fbpx
Wikipedia

Imperial Chemical Industries

March 24, 2023

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was a British chemical company. It was, for much of its history, the largest manufacturer in Britain.[1] It was formed by the merger of four leading British chemical companies in 1926. Its headquarters were at Millbank in London. ICI was a constituent of the FT 30 and later the FTSE 100 indices.

Imperial Chemical Industries plc
Logo designed by Design Research Unit
TypePublic limited company
IndustryChemicals
Founded1926; 97 years ago (1926)
Defunct2008; 15 years ago (2008)
FateAcquired by AkzoNobel
HeadquartersLondon, England, UK
Key people
Alfred Mond (first CEO)
Sir Paul Chambers
Sir John Harvey-Jones
ProductsGeneral chemicals, plastics, paints, pharmaceuticals & speciality chemicals
Revenue£4.85 billion (2006)
£502 million (2006)
£295 million (2006)
Number of employees
29,130 (2006)
ParentAkzoNobel 

ICI made general chemicals, plastics, paints, pharmaceuticals and speciality products, including food ingredients, speciality polymers, electronic materials, fragrances and flavourings. In 2008, it was acquired by AkzoNobel,[2] which immediately sold parts of ICI to Henkel and integrated ICI's remaining operations within its existing organisation.[3]

History

Development of the business (1926–1944)

 
1930s volumes of ICI magazine

The company was founded in December 1926 from the merger of four companies: Brunner Mond, Nobel Explosives, the United Alkali Company, and British Dyestuffs Corporation.[4] It established its head office at Millbank in London in 1928.[4] Competing with DuPont and IG Farben, the new company produced chemicals, explosives, fertilisers, insecticides, dyestuffs, non-ferrous metals, and paints.[4] In its first year turnover was £27 million.[4]

In the 1920s and 1930s, the company played a key role in the development of new chemical products, including the dyestuff phthalocyanine (1929), the acrylic plastic Perspex (1932),[4] Dulux paints (1932, co-developed with DuPont),[4] polyethylene (1937),[4] and polyethylene terephthalate fibre known as Terylene (1941).[4] In 1940, ICI started British Nylon Spinners as a joint venture with Courtaulds.[5][6]

ICI also owned the Sunbeam motorcycle business, which had come with Nobel Industries, and continued to build motorcycles until 1937.[7]

During the Second World War, ICI was involved with the United Kingdom's nuclear weapons programme codenamed Tube Alloys.[8]

Postwar innovation (1945–1990)

 
Map showing Imperial Chemical Industries sales regions, offices and factories in the United Kingdom in May 1955

In the 1940s and 1950s, the company established its pharmaceutical business and developed a number of key products, including Paludrine (1940s, an anti-malarial drug),[4] halothane (1951, an inhalational anaesthetic agent), propofol (1977, an intravenous anaesthetic agent),[9] Inderal (1965, a beta-blocker),[4] tamoxifen (1978, a frequently used drug for breast cancer),[10] and PEEK (1979, a high performance thermoplastic).[4] ICI formed ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1957.

ICI developed a fabric in the 1950s known as Crimplene, a thick polyester yarn used to make a fabric of the same name. The resulting cloth is heavy and wrinkle-resistant, and retains its shape well. The California-based fashion designer Edith Flagg was the first to import this fabric from Britain to the United States. During the first two years, ICI gave Flagg a large advertising budget to popularise the fabric across America.

In 1960, Paul Chambers became the first chairman appointed from outside the company.[11] Chambers employed the consultancy firm McKinsey to help with reorganising the company.[11] His eight-year tenure saw export sales double, but his reputation was severely damaged by a failed takeover bid for Courtaulds in 1961–62.[11]

ICI was confronted with the nationalisation of its operations in Burma on 1 August 1962 as a consequence of the military coup.[12]

In 1964, ICI acquired British Nylon Spinners (BNS), the company it had jointly set up in 1940 with Courtaulds. ICI surrendered its 37.5 per cent holding in Courtaulds and paid Courtaulds £2 million a year for five years, "to take account of the future development expenditure of Courtaulds in the nylon field." In return, Courtaulds transferred to ICI their 50 per cent holding in BNS.[13] BNS was absorbed into ICI's existing polyester operation, ICI Fibres. The acquisition included BNS production plants in Pontypool, Gloucester and Doncaster, together with research and development in Pontypool.

Early pesticide development under ICI Plant Protection Division, with its plant at Yalding, Kent, research station at Jealott's Hill and HQ at Fernhurst Research Station included paraquat (1962, a herbicide),[4] the insecticides pirimiphos-methyl in 1967 and pirimicarb in 1970, brodifacoum (a rodenticide) was developed in 1974; in the late 1970s, ICI was involved in the early development of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin.

Peter Allen was appointed chairman between 1968 and 1971.[14] He presided over the purchase of Viyella.[14] Profits shrank under his tenure.[14] During his tenure, ICI created the wholly owned subsidiary Cleveland Potash Ltd, for the construction of Boulby Mine in Redcar and Cleveland, North Yorkshire. The first shaft was dug in 1968, with full production from 1976. ICI jointly owned the mine with Anglo American, and then with De Beers, before complete ownership was transferred to Israel Chemicals Ltd in 2002.

Jack Callard was appointed chairman from 1971 to 1975.[15] He almost doubled company profits between 1972 and 1974, and made ICI Britain's largest exporter.[15] In 1971, the company acquired Atlas Chemical Industries Inc., a major American competitor.[4]

In 1977, Imperial Metal Industries was divested as an independent quoted company.[16] From 1982 to 1987, the company was led by the charismatic John Harvey-Jones.[17] Under his leadership, the company acquired the Beatrice Chemical Division in 1985 and Glidden Coatings & Resins, a leading paints business, in 1986.[18]

Reorganisation of the business (1991–2007)

By the early 1990s, plans were carried out to demerge the company, as a result of increasing competition and internal complexity that caused heavy retrenchment and slowing innovation.[19] In 1991, ICI sold the agricultural and merchandising operations of BritAg and Scottish Agricultural Industries to Norsk Hydro,[20] and fought off a hostile takeover bid from Hanson, who had acquired 2.8 percent of the company.[21] It also divested its soda ash products arm to Brunner Mond, ending an association with the trade that had existed since the company's inception, one that had been inherited from the original Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd.

In 1992, the company sold its nylon business to DuPont.[22] In 1993, the company de-merged its pharmaceutical bio-science businesses: pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, specialities, seeds and biological products were all transferred into a new and independent company called Zeneca.[19] Zeneca subsequently merged with Astra AB to form AstraZeneca.[23]

Charles Miller Smith was appointed CEO in 1994, one of the few times that someone from outside ICI had been appointed to lead the company, Smith having previously been a director at Unilever. Shortly afterwards, the company acquired a number of former Unilever businesses in an attempt to move away from its historical reliance on commodity chemicals. In 1995, ICI acquired the American paint companies Devoe Paints,[24] Fuller-O'Brien Paints[25] and Grow Group.[26] In 1997, ICI acquired National Starch & Chemical, Quest International, Unichema, and Crosfield, the speciality chemicals businesses of Unilever for $8 billion.[27] This step was part of a strategy to move away from cyclical bulk chemicals and to progress up the value chain to become a higher growth, higher margin business.[4] Later that year it went on to buy Rutz & Huber, a Swiss paints business.[28]

Having taken on some £4 billion of debt to finance these acquisitions, the company had to sell off its commodity chemicals businesses:

  • Disposals of bulk chemicals businesses at that time included the sale of its Australian subsidiary, ICI Australia, for £1 billion in 1997,[29] and of its polyester chemicals business to DuPont for $3 billion also in 1997.[30]
  • In 1998, it bought Acheson Industries Inc., an electronic chemicals business.[31][32]
  • In 2000, ICI sold its diisocyanate, advanced materials, and speciality chemicals businesses on Teesside and worldwide (including plants at Rozenburg in the Netherlands, and South Africa, Malaysia and Taiwan), and Tioxide, its titanium dioxide subsidiary, to Huntsman Corporation for £1.7 billion.[33] It also sold the last of its industrial chemicals businesses to Ineos for £325 million.[34]
  • In 2002, the ICI wholly transferred ownership of Boulby Mine to Israel Chemicals Ltd.[35]
  • In 2006, the Company sold Quest International, its flavours and fragrances business, to Givaudan, for £1.2 billion[36] and Uniqema, its oleochemical business, to Croda International, for £410 million.[37]

Having sold much of its historically profitable commodities businesses, and many of the new speciality businesses which it had failed to integrate, the company consisted mainly of the Dulux paints business, which quickly found itself the subject of a takeover by AkzoNobel.

Takeover by AkzoNobel

 
A former ICI plant in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, now owned by Syngenta.

Dutch firm AkzoNobel (owner of Crown Berger paints) bid £7.2 billion (€10.66 billion or $14.5 billion) for ICI in June 2007. An area of concern about a potential deal was ICI's British pension fund, which had a deficit of almost £700 million and future liabilities of more than £9 billion at the time.[38] Regulatory issues in the UK and other markets where Dulux and Crown Paints brands each have significant market share were also a cause for concern for the boards of ICI and AkzoNobel. In the UK, any combined operation without divestments would have seen AkzoNobel have a 54 per cent market share in the paint market.[39] The initial bid was rejected by the ICI board and the majority of shareholders.[40] However, a subsequent bid for £8 billion (€11.82 billion) was accepted by ICI in August 2007, pending approval by regulators.[41]

On 2 January 2008, completion of the takeover of ICI plc by AkzoNobel was announced.[2] Shareholders of ICI received either £6.70 in cash or AkzoNobel loan notes to the value of £6.70 per one nominal ICI share. The adhesives business of ICI was transferred to Henkel as a result of the deal,[42] while AkzoNobel agreed to sell its Crown Paints subsidiary to satisfy the concerns of the European Commissioner for Competition.[43] The areas of concern regarding the ICI UK pension scheme were addressed by ICI and AkzoNobel.[44]

Operations

ICI operated a number of chemical sites around the world. In the UK, the main plants were as follows:

  • Billingham Manufacturing Plant (in Stockton-on-Tees) and Wilton (in present-day Redcar and Cleveland): ICI used the Billingham site to manufacture fertilisers in the 1920s and went on to produce plastics at Billingham in 1934. During World War II it manufactured Synthonia, a synthetic ammonia for explosives.[45] The Wilton R&D site was built to support the plastics division with R&D and chemical engineering facilities. The ICI Billingham Division was split into the ICI Heavy Organic Chemicals Division and ICI Agricultural Division in the 1960s. From 1971 to 1988 ICI Physics and Radioisotopes Section (later known as Tracerco) operated a small General Atomics TRIGA Mark I nuclear reactor at its Billingham factory for the production of radioisotopes used in the manufacture of flow and level instruments, among other products.[46] The Agricultural Division was noted for the development of the world's largest bioreactor at the time – the 1.5 million litre Pruteen Reactor, used for the cultivation of animal feed. Engineering models of components and the builder's model of the complete plant are now in the collection of the Science Museum London. Pruteen had limited economic success but was followed by the much more successful development of Quorn.
  • Blackley (in Manchester) and Huddersfield: ICI used the sites to manufacture dyestuffs. The dye business, known as the ICI Dyestuffs Division in the 1960s, went through several reorganisations. Huddersfield was tied in with Wilton with the production of nitrobenzene and nitrotoluene. Huddersfield also produced insecticides. (Syngenta still manufacture insecticides at Huddersfield). Proxel Biocide was made at Huddersfield from the 80's onwards. Additives also made at Huddersield. Huddersfield became Zeneca then AstraZeneca, in 2004 Huddersfield was Syngenta, Avecia, Arch and Lubrizol running what were all ICI plants at one time. Through the years it was combined with other speciality chemicals businesses and became Organics Division. Then became ICI Colours and Fine Chemicals and then ICI Specialties.[47]
  • Runcorn (in Cheshire): ICI operated a number of separate sites within the Runcorn area, including the Castner-Kellner site, where ICI manufactured chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).[48] Adjacent to the Castner-Kellner site was Rocksavage works, where a variety of chemicals based on chlorine products were manufactured, including Chloromethanes, Arklone dry cleaning fluid, Trichloethylene degreasing fluid and the Arcton range of CFCs. Also on that site were PVC manufacture and HF (Hydrogen fluoride) manufacture. At Runcorn Heath Research Laboratories, technical support, research and development for Mond Division products was carried out, and the support sections included chemical plan design and engineering sections. Just to the north of Runcorn, on an island between the Manchester Ship Canal and the River Mersey could be found the Wigg Works, which had been erected originally for producing poison gas in wartime. In Widnes could also be found several factories producing weedkillers and other products. For many years it was known as ICI Mond Division but later became part of the ICI Chemicals and Polymers Division. The Runcorn site was also responsible for the development of the HiGEE and Spinning Disc Reactor concepts. These were originated by Professor Colin Ramshaw and led to the concept of Process Intensification; research into these novel technologies is now being pursued by the Process Intensification Group at Newcastle University.[49]
  • Winnington and Wallerscote (in Northwich, Cheshire): It was here that ICI manufactured sodium carbonate (soda ash) and its various by-products such as sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate of soda), and sodium sesquicarbonate. The Winnington site, built in 1873 by the entrepreneurs John Tomlinson Brunner and Ludwig Mond, was also the base for the former company Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd. and, after the merger which created ICI, the powerful and influential Alkali Division. It was at the laboratories on this site that polythene was discovered by accident in 1933 during experiments into high pressure reactions.[50] Wallerscote was built in 1926, its construction delayed by the First World War, and became one of the largest factories devoted to a single product (soda ash) in the world.[51] However, the decreasing importance of the soda ash trade to ICI in favour of newer products such as paints and plastics, meant that in 1984 the Wallerscote site was closed, and thereafter mostly demolished. The laboratory where polythene was discovered was sold off and the building became home to a variety of businesses including a go-kart track and paintballing, and the Winnington Works were divested to the newly formed company, Brunner Mond, in 1991. It was again sold in 2006, to Tata (an Indian-based company) and in 2011 was re branded as Tata Chemicals Europe. The Winnington plant closed in February 2014, with the last shift on 2 February bringing to a close 140 years of soda ash production in this Northwich site.[citation needed]
  • Ardeer (in Stevenston, Ayrshire): ICI Nobel used the site to manufacture dynamite and other explosives and nitrocellulose-based products. For a time, the site also produced nylon and nitric acid. Nobel Enterprises was sold in 2002 to Inabata.[52]
  • Penrhyndeudraeth (Gwynedd, North Wales): Cooke’s Works, part of ICI’s Nobel’s Explosives Company division produced nitroglycerine-based explosives up until the site’s closure in 1995.
  • Slough (in Berkshire): Headquarters of ICI Paints Division.[53]
  • Welwyn Garden City (in Hertfordshire): Headquarters of ICI Plastics Division until the early 1990s.[54]

Argentina

An ICI subsidiary called Duperial operated in Argentine from 1928 to 1995, when it was renamed ICI.

Established in the city of San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, it operates an integrated production site with commercial offices in Buenos Aires. Since 2009 it has made sulphuric acid with ISO certification under the company name Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals S.A.[citation needed]

It also had an operation at Palmira, Mendoza, for its Wine Chemicals Division, that manufactured tartaric acid, wine alcohol and grapeseed oil from natural raw material coming from the wine industry in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan. This operation held 10% world market share for tartaric acid. It was sold in 2008 and currently operates as Derivados Vínicos S.A. (DERVINSA).[55]

Australia

The subsidiary ICI Australia Ltd established the Dry Creek Saltfields at Dry Creek north of Adelaide, South Australia, in 1940, with an associated soda ash plant at nearby Osborne. In 1989, these operations were sold to Penrice Soda Products.[56] An ICI plant was built at Botany Bay in New South Wales in the 1940s and was sold to Orica in 1997.[57]

The plant once manufactured paints, plastics and industrial chemicals such as solvents. It was responsible for the Botany Bay Groundwater Plume contamination of a local aquifer.[57]

Bangladesh

In 1968 a subsidiary of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was established in then-East Pakistan. After Bangladesh gained independence in 1971, the company was incorporated on 24 January 1973[58] as ICI Bangladesh Manufacturers Limited and also as Public Limited Company. The company divested its investment in Bangladesh and was renamed as Advanced Chemical Industries Limited (ACI Limited) on 5 May 1992. The company sold its insect control, air care and toilet care brands to SC Johnson & Son in 2015.[59] Currently Advanced Chemical Industries (ACI) Limited is one of the largest conglomerates in Bangladesh with a multinational heritage operating across the country.[60] The company operates through three reporting divisions: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Brands and Agribusiness.[61]

Sri Lanka

ICI maintained offices in Colombo importing and supplying chemicals for manufacturers in Ceylon. In 1964, following import restrictions that allowed only locally owned subsidiaries of multinational companies to gain import licenses, Chemical Industries (Colombo) Limited was formed as an ICI subsidiary with 49% ICI ownership and remaining held public.

New Zealand

The subsidiary ICI New Zealand provided substantial quantities of chemical products – including swimming pool chemicals, commercial healthcare products, herbicides and pesticides for use within New Zealand and the neighbouring Pacific Islands.

A fire at the ICI New Zealand store in Mount Wellington, Auckland, on 21 December 1984, killed an ICI employee and caused major health concerns. Over 200 firefighters were exposed to toxic smoke and effluents during the firefighting efforts. Six firefighters retired for medical reasons as a result of the fire. This incident was a major event in the history of the New Zealand Fire Service and subject to a formal investigation, led by future Chief Justice Sian Elias. The fire was a trigger for major reforms of the service; direct consequences included improved protective clothing for firefighters, a standard safety protocol for major incidents, the introduction of dedicated fireground safety officers, and changes to occupational health regulations.[62]

See also

References

  1. ^ Smith, David; O'Connell, Dominic; Dey, Iain; Ashton, James; Goodman, Matthew; Lyons, Teena; Kay, William (6 July 2008). "Falling into the abyss". The Times. London. from the original on 20 November 2008.
  2. ^ a b "Akzo Nobel ICI merger completed". BBC News. 2 January 2008. from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  3. ^ "Akzo Nobel to Focus on Fast and Effective Integration in 2008" (Press release). Akzo Nobel U.K. 7 January 2008. from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008.
  5. ^ (PDF). Akzo Nobel International. p. 235. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  6. ^ The Times, 3 January 1940, p.12
  7. ^ . Classicglory.com. 6 May 1916. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  8. ^ . atomicarchive.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  9. ^ Baker, Max T.; Naguib, Mohamed (1 October 2005). "Propofol: The Challenges of Formulation". Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 103 (4): 860–876. doi:10.1097/00000542-200510000-00026. ISSN 0003-3022. PMID 16192780. S2CID 20332274.
  10. ^ Sneader, Walter (2005). Drug discovery: a history. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-89979-8.
  11. ^ a b c Strudwick, J. P.; Mark Pottle (2004). "Chambers, Sir (Stanley) Paul (1904–1981)". In Pottle, Mark (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30916. Retrieved 23 August 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  12. ^ Taylor, Robert (2009). The State of Myanmar. p. 297. ISBN 9780824833626.
  13. ^ Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives). Vol. 10. United Kingdom. July 1964. p. 20162.
  14. ^ a b c Adeney, Martin (2004). Allen, Sir Peter Christopher (1905–1993)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  15. ^ a b Adeney, Martin (2004). Callard, Sir (Eric) John (1913–1998). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  16. ^ Owen, Geoffrey (2000). From Empire to Europe: The Decline and Revival of British Industry Since the Second World War. HarperCollins. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-00-638750-3.
  17. ^ . icWales. 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  18. ^ "New Chairman of ICI praises planned agenda". The New York Times. 9 March 1987. from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  19. ^ a b Owen, Geoffrey; Harrison, Trevor (1 March 1995). "Why ICI Chose to Demerge". Harvard Business Review. from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  20. ^ "Norsk Hydro acquires Britag Industries". Alacrastore.com. 5 September 1991. from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  21. ^ Prokesch, Steven (18 May 1991). "Often-ravenous Hanson takes a taste of ICI". The New York Times. from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  22. ^ (PDF). Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2012.
  23. ^ Ipsen, Erik (25 February 1993). . International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  24. ^ "| PCI Magazine".
  25. ^ "INTERNATIONAL BRIEFS; Fuller-O'Brien Is Sold - The New York Times". The New York Times. 4 July 1995.
  26. ^ "Imperial Acquires Grow Group As It Outbids Sherwin-Williams". The New York Times. 23 May 1995. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  27. ^ . 1 June 1997. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  28. ^ "ICI buys Swiss Paints Group".[dead link]
  29. ^ "ICI Australia shares drop sharply". The New York Times. 9 May 1997. from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  30. ^ "ICI sell off raises $3 billion".[dead link]
  31. ^ "ICI buys Acheson for $560 million in move to strengthen specialties". Allbusiness.com. from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  32. ^ "ICI sells Crosfield and buys Acheson in portfolio reshuffle". Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  33. ^ Milner, Mark (15 April 1999). "Bayer and ICI sell-offs to boost balance sheets". The Guardian. London. from the original on 7 May 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  34. ^ "ICI in £325m industrial chemicals sell-off" https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/7123635.ici-325m-industrial-chemicals-sell-off/
  35. ^ "History". The World's Only Polyhalite Mine | ICL Boulby. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  36. ^ "ICI sells flavours business Quest". BBC News. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  37. ^ Marriner, Cosima (30 June 2006). . The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  38. ^ Armitstead, Louise (5 August 2007). "Dutch poised to clinch £8bn ICI takeover". The Times. London. from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
  39. ^ "ICI snubs second offer from Akzo". BBC News. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.
  40. ^ "ICI rejects £7.2bn bid approach". BBC News. 18 June 2007. from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
  41. ^ "ICI agrees to be bought by Akzo". BBC News. 13 August 2007. from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
  42. ^ "Henkel to pay $5.5 bln for ICI units: Akzo". Reuters. 6 August 2007. from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
  43. ^ "Akzo Nobel to sell Crown paints". BBC News. 14 December 2007. from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
  44. ^ "ICI Pension Fund Web Site". Icipensionfund.org.uk. from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  45. ^ "The white heat of new technology". BBC. 14 September 1949. from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  46. ^ "History of Billingham". Thisisstockton.co.uk. from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  47. ^ . ColorantsHistory.Org. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  48. ^ "ICI cuts 1,000 jobs". BBC News. 4 January 1999. from the original on 2 December 2002. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  49. ^ "Process Intensification". Ccdcindia.com. from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  50. ^ Dick, W.F.L. (1973). A Hundred Years of Alkali in Cheshire. Birmingham.
  51. ^ ICI Magazine, Kynoch Press. 1963.
  52. ^ "Japanese firm buys ICI's nitrocellulose business". Chemical Week. 22 January 2003.
  53. ^ . Maidenhead Advertiser. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  54. ^ . Geton-thenet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  55. ^ "DERVINSA – DERIVADOS VÍNICOS S.A." dervinsa.com.ar. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  56. ^ Hough, J.K. (September 2008), (PDF), MESA Journal, vol. 50, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015, retrieved 8 February 2014
  57. ^ a b Gibson, Jano; Huxley, John (1 April 2005). "Botany pollution fears grow". The Sydney Morning Herald. ISSN 0312-6315. from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  58. ^ . Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  59. ^ "ACI sells household brands to US firm for Tk 250.54cr". The Daily Star. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  60. ^ "Commercial papers set to become hot cakes: ACI". The Daily Star. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  61. ^ "A night for corporate stars". Bangladesh Business Awards. The Daily Star. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  62. ^ Elias, Sian; Bandaranayake, D R; Edwards, I R; Glass, W I (1 January 1990). "The Health Consequences of the ICI Fire" (PDF). New Zealand Ministry of Health. Retrieved 20 October 2018.

Further reading

  • Reader, W. J. (1970). Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, vol. I: The Forerunners, 1870–1926. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192159373.
  • Reader, W. J. (1975). Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, vol. 2: The First Quarter-Century, 1926-1952. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192159441.

March 24, 2023
imperial, chemical, industries, british, chemical, company, much, history, largest, manufacturer, britain, formed, merger, four, leading, british, chemical, companies, 1926, headquarters, were, millbank, london, constituent, later, ftse, indices, plclogo, desi. Imperial Chemical Industries ICI was a British chemical company It was for much of its history the largest manufacturer in Britain 1 It was formed by the merger of four leading British chemical companies in 1926 Its headquarters were at Millbank in London ICI was a constituent of the FT 30 and later the FTSE 100 indices Imperial Chemical Industries plcLogo designed by Design Research UnitTypePublic limited companyIndustryChemicalsFounded1926 97 years ago 1926 Defunct2008 15 years ago 2008 FateAcquired by AkzoNobelHeadquartersLondon England UKKey peopleAlfred Mond first CEO Sir Paul ChambersSir John Harvey JonesProductsGeneral chemicals plastics paints pharmaceuticals amp speciality chemicalsRevenue 4 85 billion 2006 Operating income 502 million 2006 Net income 295 million 2006 Number of employees29 130 2006 ParentAkzoNobel ICI made general chemicals plastics paints pharmaceuticals and speciality products including food ingredients speciality polymers electronic materials fragrances and flavourings In 2008 it was acquired by AkzoNobel 2 which immediately sold parts of ICI to Henkel and integrated ICI s remaining operations within its existing organisation 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Development of the business 1926 1944 1 2 Postwar innovation 1945 1990 1 3 Reorganisation of the business 1991 2007 1 4 Takeover by AkzoNobel 2 Operations 2 1 Argentina 2 2 Australia 2 3 Bangladesh 2 4 Sri Lanka 2 5 New Zealand 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingHistory EditDevelopment of the business 1926 1944 Edit 1930s volumes of ICI magazine The company was founded in December 1926 from the merger of four companies Brunner Mond Nobel Explosives the United Alkali Company and British Dyestuffs Corporation 4 It established its head office at Millbank in London in 1928 4 Competing with DuPont and IG Farben the new company produced chemicals explosives fertilisers insecticides dyestuffs non ferrous metals and paints 4 In its first year turnover was 27 million 4 In the 1920s and 1930s the company played a key role in the development of new chemical products including the dyestuff phthalocyanine 1929 the acrylic plastic Perspex 1932 4 Dulux paints 1932 co developed with DuPont 4 polyethylene 1937 4 and polyethylene terephthalate fibre known as Terylene 1941 4 In 1940 ICI started British Nylon Spinners as a joint venture with Courtaulds 5 6 ICI also owned the Sunbeam motorcycle business which had come with Nobel Industries and continued to build motorcycles until 1937 7 During the Second World War ICI was involved with the United Kingdom s nuclear weapons programme codenamed Tube Alloys 8 Postwar innovation 1945 1990 Edit Map showing Imperial Chemical Industries sales regions offices and factories in the United Kingdom in May 1955 In the 1940s and 1950s the company established its pharmaceutical business and developed a number of key products including Paludrine 1940s an anti malarial drug 4 halothane 1951 an inhalational anaesthetic agent propofol 1977 an intravenous anaesthetic agent 9 Inderal 1965 a beta blocker 4 tamoxifen 1978 a frequently used drug for breast cancer 10 and PEEK 1979 a high performance thermoplastic 4 ICI formed ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1957 ICI developed a fabric in the 1950s known as Crimplene a thick polyester yarn used to make a fabric of the same name The resulting cloth is heavy and wrinkle resistant and retains its shape well The California based fashion designer Edith Flagg was the first to import this fabric from Britain to the United States During the first two years ICI gave Flagg a large advertising budget to popularise the fabric across America In 1960 Paul Chambers became the first chairman appointed from outside the company 11 Chambers employed the consultancy firm McKinsey to help with reorganising the company 11 His eight year tenure saw export sales double but his reputation was severely damaged by a failed takeover bid for Courtaulds in 1961 62 11 ICI was confronted with the nationalisation of its operations in Burma on 1 August 1962 as a consequence of the military coup 12 In 1964 ICI acquired British Nylon Spinners BNS the company it had jointly set up in 1940 with Courtaulds ICI surrendered its 37 5 per cent holding in Courtaulds and paid Courtaulds 2 million a year for five years to take account of the future development expenditure of Courtaulds in the nylon field In return Courtaulds transferred to ICI their 50 per cent holding in BNS 13 BNS was absorbed into ICI s existing polyester operation ICI Fibres The acquisition included BNS production plants in Pontypool Gloucester and Doncaster together with research and development in Pontypool Early pesticide development under ICI Plant Protection Division with its plant at Yalding Kent research station at Jealott s Hill and HQ at Fernhurst Research Station included paraquat 1962 a herbicide 4 the insecticides pirimiphos methyl in 1967 and pirimicarb in 1970 brodifacoum a rodenticide was developed in 1974 in the late 1970s ICI was involved in the early development of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such as lambda cyhalothrin Peter Allen was appointed chairman between 1968 and 1971 14 He presided over the purchase of Viyella 14 Profits shrank under his tenure 14 During his tenure ICI created the wholly owned subsidiary Cleveland Potash Ltd for the construction of Boulby Mine in Redcar and Cleveland North Yorkshire The first shaft was dug in 1968 with full production from 1976 ICI jointly owned the mine with Anglo American and then with De Beers before complete ownership was transferred to Israel Chemicals Ltd in 2002 Jack Callard was appointed chairman from 1971 to 1975 15 He almost doubled company profits between 1972 and 1974 and made ICI Britain s largest exporter 15 In 1971 the company acquired Atlas Chemical Industries Inc a major American competitor 4 In 1977 Imperial Metal Industries was divested as an independent quoted company 16 From 1982 to 1987 the company was led by the charismatic John Harvey Jones 17 Under his leadership the company acquired the Beatrice Chemical Division in 1985 and Glidden Coatings amp Resins a leading paints business in 1986 18 Reorganisation of the business 1991 2007 Edit By the early 1990s plans were carried out to demerge the company as a result of increasing competition and internal complexity that caused heavy retrenchment and slowing innovation 19 In 1991 ICI sold the agricultural and merchandising operations of BritAg and Scottish Agricultural Industries to Norsk Hydro 20 and fought off a hostile takeover bid from Hanson who had acquired 2 8 percent of the company 21 It also divested its soda ash products arm to Brunner Mond ending an association with the trade that had existed since the company s inception one that had been inherited from the original Brunner Mond amp Co Ltd In 1992 the company sold its nylon business to DuPont 22 In 1993 the company de merged its pharmaceutical bio science businesses pharmaceuticals agrochemicals specialities seeds and biological products were all transferred into a new and independent company called Zeneca 19 Zeneca subsequently merged with Astra AB to form AstraZeneca 23 Charles Miller Smith was appointed CEO in 1994 one of the few times that someone from outside ICI had been appointed to lead the company Smith having previously been a director at Unilever Shortly afterwards the company acquired a number of former Unilever businesses in an attempt to move away from its historical reliance on commodity chemicals In 1995 ICI acquired the American paint companies Devoe Paints 24 Fuller O Brien Paints 25 and Grow Group 26 In 1997 ICI acquired National Starch amp Chemical Quest International Unichema and Crosfield the speciality chemicals businesses of Unilever for 8 billion 27 This step was part of a strategy to move away from cyclical bulk chemicals and to progress up the value chain to become a higher growth higher margin business 4 Later that year it went on to buy Rutz amp Huber a Swiss paints business 28 Having taken on some 4 billion of debt to finance these acquisitions the company had to sell off its commodity chemicals businesses Disposals of bulk chemicals businesses at that time included the sale of its Australian subsidiary ICI Australia for 1 billion in 1997 29 and of its polyester chemicals business to DuPont for 3 billion also in 1997 30 In 1998 it bought Acheson Industries Inc an electronic chemicals business 31 32 In 2000 ICI sold its diisocyanate advanced materials and speciality chemicals businesses on Teesside and worldwide including plants at Rozenburg in the Netherlands and South Africa Malaysia and Taiwan and Tioxide its titanium dioxide subsidiary to Huntsman Corporation for 1 7 billion 33 It also sold the last of its industrial chemicals businesses to Ineos for 325 million 34 In 2002 the ICI wholly transferred ownership of Boulby Mine to Israel Chemicals Ltd 35 In 2006 the Company sold Quest International its flavours and fragrances business to Givaudan for 1 2 billion 36 and Uniqema its oleochemical business to Croda International for 410 million 37 Having sold much of its historically profitable commodities businesses and many of the new speciality businesses which it had failed to integrate the company consisted mainly of the Dulux paints business which quickly found itself the subject of a takeover by AkzoNobel Takeover by AkzoNobel Edit A former ICI plant in Huddersfield West Yorkshire now owned by Syngenta Dutch firm AkzoNobel owner of Crown Berger paints bid 7 2 billion 10 66 billion or 14 5 billion for ICI in June 2007 An area of concern about a potential deal was ICI s British pension fund which had a deficit of almost 700 million and future liabilities of more than 9 billion at the time 38 Regulatory issues in the UK and other markets where Dulux and Crown Paints brands each have significant market share were also a cause for concern for the boards of ICI and AkzoNobel In the UK any combined operation without divestments would have seen AkzoNobel have a 54 per cent market share in the paint market 39 The initial bid was rejected by the ICI board and the majority of shareholders 40 However a subsequent bid for 8 billion 11 82 billion was accepted by ICI in August 2007 pending approval by regulators 41 On 2 January 2008 completion of the takeover of ICI plc by AkzoNobel was announced 2 Shareholders of ICI received either 6 70 in cash or AkzoNobel loan notes to the value of 6 70 per one nominal ICI share The adhesives business of ICI was transferred to Henkel as a result of the deal 42 while AkzoNobel agreed to sell its Crown Paints subsidiary to satisfy the concerns of the European Commissioner for Competition 43 The areas of concern regarding the ICI UK pension scheme were addressed by ICI and AkzoNobel 44 Operations EditICI operated a number of chemical sites around the world In the UK the main plants were as follows Billingham Manufacturing Plant in Stockton on Tees and Wilton in present day Redcar and Cleveland ICI used the Billingham site to manufacture fertilisers in the 1920s and went on to produce plastics at Billingham in 1934 During World War II it manufactured Synthonia a synthetic ammonia for explosives 45 The Wilton R amp D site was built to support the plastics division with R amp D and chemical engineering facilities The ICI Billingham Division was split into the ICI Heavy Organic Chemicals Division and ICI Agricultural Division in the 1960s From 1971 to 1988 ICI Physics and Radioisotopes Section later known as Tracerco operated a small General Atomics TRIGA Mark I nuclear reactor at its Billingham factory for the production of radioisotopes used in the manufacture of flow and level instruments among other products 46 The Agricultural Division was noted for the development of the world s largest bioreactor at the time the 1 5 million litre Pruteen Reactor used for the cultivation of animal feed Engineering models of components and the builder s model of the complete plant are now in the collection of the Science Museum London Pruteen had limited economic success but was followed by the much more successful development of Quorn Blackley in Manchester and Huddersfield ICI used the sites to manufacture dyestuffs The dye business known as the ICI Dyestuffs Division in the 1960s went through several reorganisations Huddersfield was tied in with Wilton with the production of nitrobenzene and nitrotoluene Huddersfield also produced insecticides Syngenta still manufacture insecticides at Huddersfield Proxel Biocide was made at Huddersfield from the 80 s onwards Additives also made at Huddersield Huddersfield became Zeneca then AstraZeneca in 2004 Huddersfield was Syngenta Avecia Arch and Lubrizol running what were all ICI plants at one time Through the years it was combined with other speciality chemicals businesses and became Organics Division Then became ICI Colours and Fine Chemicals and then ICI Specialties 47 Runcorn in Cheshire ICI operated a number of separate sites within the Runcorn area including the Castner Kellner site where ICI manufactured chlorine and sodium hydroxide caustic soda 48 Adjacent to the Castner Kellner site was Rocksavage works where a variety of chemicals based on chlorine products were manufactured including Chloromethanes Arklone dry cleaning fluid Trichloethylene degreasing fluid and the Arcton range of CFCs Also on that site were PVC manufacture and HF Hydrogen fluoride manufacture At Runcorn Heath Research Laboratories technical support research and development for Mond Division products was carried out and the support sections included chemical plan design and engineering sections Just to the north of Runcorn on an island between the Manchester Ship Canal and the River Mersey could be found the Wigg Works which had been erected originally for producing poison gas in wartime In Widnes could also be found several factories producing weedkillers and other products For many years it was known as ICI Mond Division but later became part of the ICI Chemicals and Polymers Division The Runcorn site was also responsible for the development of the HiGEE and Spinning Disc Reactor concepts These were originated by Professor Colin Ramshaw and led to the concept of Process Intensification research into these novel technologies is now being pursued by the Process Intensification Group at Newcastle University 49 Winnington and Wallerscote in Northwich Cheshire It was here that ICI manufactured sodium carbonate soda ash and its various by products such as sodium bicarbonate bicarbonate of soda and sodium sesquicarbonate The Winnington site built in 1873 by the entrepreneurs John Tomlinson Brunner and Ludwig Mond was also the base for the former company Brunner Mond amp Co Ltd and after the merger which created ICI the powerful and influential Alkali Division It was at the laboratories on this site that polythene was discovered by accident in 1933 during experiments into high pressure reactions 50 Wallerscote was built in 1926 its construction delayed by the First World War and became one of the largest factories devoted to a single product soda ash in the world 51 However the decreasing importance of the soda ash trade to ICI in favour of newer products such as paints and plastics meant that in 1984 the Wallerscote site was closed and thereafter mostly demolished The laboratory where polythene was discovered was sold off and the building became home to a variety of businesses including a go kart track and paintballing and the Winnington Works were divested to the newly formed company Brunner Mond in 1991 It was again sold in 2006 to Tata an Indian based company and in 2011 was re branded as Tata Chemicals Europe The Winnington plant closed in February 2014 with the last shift on 2 February bringing to a close 140 years of soda ash production in this Northwich site citation needed Ardeer in Stevenston Ayrshire ICI Nobel used the site to manufacture dynamite and other explosives and nitrocellulose based products For a time the site also produced nylon and nitric acid Nobel Enterprises was sold in 2002 to Inabata 52 Penrhyndeudraeth Gwynedd North Wales Cooke s Works part of ICI s Nobel s Explosives Company division produced nitroglycerine based explosives up until the site s closure in 1995 Slough in Berkshire Headquarters of ICI Paints Division 53 Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire Headquarters of ICI Plastics Division until the early 1990s 54 Argentina Edit An ICI subsidiary called Duperial operated in Argentine from 1928 to 1995 when it was renamed ICI Established in the city of San Lorenzo Santa Fe it operates an integrated production site with commercial offices in Buenos Aires Since 2009 it has made sulphuric acid with ISO certification under the company name Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals S A citation needed It also had an operation at Palmira Mendoza for its Wine Chemicals Division that manufactured tartaric acid wine alcohol and grapeseed oil from natural raw material coming from the wine industry in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan This operation held 10 world market share for tartaric acid It was sold in 2008 and currently operates as Derivados Vinicos S A DERVINSA 55 Australia Edit The subsidiary ICI Australia Ltd established the Dry Creek Saltfields at Dry Creek north of Adelaide South Australia in 1940 with an associated soda ash plant at nearby Osborne In 1989 these operations were sold to Penrice Soda Products 56 An ICI plant was built at Botany Bay in New South Wales in the 1940s and was sold to Orica in 1997 57 The plant once manufactured paints plastics and industrial chemicals such as solvents It was responsible for the Botany Bay Groundwater Plume contamination of a local aquifer 57 Bangladesh Edit In 1968 a subsidiary of Imperial Chemical Industries ICI was established in then East Pakistan After Bangladesh gained independence in 1971 the company was incorporated on 24 January 1973 58 as ICI Bangladesh Manufacturers Limited and also as Public Limited Company The company divested its investment in Bangladesh and was renamed as Advanced Chemical Industries Limited ACI Limited on 5 May 1992 The company sold its insect control air care and toilet care brands to SC Johnson amp Son in 2015 59 Currently Advanced Chemical Industries ACI Limited is one of the largest conglomerates in Bangladesh with a multinational heritage operating across the country 60 The company operates through three reporting divisions Pharmaceuticals Consumer Brands and Agribusiness 61 Sri Lanka Edit ICI maintained offices in Colombo importing and supplying chemicals for manufacturers in Ceylon In 1964 following import restrictions that allowed only locally owned subsidiaries of multinational companies to gain import licenses Chemical Industries Colombo Limited was formed as an ICI subsidiary with 49 ICI ownership and remaining held public New Zealand Edit The subsidiary ICI New Zealand provided substantial quantities of chemical products including swimming pool chemicals commercial healthcare products herbicides and pesticides for use within New Zealand and the neighbouring Pacific Islands A fire at the ICI New Zealand store in Mount Wellington Auckland on 21 December 1984 killed an ICI employee and caused major health concerns Over 200 firefighters were exposed to toxic smoke and effluents during the firefighting efforts Six firefighters retired for medical reasons as a result of the fire This incident was a major event in the history of the New Zealand Fire Service and subject to a formal investigation led by future Chief Justice Sian Elias The fire was a trigger for major reforms of the service direct consequences included improved protective clothing for firefighters a standard safety protocol for major incidents the introduction of dedicated fireground safety officers and changes to occupational health regulations 62 See also Edit Companies portalImperial Chemical House IMI plc formerly Imperial Metal Industries Pharmaceutical industry in the United KingdomReferences Edit Smith David O Connell Dominic Dey Iain Ashton James Goodman Matthew Lyons Teena Kay William 6 July 2008 Falling into the abyss The Times London Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 a b Akzo Nobel ICI merger completed BBC News 2 January 2008 Archived from the original on 20 May 2009 Retrieved 24 February 2011 Akzo Nobel to Focus on Fast and Effective Integration in 2008 Press release Akzo Nobel U K 7 January 2008 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 13 February 2008 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ICI History Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 Tomorrow s Answers Today The History of AkzoNobel since 1646 PDF Akzo Nobel International p 235 Archived from the original PDF on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 13 November 2015 The Times 3 January 1940 p 12 Why the BSA badge A brief history Classicglory com 6 May 1916 Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 British Mission History of the Atomic Age atomicarchive com Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 Retrieved 29 April 2018 Baker Max T Naguib Mohamed 1 October 2005 Propofol The Challenges of Formulation Anesthesiology The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists 103 4 860 876 doi 10 1097 00000542 200510000 00026 ISSN 0003 3022 PMID 16192780 S2CID 20332274 Sneader Walter 2005 Drug discovery a history Wiley ISBN 0 471 89979 8 a b c Strudwick J P Mark Pottle 2004 Chambers Sir Stanley Paul 1904 1981 In Pottle Mark ed Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 30916 Retrieved 23 August 2014 Subscription or UK public library membership required Taylor Robert 2009 The State of Myanmar p 297 ISBN 9780824833626 Keesing s Record of World Events formerly Keesing s Contemporary Archives Vol 10 United Kingdom July 1964 p 20162 a b c Adeney Martin 2004 Allen Sir Peter Christopher 1905 1993 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press Retrieved 24 August 2014 a b Adeney Martin 2004 Callard Sir Eric John 1913 1998 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press Retrieved 24 August 2014 Owen Geoffrey 2000 From Empire to Europe The Decline and Revival of British Industry Since the Second World War HarperCollins p 347 ISBN 978 0 00 638750 3 From bullying to the top of industry icWales 12 January 2008 Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 Retrieved 15 January 2008 New Chairman of ICI praises planned agenda The New York Times 9 March 1987 Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 Retrieved 27 September 2010 a b Owen Geoffrey Harrison Trevor 1 March 1995 Why ICI Chose to Demerge Harvard Business Review Archived from the original on 7 November 2016 Retrieved 6 November 2016 Norsk Hydro acquires Britag Industries Alacrastore com 5 September 1991 Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 Prokesch Steven 18 May 1991 Often ravenous Hanson takes a taste of ICI The New York Times Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 Retrieved 27 September 2010 Capitalism PDF Columbia University Archived from the original PDF on 21 December 2012 Ipsen Erik 25 February 1993 Will bad timing spoil ICI s plan to split in two International Herald Tribune Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 Retrieved 27 September 2010 PCI Magazine INTERNATIONAL BRIEFS Fuller O Brien Is Sold The New York Times The New York Times 4 July 1995 Imperial Acquires Grow Group As It Outbids Sherwin Williams The New York Times 23 May 1995 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 30 August 2018 National Starch sold to ICI 1 June 1997 Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 ICI buys Swiss Paints Group dead link ICI Australia shares drop sharply The New York Times 9 May 1997 Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 Retrieved 27 September 2010 ICI sell off raises 3 billion dead link ICI buys Acheson for 560 million in move to strengthen specialties Allbusiness com Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 Retrieved 27 September 2010 ICI sells Crosfield and buys Acheson in portfolio reshuffle Archived from the original on 14 September 2013 Retrieved 14 September 2013 Milner Mark 15 April 1999 Bayer and ICI sell offs to boost balance sheets The Guardian London Archived from the original on 7 May 2014 Retrieved 27 September 2010 ICI in 325m industrial chemicals sell off https www thenorthernecho co uk news 7123635 ici 325m industrial chemicals sell off History The World s Only Polyhalite Mine ICL Boulby Retrieved 27 August 2019 ICI sells flavours business Quest BBC News 22 November 2006 Retrieved 27 November 2010 Marriner Cosima 30 June 2006 ICI to slash debts with 410m Uniqema sale The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 Retrieved 27 September 2010 Armitstead Louise 5 August 2007 Dutch poised to clinch 8bn ICI takeover The Times London Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 Retrieved 5 January 2008 ICI snubs second offer from Akzo BBC News 30 July 2007 Retrieved 30 July 2007 ICI rejects 7 2bn bid approach BBC News 18 June 2007 Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 Retrieved 5 January 2008 ICI agrees to be bought by Akzo BBC News 13 August 2007 Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 Retrieved 13 August 2007 Henkel to pay 5 5 bln for ICI units Akzo Reuters 6 August 2007 Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 Retrieved 5 January 2008 Akzo Nobel to sell Crown paints BBC News 14 December 2007 Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 Retrieved 5 January 2008 ICI Pension Fund Web Site Icipensionfund org uk Archived from the original on 5 September 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 The white heat of new technology BBC 14 September 1949 Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 History of Billingham Thisisstockton co uk Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 British Dyestuffs Corporation and ICI ColorantsHistory Org 17 March 2006 Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link ICI cuts 1 000 jobs BBC News 4 January 1999 Archived from the original on 2 December 2002 Retrieved 27 September 2010 Process Intensification Ccdcindia com Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 Dick W F L 1973 A Hundred Years of Alkali in Cheshire Birmingham ICI Magazine Kynoch Press 1963 Japanese firm buys ICI s nitrocellulose business Chemical Week 22 January 2003 Review sparks fears for future of ICI Paints site Maidenhead Advertiser Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 27 September 2010 Welwyn Garden City a town in Hertfordshire Geton thenet co uk Archived from the original on 26 February 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2010 DERVINSA DERIVADOS VINICOS S A dervinsa com ar Retrieved 19 October 2020 Hough J K September 2008 Salt production in South Australia PDF MESA Journal vol 50 archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2015 retrieved 8 February 2014 a b Gibson Jano Huxley John 1 April 2005 Botany pollution fears grow The Sydney Morning Herald ISSN 0312 6315 Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 Retrieved 24 July 2010 ACI Limited Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 Retrieved 1 January 2015 ACI sells household brands to US firm for Tk 250 54cr The Daily Star 26 April 2015 Retrieved 29 October 2016 Commercial papers set to become hot cakes ACI The Daily Star 27 March 2015 Retrieved 29 October 2016 A night for corporate stars Bangladesh Business Awards The Daily Star Retrieved 2 January 2013 Elias Sian Bandaranayake D R Edwards I R Glass W I 1 January 1990 The Health Consequences of the ICI Fire PDF New Zealand Ministry of Health Retrieved 20 October 2018 Further reading EditReader W J 1970 Imperial Chemical Industries A History vol I The Forerunners 1870 1926 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780192159373 Reader W J 1975 Imperial Chemical Industries A History vol 2 The First Quarter Century 1926 1952 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780192159441 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Imperial Chemical Industries amp oldid 1139494407, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.