 1922 and 1936 the company is briefly renamed Berlin Karlsruher Industrie Werke AG BERKA It secretly begins armament production in 1928 H E amp C Patronenhulsenfabrik Henri Ehrmann amp Cie 1872 1878 Karlsruhe Baden Germany A cartridge case factory set up by Henri Ehrmann and Leopold amp Wilhelm Holtz It is bought out by engineer Wilhelm Lorenz in 1878 and becomes Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik Lorenz In 1883 it begins production of complete cartridges and is renamed Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik Karlsruhe Baden Bought out by Ludwig Loewe amp Cie in 1889 and merged with Pulverfabrik Rottweil Hamburg Rottweil Powdermill at Hamburg and the Vereinigte Rheinisch Westfalische Pulverfabriken United Rhenish amp Westphalian Powdermills to form Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik 17 N amp S Niebecker und Schumacher Solingen Germany 1919 1926 The post war German government assembled cartridges at the Wehrkreis Defense District arsenals War industries were reduced to monopolies Polte was selected to supply cartridge cases and bullets and Dynamit Nobel was selected to provide explosives and propellants Cartridge loading machines were installed at artillery depots to train technicians in how to operate the machinery in times of emergency The Wehrkreise were reorganized and increased after Hitler came to power I Konigsberg 1919 1932 Konigsberg Arsenal II Stettin 1919 1932 III Berlin 1919 1932 Juterbog Arsenal IV Dresden 1919 1932 Zeithain Riesa Arsenal V Stuttgart 1919 1932 Kassel VI Munster 1919 1932 VII Munich 1919 1932 Ingolstadt AI Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken A G 1936 1939 Lubeck Germany Headstamp used by Germany to covertly supply the Spanish Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 The headstamp has AI at the 12 o clock position perhaps to copy the headstamp of the Dutch Artillerie Inrichtingen munitions works large lower case letter e s at the 3 and 9 o clock positions and the year of production at the 6 o clock position DWM B Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken 1896 1945 Berlin Borsigwalde Germany DWM H Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken 1940 1945 s Hertogenbosch North Brabant Netherlands The Nederlandsche Wapen en Munitiefabriek NV factory run by the German occupation forces DWM K Deutsche Waffen uund Munitionsfabriken 1896 1945 Karlsruhe Germany DWM L Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken Lubeck Schlutup Schleswig Holstein Germany N Rheinisch Westfalische Sprengstoff A G RWS Nuremberg Germany Made gunpowder and complete cartridges P Polte Armaturen und Maschinenfabrik A G Werk Magdeberg Magdeburg Sachsen Germany After Versailles they were the official supplier of ammunition components to the Weimar Republic Made cartridge cases and bullets from 1919 to 1926 and complete cartridges from 1926 to 1945 There were also cover headstamps used to pretend that Polte the official contractor for the Weimar Republic manufactured them Pi Hirtenberger Patronenfabrik Hirtenberg Austria Renamed the Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik after the German occupation Pu H Burgsmuller amp Sohne Kreiensen Germany A small gunsmithing firm that made hunting shotguns and drillings They later got into munitions production Po Gehre Dampfmesser GmbH Sebaldushof Treuenbrietzen Brandenburg Germany Dr Martin Bohme was an engineer whose factory made gas steam and liquid gauges and a sideline in metalwares In 1926 the metalware factory in the hamlet of Sebaldushof was bought out by the Kopp Brothers of Berlin and it was renamed to Metallwarenfabrik Truenbrietzen Ps Production by the Swedish government PVT Polizeischule fuer Technik und Verkehr Police Academy for Technology and Transport 1927 1945 Berlin Germany The Polizeischule fuer Technik und Verkehr was founded in 1927 The central academy building was designed in 1929 and built by 1934 It was renamed the Technische Polizeischule Technical Police Academy in 1936 The PVT monogram and government Eagle property mark was inscribed on its small arms at the factory by Simson SKD Selve Kronbiegel Dornheim A G 1924 1945 Sommerda Thuringia Germany A partnership between three former arms manufacturers who were turning to cartridge manufacture Selve owned the Braun und Bloem pinfire cartridge trademarks manufactured pinfire cartridges at the Fabrik von Braun und Bloem and operated out of Dusseldorf Rheinmetall owned the Dreyse und Collenbusch needlefire cartridge trademarks and operated out of Sommerda Thuringen it used the name Kronbiegel for Ehrfurt merchant Friedrich Kronbiegel 1820 Dreyse s first partner G eorge C arl Dornheim owned the GECADO trademark the B STAHL Metallhulsenfabrik Suhl ammunition plant in Suhl which made metal cartridge cases and the Lindender Zunderhutchen Patronen und Tonwarenfabrik in Empelde Ronnenberg Hanover which made percussion caps and primers assembled cartridges and made clay pottery and dishes SKD manufactured ammunition under the SELKADO ammunition trademark until 1940 G C Dornheim A G sold the cartridge plant in Suhl in 1925 and sold off the factory in Empelde and the GECADO ammunition trademark to Dynamit Nobel in 1927 Afterwards RWS began producing ammunition for G C Dornheim Has Pulverfabrik Hasloch Hasloch Bavaria Germany Made propellants Mog Deutsche Sprengchemie Werk Moschwig Moschwig Germany Made explosives and gunpowder Rdf Dynamit Nobel Werk Reinsdorf Reinsdorf Germany Made explosives and gunpowder Absorbed by I G Farben in 1926 and then by WASAG Westfalisch Anhaltische Sprengstoff Actien Gesellschaft in 1945 Rdf 128 Pulverfabrik Walsrode Walsrode Germany A cover code as a subterfuge to pretend that the powder had been made by Dynamit Nobel the official explosives and propellant manufacturer for the Weimar Republic Rottw Pulverfabrik Rottweil Gunpowder Factory at Rottweil Rottweil Baden Wurttemburg Germany Made gunpowder A particular type of shotgun cartridge propellant called Rottweil Powder was invented by them Tr Troisdorf Troisdorf Germany Manufactured propellants Walsr Pulverfabrik Walsrode Gunpowder Factory at Walsrode Walsrode Germany Made gunpowder P Codes 1926 1941 The German government adopted coded headstamps for military ammunition to keep the identity of their suppliers secret This was briefly continued during the early war and included factories in occupied countries It was a subterfuge to pretend that Polte manufactured the items Headstamps had the cartridge manufacturer s P code at 12 o clock the cartridge case type e g S for brass at 3 o clock the Lot number at 6 o clock and the 2 digit year of production at 9 o clock Steel cased ammunition had a combined code at the 3 o clock position that was composed of the Roman numeral code for the steel mill I through XXIII the lower case letter code for the firm that plated the cases a through z and the composition of the steel alloy used 1 through 17 e g IXw1 P 14A Waffenwerke Brunn A G Armory at Brno Werk Povazska Bystrica Povazska Bystrica Czechoslovakia Operated under German occupation Later renamed Povazske Strojarne Factory at Povaska post war P 25 Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen G m b H Werk A Sebaldushof Sebaldushof Treuenbrietzen Pommern Germany This was the first factory owned by the Kopp Brothers They expanded to Selterhof Treuenbrietzen 1934 Roederhof Belzig 1935 Metgethen and Salzwedel P 28 Deutsche Waffen u Munitionsfabriken A G DWM Karlsruhe Germany P 69 Patronen Zundhutchen und Metallwarenfabrik A G formerly Sellier amp Bellot Schonebeck Schonebeck an der Elbe Salzlandkreis Sachsen Anhalt Germany Made cartridges primers and detonator caps and metalware P90D Munitionsfabriken Prag vormals Sellier amp Bellot Vlasim Czechoslovakia P 94 Kabel und Metallwerke Neumeyer A G Nurnberg Germany P 120 Dynamit A G DAG Werk Empelde 1928 1945 Empelde Ronnenberg Hanover Germany Formerly Lindender Zunderhutchen und Patronen fabrik percussion cap and cartridge factory of Linden 1927 closed for a year for reorganization and then reopened in 1928 P 131 Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken A G DWM Berlin Borsigwalde Germany P 151 Rheinisch Westfalische Sprengstoff A G RWS Rhenish Westphalian Explosives Co Werk Nurnberg Stadeln Nurnberg Stadeln Germany P 154 Polte Metallwarenfabrik Werk Gruneberg formerly Gruneberger Metallgeselschaft G m b H Gruneberg Nordbahn Brandenburg Germany P 163 Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen G m b H Werk Selterhof Selterhof Treuenbrietzen Pommern Germany P 181 Hugo A Schneider A G HASAG Leipzig Germany P 198 Metallwarenfabriken Treuenbrietzen GmbH Werk Roderhof 1935 Roederhof Belzig Germany P207 Metallwerk Odertal GmbH Odertal Post Lautaberg Harz Germany P 249 Finower Industrie G m b H Finow Mark Germany P 334 Mansfeld A G Metallwarenfabrik Werk Rothenburg Saale Rothenburg Germany P 369 Teuto Metallwerke G m b H Osnabruck Germany P 405 Rheinisch Westfalische Sprengstoff A G RWS Werk Durlach formerly Gustav Genschow amp Co Durlach Germany P 413 Deutsche Waffen und Munitions fabriken A G DWM Lubeck Schlutup Schleswig Holstein Germany P 490 Hugo A Schnieder A G HASAG Werk Altenburg Altenburg Thuringia Germany P 635 Gustloff Werk Hirtenberg Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik Hirtenberg Niederdonau Austria A division of Gustloff Werk Gustloff Works a division of the Wilhelm Gustloff Stiftung Wilhelm Gustloff Foundation a nationalized corporation composed of companies confiscated from Jewish owners or partners It was later renamed for Otto Eberhardt Letter Codes 1940 1945 ak Munitionsfabriken Prag Munitions Factory Prague formerly Sellier amp Bellot Occupation 1938 1945 Vlasim Czechoslovakia auy Polte Metallwarenfabrik Werk Gruneberg formerly Gruneberger Metallgeselschaft G m b H Gruneberg Nordbahn Brandenburg Germany bne Metallwerk Odertal GmbH Odertal Post Lautaberg Harz Germany cg Finower Industrie GmbH Finow Mark Brandenburg ch DWM Luttich formerly FN Herstal Liege Occupied 1940 1944 Liege Belgium cxm Gustav Genschow amp Co A G Geco 1887 1959 Berlin Germany Ammunition manufacturer and sporting arms wholesaler They owned ammunition plants in Durlach and Wolfartsweier a leather goods factory in Hachenburg associated arms factories in Zella Mehlis Suhl and Liege and had stores in Cologne Suhl Frankfurt am Main Nuremberg and Konigsberg In 1924 they bought a firearms factory in Spandau from Deutsche Werke In 1927 they were bought out by I G Farben and were allied with RWS In 1938 they were one of the firms who bought the rights to manufacture the Klein Kaliber Wehrsportgewehr Small Caliber Military Sports Rifle or KKW a 22 caliber competition and training rifle sold to the public They also bored rifle barrel blanks for the K98k Mauser and Sturmgewehr 44 de Hugo Schneider AG HASAG 1944 1945 Leipzig Germany dnh Rheinisch Westfalische Sprengstoff A G Previously Gustav Genschow amp Co Werk Durlach Germany dou Waffenwerke Brunn formerly Zbrojovka Brno Occupation 1938 1945 Povazska Bystrica Czechoslovakia eejMarkisches Walzwerk GmbH Strausberg bez Potsdam Germany emp Dynamit A G Werk Empelde Empelde Ronnenberg Hanover Germany fer Metallwerke Wandhofen GmbH Wandhofen Schwerte an der Ruhr Nordrhein Westfalen Germany fva Draht und Metallwarenfabrik GmbH Wire and Metalware factory Salzwedel Saxony Germany Hak Hanseatisches Kettenwerke Hanseatic Chain Works 1935 Langenhorn Hamburg Gau Germany A division of Potz und Sand Metallwaren of Monheim that also manufactured autocannon and light artillery shells It also managed the ammunition factories in occupied and Vichy France 1940 1944 hhw Metallwerke Silberhutte GmbH St Andreasberg im Harz Goslar Lower Saxony Germany hla Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen G m b H Werk Sebaldushof Sebaldushof Treuenbrietzen Pommern Germany hlb Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen G m b H Werk Selterhof Selterhof Treuenbrietzen Pommern Germany hlc Zieh und Stanz werke GmbH Wire Drawing and Metal Punching Works Schleusingen Thuringen hrn Presswerke G m b H Metgethen Ostpreussen Germany now Imeni Alexandra Kosmodemyanskogo Kaliningrad oblast Russian Federation htg Polte Armaturen und Maschinenfabriken AG Duderstadt Plant Westphalia Germany kam HASAG formerly P W U Fabryka Amunicji Skarzysko Kamienna occupied 1939 1944 Skarzysko Kamienna Poland naq Graphische Kunstanstalt Karl Vogel Karl Vogel Graphic Arts Institution Leipzig Germany Made pasteboard cartons and cardboard boxes for ammunition the manufacturer code and year of production were impressed on the box May have also made ammo labels as they did high quality color printing work before the war ndn Heinrich Bluecher Fabrik technischer Buersten industrial brush making factory Spremberg Spree Neisse Brandenburg Germany A factory that manufactured 9 19mm cartridge cases to be filled elsewhere oma Ernst Mahla Blechwarenwerke sheetmetal ware works Prague Bohemia Czechoslovakia A factory that made 9 19mm ball and armor piercing ammunition oyj Atelier de Construction de Tarbes Tarbes France Produced ammunition during the German Occupation 1940 1944 wa HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Abteilung Lampenfabrik Leipzig Germany Found on ammunition headstamps and cannon shell cases wb HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Berlin Koepenick plant See wa wc HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Meuselwitz plant Thuringia wd HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Hasag Werk II Taucha Saxony plant we HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Langewiesen Thuringia plant wf HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Kielce plant Poland wg HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Altenburg plant wh HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Eisenach plant wj HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Oberweissbach Thuringia plant wk HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Schlieben plant wm HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Dermbach plant Thuringia wn HASAG Hugo Schneider AG Derrnabach Dermbach plant Thuringia Often confused with wm 1946 present The headstamp has the manufacturer code at 12 o clock 2 digit year of production at 3 o clock 2 digit week of production at 6 o clock and NATO interchangeability symbol at 9 o clock Example MEN 79 21 would mean it was manufactured by Metallwerk Elisenhutte Nassau GmbH in week 21 i e May 21 27 of 1979 DAG Dynamit Nobel A G Troisdorf Rhein Sieg Kreis North Rhine Westphalia Germany and Furth It owned the RWS Geco and Rottweil brands In 2002 its ammunition factories and their brands were purchased by RUAG Rustungs Unternehmen Aktiengesellschaft and were spun off to form RUAG Ammotec GmbH Furth ME or MEN Metallwerk Elisenhutte Nassau G m b H 1957 present Nassau Lahn Rhineland Palatinate Germany Made part of the CBC Group in 2007 MS Manusaar A G 1953 1973 Budingen Hessen West Germany Also known as Manusaar Diehl Budingen Saarbrucken FRG Manusaar Budingen Saarbrucken and Societe Manusaar Budingen Manusaar Diehl was founded in the 50s as a partnership between Manurhin France and Munitionsfabrikanten Karl Diehl Germany the name Manusaar is a combination of MANUrhin and SAAR the Saar Valley where the factory was based It manufactured primers from 1953 to 1972 and cartridges from 1957 to 1973 it went out of business in 1973 due to a loss of market share to other larger European manufacturers Greece 23 Edit EPK Ellhniko Pyritidopoieio Kalykopoieio gt Elliniko Pyritidopoieio Kalykopoieio Pyrkal Hellenic Powder amp Cartridge Factory 1908 1950s Athens Greece The Greek alphabet version of the headstamp with the manufacturer s code EPK at 12 o clock and the caliber or cartridge name at 6 o clock GPC Greek Powder and Cartridge Company The English language version of the headstamp HXP Pyrkal Greek Powder amp Cartridge Company 1950s 2004 Athens Greece Manufactures cartridges and disintegrating belt links Merged with EBO in 2004 to become EAS Hellenic Defense Systems The headstamp had the manufacturer s code HXP at 12 o clock and the two digit year of production at 6 o clock P C H PC Pouderie et Cartoucherie Hellenique Pyrkal Pyrkal s export and commercial headstamp during the interwar years 1920s and 1930s Packaging was in French The PC headstamp was used on British contract orders up until the German occupation 1941 1945 India 72 Edit D Dum Dum Arsenal Dum Dum Calcutta West Bengal state India K Kirkee Arsenal 1872 1913 Kirkee cantonment Poona district Maharashtra state India Founded in 1817 to manufacture small arms Expanded to include a cartridge making factory in 1872 and an explosives factory in 1942 K F Kirkee Factory 1914 1960 Kirkee cantonment Poona district Maharashtra state India KH Khamaria Factory 1990s Present Khamaria Jabalpur district Madhya Pradesh state India N Dum Dum Arsenal Northern Circuit Dum Dum Calcutta West Bengal state India OFV Ordnance Factory at Varangaon 1964 present Varangaon Jalgaon district Maharashtra state India OK Ordnance Factory at Khamaria 1942 1947 1947 Present Khamaria Jubbulpore district Central India Agency later Madhya Pradesh state after Independence India It manufactures cartridge and shell components propellants and small arms ammunition S Kirkee Arsenal Southern Circuit Kirkee cantonment Poona district Maharashtra state India Israel 31 Edit Israel has supposedly manufactured ammunition under the Spanish S SA and SB headstamps This is ammunition captured from Egypt and Syria which bought ammunition from Spain and Italy AE Eretz Ayalon Ayalon Institute 1945 1948 Kibbutzim Hill Rehovot British Mandate Palestine An underground munitions factory hidden in the basement of a community center that had a working bakery and a laundry 18 The copper for the casings was acquired by scrap dealers who supposedly were using it to make brass lipstick cases 18 They made 9 19mm Parabellum and 7 92 57mm Mauser cartridges IMI TZZ or ת צ T Tz or T aasiya Tz vaeet Military Industries Israeli Military Industries Tel Aviv Israel Manufactures small arms cartridges clips and disintegrating belt links TZZ is the NATO Manufacturer s Identification Symbol for IMI s Small Arms Ammunition Division The first two TZZ lots produced in 1982 for the US Navy had the incorrect TZ headstamp belonging to Texas Foundries Inc Italy 15 Edit B Stabilimento Pirotecnico di Bologna Pyrotechnical Factory at Bologna Bologna Emilia Romagna Italy The Royal Army Pyrotechnical Laboratory BPD Bombrini Parodi Delfino 1912 1968 1988 Colleferro Rome Italy A chemical company that made explosives and gunpowder After World War I it expanded into fertilizer and cement and after World War II it diversified into industrial metalworking textiles and chemicals In 1968 the Parodi Delfino family sold their interest in BPD to SNIA Viscosa SNIA Viscosa merged BPD with their chemical division which was renamed SNIA BPD SNIA BPD later sold its BPD holdings to Simmel Difesa in 1988 and reorganized itself as SNIA S p A GFL Giulio Fiocchi Lecco Lecco Italy HB Enrico Barthe amp Cie 1883 1889 Milan Italy A company created as a front for the Societa Franco Italiana per la fabbricazione delle Munizioni di caccia da tiro da guerra ed affini SFIM Franco Italian Corporation for the manufacture of hunting target shooting warfare and related munitions SFIM was the Italian sales division of Societe Francaise des Munitions SFM French Association for Munitions the munitions division of the French firm Gevelot It was an Italian registered firm created for tax purposes The president of the firm Henri Barthe was an SFM employee that used to be owner of Tarbes Freres before merging with SFM in 1883 French by birth and nationality they recorded his name as Enrico Barthe in the incorporation papers although being an Italian citizen or of Italian birth were not prerequisites for the tax law loophole L or Lri Polverificio Esercito di Fontana Liri PEFL Military Explosives Factory of Fontana Liri 1893 present Fontana Liri Frosinone Lazio An explosives and propellant factory Its marking is on ammunition packaging when they provide the propellant LBC Leon Beaux amp Cie 1889 1932 Milan Italy A company created as a front for SFIM the Italian sales division of SFM the munitions division of the French firm Gevelot It was an Italian registered firm created for tax purposes Leon Beaux an SFIM salesman took over from Henri Barthe as president of SFIM in 1889 and the front company was renamed after him MCM Munizioni e Cartucce Martignoni Martignoni Ammunition and Cartridges Present Genoa Italy Manufactured pinfire cartridges Was acquired by Nobel in 1929 to become Nobel Sport Martignoni SpA PC or PECA Lo Stabilimento Pirotecnico dell Esercito di Capua Army Pyrotechnical Factory at Capua 1856 Present Capua Caserta Campania Italy Originally founded as part of the Sala degli Artefici Hall of the Arts during the Murat regime 1808 1815 The cartridge factory and cannon foundry were moved to the Castello di Lecce in 1856 and remained until after World War II where the facilities were moved elsewhere to Capua Since July 2012 the company now manufactures 9mm NATO 5 56mm NATO and 7 62mm NATO ammunition for Fiocchi SMI Societa Metallurgica Italiana Italian Metallurgical Corporation 1911 2006 Campo Tizzoro San Marcello Pistoiese Pistoia Tuscany Italy Manufactured small arms cartridges and light artillery shells for the Italian Army and Navy The factory was closed in 2006 when the company stopped manufacturing munitions Lithuania 47 Edit L D Linkaiciai Dirbtuves Workshop at Linkaiciai 1931 1940 Linkaiciai Lithuania The factory originally just bought the components from Belgian companies like Fabrique Nationale and assembled them onsite from 1931 They weren t able to make their own components self sufficiently until after 1937 The headstamp had the L at the 9 o clock position and the D at the 3 o clock position the 2 digit year of production was in the 12 o clock position and the batch number was at the 6 o clock position GGG AB Giraites Ginkluotes Gamykla Giraites Armament Factory 2000 present Vijuku km Uzliedziu sen Kaunas raj Kaunas County Lithuania First manufactured 7 62 39mm Soviet rounds in 2002 NATO standard 5 56 45mm NATO and 7 62 51mm NATO rounds in 2005 earning the NATO interchangeability rating in 2006 and sporting 223 Remington and 308 Winchester rounds in 2012 The headstamp has the caliber at 12 o clock manufacturer s code at 6 o clock 2 digit year of production at 3 o clock and NATO interchangeability symbol at 9 o clock The Netherlands 17 Edit The early cartridges were made exclusively by Artillerie Inrichtingen the Dutch state run munitions factory until the early 1980s The pre war headstamp has the 1 or 2 letter code for the brass supplier of the cartridge case at 6 o clock the 2 digit year the cartridge case was produced at 12 o clock the lot number of the propellant at 9 o clock and the 2 digit year the finished cartridge was assembled at 3 o clock The brass suppliers or cartridge manufacturers would sometimes have the brass batch or cartridge lot number to the right of their code letter The post war headstamp had the manufacturer code AI EMZ or NWM at the 6 o clock position AI Artillerie Inrichtingen NV Artillery Factories 1679 1983 Zaandam Hembrug Netherlands Reorganized as EMZ in 1983 D N V Nederlandsche Patronen Slaghoedjes en Metaalwarenfabriek Dutch Cartridges Percussion Caps and Metalwares Factory Dordrecht Dordt Netherlands Dordt the English name for Dordrecht was sometimes used on the packaging EMZ Eurometaal Zaandam NV 1983 1999 Zaandam Hembrug Netherlands MB Z N V Plaatmetaalindustrie van Mouwerik amp Bal Zeist von Mouwerk amp Bal Sheetmetal Business of Zeist Zeist Netherlands Made disintegrating metal link belts with MB over Z NWM Nederlandsche Wapen en Munitiefabriek de Kruithoorn NV Dutch Weapon amp Munitions Factory The Powder Flask 1948 1998 s Hertogenbosch Netherlands Made a brand of aluminum hulled shotshells called Bataaf Batavian Industriewerke Karlsruhe IWK part of the Quandt Group acquired a majority of its stock in 1961 NWM made hunting ammunition for IWK under the DWM label and made parts for Mauser Werke Luger and HSc pistols All shares were bought by Rheinmetall in 1975 Norway 25 Edit AYR A S Ammunisjons Fabrikker Raufoss Ammunition Factory at Raufoss Raufoss Norway Now divided into several smaller ammunition and munitions companies Nammo Raufoss Technologies etc RA headstamp BF Bakelittfabrikken A S Bakelite Factories 1946 Presnt Aurskog Norway Founded originally in Oslo in 1946 then moved to Aurskog in 1955 They invented and marketed the first fully plastic hulled blank ammunition in 1953 and worked with other manufacturers to develop similar rounds The headstamp has the NATO symbol at 12 o clock 2 digit year at 6 o clock BF at 9 o clock and 2 digit batch code at 3 o clock R A Raufoss Ammunisjonfabrikker Ammunition Factory at Raufoss Raufoss Norway RANO Raufoss og Norma projektilfabrikk Raufoss amp Norma Projectile Factory 1965 1989 Oslo Norway A cooperative partnership between Raufoss and Norma that provided ammunition for Norwegian sports organizations Pakistan 76 Edit POF Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Cantt Taxila Rawalpindi District Rawalpindi Division Punjab Pakistan They make munitions and small arms ammunition They used to make 38 200 303 British 1951 2006 and 30 06 Springfield but now make 9mm Parabellum 5 56mm NATO 7 62mm M43 Soviet 7 62mm NATO 7 62mm M91 Russian and 12 7mm ComBloc Poland 43 Edit Poland 1918 1939 The young Polish state in 1918 had inherited arms from Prussia Russia Austria and France The military issued both the Mauser rifle in 7 9 57mm Mauser 1918 1939 for frontline troops and Lebels and Berthiers in 8 50mmR Lebel Balle D 1923 1937 for reservists in the Obrona Narodowa National Defense Police and paramilitary forces were armed with Mosin Nagants classified Mosin Karabin M91 98 25 and Mannlichers converted to 7 9 57mm Mauser On the headstamp the cartridge manufacturer placed their code letters at the 12 o clock position Government run factories that made ammunition for the military Wytwornia Amunicji placed the Polish National Eagle stamp instead The case manufacturer s code letter or numeral was placed in the 6 o clock position and the two digit percentage of copper in the case s brass usually 67 for 7 9mm Mauser was placed at the 9 o clock position The last two digits of year of production was placed at the 3 o clock position Beginning in 1926 the headstamps on domestically produced 8mm Lebel cartridges were done in the French style with the 12 and 6 o clock stamps at a right angle to the 9 and 3 o clock stamps Bullets had the manufacturer code over the Quarter number and two digit year of production engraved on the base e g Pk 2 26 is Zaklady Amunicyjne Pocisk 2nd Quarter of 1926 8mm Lebel Balle D bullets were differenced from 7 9mm Mauser bullets by a capital letter D inset between the contractor code and the date e g Pk D 2 26 Ammunition packed loose in cartons were marked do KM do Karabin Maszynowy for Machineguns or do CKM Ciezki Karabin Maszynowy for Heavy Machineguns Ammunition packed in clips were marked kar am Karabinu Amunicji Rifle Ammunition for rifles or do KBK Karabinek for Short Rifle for carbines 7 9mm Mauser ammunition packets were marked Nb MAUSER KAL 7 9 Wz 19 Cartridges Mauser 7 9 Caliber Pattern then followed by S for Spiczasty Pointed Ball 20 or SC for Spiczasty Ciezki Pointed Heavy Ball 21 8mm Lebel D ammunition packets were marked Nb Francuskie OSTRA Cartridges French LIVE The Lot code had the 3 digit lot number in Arabic numerals month in Roman numerals and four digit year The third line had the code for the Ammunition Factory W AM No that made it I Wytwornia Amunicji WYTW AM Ammunition Factory No 1 Brest Litovsk II Wytwornia Amunicji No 2 Poznan III Wytwornia Amunicji No 3 Warsaw IV Wytwornia Amunicji No 4 Krakow V Wytwornia Amunicji No 5 Przemysl F A S Fabrika Amunicji Skarzysko Ammunition Plant at Skarzysko 1925 1939 Skarzysko Kamienna Poland Civilian ammunition brand manufactured by P W U Fabryka Amunicji W Wojskowa Wytwornia Amunicji Karabinowej WWAK Military Rifle Ammunition Factory 1921 1925 Warsaw Poland Founded in 1921 using nationalized machinery liberated from the Georg Roth A G subsidiary factory in Poznan formerly Posen It made bullets primers cases and complete cartridges It was closed in 1925 and moved to Skarzysko SK Panstwowa Wytwornia Uzbrojenia Fabryka Amunicji P W U Fabryka Amunicji National Armament Factory Ammunition Plant 1925 1939 Skarzysko Kamienna Poland Founded in 1925 by moving the WWAK s machinery from Warsaw N Norblin S A Ammunition factory founded in 1922 in Warsaw It had a metal foundry and cartridge production plant at Glownie that made cartridge brass for other firms as well Ammunition made by Norblin had the Norblin N at both the 12 o clock cartridge manufacturer and 6 o clock case manufacturer positions Pk Zaklady Amunicyjne Pocisk Spolka Akcyjna Ammunition Works Bullets Joint Stock Company or Z A Pocisk S A A Franco Polish Joint Stock Company created in 1921 to supply the Polish Government with ammunition Using machinery purchased from Hirtenberger of Austria a cartridge plant was set up in Warsaw and a munitions plant was set up in Rembertow In 1932 it was nationalized by the Polish Government who consolidated all production at Rembertow In 1934 it began producing the Darzbor Good Hunting shotshell line In 1935 it began production of the Gryf Griffin shotshell line which used French made components by SFM that were assembled by Pocisk in Poland Dz Walconie Metali Dziedzice S A 1896 Present Dziedzice Silesian Voivodeship A metalworks that also manufactured cartridge cases F or Fr Fraget Warsaw Poland A metalworks that manufactured cartridge cases It was originally a Russian owned factory set up in the 1850s as for making galvanized silverplate wares It was repurposed after World War I due to the economic crisis that followed the fall of the Austro Hungarian and Russian empires Poland 1939 1945 kam Hugo Schneider AG HASAG Eisen und Metallwerke G m b H Skarzysko Kamienna Poland Manufactured ammunition and small arms for the German military using slave labor The Germans removed all the machinery in 1945 then wrecked whatever they could before they retreated nbe Hugo Schneider AG HASAG Eisen und Metallwerke GmbH Werk Apparatebau Tschenstochau Czestochowa Poland pae probably HASAG Skarzysko Kamienna DZ Metallwalzwerke A G Dziedzitz Dziedzitz Gau Schlesien In early 1940 they originally made brass cartridge cases and copper aluminum and zinc alloys for the war effort The facility was later focused on only producing duraluminum sheets and all its other machinery was shipped to other factories in Poland The machinery was later returned in 1947 Poland 1945 1989 The Polish headstamp for Factory 21 either has the factory number in an oval or upside down to keep it from being confused with the Hungarian and Romanian Factory 21s This was extended to other Polish headstamps for consistency 21 Panstwowa Fabryka Amunicji Skarzysko Kamienna State Ammunition Factory at Skarzysko Kamienna 1945 1948 Skarzysko Kamienna Poland Made small arms ammunition 21 Zaklady Wyrobow Metalowych Skarzysko Kamienna Skarzysko Kamienna Metal Products Works 1948 1988 Skarzysko Kamienna Poland Made small arms ammunition and the civilian MESKO brand along with appliances and metalware MESKO is an acronym for Zaklady Metalowe Skarzysko Kompania Metal Works Company at Skarzysko It was merged with the PREDOM appliance brand and renamed PREDOM MESKO S A in 1975 It then separated again and was renamed MESKO S A in 1985 21 General Sikorski Zaklady Metalowe MESKO General Sikorski MESKO Metal Works 1988 1993 Skarzysko Kamienna Poland Renamed as an expression of Polish independence 54 Factory 54 Poniatowa Poland Only 7 62x25 Tokarev 343 Factory 343 Wroclaw pilczyce 1952 1973 PFA Panstwowa Fabryka Amunicji State Ammunition Factory 1945 1955 Skarzysko Kamienna Poland Skarzysko Kamienna s headstamp until they were assigned factory numbers MESKO Marka Export Solidnosc Knokurencyjnosc Otwartosc Brand for Export Reliability Competitiveness and Honesty Skarzysko Kamienna Poland Civilian hunting and competitive shooting ammunition brand that reworded the acronym for MESKO In 2005 MESKO joined the PHZ Bumar Group which consists of 22 manufacturing companies from the now privatized Pol shi Promyshlennost Oborony PPO Polish Defense Industry NITRON NITRON S A Krupski Mlyn Silesia Poland Only produced sport ammunition 22 short 22 Long Rifle Portugal 24 Edit AE Arsenal do Exercito Army Arsenal Lisbon Portugal In the cypher style headstamp the A is superimposed over the E and is at 12 o clock the 4 digit year is at 6 o clock and 5 pointed stars are at 9 and 3 o clock BF Arsenal do Exercito Army Arsenal Lisbon Portugal A cover headstamp used by the Portuguese government on ammunition sent to Angola Rhodesia and South Africa during the Border War The code was created from the headstamp AE by moving one letter to the right in the alphabet The headstamp code faces the rim with the letter code at 6 o clock the batch number at 12 o clock the NATO Interchangeability symbol at 9 o clock and the 2 digit year at 3 o clock FA Fabrica de Armas Arms Factory 1902 Santa Clara Lisbon Portugal FCPQ Fabrica de Cartuchame e Polvoras Quimicas Cartridge amp Chemical Powder Factory 1927 1947 Chelas Marvila Lisbon Portugal Changed to Fabrica Nacional de Municoes de Armas Ligeiras FNMAL in 1947 FMBP FBP Fabrica de Material de Guerra de Braca de Prata War Materiel Factory in Braca de Prata 1907 1998 Braca de Prata Portugal FNM Fabrica Nacional de Municoes de Armas Ligeiras National Small Arms Munitions Factory 1947 2001 Lisbon Portugal FPB Fabrica da Polvora em Barcarena Powdermill in Barcarena 1619 1988 Bacarena Oeiras Lisbon Portugal FPC Fabrica da Polvora em Chellas Powdermill in Chelas 1898 1927 Chelas Marvila Lisbon Portugal Changed to Fabrica de Cartuchame e Polvoras Quimicas FCPQ in 1927 Romania 39 Edit UM stands for Uzina Mecanica Mechanical Plant 21 RPR 21 Factory 21 UM Cugir Republica Populară Romină Romanian People s Republic 1947 present Cugir The acronym RPR was used from 1947 to 1965 to differentiate the Romanian Factory 21 from the Hungarian and Polish Factory 21s 22 Factory 22 UM Sadu 1970 present 22 Bumbești Jiu Sadu was the name of a nearby town about 14 km away and was adopted as a cover CMC Uzinele Metalurgice din Copșa Mică și Cugir Metallurgical Works of Copșa Mica and Cugir 1925 1944 Cugir Transylvania Romania Created in Paris in 1925 by investments by the Romanian government the British firm Vickers Armstrong and the privatized Austrian firm UDR Co Uzinele de Fier si Domeniile Resiţa Resiţa Iron Works and Domains with production beginning in 1928 It made both small arms and ammunition with the factory in Cugir and the metal smelting plant in Copșa Mică The Czech firm CZ Brno replaced Vickers Armstrong in 1934 and CMC began producing ZB 30 machineguns and 7 92mm Mauser ammunition in 1935 In 1939 the Czechs holdings in the company were taken over by Hermann Goring Romania was taken over by a German sponsored right wing coup in 1940 and were German allies from 1941 to 1944 CMC made 9 19mm Parabellum and 7 92 57mm Mauser ammunition and the Orița submachine gun CMC later became UM Cugir kyn Astra Fabrica Romana de Vagoane Motoare Armament și Muniții Astra Romanian Factory for Wagons Engines Weapons and Munitions 1943 1944 Brașov Transylvania Romania The German contractor code for the Astra factory in Brașov It manufactured artillery shells and land mines kyo Intreprinderile metalurgice Dumitru Voina Societate Anonimă Romană Fabrica de Armament Brașov Dumitru Voina Metallurgy Enterprise Romanian S A Armament Factory at Brașov 1943 1944 Brașov Treansylvania Romania The German contractor code for the PAB metal works owned by Mr Dumitru Voina PA Pirotehnia Armatei Army Pyrotechnics 1861 1939 Bucharest Romania The government explosives factory It manufactured 9mm Steyr pistol 6 5mm Mannlicher rifle 13 2mm Hotchkiss Long HMG 37mm Hotchkiss QF and 53x176mmR M1887 Gruson QF cartridges A third letter in the headstamp indicated the metal supplier or manufacturer for the cases It was closed in 1944 when Romania pulled out of the war It was renamed the 9th of May Workshops in 1947 and was demilitarized and repurposed to make machinery and spare parts for the construction industry It was privatized as PUMAC S A in the 1990s The complex was demolished in 2009 PAB Pirotehnia Armatei Brașov Armament Factory Brașov 1943 Brașov PAF Unknown PAH Unknown PAM Unknown PAR Unknown PAT Unknown PA Pirotehnia Armatei 1939 1944 Bumbești Jiu A factory set up with German investment and assistance Closed in 1944 Reopened and name changed to UM Sadu in 1947 It manufactured 6 5mm Mannlicher and 13 2x99 Hotchkiss Long HMG cartridges R SD Romania SaDu UM Sadu ro 2015 present The new headstamp for all Sadu ammunition production replacing all previous commercial and military headstamps This is in accordance with an arms industry reform Law 295 2004 reviewed 2014 in which the first letter stands for Romania and the next letters are the two syllables of Sadu R SD is at 10 o clock the 2 digit year is at 2 o clock and the metric caliber is at 6 o clock The L prefix to the metric caliber means long i e L 5 56 or L 7 62 54mm U Viromet S A 1936 1942 1949 1991 1991 present Victoria Romania A factory initially conceived by the Romanian military to make locally produced smokeless propellants The military s proposal was approved in 1936 and government permission and planning were provided in 1937 The German firm Ferrostaal was contracted to build it in the hamlet of Ucea in the town of Victoria and provide technical assistance Work began in 1939 but was stopped in 1942 due to wartime austerity measures The contract was cancelled in 1944 when Romania declared war on Germany In 1949 it was finished reopened and renamed to Fabricile Ucea Factories at Ucea In the 1970s it started making its own primers detonator caps and fuses Gradually it diversified from explosives and propellants to making refined chemicals synthetic resins and processed plastics 23 In 1991 its explosives propellants and fuses division was spun off and renamed S C Pirochim Victoria S A made a division of ROMARM and transferred under R A Rompiro Făgăras 24 The remainder of Viromet S A was reorganized and then placed under control by InterAgro S A Serbia 73 Edit FOMU Fabryka Oruzja i Municje Uzice Weapons and Munitions Factory Uzice 1935 1940 1944 1947 Uzice Serbia Yugoslavia PP PPU or PPU Prvi Partizanski zavod ad Uzice First Partizan factory at Uzice 1941 1947 Present Uzice Serbia On September 24 1941 the FOMU facility was liberated from the Germans who had wrecked the machinery and burned down the administration building The ammunition production machinery and tool shop were moved to an underground vault under the National Bank and the other machinery was dispersed to the surrounding towns An explosion on November 22 1941 that killed 130 workers forced its closure The factory moved back to the FOMU facility in 1944 It was renamed Prvi Partizanki zavod ad Uzice PPU on September 5 1947 Singapore 32 Edit CHJ Chartered Industries of Singapore 1967 2000 Singapore The headstamp used a letter code for the date O 0 A 1 etc J is used instead of I the first two letters were the last two digits of the year and the third was the letter B for Berdan primed FJ B would be 1969 GG B would be 1977 and JH would be 1998 When the company switched to Boxer primed cartridges in the 1980s the third letter was dropped Chartered Industries was merged with ST Kinetics in 2000 Republic of South Africa 18 Edit South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations in 1961 and was re admitted in 1994 It remains a Republic NOTE The manufacturer and last two digits of the year are on the upper arc of the stamp e g WA 80 for Walter Annexe 1980 The symbols on the lower arc of the stamp indicates the caliber 7 7mm 5 56mm or 7 62mm and R or R M indicate the model R and mark M of the cartridge like the Commonwealth L A stamp e g R1M1 is the first model and second Mark of a cartridge Later the 2 digit year is in the 12 o clock position and a digit in the 6 o clock position on the headstamp indicated the load identification code A Factory A Pretoria Metal Pressings Pretoria South Africa B Factory B Pretoria Metal Pressings Kimberly South Africa LA Luther Annexe Pretoria Metal Pressings A factory named for Stephanus Fanie Luther a former PMP employee 25 Produced mostly civilian ammo but there was some military production during high volume orders WA Walter Annexe Pretoria West factory Pretoria Metal Pressings Pretoria South Africa A factory named for Allen Walter a former PMP employee 25 Produced military ammo PMP Pretoria Metal Pressings A division of Denel Group JMPD Pretoria Metal Pressings A division of Denel Group For Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department JMPD South Korea 37 Edit KA Government Arsenal Busan Metropolitan City Republic of Korea Manufactures military cartridges PS Poong San Poongsan Metal Mfg Co Ltd Angang Ammunition Plant Seoul Republic of Korea Manufactures military cartridges PSD Poong San Defense Poongsan Metal Mfg Co Ltd Dongrae Ammunition Plant Seoul Republic of Korea Manufactures military cartridges PMC Precision Made Cartridges Poongsan Metal Mfg Co Ltd Seoul Republic of Korea Manufactures commercial cartridges Owns the HotShot brand Note The M in the headstamp looks like an upside down W In 1968 the Poong San Corporation established the Precision Made Cartridges division to focus specifically on commercial ammunition production After officially being introduced to the market in the 1970s PMC ammunition quickly gained recognition for its consistent performance and reliability after being made available to military and civilian customers Over the years PMC expanded its product line to cater to various firearm calibers and now offers ammunition for handguns rifles and shotguns covering popular calibers such as 9mm 45 ACP 223 Remington and 308 Winchester In addition to their standard ammunition offerings PMC manufactures specialty lines such as the Bronze X TAC and Starfire series 26 Spain 33 Edit ENSB SB or SB T Empresa Nacional Santa Barbara de Industrias Militares Saint Barbara National Military Industries Enterprise 2001 Toledo Spain Later absorbed as part of General Dynamics in 2001 FNP Fabrica Nacional de Palencia National Factory at Palencia Palencia Spain The FNP is at 12 o clock and the 4 digit year is at 6 o clock FN T Fabrica Nacional de Toledo National Factory at Toledo Toledo Spain The factory is famous for making blades for swords knives bayonets and razors Ammunition was made at a separate cartridge plant at the factory complex The FN is at 12 o clock and the T is at 6 o clock the first 2 digits of the year 19 were at 9 o clock and the last 2 digits were at 3 o clock Later reorganized as Empresa Nacional Santa Barbara de Industrias Militares part of Santa Barbara Sistemas PS Pirotecnia Militar de Sevilla Military Explosives Factory at Seville Seville Spain SBS Santa Barbara Sistemas Saint Barbara Systems 2001 present Toledo Spain The new name for Empresa Nacional Santa Barbara de Industrias Militares since it was absorbed by General Dynamics in 2001 Sweden 65 Edit Amf stands for Ammunitionsfabrik Ammunition Factory They used a royal crown at the 12 o clock position for government manufactured or foreign contracted ammunition this was left blank if it was made by a private Swedish contractor The 2 digit year is displayed at the 9 o clock tens and 3 o clock ones positions and the contractor letter or number at the 6 o clock position Early ammunition had a 4 digit year with the first 2 digits thousands and hundreds at 9 o clock and the second 2 digits tens and ones at 3 o clock Ammunition with an E at the 12 o clock position which stands for Ersattning or Substitute have a bimetallic cartridge case brass clad steel due to wartime economy measures during World War II The component manufacturers were marked on the packaging Kbr stood for Karlsborg and Mbr stood for Marieberg the government ammunition factories Aker or Abr stood for Akersberga the government powdermill Tillverkade assembled by is the final manufacturer of the assembled cartridges Krut gunpowder is the propellant manufacturer Hylsor cases is the cartridge case manufacturer Tandh primers is the primer manufacturer and Kulor balls is the bullet manufacturer Parti Lot is the Lot Number The old method was made up of the 1 letter arsenal code usually preceded by AMF the lot number and 2 digit year of production and the day and month of manufacture example AMF K p3 43 2 3 is Amf Karlsborg Lot 003 1943 2nd of March The new method is made up of the 1 letter arsenal or 3 digit contractor code 2 digit manufacturing year and 3 digit or larger lot number followed by the day and month of manufacture example 02762614 24 08 is Amf 27 AB Norma 1962 Lot 614 24th of August Foreign ammunition producers included Deutschen Waffen und Munitionsfabrik DWM of Germany Hirtenberger Patronen Zundhutchen und Metallwarenfabrik A G HP and Keller amp Co KC or K amp C of Austria Societe Francaise des Munitions SFM of France and Valtion Patruunatehdas VPT of Finland The ammunition was repacked in Swedish made packaging to keep the contractors anonymous Tandsticksfabrik means Matchstick Factory The government contracted match factories to manufacture gunpowder and pyrotechnic fillers like tracers This was to prevent foreign supplies from being cut off due to embargo or war It not only made Sweden self sufficient but helped local industries by giving them government contracts Amf CodesK Amf Karlsborg 1870 Karlsborg Sweden Factory originally founded inside the Karlsborg fortress in 1870 then transferred to an external factory complex Vanasverken in 1887 The letter code on the packaging was Kbg M Amf Marieberg 1876 1950 Marieberg Stockholm Sweden The ammunition factory was closed in 1950 and production was transferred to FFV Zakrisdalsverken in Karlstad The letter code on the packaging was Mbg H Hirtenberg bei Wien Austria Hirtenberg was home to a number of ammunition factories and Sweden had contracts with most of them H is in the 12 o clock position and the company headstamp HP or KC is at the 6 o clock position 24 Norrhammars Bruk AKA Husqvarna Norrhammars Sweden Only manufactured the brass cases 25 Vulcans Tandsticksfabrik Tidaholm Sweden 26 026 AB Svenska Metallverken Vasteras Sweden 27 027 AB Norma Projektilfabrik Amotfors Sweden 28 Jonkopings Vestra Tandsticksfabrik Jonkoping Sweden 29 Valtion Patruunatehdas VPT Finland Only contracted for 6 5 55mm Swedish Mauser ammunition during World War II 30 Deutschen Waffen und Munitionsfabrik DWM Germany 31 Svenska Tandsticks Jonkoping Sweden 32 Lidkopings Tandsticksfabrik Lidkoping Sweden 33 Waffenwerke Brunn 1939 1945 Povazska Bystrica Czechoslovakia Contracted with the German occupation owners of the Czech Brno plant Only contracted for 7 92 57mm Mauser ammunition during World War II 34 Jonkopings Tandsticksfabrik Jonkoping Sweden 35 035 Svenska Metallverken 1954 1965 Blikstorp Sweden 070 FFV Vanasverken AKA Nammo Vanasverken Vanasverken Karlsborg Sweden 071 FFV Zakrisdalsverken Karlstad Sweden HeadstampsCG Carl Gustav Gevarsfaktori 1812 present Vanasverken Sweden Reorganized and absorbed by FFV in 1943 and renamed FFV Vanasverken Acquired by Bofors in 1991 as Bofors Carl Gustav Acquired by NAMMO Group in 1998 and renamed NAMMO Vanasverken Despite the name changes the CG headstamp is still retained FFV Forenede Fabriksverken 1943 1991 Karlsborg Sweden N Nordiska Metallaktiebolaget Vasteras Sweden The N is at the 12 o clock position the 2 digit year is at the 9 o clock tens and 3 o clock ones positions and the caliber is at the 6 o clock position NORMA AB Norma Projektilfabrik Amotfors Sweden Foreign Contract Number Headstamps434 Bakelittfabrikken 1946 present Aurskog Norway Acquired by the Nammo Group in 2005 and absorbed by Nammo Raufoss in 2017 583 Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikk AKA Nammo Raufoss Raufoss Norway 586 Hirtenberger Patronenfabrik A G Hirtenberg bei Wien Austria 599 Diehl Wehrtechnik a division of Diehl Stiftung Germany 602 IVI Inc a division of SNC Lavalin Saint Gabriel de Valcartier Canada Only contracted for 50 BMG ammunition 613 Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos Santo Andre Brazil 616 Winchester Olin East Alton Illinois USA Turkey 27 Edit MKE Makina ve Kimya Endustrisi Kurumu MKEK Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation Kirikkale Turkey Its munitions are distributed in North America by Zenith Quest International ZQI which owns the commercial Guardian Ammunition GA brand Military ammunition corporation Warsaw Pact manufacturers 1955 1991 EditSoviet Union Edit Imperial Russian Letter Code System 1860s to 1928 P TULSKIJ Z P atrony Tulskiy Z avod gt Tula Cartridge Factory 1880 1908 Designated T Factory T in 1908 P Factory P St Petersburg Cartridge Factory 1869 1918 Petrograd renamed Leningrad from 1924 to 1990 Russia Plant closed in 1918 and machinery moved to facilities in Simbirsk renamed Ulyanovsk in 1924 and Podolsk T Factory T Tula Cartridge Factory 1908 1941 Tula Tula Oblast Russia Designated Factory 38 in 1928 Plant closed in 1941 and machinery moved to Yuryuzan Chelyabinsk Russia to new facility designated Factory 38 L Factory L Lugansk Cartridge Factory 1895 1941 Lugansk Ukraine Redesignated Factory 60 in 1928 Plant closed in 1941 and machinery moved to Frunze Khirgizia Russia to new facility designated Factory 60 C Factory S Simbirsk Cartridge Factory 1916 1924 Simbirsk town renamed Ulyanovsk in 1924 Russia Briefly redesignated Factory U from 1925 to 1927 P Factory P Podolsk Cartridge Factory 1920 to 1927 Podolsk Moscow Russia Initial headstamp used in 1920 was first PPZ PPZ and later PP PP for Podolskiy Patronnyj Zavod Podolsk Cartridge Factory Changed to P Factory P in 1921 Redesignated Factory 17 in 1928 Plant closed and its machinery moved to Barnaul Altai Krai Russia in 1941 U Factory U Ulyanovsk Cartridge Factory 1925 1927 Ulyanovsk Ulyanovsk Oblast Russia Redesignated ZV ZV Zavod Volodarskogo in 1928 ZV Factory ZV Zavod Volodarskogo gt Factory named for Volodarsky 1928 to 1941 Ulyanovsk Russia Redesignated Factory 3 in 1928 but used the ZV ZV headstamp until 1942 X Factory H Hirtenberger gt Hirtenberger Hirtenberger Patronenfabrik Hirtenberg Austria Contract ammunition made by Hirtenberger for Russia in 1905 1906 and 1909 Soviet Russian Number Code System 1928 to 1990s The headstamp is the factory code number at 12 o clock and the last two digits of the year of manufacture at 6 o clock 3 Factory 3 Ulyanovsk Machinery Plant 1942 2005 Ulyanovsk Ulyanovsk Oblast Privolzhsky federalny okrug Volga Federal District Russia Owned the Sapsan Sapsan gt Peregrine Falcon ammunition brand It was absorbed by the Tula Cartridge Plant in 2005 7 Factory 7 Amursk Machine Building Plant Amursk Khabarovsk Krai Russia Later reorganized in 1976 as Vympel State Production Association Vympel gt Pennant They manufacture 5 45 39mm Soviet 5 56 45mm NATO 7 62 39mm Soviet and 9 19mm Parabellum ammunition and own the Golden Tiger ammunition brand 10 Factory 10 Unknown 1944 1946 Manufactured ammunition during World War 2 Closed after the war and records lost 17 Factory 17 Barnaul Cartridge Works 1927 present Barnaul Krasnogorsky District Altai Krai Russia They own the Barnaul Bear and Centaur ammunition brands and produce the Monarch ammunition brand for Academy Sports 38 Factory 38 Tula Cartridge Plant 1930 s 1941 Tula Tula Oblast Russia Plant closed in 1941 and the factory s machinery and staff were moved to a new facility in Yuryuzan 38 Factory 38 Yuryuzan State Factory 1942 1991 Yuryuzan Chelyabinsk Oblast Russia 44 Factory 44 Moscow Russia Laboratory used to produce experimental munitions 46 Factory 46 Kuntsevsk Cartridge Works 1941 Kuntsevsk Russia Plant closed in 1941 and the factory s machinery and staff were moved to a new facility in Sverdlovsk designated Factory 46 46 Factory 46 Sverdlovsk Cartridge Works 1942 Sverdlovsk Sverdlovsk Oblast Ural Russia 54 Factory 54 Nytva Nytvensky District Perm Russia 60 BMZ Factory 60 Frunze Cartridge Plant 1942 1991 Bishkek Kyrgyzstan formerly Frunze Kirghizia After independence in 1991 the factory was nationalized and renamed Bishkek Mashinostroitel nyy Zavod BMZ or Bishkek Machine Building Plant 184 Factory 184 Kazan Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Russia 187 Factory 187 Tula Cartridge Plant Tula Tula Oblast Russia This second ammunition plant to be built in Tula was refounded between 1942 and 1944 It manufactured small arms ammunition The Cyrillic headstamp TPZ TPZ for Tulski Patronyj Zavod Russian gt Tula Cartridge Works was used on military ammunition and TCW was used on commercial and hunting ammunition It owns the TulAmmo trademark 188 Factory 188 Klimovsk Cartridge Plant 1936 1941 Klimovsk Podolsk Urban Okrug Moscow Oblast Russia Opened as Factory 188 in Klimovsk in December 1936 Plant closed in 1941 and the factory s machinery and staff were moved to a new facility in Novosibirsk designated Factory 188 188 Factory 188 Novosibirsk Low Voltage Equipment Plant 1941 present Novosibirsk Novosibirsk Oblast Siberian Federal District Russia Reorganized as the Novosibirsk Cartridge Plant in 1993 Owns the LVE Low Voltage Equipment ammunition brand 270 LPZ LPZ LU LCW Factory 270 Lugansk Cartridge Works 1943 present Luhansk formerly Lugansk Luhansk Oblast Ukraine The second Lugansk ammunition plant was founded in 1943 The 270 headstamp was used on military ammunition from 1943 to 2008 and LPZ LPZ for Luganskij Patronnyj Zavod Russian gt Lugansk Cartridge Works from 2008 to present The LU headstamp for Luhansk Ukraine was used on commercial and contract ammunition for Red Army Standard The LCW headstamp has been used since 2002 on exported ammunition 304 Factory 304 Kuntsevo Cartridge Works Kuntsevo District Zapadny Administrative Okrug Moscow Russia This second ammunition plant to be built in Kuntsevo was refounded between 1942 and 1944 Kuntsevo was integrated as part of Moscow in 1960 529 Factory 529 Novaya Lyalya Cartridge Works Novaya Lyalya Novolyalinsky District Sverdlovsk Oblast Russia 539 Factory 539 Tula Cartridge Plant 1942 1944 present Tula Tula Oblast Russia Factory closed and its machinery moved in 1941 but was refounded in 1942 1944 540 Factory 540 Irkutsk Irkutsk Oblast Siberia Russia 541 Factory 541 Chelyubinsk Cartridge Works Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk Oblast Russia 543 Factory 543 Kazan Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Russia 544 Factory 544 Glazov Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Russia 545 Factory 545 Chkalov Chkalov Oblast Russia 710 Factory 710 Podolsk Cartridge Works Podolsk Podolsk Urban Okrug Moscow Oblast Russia This second ammunition plant to be built in Podolsk was refounded between 1942 and 1944 711 Factory 711 Klimovsk Stamping Plant 1942 1944 Klimovsk Podolsk Urban Okrug Moscow Oblast Russia This second ammunition plant to be built in Klimovsk was refounded between 1942 and 1944 Albania 59 Edit The headstamp used the reverse of the regular ComBloc headstamp code with the 3 at 6 o clock and the two digit year at 12 o clock The country was informally allied with China from 1961 and formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968 Most of the ammunition used by the Albanian armed forces was imported from China as it was better quality and cheaper than domestic production Since 2001 it has been involved in disposing of both domestic and foreign munitions for the UN and NATO 1 Uzina Mekanike UM Gramsh Engineering Factory in Gramsh 1962 present Gramsh Elbasan county central region Albania Armory 2 Uzina e Lendeve Plasese ULP Mjekes Factory for Explosive Materials in Mjekes 1962 present Mjekes Shirgjan municipality Elbasan county central region Albania Explosives factory 3 Kombinati Mekanik KM Polican Industrial Combine in Polican 1962 present Polican Berat County southern region Albania Munitions factory Was privatized in 2006 Bulgaria 50 Edit Bulgaria is now a NATO member It often manufactures ammunition for other NATO partners 10 Factory 10 1947 present Kazanlak Bulgaria Manufactured ammunition and clips A double ring was added around the number so that it would not be confused with the defunct Russian Factory 10 ammo plant It was named the Universal Industrial Plant Friedrich Engels from 1964 to 1977 and the Mashinostroitelen Kombinat Fridrih Engels Mashinostroitelen Kombinat Fridrikh Engels Fridrikh Engels Machine Building Combine from 1977 to 1989 It was privatized as Arsenal JSCo in 1989 D V F DVF Durjavna Voenna Fabrika State Military Factory 1924 1947 Kazanlak Bulgaria Manufactured ammunition and explosives Also started manufacturing commercial and agricultural products from 1944 onwards The headstamp had D D at 9 o clock V V at 12 o clock and F F at 3 o clock with the 2 digit year at 6 o clock The Cyrillic alphabet headstamp has mistakenly been read as B or A B O because of mistranslation by collectors Czechoslovakia Edit Czechoslovakia declared independence from Austro Hungary in 1918 It was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993 Czechoslovakia Pre War 1918 1939 M Ceskoslovenske Municni a Kovodelne Zavody A S Czechoslovakian Munitions and Metalworking Factories 1934 1946 Bratislava Czechoslovakia now Slovakia The nationalized Georg Roth AG factory The M headstamp is embossed in either a full or half circle O SB O Sellier amp Bellot Vlasim Prague Czechoslovakia Made percussion caps from 1825 and metal cartridges from 1870 beginning commercial hunting cartridge production in 1895 On the commercial ammunition headstamps the SB is at the 12 o clock position The O s often referred to as rosettes are at the 3 and 9 o clock positions and the caliber is at 6 o clock Pistol ammo usually had only one rosette The rosettes a reversed arrowhead superimposed atop a circle representing a rifled gunbarrel indicate the use of Neroxin non corrosive primers S amp B s proprietary brand S amp B SB Sellier amp Bellot 1825 1936 1983 present Prague Czechoslovakia now Czech Republic On the headstamp the S amp B is at the 12 o clock position Military ammunition had the 4 digit year of production split between 9 o clock and 3 o clock e g 19 and 38 for 1938 and the factory code letter at 6 o clock When Riga the last of its satellite factories was sold off in 1937 the unified factory code letters SBP were placed at 12 o clock and the quadrant at 6 o clock were replaced with the month of production in Roman numerals e g VI for June the sixth month The headstamp was changed back to S amp B in 1983 SBP SB P Sellier amp Bellot Prague 1936 1939 1939 46 1946 1983 Prague Czechoslovakia Manufacturing moved to Vlasim in the mid 1930s starting up in 1936 but the international headquarters remained in Prague The civilian headstamp has the SBP at 12 o clock and the caliber at 6 o clock On the military headstamp the SB is at 12 o clock and the P is at 6 o clock SBR SB R Sellier amp Bellot Riga 1884 1937 1937 1940 1940 1941 amp 1944 1946 Krusenhof Riga Latvia A satellite factory set up for sales to Northern Europe and the Baltic region The civilian headstamp has the SBR at 12 o clock and the caliber at 6 o clock On the military headstamp the SB is at 12 o clock and the R is at 6 o clock It manufactured 7 92mm Mauser and 303 British military ammunition because most of the regional powers used either captured German or Austrian war surplus or British military aid It was bought out in 1937 by Vairogs Latvian gt Shield a Latvian train car manufacturing company formerly Fenikss Latvian gt Phoenix until 1936 that had diversified into automobile production Vairogs used a stylized V as its headstamp from 1937 to 1940 It was later seized and nationalized by the Soviet Union in 1940 and renamed Factory 520 with 520 as its headstamp It manufactured 7 62 54mmR M91 Russian rifle ammunition until the machinery was evacuated to Sverdlovsk in 1941 It was returned in 1944 1945 and briefly was in operation until 1946 The facility was then repurposed into a train car factory SBS SB S Sellier amp Bellot Schonebeck 1829 1922 Schonebeck Germany A satellite factory set up initially for production of mercury fulminate This was due to pollution restrictions placed on the Prague site until 1841 The civilian headstamp has the SBS at 12 o clock and the caliber at 6 o clock On the military headstamp the SB is at 12 o clock and the S is at 6 o clock Sold to the Steyr Werke A G of Vienna Austria in 1922 SB Schonebeck P69 Sellier amp Bellot Schonebeck 1922 1945 Schonebeck Germany The SB was at 12 o clock and the text for Schonebeck occupied the lower half of the headstamp The month of production was on the left of the SB and the two digit year was to the right Production was initially by Steyr Werke A G and a group of other Austrian investors It was eventually bought out by senior investor Fritz Mandl of Hirtenberger A G in 1930 The plant was confiscated from Mandl by the German government in 1933 because he was a Jew It was then owned by IG Farben from 1933 to 1945 and used the headstamp P code P69 for military ammunition Czechoslovakia German Occupation 1939 1945 ak Munitionsfabriken vormals Sellier amp Bellot Prag Fabrik in Wlaschim 1939 1945 Vlasim Czechoslovakia Sellier amp Bellot cartridge factory dou Waffenwerke Brunn A G Werk Povazska Bystrica 1939 1945 Povazska Bystrica Czechoslovakia Brno Arsenal Czechoslovakia Cold War 1945 1990 7 62 43 1953 1990s Crate marking indicating 7 62 39mm M43 Soviet 7 62mm vz 43 Introduced around 1953 7 62 59 1959 1990s Crate marking indicating 7 62 54mmR M91 Russian 7 62mm vz 59 Replaced the 7 92mm Mauser round in 1959 PS Povazske Strojarne Factory at Povazska 1946 1952 Povazska Bystrica Czechoslovakia now Slovakia The renamed National Ammunition Plant after its move from Bratislava SBP Sellier amp Bellot at Prague 1946 1983 Sellier amp Bellot s commercial headstamp for civilian sales and European exports The original S amp B headstamp was reintroduced for commercial sales in 1983 UX UXA 1946 1949 Unknown location Sterile ammunition provided to communist clients like the early Israeli state c 1947 1948 Spurious headstamp dates are 4 44 and 45 making it look like they were made during the latter days of the German occupation 1939 1945 ZV Zbrojova Vlasim Vlasim Armory 1945 1983 Vlasim Czechoslovakia Zbrojova Vlasim was the nationalized name for the former Sellier amp Bellot plant in Vlasim and was used for military export aym Povazske Strojarne 1952 1998 Povazska Bystrica Horne Povazie region Czechoslovakia Used for internal Warsaw Pact sales bxn Zbrojova Vlasim Vlasim Central Bohemia region Czechoslovakia Used for internal Warsaw Pact sales Now used for military munitions sales czo Zbrojova Vsetin Vsetin Zlin region Czechoslovakia Used for internal Warsaw Pact sales East Germany Edit VEB stands for Volkseigene Betreib literally People s Own Enterprise a state owned or nationalized business Headstamps were Warsaw Pact standard with the contractor code at 12 o clock and 2 digit year at 6 o clock brass cased ammunition Messing Hulse or Ms Hulse had an asterisk at 3 o clock Lots were made in blocks of 10 the first number before the slash was the sub lot 1 10 and the number before the slash was the number of lots 1 9 is the 9th sub lot of Lot 1 04 VEB Mechanische Werkstatten Konigswartha Mechanical Workshops at Konigswartha Konigswartha Bezirk Dresden East Germany An ammunition factory that made 9 19mm Parabellum 9mm P 08 7 92 57mm Mauser 7 92mm Patr 7 92 33mm Kurz 7 92mm Patr Kz 43 and 7 62 39mm M43 Soviet 7 62mm Patr M43 ammo 05 VEB Spreewerk Lubben Lubben Bezirk Cottbus East Germany The nationalized BKIW arsenal It made 9 19mm Parabellum 9mm P 08 7 92 57mm Mauser 7 92mm Patr 7 92 33mm Kurz 7 92mm Patr Kz 43 5 45 39mm M74 Soviet 5 45mm Patr M74 and 7 62 39mm M43 Soviet 7 62mm Patr M43 ammo 201 VEB Sprengstoffwerk I Schonebeck Elbe Explosives Factory 1 at Schonebeck on the Elbe 1951 1990 Schonebeck Saxony Anhalt East Germany Made sporting rimfire and shotshell cartridges and recycled centerfire ammo cases as blanks Yugoslavia Edit 11 Enterprise 11 Prvi Partizanski zavod ad Uzice 1948 1956 Uzice Yugoslavia now Serbia Cover headstamp briefly used for PPU from 1948 to 1956 Cartridge headstamp had the code number at 12 o clock 5 point Communist Stars at 9 o clock and 3 o clock and the 2 digit year of production at 6 o clock 12 Enterprise 12 Igman zavod ad Konjic 1952 1955 Konjic Yugoslavia now Bosnia Herzegovina Cover headstamp briefly used for IK from 1952 to 1955 Cartridge headstamp had the code number at 12 o clock 5 point Communist Stars at 9 o clock and 3 o clock and the 2 digit year of production at 6 o clock A T Ӡ A T Z Artiljerijsko Tehnicki Institut Artillery Technical Institute 1853 Kragujevac Yugoslavia now Serbia A cannon foundry and pyrotechnics laboratory founded in 1853 In 1883 the laboratory was spun off to form Vojno Tehnicki Zavod which concentrated on munitions and pyrotechnics The headstamp had the A at 9 o clock T at 12 o clock and Ӡ at 3 o clock with the two digit year at 6 o clock V T Ӡ V T Z Vojno Tehnicki Zavod Military Technical Institute 1883 1941 1944 1992 Kragujevac Yugoslavia now Serbia A factory that manufactured munitions and pyrotechnics from 1883 to 1941 The headstamp wasn t changed from ATӠ to VTӠ until 1932 Production was halted during World War II from 1941 to 1944 due to the German occupation and again briefly in 1991 during the Yugoslavian Civil War It is now focused on artillery ammunition and explosives manufacture The headstamp had the V at 9 o clock T at 12 o clock and Ӡ at 3 o clock with the two digit year at 6 o clock IK IK Igman zavod ad Konjic Igman Factory at Konjic Konjic Yugoslavia now Bosnia Herzegovina PPU PPU Prvi Partizanski zavod ad Uzice First Partisan Ammunition Plant 1945 present Uzice Yugoslavia now Serbia EIGN EIGN Unknown Factory Headstamp had the code letters at 12 o clock and the 2 digit year of production at 6 o clock MBL MBL Milan Blagojevic namenska ad Lucani Milan Blajojevic dedicated plant at Lucani 1949 present Lucani Moravica Yugoslavia now Serbia Specialized chemical plant that manufactures propellants primers and explosives It is named after Serbian partisan and war hero Milan Blagojevic also written as Milan Blagojev or Miloje Blagojevic The MBL acronym is often found as the propellant supplier on the cartridge packaging RKI RK 1 Rezervisani Kapacitet No 1 Reserve Capacity 1 Unknown factory Might be a cover headstamp for Fabryka Suvenir SMB SMB Fabryka Suvenir Factory Souvenir 1981 present Samokov Makedonski Brod Porece Yugoslavia now Republic of North Macedonia Arms and ammunition factory that also mints all of North Macedonia s coinage They made 9mm Parabellum 7 62mm M43 Soviet and 7 9mm Mauser ammunition and repaired small arms From 2005 to 2009 it was owned by Greek munitions manufacturer Olympic Arms S A but no ammunition was manufactured From 2009 they were bought out by the Czech firm Real Trade Praha A S and were renamed Suvenir Metal Products Equipment They own the SUMBRO ammunition brand which stands for Suvenir Makedonski Brod Currently they are owned by Ammunition Technology Services ATS They currently as of 2022 manufacture 9mm Parabellum 5 56mm NATO 7 62mm M43 Soviet 7 62mm NATO 12 7mm NATO and 12 7mm M35 Soviet ammunition Caribbean manufacturers EditCuba Edit The Spanish government ran a munitions plant in Havana P M H Pirotecnia Militar de La Habana Military Pyrotechnic Factory at Havana 1870s 1901 Loma de Arostegui Havana Cuba The raised headstamp has the P at 9 o clock the M at 12 o clock the H at 3 o clock and the two digit year of production at 6 o clock It manufactured black powder 58 Spanish Berdan Carbine 43 Spanish Remington and 43 Spanish Remington Reformed cartridges It was closed in 1901 and converted into the new campus for the University of Havana in May 1902 Early Communist ammunition didn t use a headstamp code until the late 1970s 13 1980s 2012 La Campana Hoyo de Manicaragua Villa Clara Province Cuba Headstamps date from the early 1980s PMV Pirotecnia Militar de Las Villas 1970s 1980s La Campana Hoyo de Manicaragua Las Villas Province Cuba Headstamps date from the late 1970s Las Villas Province was split into 3 smaller provinces in 1976 Cienfuegos Sancti Spiritus and Villa Clara EMI Empresa Militar Industrial Comandante Ernesto Che Guevara Military Industrial Enterprise Commander Ernesto Che Guevara 2012 Present La Campana Manicaragua Villa Clara Province Cuba New machinery is to be provided by KBAL a division of the Klimovsk Cartridge Plant Rosoboronexport 27 Dominican Republic Edit R D Republica Dominicana Armeria F A San Cristobal Army Armory at San Cristobal 1947 1968 San Cristobal Dominican Republic The armory was set up in 1947 After Trujillo s assassination in 1961 the armory gradually wound down production and was then closed The first headstamp 1954 1959 has the R at 9 o clock D at 3 o clock cartridge designation e g 30 M1 at 12 o clock and 2 digit year of production at 6 o clock The simplified second headstamp 1959 1962 deleted the R and D South American manufacturers EditArgentina 29 Edit FLB FM FLB Fabrica Militar Fray Luis Beltran Military Factory Friar Louis Beltran 1961 present San Lorenzo Argentina A military supply and ammunition factory named after the friar who helped create the first armory and cannon foundry during the Spanish American wars of independence The headstamp has the caliber on the upper arc The lower arc contains the factory s initials flanked by the two digit month on the left side and the last two digits of the production year on the right side e g 03FLB82 means March Fabrica Militar Fray Luis Beltran 1982 FM Fabrica de Municion para Armas Portatiles Small Arms Munitions Factory 1935 1937 San Lorenzo Argentina A military cartridge factory that was originally on the grounds of the San Lorenzo Arsenal cantonment It was built between 1933 and 1935 with machinery and technical aid from Fritz Werner Manufacturing It was separated into its own facilities in 1936 and was made part of the Direccion de Fabricas Militares del Ejercito Argentino Argentinean Army Directorate of Military Manufacturing Its name was changed to Fabrica Militar de Municion de Armas Portatiles de Puerto Borghi in 1937 FMC SL Fabrica Militar de Cartuchos de San Lorenzo Military Cartridge Factory at San Lorenzo 1950 1955 San Lorenzo Argentina FMSL Fabrica Militar de San Lorenzo 1955 1961 A merger of the Fabrica Militar de Cartuchos de San Lorenzo and Fabrica Militar de Municion de Artilleria The previous name of Fabrica Militar Fray Luis Beltran SF FMSF Fabrica Militar de Cartuchos de San Francisco Military Cartridge Factory at San Francisco San Francisco Cordoba Argentina FMMAP B Fabrica Argentina Militar de Municion de Armas Portatiles de Puerto Borghi Military Light Arms Munitions Factory at Puerto Borghi 1937 1950 Puerto Borghi San Lorenzo Argentina FMMAP DM Fabrica Militar de Municion de Armas Portatiles Domingo Matheu de Rosario Military Factory for Light Arms Munitions Domingo Matheu at Rosario 1942 Rosario Santa Fe Argentina FMMAP SF Fabrica Argentina Militar de Municion de Armas Portatiles de San Francisco Military Factory for Light Arms Ammunition at San Francisco San Francisco Cordoba Argentina IMPA Industrias Metalurgicas y Plasticas Argentina Metallurgical and Plastic Industries of Argentina 1928 present barrio de Almagro Buenos Aires Argentina The co operative briefly made cartridge cases for the military ORBEA Cartucheria Orbea 1906 Buenos Aires Argentina Private Spanish ammunition manufacturer Orbea Hermanos y Cia originally headquartered in Eibar Spain Brazil 19 Edit CBC Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos Ribeirao Pires Sao Paulo Brazil Chile 52 Edit F FAbricas y MAestranzas del Ejercito FAMAE Factories and Workshops of the Army Santiago Chile Colombia 80 Edit INDUMIL IM Industria Militar Colombian Military Industry 1954 present Bogota Colombia Paraguay Edit F D FAMAE amp DIMABEL Made in Chile by FAMAE for the Paraguayan Armed Forces Armaments Directorate Direccion de Material Belico DIMABEL NOTE On its headstamp F is in the 9 o clock position and D is in the 3 o clock position the 2 digit year is at the 6 o clock position and the metric caliber 7 62 51mm 9 19mm is at the 12 o clock position IMP Industrias Militares de Paraguay Military Industries of Paraguay a division of DIMABEL Piribebuy Paraguay 1988 1993 1995 present Originally set up with Fabrique National equipment and assistance reformed and reorganized with help from FAMAE from 1993 to 1995 It manufactures small arms ammunition and owns the Yaguarete Guarani gt Jaguar civilian ammo brand MDRP Ministerio de Defencia Republica Del Paraguay Ministry of Defense Republic of Paraguay Made in France by Gevelot Societe Francaise des Munitions and in Israel by IMI supposedly for the Paraguayan military Some ammunition with this headstamp was seized before it could be diverted to South Africa in violation of the arms embargo Headstamp has the 2 digit year of production in front of it Gevelot made ammunition was Berdan primed and IMI made ammunition was Boxer primed Venezuela Edit CAVIM Compania Anonima Venezolana de Industrias Militares Venezuelan Military Industries Ltd Caracas 1975 present The headstamp follows ComBloc pattern with CAVIM at 6 o clock and the 2 digit year of production at 12 o clock The headquarters is in Caracas the Armament and Munitions Factory is in Maracay and the Chemical Plant is in Moron OP Codigo DAEX 28 del Organismos Policiales DAEX Code for the Police Organizations A code number assigned by DAEX that is placed on the headstamp of police issue ammunition to indicate which organization it was issued It is designed to prevent pilferage and black market arms proliferation On the headstamp the manufacturer code CAVIM is at 12 o clock the OP code example OP 35 is at 6 o clock and the 2 digit year of production is at 3 o clock VEN Ministerio de la Defensa Servicio de Armamento Arsenal y Fabrica de Municiones Ministry of Defense Armaments Service Arsenal and Munitions Factory Caracas Venezuela This headstamp was used on military ammunition that had been imported from Fabrique Nationale African manufacturers EditBurkina Faso Edit SIVAM Societe Industrielle Voltaique d Armes et Munitions Voltaic Industrial Society for Arms and Munitions Ouagadougou Burkina Faso formerly Upper Volta Cameroon Edit MANUCAM Manufacture Camerounaise de Munition Cameroonian Munitions Factory Cameroon A government owned cartridge factory that made 7 62mm NATO ammo Ethiopia Edit The first domestic ammunition plant was set up by Emperor Menelik II in 1911 It made 10 75mm M1870 Russian Berdan Mk 2 and 7 62mm M1891 Russian Mosin Nagant cartridges Ethiopia had long economic ties to Czechoslovakia dating back to the early 20th Century An ammunition plant was set up by the Czechs in the reign of Empress Zawditu in the 1920s that produced 7 92mm Mauser cartridges for the new Czech weapons it was importing A new Czech plant was set up around 1947 to 1953 CE with assistance from the Povazske Strojarne factory and was named after the contemporary ruler Emperor Haile Selassie I It made 7 92mm Mauser 30 06 Springfield and 7 62mm NATO ammunition for the military and 303 British rifle ammunition for the civilian market Packaging lists the date in the Ethiopian calendar year 7 to 8 years less than that of the Gregorian calendar while the cartridge headstamp uses the Common Era year ቀኃሥ Qa Ha Se Emperor Haile Selassie I Ammunition Factory c 1950 1974 Mexico Square Addis Ababa Ethiopia The packaging is labeled in Amharic and is stamped on the inner packaging with ink The headstamp has the phonetic Amharic initials of the factory name at 12 o clock six pointed stars at 3 and 9 o clock the downward pointing triangles are so small and faint that the stars sometimes look like single large upward pointing triangles and the 4 digit Common Era year at 6 o clock From the late 1960s to 1974 the caliber of the cartridges 7 92 30 and 7 62 were shown to the right of the 2 digit year መ ኢ ድ Ma Li De Hibret Manufacturing and Machine Building Industry Department of Defence Industry 1974 1987 Mexico Square Addis Ababa Ethiopia The factory was renamed after Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed in 1974 Its light ammunition production lines were later moved to the Homicho plant in Ambo The headstamp is similar except the six pointed stars are more defined and the Common Era year only uses the last 2 digits Homicho Ammunition Engineering Industry plant 1987 Present Ambo Ethiopia An ammunition plant set up with Soviet and North Korean assistance It makes 7 62mm M43 Soviet 7 62mm M91 Russian 12 7mm ComBloc and 14 5mm ComBloc ammunition Packaging is labeled in English and is stamped with blue ink on the white cardboard cartons Export ammunition is made without a headstamp and has been found in Sudan South Sudan Somalia the Central African Republic and Libya Kenya Edit K O F Kenya Ordnance Factories Corporation 1995 present Eldoret Kenya Set up by FN Herstal between 1988 and 1995 It manufactures 9 19mm Parabellum 5 56 45mm NATO and 7 62 51mm NATO NOTE Headstamp is K at 9 o clock O at 12 o clock F at 3 o clock and 2 digit year at 6 o clock Namibia Edit Namibia has ties to both North and South Korea dating back to 1990 SWAPO had connections to North Korea dating back to the 1970s North Korean technical support and labor was used in 2005 to build army barracks at Suiderhof military base a military school and museum at Okahandja a new Ministry of Defense headquarters and an expansion of the munitions plant in Leopard Valley 29 30 31 A munitions and explosives complex was built in 2010 in Oamites a disused copper mine 32 2005 present Oamites Windhoek Khomas Namibia Nigeria Edit Nigeria produces its own 303 British 7 62 51mm NATO and 9 19mm Parabellum cartridges The cartridges are made using ammunition equipment sold by Fritz Werner Manufacturing which is why the headstamp s font and markings look German made 303 British was phased out for 7 62mm NATO since the mid 1960s and is now sold as a hunting and sporting cartridge 12 gauge shotgun shells are sold to civilians for hunting 7 62 39mm Soviet production will supplement or could even replace 7 62mm NATO in the near future The headstamps have 3 letter codes OFN and AFN but the packaging has 2 letter codes OF or AF AFN Ammunition Factory of Nigeria 1986 present Kaduna Nigeria OFN Ordnance Factory of Nigeria 1964 1986 Kaduna Nigeria The Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria DICoN was set up by Act of Parliament in 1964 The Ordnance Factory was designed laid out and set up within the year by Fritz Werner Manufacturing After the end of the Nigerian Civil War 1967 1970 the factory diversified to produce civilian items like rural water supply equipment industrial spare parts and furniture Sudan Edit Kynoch helped the Sudanese government to set up a small arms factory that opened in 1956 They produced 303 British initially and later in 1959 produced 7 62 39mm Soviet The headstamp uses Arabic language lettering and Indian Arab language numbering It was later placed under the control of the Military Industry Corporation in 1993 س S Military Industry Corporation Al Shajara ammunition plant Al Shajara Khartoum Sudan The Arabic S letter stands for Sudan السودان al suwdan or the Republic of the Sudan جمهورية السودان jumhuriat al suwdan The early headstamps had a quadrant headstamp with the manufacturer code at 12 o clock 4 digit year of production at 3 o clock 1 or 2 digit month of production at 6 o clock and the caliber number in hundredths i e 303 at 9 o clock In the 1970s they adopted a new three part headstamp with the manufacturer s code at 12 o clock 1 or 2 digit month at 5 o clock and 2 digit year at 7 o clock it omits the caliber designation Zimbabwe Edit Z28 Unknown factory Zimbabwe ZI Zimbabwe Defense Industries Harare Harare Province Zimbabwe Headstamp has the 2 digit production year at 12 o clock and ZI at 6 o clock It sold surplus military ammunition under the civilian Cheetah brand through Vector Arms Salt Lake City Utah USA from 1993 to 2005 Central Asian manufacturers EditAzerbaijan Edit 050 Factory 50 Telemekhanika Zavodu Telemechanical Plant 2006 Present Shirvan Azerbaijan Republic Former electronics manufacturing plant 1981 2006 It was transferred in 2006 to the control of the Ministry of Defence Industries and now manufactures ammunition It owns the civilian Tela brand It makes 7 62mm M43 Soviet and 5 45mm M74 Soviet cartridges and is developing 5 56mm NATO Tela ammo is exported into the United States under the TelaAmmo USA brand by Tela IMPEX LLC 2020 Present of Hallandale Beach FL Uzbekistan Edit 601 Factory 601 SUE SPA Vostok 2002 Tashkent Uzbekistan Set up began after independence in 1998 with full production commencing in 2002 The loading machinery was provided by Manhurin and the packing machinery was subcontracted out to a German firm On the headstamp the factory number 601 is at 12 o clock the 2 digit year of production is at 6 o clock and an eight point star is at 9 o clock The ammo code letter is at 3 o clock this is in the Cyrillic alphabet for export within the former Soviet sphere and Warsaw Pact Early test batch cartridges were made with Latinate letters and might be used for domestic production as Uzbekistan uses both alphabets and commercial sales to Europe and the Americas A A stands for 7 62 39mm M43 Soviet and is packed in 30 round cartons b B stands for 7 62 54mmR M91 Russian and is packed in 20 round cartons C C stands for 5 45 39mm M74 Soviet and is packed in 30 round cartons D D stands for 9 18mm Makarov and is packed in 16 round plastic trays in 16 round cartons E E stands for 9 19mm Parabellum and is packed in plastic trays in 90 round cartons later reduced to a 50 round tray in 2021 The Vostok company logo on the packaging is a Cyrillic letter B V for Vostok with a shooting star in its stem Some of its ammunition has been found in Sellier amp Bellot packaging and sold in Europe In 2021 it began exporting to the US through Tactical Sh t of St Peters MO East Asian manufacturers EditChina Edit NORINCO North Industries Corporation Beijing People s Republic of China Operates several state arsenals that produce weapons and munitions for both the military and civilian markets Ammunition headstamp has the arsenal number at 12 o clock and the last 2 digits of the year of manufacture at 6 o clock From 1912 to 1950 the communist Chinese used the Republican calendar which numbered the years from the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 rather than the Western Anno Domini Common Era The following are arsenals known to exist before 1979 11 State Factory 11 1949 Present Mudanjiang Heilongjiang province People s Republic of China Previously was the Nationalist Arsenal 10 before 1949 received Factory Code 11 in 1952 31 or 031 State Factory 31 1953 present 41 State Factory 41 1953 present 51 or 051 State Factory 51 1953 present 61 State Factory 61 Long Jiang Special Equipment Company Ltd 1953 Present Harbin Heilongjiang province People s Republic of China 71 State Factory 71 1953 present 81 State Factory 81 1953 present Headstamps 1 101 111 121 131 201 211 221 141 301 311 321 1953 351 391 501 0501 651 661 1953 821 846 911 964 6201 6202 6203 9121 and 9141 are confirmed as Chinese while 451 671 and 946 are unconfirmed They are either a subterfuge method to conceal the actual locations and numbers of Chinese arsenals e g 946 as a cover headstamp for State Factory 964 or a designation for annexes attached to an arsenal i e 311 is an annex of State Factory 11 or State Factory 31 121 Heilongjiang North Tool Factory Mudanjiang Heilongjiang province People s Republic of China 451 amp 456 Chung Ching Arsenal Chung Ching People s Republic of China 791 Changjiang Electric Industry Group Co Ltd Chongqing independent municipality formerly part of Sichuan Province People s Republic of China The former Nationalist Arsenal 10 at Chongqing It also uses the former Chongqing Arsenal Double Ring symbol on civilian sport ammunition Japan 30 Edit P S Showa Kinzoku Ltd a division of Nippon Oil amp Fats Co Ltd 33 1943 present Tokyo Japan The symbol stands for the last two digits of the year of manufacture P54S would mean 1954 production The P prefix stands for Police contract ammunition It manufactured 38 Special cartridges for use with Police issue Smith amp Wesson and Colt revolvers TE Toyo Seiki Manufacturing Company Limited Tokyo Japan TS or TOYO Toyo Seiki Manufacturing Company Limited Japan North Korea Edit 93 Factory 93 North Korea Taiwan Republic of China Edit Taiwanese dates are calculated from 1911 the year the KMT government came into power rather than the Western Anno Domini Common Era date system 60A Arsenal 60 TAA 205th Arsenal Material Production Center Kaohsiung Taiwan A sub contractor that manufactures 5 56mm NATO and 7 62mm NATO cartridges for General Dynamics 34 South East Asian manufacturers EditCambodia Edit The Cambodian government usually imported its small arms ammunition but briefly had a domestic ammunition plant from 1969 to 1970 Lon Nol s Khmer Republic received ammunition from its SEATO partners like the United States and Australia Communist Kampuchea received surplus ammunition from the Soviet Bloc and new made ammunition from its sponsor China Cambodian Army Ammunition Plant 35 Stung Chral Cambodia A deal was made in February 1962 between the Cambodian government and the Czechoslovakian firm of Sellier amp Bellot to set up a cartridge factory to manufacture 9 19mm Parabellum 7 5 54mm French and 30 06 Springfield cartridges Originally supposed to be completed by 1965 it didn t start production until 1969 The plant didn t use a headstamp code on their ammunition but did use a contractor code of SC on the packaging It was overrun by the Khmer Rouge in November 1970 damaged in the fighting and then sabotaged by the retreating Khmer Rouge forces Indonesia 45 Edit AD Pabrik Alat Peralatan TNI Angkatan Darat Pabal AD Army Tool and Equipment Factory 1958 1962 Bandung West Java Indonesia PSM was renamed to Pabrik Alat Peralatan Angkatan Darat Pabal AD Army Tool and Equipment Factory in 1958 and came under the control of the Army PSM Pabrik Senjata dan Mesiu Weapons and Munitions Factory 1950 to 1958 Bandung West Java Indonesia The Javanese name for the Dutch Leger Productie Bedrijven Military Production Facilities 1947 1950 ceded to Indonesia in 1950 P PINDAD or PIN PT PINDAD Persero 1962 present Turen Malang East Java Indonesia Pabrik Alat Peralatan TNI Angkatan Darat was renamed PT PINDAD Perindustrian Angkatan Darat Army Industries in 1962 PINDAD was briefly renamed KOPINDAD Komando Perindustrian TNI Angkatan Darat Army Industries Command in 1972 but reverted to PINDAD in 1976 It was made into a State Owned Enterprise in 1983 PINDAD was under management by PT BPIS Persero 36 from 1989 until 1998 when BPIS was disbanded PT BPIS was restructured as PT Bahana Pakarya Industri Strategis Persero in 1999 then was dissolved in 2002 From 2003 PT PINDAD Persero came under the direct control of the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises Malaysia 34 Edit MAL Syarikat Malaysia Explosives Ltd 1969 present Batu Arang Malaysia Winchester and Radway Green sub contractor for NATO ammunition 9mm Parabellum 5 56mm NATO 7 62mm NATO and 50 Browning Machine Gun using British specifications Headstamp has the contractor code MAL at 12 o clock the metric caliber 9 5 56 7 62 or 12 7 at 8 o clock and the date of manufacture two digit month and two digit year separated by a hyphen at 4 o clock It lacks the NATO standard stamp because it is not a Tier 3 NATO nation Philippines 46 Edit RPA Republic of the Philippines Arsenal Camp General Antonio Luna Limay Bataan Republic of the Philippines See also EditHeadstamp National Codification BureauReferences Edit Sharpe Philip B Complete Guide to Handloading 1953 Funk amp Wagnalls p 75 Davis William C Jr Handloading 1981 National Rifle Association p 21 a b c The Tell Tale Dash James Files and the Dented Cartridge Case by Allan Eaglesham a b c Small Caliber Ammunition Identification Guide U Volume 1 DST 1160G 514 81 Vol1 a b A a b c d e f g Australian Military Headstamps 1939 1945 Formerly the Australian Explosives and Chemical Company Ltd 1875 1897 and Nobel Australasia Ltd 1898 1926 a b Hendon Ammunition Factory a b Davis William C Jr Handloading 1981 National Rifle Association p 12 Canadian Encyclopedia Dominion Arsenal a b c d Shannon Municipality History Page 2 International Ammunition Association forum Canadian DI headstamp on 303 and 9x19 cases Canada Companies Info Canadian Arsenals Ltd Cartridge Headstamps Canada Meighan Michael Scotland s Lost Industries Amberley Publishing 2012 Register of Defunct Companies 2nd edition Macmillan Publishing for Stock Exchange Press a division of the International Stock Exchange of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland Ltd 1990 pg 146 Center For Art And Media Karlsruhe From the munitions factory to a culture factory Hallenbau A of the IWKA Industriewerke Karlsruhe Augsburg a b The Ayalon Institute Kibbutzim Hill by Yael Zisling Archived 2013 10 16 at the Wayback Machine Naboje Mauser Kaliber 7 9 Wzor Treat like 7 92mm M1905 Mauser S Spitzgeschoss Spitzer bullet patrone Treat like 7 92mm Mauser sS schwere Spitzgeschoss Heavy Spitzer bullet patrone Societatea Uzina Mecanică Sadu SA umsadu ro Retrieved 30 May 2023 Bloomberg com Company Overview of VIROMET SA Victoria January 11 2019 6 40 AM ET ROMARM Pirochim Victoria S A Archived from the original on 2019 01 11 Retrieved 2019 01 11 a b IAA Forums gt South African WA headstamp 7 62 x 51 History of Precision Made Cartridges Ammunition Depot Ammunition Depot Store View Retrieved 2023 06 08 Russia Plans AK 47 Ammo Factory in Cuba Fox News 10 December 2016 DAEX Direccion General de Armas y Explosivos gt General Directorate of Weapons and Explosives africanarguments org gt Is it all over between Namibia and North Korea July 13 2016 Defense News gt Namibia Confirms North Korean Built Arms and Ammunition Factory by Oscar Nkala March 17 2016 Afripost net gt Home gt Politics gt North Korean built arms and ammunition factory in Namibia March 2016 Mail amp Guardian South Africa gt World Namibia violates UN sanctions against North Korea by John Grobler 15 Apr 2016 NOF Corporation History Battle Over Bullets By Scott Barancik St Petersburg Times Published April 12 2007 Carlow Theodore Cambodian Army Ammunition Plant The American Rifleman July 1974 pg 12 BPIS Persero Javanese gt Badan Pengelola Industri Strategis Perseroan Strategic Industrial Management Agency Company External links EditIAA Headstamp Codes Headstamp Ammunition Codes The Master List Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of military headstamps amp oldid 1171636479, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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