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Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

The Nationalist faction (Spanish: Bando nacional)[n 2] was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of right-leaning political groups that supported the Spanish Coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic and Republican faction and sought to depose Manuel Azaña, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsist Renovación Española and the Carlist Traditionalist Communion. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the FET y de las JONS. After the death of the faction's early leaders, General Francisco Franco, one of the members of the 1936 coup, headed the Nationalists throughout most of the war, and emerged as the dictator of Spain until his death in 1975.

Nationalist faction
Bando nacional
Left: Flag until 1938 / Right: Flag from 1938
Leader
Dates of operation17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939
IdeologyTotalitarianism[2][3]
Spanish nationalism[4]
Authoritarian conservatism[5]
Political positionRight-wing to far-right
Part ofMovimiento Nacional (from 1937)
Allies Germany
 Italy
 Portugal
Holy See
OpponentsRepublican faction
Battles and warsSpanish Civil War
Succeeded by
Francoist Spain

The term Nationalists or Nationals (nacionales) was coined by Joseph Goebbels following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain Francisco Arranz requesting war materiel on 24 July 1936, in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi Germany's help to the Spanish rebel military.[6] The leaders of the rebel faction, who had already been denominated as 'Crusaders' by Bishop of Salamanca Enrique Pla y Deniel – and also used the term Cruzada for their campaign – immediately took a liking to it.

The term Bando nacional – much as the term rojos (Reds) to refer to the loyalists – is considered by some authors as a term linked with the propaganda of that faction. Throughout the civil war the term 'National' was mainly used by the members and supporters of the rebel faction, while its opponents used the terms fascistas (fascists)[7] or facciosos (sectarians)[8] to refer to this faction.

Belligerents edit

The military rebellion found wide areas of support both inside Spain and in the international sphere. In Spain the Francoist side was mainly supported by the predominantly conservative upper class, liberal professionals, religious organizations and land-owning farmers. It was mostly based in the rural areas where progressive political movements had made few inroads, such as great swathes of the Northern Meseta, including almost all of Old Castile, as well as La Rioja, Navarre, Alava, the area near Zaragoza in Aragon, most of Galicia, parts of Cáceres in Extremadura and many dispersed pockets in rural Andalusia where the local society still followed ancient traditional patterns and was yet untouched by "modern" thought.[9]

Political groups edit

Politically this faction rallied together various parties and organizations which in some cases espoused opposed ideologies, such as the conservative CEDA and Alejandro Lerroux's radicals (liberals), as well as Falangists, Catholics and pro-monarchic movements such as the Agraristas and the Carlistas (among whom were the Requetés).[9]

Falange edit

 
Falange

The Falange Española was originally a Spanish fascist political party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former Spanish leader Miguel Primo de Rivera.[10] The Falange was created with the financial assistance of Alfonsist monarchist funding.[11] Upon being formed, the Falange was officially anti-clerical and anti-monarchist.[12] As a landowner and aristocrat, Primo de Rivera assured the upper classes that Spanish fascism would not get out of their control like its equivalents in Germany and Italy.[11] In 1934, the Falange merged with the pro-Nazi Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista of Ramiro Ledesma Ramos,[11] to form the Falange Española de las JONS.

Initially, the Falange was short of funds and was a small student-based movement that preached of a utopian violent nationalist revolution.[11] The Falange committed acts of violence before the war, including becoming involved in street brawls with their political opponents that helped to create a state of lawlessness that the right-wing press blamed on the republic to support a military uprising.[11] Falangist terror squads sought to create an atmosphere of disorder in order to justify the imposition of an authoritarian regime.[13] With the onset of middle-class disillusionment with the CEDA's legalism, support for the Falange expanded rapidly.[13] By September 1936, the total Falangist volunteers numbered at 35,000, accounting for 55 percent of all civilian forces of the Nationals.[14]

Falange Española de las JONS was one of the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic, the other being the Carlists.[15] After the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Manuel Hedilla sought to take control of the Falange, but this was usurped by Franco who sought to take control of the movement as part of his move to take control of the National faction.[16] In 1937, Franco announced a decree of unification of the National political movements, particularly the Falange and the Carlists into a single movement, nominally still the Falange, under his leadership,[17] under the name Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. Both Falangists and Carlists were initially furious at the decision, Falangists in particular saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church and their revolution being indefinitely postponed.[17]

Upon unification and seizure of leadership by Franco, Franco distanced the party from fascism and declared "The Falange does not consider itself fascist; its founder said so personally."[18] After this announcement, the practice in the National faction of referring to the Falange as "fascists" disappeared by 1937, but Franco did not deny that there were fascists within the Falange.[18] Franco declared that the Falange's goal was to incorporate the "great neutral mass of the unaffiliated", and promised that no ideological rigidity would be allowed to interfere with the goal.[18] Under Franco's leadership, the Falange abandoned the previous anticlerical tendencies of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and instead promoted neotraditionalist National Catholicism, though it continued to criticize Catholic pacifism.[19] Franco's Falange also abandoned hostility to capitalism, with Falange member Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta declaring that Falange's national syndicalism was fully compatible with capitalism.[20]

CEDA edit

 
CEDA

The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups, CEDA, was a Catholic right-wing political organization dedicated to anti-Marxism.[21] The CEDA was led by José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. The CEDA claimed that it was defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism, and claimed that the political atmosphere in Spain had made politics a matter of Marxism versus anti-Marxism.[21] With the advent of the rise of the Nazi Party to power in Germany, the CEDA aligned itself with similar propaganda ploys to the Nazis, including the Nazi emphasis on authority, the fatherland, and hierarchy.[21] Gil-Robles attended in audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it, henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti-Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain.[21] Gil-Robles declared his intention to "give Spain a true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity..." and went on to say "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either parliament submits or we will eliminate it."[22] The CEDA held fascist-style rallies, called Gil-Robles "Jefe", the equivalent of Duce, and claimed that the CEDA might lead a "March on Madrid" to forcefully seize power.[23] The CEDA failed to make the substantive electoral gains from 1931 to 1936 that were needed for it to form government which resulted in right-wing support draining from it and turning towards the belligerent Alfonsist monarchist leader José Calvo Sotelo.[24] Subsequently, the CEDA abandoned its moderation and legalism and began providing support for those committed to violence against the republic, including handing over its electoral funds to the initial leader of the military coup against the republic, General Emilio Mola.[13] Subsequently, supporters of the CEDA's youth movement, Juventudes de Acción Popular (JAP) began to defect en masse to join the Falange, and the JAP ceased to exist as a political organisation in 1937.[13]

Monarchists edit

Carlists edit
 
Carlists

The Carlists were monarchists and ardent ultratraditionalist Catholics who sought the installation of Carlist Pretender Francisco Javier de Borbón as King of Spain.[25] The Carlists were anti-republican, anti-democratic and staunchly anti-socialist.[26] The Carlists were so anti-socialist that they opposed both Hitler and Mussolini because of their socialist tendencies.[26] The Carlists were led by Manuel Fal Condé and held their main base of support in Navarre.[26] The Carlists along with the Falange were the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic.[15] The Carlists held a long history of violent opposition to Spanish liberalism, stemming back to 1833 when they launched a six-year civil war against the reformist regency of María Cristina de las dos Sicilias.[27] The Carlists were strongly intransigent to any coalition with other movements, even believing that no non-Carlist could have honest intentions.[27]

During the war, the Carlists' militia, the Requetés reached a peak of 42,000 recruits but by the end of hostilities in April 1939 their overall strength had been reduced to 23,000.[27] The Carlists contributed some of the Nationalists' most effective shock troops during the war.[28]

Alfonsists edit
 
Renovación Española

The Alfonsists were a movement that supported the restoration of Alfonso XIII of Spain as monarch following the founding of the Spanish Second Republic in 1931. They competed with rival monarchists, the Carlists, for the Spanish throne. After the overthrow of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, Alfonsist supporters formed the Renovación Española, a monarchist political party, which held considerable economic influence and had close supporters in the Spanish army.[29] Renovación Española did not, however, manage to become a mass political movement.[29] In 1934, the Alfonsists, led by Antonio Goicoechea, along with the Carlists, met with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to gain support for an uprising against the republic, in which Mussolini promised to provide money and arms for such a rising.[30] From 1934 to 1936, the charismatic Alfonsist leader José Calvo Sotelo spoke of the need for the "conquest of the state" as the only means to secure the establishment of an ideal authoritarian, corporatist state.[30] Sotelo made passionate speeches in support of violent counterrevolution and emphasized the need for a military insurrection against the republic to counter the threats of communism and separatism that he blamed as being caused by the republic.[31] Sotelo was kidnapped and assassinated by political opponents (who were initially searching out Gil-Robles of the CEDA to kidnap) on 13 July 1936 which sparked fury on the political right and helped legitimize the military coup against the republic.[32]

When the war broke out, Infante Juan, the son of Alfonso XIII and heir to the Spanish throne, requested the permission of Franco to take part in the Nationals' war effort by enlisting as a member of the crew of the cruiser Balaeres, which was nearing completion.[33] He promised to abstain from political activities, but Franco refused, believing that he would become a figurehead for the Alfonsists who held a strong presence in the military.[33]

Military edit

Army of Africa edit

 
Flag of the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate

The Army of Africa was a field army garrisoned in Spanish Morocco – a legacy of the Rif War – under the command of General Francisco Franco. It consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Regulares, infantry and cavalry units recruited from the population of Spanish Morocco and with Spanish officers as commanders.

The Regulares operated as the shock troops of the National forces in exchange for a substantial pay. More than 13,000 Moroccan troops were airlifted on 20 Junkers Ju 52 planes supplied by Hitler between the beginning of the conflict in July and October 1936. Their proverbial cruelty and reckless behaviour were not random, but were part of a calculated plan of the Francoist military leaders in order to instill terror in the Republican defence lines.[34]

The Army of Africa would be the most decorated unit in the May 1939 victory brigade by the Nationalists; it has been estimated that one in five of its members were killed during the war, a casualty rate twice as high as that of the peninsular forces within the Spanish Nationalist faction. For several years after the war, Franco would have a squadron of Moorish troops act as his escort at public ceremonies as a reminder of the Army's importance in the Nationalist victory.[35]

Civil Guard edit

Approximately 47% of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard defected to the rebels during the onset of the civil war.[36] With the highest authority of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard, Inspector General Sebastián Pozas, remaining loyal to the republican government,[37] the rebel units of the Civil Guard were placed under direct command of the Nationalist army until after the war ended.

Other military forces edit

Foreign support edit

Italy edit

 
Fascist Italy

Italy under the Fascist leadership of Benito Mussolini supported the overthrow of the republic and the establishment of a regime that would serve as a client state to Italy. Italy distrusted the Spanish Republic due to its pro-French leanings and prior to the war had made contact with Spanish right-wing groups.[38] Italy justified its intervention as an action intended to prevent the rise of Bolshevism in Spain.[39] Italy's Fascist regime considered the threat of Bolshevism a real risk with the arrival of volunteers from the Soviet Union who were fighting for the Republicans.[40] Mussolini provided financial support as well as training to the Alfonsists, Carlists, and Falange.[23] Mussolini met Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 but did not have much enthusiasm in the establishment of fascism in Spain at that time.[10]

By January 1937, an expeditionary force of 35,000 Italians, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie, were in Spain under the command of General Mario Roatta.[25] The contingent was made up of four divisions: Littorio, Dio lo Vuole ("God Wills it"), Fiamme Nere ("Black Flames") and Penne Nere ("Black Feathers"). The first of these divisions was made up of soldiers; the other three of Blackshirt volunteers.[41] Italy provided the National forces with fighter and bomber aircraft which played a significant part in the war.[25] In March 1937, Italy intervened in the political affairs of the Nationals by sending Roberto Farinacci to Spain to urge Franco to unite the various political movements of the Nationalist faction into one fascist "Spanish National Party".[42]

Germany edit

 
Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany provided the Nationals with material, specialists, and a powerful air force contingent, the Condor Legion German expeditionary forces that provided airlift of soldiers and material from Spanish Africa to Peninsular Spain and provided offensive operations against Republican forces.[25] Nationalist forces were supplied with tanks and aircraft, including the Panzer I, Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Heinkel He 111.[43] The Spanish Civil War would provide an ideal testing ground for the proficiency of the new weapons produced during the German re-armament. Many aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by the Condor Legion against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Hitler insisted, however, that his long-term designs were peaceful, a strategy labelled as "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War).[44]

Germany had important economic interests at stake in Spain, as Germany imported large amounts of mineral ore from Spanish Morocco.[45] The Nazi regime sent retired General Wilhelm Faupel as ambassador to Franco's regime, Faupel supported Franco and the Falange in the hope that they would create a Nazi-like regime in Spain.[46] Debt owed by Franco and the Nationals to Germany rose quickly upon purchasing German material, and required financial assistance from Germany as the Republicans had access to Spain's gold reserve.[46]

Portugal edit

 
Portuguese Republic

Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar almost immediately supported the National forces.[47] Salazar's Estado Novo regime held tense relations with the Spanish Republic that held Portuguese dissidents to his regime in it.[48] Portugal played a critical role in supplying Franco's forces with ammunition and many other logistical resources.[49] Despite its discreet direct military involvement – restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime, of an 8,000–12,000-strong volunteer force, the so-called "Viriatos" – for the whole duration of the conflict, Portugal was instrumental in providing the National faction with a vital logistical organization and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference whatsoever would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationals, crossing the borders of the two Iberian countries – the Nationals used to refer to Lisbon as "the port of Castile".[50] In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognized Franco's regime and after the war in 1939 signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact that was known as the Iberian Pact.[47] Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting the Franco regime, including by insisting to the United Kingdom that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's Estado Novo and not Mussolini's Fascist Italy.[48]

Holy See edit

 
Vatican City

Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly composed of conservative traditionalists and people belonging to pro-monarchic groups, the religious persecution was squarely, and based on evidence probably rightly, mostly blamed on the government of the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the nationalist/monarchist faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took the side of the rebel government, and hailed the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as 'martyrs of the faith'. The devout Catholics who supported the Spanish Republic included high-ranking officers of the Popular Army such as republican Catholic general Vicente Rojo Lluch, as well as the Catholic Basque nationalists who opposed the rebel faction.[51]

Initially the Vatican held itself from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, although it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a 'Crusade'. Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced the Republic, holding it responsible for anti-clerical activities such as shutting down Catholic schools and the desecration of religious buildings, as well as the killing of priests and nuns by frenzied mobs.[52]

Forsaken by the Western European powers, the republican side mainly depended on Soviet military assistance; this played into the hands of the portrayal in Francoist propaganda of the Spanish Republic as a 'Marxist' and godless state. By means of its extensive diplomatic network, the Holy See used its influence to lobby for the rebel side. During an International Art Exhibition in Paris in 1937, in which both the Francoist and the Republican governments were present, the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the Vatican flag, for the rebel government's flag was still not recognized.[53] The Holy See was one of the first states to officially recognize Franco's Spanish State, having done so by 1938.[54]

Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the Civil War, Manuel Montero, lecturer of the University of the Basque Country commented on 6 May 2007:[55]

The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National Crusade' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the Historical Memory Law by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them. It continues to be a Church that is incapable of transcending its one-sided behaviour of 70 years ago and amenable to the fact that this past should always haunt us. In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism. Its selective criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.

Other supporters edit

1,000–2,000 English, Irish, French, Filipino, White Russians, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, and Belgian volunteers came to Spain to fight on the side of the Nationals.[56] Only two British women Priscilla Scott-Ellis and Gabriel Herbert volunteered as nurses.[57]

See also edit

References edit

Notes

  1. ^
    • Blinkhorn 2003, pp. 10–11: "The Franco regime-the only European regime with a major radical fascist ingredient to survive long beyond 1945, and studied here by Paul Preston – is a useful example. Notwithstanding the aforementioned fascisant tendencies within the Spanish Catholic and monarchist right, radical fascism, in the form of the Falange (fused from 1934 with the JONS), was weak until 1936 began to expand rapidly, not least through the recruitment of disillusioned JAP-ists. [...] The product, like the Italian Fascist regime, was a compromise between radical fascism and conservative authoritarianism, in this case, with unambiguous military and Church support. As Preston indicates, Falangism played a superficially prominent and important role for as long as it suited Franco, that is, until the mid-1940s, thereafter to be shunned into the sidings of Spanish political life.";
    • Griffin & Feldman 2004, pp. 82–83; Albanese & Hierro 2016, p. 54: "It was the FET-JONS, the main actor in Spain, which wanted the full fascistization of the country and which was most active during the period in trying to achieve it through the so-called 'syndicalist revolution'. This should not come as a surprise; Falange did not need the fascistization process since it was already fully fascist. Further, relations between Falange and Italy had become stronger since the Spanish Civil War. Mussolini saw the Spanish party as the main vehicle capable of transforming Spain into a fully fascist country. Similarly, FET-jons also regarded Mussolini's Italy as its main reference point. They even asked the authorities in Rome for advice about carrying out the fascistization process of the Francoist regime as effectively as possible.";
    • Thomàs 2020, pp. 38–39: "Al referirnos a fascismo español lo hacemos a dos organizaciones diferentes. En primer lugar al partido fascista Falange Española de las JONS, que existió entre 1934 y el 19 de abril de 1937; y en segundo, al partido único del régimen franquista, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, creado el último día citado y subsistente durante toda la vigencia del Franquismo -ni más ni menos que hasta abril de 1977, aunque en 1958 trocó su denominación por la de Movimiento Nacional. Existieron así dos organizaciones fascistas diferentes, aunque la segunda nació en parte de la primera y la integró."
  2. ^ The term "Nationalists" is the most often used in English-language media, while the Spanish term is nacionales, "nationals". In Spanish-language discussion of the war, nacionalista can be used for Basque and Catalan nationalists, who mostly aligned with the Republican faction. This can lead to confusion when translating from Spanish.

Citations

  1. ^ Payne, SG The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1987 p. 101, note 27.
  2. ^ "Un estado totalitario armonizará en España el…".
  3. ^ "Un estado totalitario armonizará en España el".
  4. ^ "The Extreme Right in Spain – Surviving in the Shadow of Franco" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Hedda Samdahl Weltz. 2014.
  5. ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1995), A History of Fascism, 1914–1945, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 255, ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4
  6. ^ Juan Eslava Galán, Una Historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a Gustar a Nadie, Ed. Planeta. 2005. ISBN 8408058835. pp. 9–12.
  7. ^ Beevor, Antony (2006) [1982]. The Battle for Spain. Orion. ISBN 978-0-7538-2165-7.
  8. ^ Ángel Bahamonde & Javier Cervera Gil, Así terminó la Guerra de España, Marcial Pons, Madrid 1999, ISBN 84-95379-00-7
  9. ^ a b Navarro García, Clotilde. La educación y el nacional-catolicismo. Univ de Castilla La Mancha, 1993. ISBN 84-88255-21-7, pp. 36–37
  10. ^ a b Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback ed. Hampshire, UK / London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 36.
  11. ^ a b c d e Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 70.
  12. ^ Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed. Oxford, England; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 8.
  13. ^ a b c d Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 89.
  14. ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 242.
  15. ^ a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006, p. 94.
  16. ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 268.
  17. ^ a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 214.
  18. ^ a b c Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 272.
  19. ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 281.
  21. ^ a b c d Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 62.
  22. ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 64.
  23. ^ a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 45, 69.
  24. ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 88–89.
  25. ^ a b c d Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 10.
  26. ^ a b c Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed.. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. pp. 8–9.
  27. ^ a b c Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 9.
  28. ^ "Chapter 26: A History of Spain and Portugal vol. 2". Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  29. ^ a b Andrew Forrest. The Spanish Civil War. London; New York: Routledge, 2000. p. 10.
  30. ^ a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 69.
  31. ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Reveng. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 92–93.
  32. ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 99.
  33. ^ a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 209.
  34. ^ Julián Casanova, República y Guerra Civil. in Historia de España, directed by Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares. Vol. 8, Barcelona: 2007, Crítica/Marcial Pons Publishers. ISBN 978-84-8432-878-0, p. 278
  35. ^ Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth. "The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War." Bulletin of Spanish Studies 93, no. 6 (2016): 965–988.
  36. ^ Muñoz-Bolaños, Roberto (2000), "Fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad en España (1900–1945)", Serga, 2
  37. ^ Hugh Thomas (1976); Historia de la Guerra Civil Española, Ed. Grijalbo, p. 254
  38. ^ Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 35.
  39. ^ Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 93.
  40. ^ Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 91.
  41. ^ Eslava Galan, Juan. "Penne Nere (Pena Negra)". Una historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a gustar a nadie [A History Of The Spanish Civil War That No-one Will Like] (in Spanish). Planeta.
  42. ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 200.
  43. ^ Dailey, Andy; Webb, Sarah (2015). Access to History for the IB Diploma: Causes and Effects of 20th-Century Wars (2nd ed.). Hodder Education Group. ISBN 978-1-4718-4134-7.
  44. ^ Evidenced in a January 1937 speech prior to the outcry over the bombing of the Basque city of Guernica, known by the Luftwaffe as Operation Rügen. Hitler speech to Reichstag 30 January 1937 available via the German Propaganda Archive.
  45. ^ Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 157.
  46. ^ a b Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 97.
  47. ^ a b Tom Gallagher. Portugal: a twentieth-century interpretation. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983. p. 86.
  48. ^ a b Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses. Franco and the Spanish Civil War. London; New York: Routledge, 2001. p. 96.
  49. ^ Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. pp. 116, 133, 143, 148, 174, 427.
  50. ^ Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. pp. 116, 198.
  51. ^ Stanley G. Payne. The Franco regime, 1936–1975. Madison, WI / London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. p. 201.
  52. ^ Juliàn Casanova. The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 139.
  53. ^ Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
  54. ^ Stanley G. Payne. The Franco regime, 1936–1975. Madison, WI / London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. p. 156.
  55. ^ Manuel Montero a El País, 6/5/2007, «Otros "mártires" de la Guerra Civil»
  56. ^ Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War. pp. vi, viii.
  57. ^ Pottle, Mark (23 September 2004). "Ellis, (Esyllt) Priscilla [Pip] Scott – (1916–1983), diarist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76869. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

Bibliography

  • Albanese, Matteo; Hierro, Pablo del (2016). Transnational Fascism in the Twentieth Century: Spain, Italy and the Global Neo-Fascist Network. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1472532008. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  • Alpert, Michael. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997.
  • Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006.
  • Blinkhorn, Martin (2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134997121.
  • Casanova, Juliàn. The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Davis, Paul K. Besieged: an encyclopedia of great sieges from ancient times to the present. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2001.
  • Gallagher, Tom. Portugal: a twentieth-century interpretation. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1983.
  • Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew (2004). Fascism: The 'fascist epoch'. Taylor & Francis. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0415290197. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  • De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro . Franco and the Spanish Civil War. London; New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Payne, Stanley G. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999.
  • Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd ed.. New York: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007.
  • Thomàs, Joan Maria (2020). "La Alemania nazi y el fascismo español durante la Guerra Civil". Cuadernos de Historia de España (in Spanish). 87 (87). Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires: 38. doi:10.34096/che.n87.9047. ISSN 0325-1195.
  • Turnbull, Patrick. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed.. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005.
  • Daily, Andy; Webb, Sarah (2015). Access to History for the IB Diploma: Causes and Effects of 20th-Century Wars (2nd ed.). Hodder Education Group. pp. 90–93. ISBN 978-1471841347.

External links edit

  • Los historiadores, contra Margallo por negarse a abrir los archivos

nationalist, faction, spanish, civil, nationalist, faction, spanish, bando, nacional, major, faction, spanish, civil, 1936, 1939, composed, variety, right, leaning, political, groups, that, supported, spanish, coup, july, 1936, against, second, spanish, republ. The Nationalist faction Spanish Bando nacional n 2 was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939 It was composed of a variety of right leaning political groups that supported the Spanish Coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic and Republican faction and sought to depose Manuel Azana including the Falange the CEDA and two rival monarchist claimants the Alfonsist Renovacion Espanola and the Carlist Traditionalist Communion In 1937 all the groups were merged into the FET y de las JONS After the death of the faction s early leaders General Francisco Franco one of the members of the 1936 coup headed the Nationalists throughout most of the war and emerged as the dictator of Spain until his death in 1975 Nationalist factionBando nacionalLeft Flag until 1938 Right Flag from 1938LeaderFrancisco Franco 1 Jose Sanjurjo Emilio Mola Manuel Goded Llopis Dates of operation17 July 1936 1 April 1939IdeologyTotalitarianism 2 3 Spanish nationalism 4 Authoritarian conservatism 5 Factions Para fascism n 1 FalangismCarlismAlfonsismPolitical positionRight wing to far rightPart ofMovimiento Nacional from 1937 Allies Germany Italy Portugal Holy SeeOpponentsRepublican faction Second Spanish RepublicBattles and warsSpanish Civil War Spanish coup of July 1936 White TerrorSucceeded byFrancoist Spain The term Nationalists or Nationals nacionales was coined by Joseph Goebbels following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain Francisco Arranz requesting war materiel on 24 July 1936 in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi Germany s help to the Spanish rebel military 6 The leaders of the rebel faction who had already been denominated as Crusaders by Bishop of Salamanca Enrique Pla y Deniel and also used the term Cruzada for their campaign immediately took a liking to it The term Bando nacional much as the term rojos Reds to refer to the loyalists is considered by some authors as a term linked with the propaganda of that faction Throughout the civil war the term National was mainly used by the members and supporters of the rebel faction while its opponents used the terms fascistas fascists 7 or facciosos sectarians 8 to refer to this faction Contents 1 Belligerents 1 1 Political groups 1 1 1 Falange 1 1 2 CEDA 1 1 3 Monarchists 1 1 3 1 Carlists 1 1 3 2 Alfonsists 1 2 Military 1 2 1 Army of Africa 1 2 2 Civil Guard 1 2 3 Other military forces 2 Foreign support 2 1 Italy 2 2 Germany 2 3 Portugal 2 4 Holy See 2 5 Other supporters 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksBelligerents editThe military rebellion found wide areas of support both inside Spain and in the international sphere In Spain the Francoist side was mainly supported by the predominantly conservative upper class liberal professionals religious organizations and land owning farmers It was mostly based in the rural areas where progressive political movements had made few inroads such as great swathes of the Northern Meseta including almost all of Old Castile as well as La Rioja Navarre Alava the area near Zaragoza in Aragon most of Galicia parts of Caceres in Extremadura and many dispersed pockets in rural Andalusia where the local society still followed ancient traditional patterns and was yet untouched by modern thought 9 Political groups edit Politically this faction rallied together various parties and organizations which in some cases espoused opposed ideologies such as the conservative CEDA and Alejandro Lerroux s radicals liberals as well as Falangists Catholics and pro monarchic movements such as the Agraristas and the Carlistas among whom were the Requetes 9 Falange edit Main articles Falangism FE de las JONS and FET y de las JONS nbsp Falange The Falange Espanola was originally a Spanish fascist political party founded by Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera son of the former Spanish leader Miguel Primo de Rivera 10 The Falange was created with the financial assistance of Alfonsist monarchist funding 11 Upon being formed the Falange was officially anti clerical and anti monarchist 12 As a landowner and aristocrat Primo de Rivera assured the upper classes that Spanish fascism would not get out of their control like its equivalents in Germany and Italy 11 In 1934 the Falange merged with the pro Nazi Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista of Ramiro Ledesma Ramos 11 to form the Falange Espanola de las JONS Initially the Falange was short of funds and was a small student based movement that preached of a utopian violent nationalist revolution 11 The Falange committed acts of violence before the war including becoming involved in street brawls with their political opponents that helped to create a state of lawlessness that the right wing press blamed on the republic to support a military uprising 11 Falangist terror squads sought to create an atmosphere of disorder in order to justify the imposition of an authoritarian regime 13 With the onset of middle class disillusionment with the CEDA s legalism support for the Falange expanded rapidly 13 By September 1936 the total Falangist volunteers numbered at 35 000 accounting for 55 percent of all civilian forces of the Nationals 14 Falange Espanola de las JONS was one of the original supporters of the military coup d etat against the republic the other being the Carlists 15 After the death of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera Manuel Hedilla sought to take control of the Falange but this was usurped by Franco who sought to take control of the movement as part of his move to take control of the National faction 16 In 1937 Franco announced a decree of unification of the National political movements particularly the Falange and the Carlists into a single movement nominally still the Falange under his leadership 17 under the name Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las JONS Both Falangists and Carlists were initially furious at the decision Falangists in particular saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church and their revolution being indefinitely postponed 17 Upon unification and seizure of leadership by Franco Franco distanced the party from fascism and declared The Falange does not consider itself fascist its founder said so personally 18 After this announcement the practice in the National faction of referring to the Falange as fascists disappeared by 1937 but Franco did not deny that there were fascists within the Falange 18 Franco declared that the Falange s goal was to incorporate the great neutral mass of the unaffiliated and promised that no ideological rigidity would be allowed to interfere with the goal 18 Under Franco s leadership the Falange abandoned the previous anticlerical tendencies of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera and instead promoted neotraditionalist National Catholicism though it continued to criticize Catholic pacifism 19 Franco s Falange also abandoned hostility to capitalism with Falange member Raimundo Fernandez Cuesta declaring that Falange s national syndicalism was fully compatible with capitalism 20 CEDA edit Main article Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right wing Groups nbsp CEDA The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right wing Groups CEDA was a Catholic right wing political organization dedicated to anti Marxism 21 The CEDA was led by Jose Maria Gil Robles y Quinones The CEDA claimed that it was defending Spain and Christian civilization from Marxism and claimed that the political atmosphere in Spain had made politics a matter of Marxism versus anti Marxism 21 With the advent of the rise of the Nazi Party to power in Germany the CEDA aligned itself with similar propaganda ploys to the Nazis including the Nazi emphasis on authority the fatherland and hierarchy 21 Gil Robles attended in audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain 21 Gil Robles declared his intention to give Spain a true unity a new spirit a totalitarian polity and went on to say Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state When the time comes either parliament submits or we will eliminate it 22 The CEDA held fascist style rallies called Gil Robles Jefe the equivalent of Duce and claimed that the CEDA might lead a March on Madrid to forcefully seize power 23 The CEDA failed to make the substantive electoral gains from 1931 to 1936 that were needed for it to form government which resulted in right wing support draining from it and turning towards the belligerent Alfonsist monarchist leader Jose Calvo Sotelo 24 Subsequently the CEDA abandoned its moderation and legalism and began providing support for those committed to violence against the republic including handing over its electoral funds to the initial leader of the military coup against the republic General Emilio Mola 13 Subsequently supporters of the CEDA s youth movement Juventudes de Accion Popular JAP began to defect en masse to join the Falange and the JAP ceased to exist as a political organisation in 1937 13 Monarchists edit Carlists edit nbsp Carlists Main article Carlism The Carlists were monarchists and ardent ultratraditionalist Catholics who sought the installation of Carlist Pretender Francisco Javier de Borbon as King of Spain 25 The Carlists were anti republican anti democratic and staunchly anti socialist 26 The Carlists were so anti socialist that they opposed both Hitler and Mussolini because of their socialist tendencies 26 The Carlists were led by Manuel Fal Conde and held their main base of support in Navarre 26 The Carlists along with the Falange were the original supporters of the military coup d etat against the republic 15 The Carlists held a long history of violent opposition to Spanish liberalism stemming back to 1833 when they launched a six year civil war against the reformist regency of Maria Cristina de las dos Sicilias 27 The Carlists were strongly intransigent to any coalition with other movements even believing that no non Carlist could have honest intentions 27 During the war the Carlists militia the Requetes reached a peak of 42 000 recruits but by the end of hostilities in April 1939 their overall strength had been reduced to 23 000 27 The Carlists contributed some of the Nationalists most effective shock troops during the war 28 Alfonsists edit Main articles Alfonsism and Renovacion Espanola nbsp Renovacion Espanola The Alfonsists were a movement that supported the restoration of Alfonso XIII of Spain as monarch following the founding of the Spanish Second Republic in 1931 They competed with rival monarchists the Carlists for the Spanish throne After the overthrow of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII Alfonsist supporters formed the Renovacion Espanola a monarchist political party which held considerable economic influence and had close supporters in the Spanish army 29 Renovacion Espanola did not however manage to become a mass political movement 29 In 1934 the Alfonsists led by Antonio Goicoechea along with the Carlists met with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to gain support for an uprising against the republic in which Mussolini promised to provide money and arms for such a rising 30 From 1934 to 1936 the charismatic Alfonsist leader Jose Calvo Sotelo spoke of the need for the conquest of the state as the only means to secure the establishment of an ideal authoritarian corporatist state 30 Sotelo made passionate speeches in support of violent counterrevolution and emphasized the need for a military insurrection against the republic to counter the threats of communism and separatism that he blamed as being caused by the republic 31 Sotelo was kidnapped and assassinated by political opponents who were initially searching out Gil Robles of the CEDA to kidnap on 13 July 1936 which sparked fury on the political right and helped legitimize the military coup against the republic 32 When the war broke out Infante Juan the son of Alfonso XIII and heir to the Spanish throne requested the permission of Franco to take part in the Nationals war effort by enlisting as a member of the crew of the cruiser Balaeres which was nearing completion 33 He promised to abstain from political activities but Franco refused believing that he would become a figurehead for the Alfonsists who held a strong presence in the military 33 Military edit See also Spanish Military Union Army of Africa edit Main articles Army of Africa and Regulares nbsp Flag of the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate See also Mohamed Meziane The Army of Africa was a field army garrisoned in Spanish Morocco a legacy of the Rif War under the command of General Francisco Franco It consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Regulares infantry and cavalry units recruited from the population of Spanish Morocco and with Spanish officers as commanders The Regulares operated as the shock troops of the National forces in exchange for a substantial pay More than 13 000 Moroccan troops were airlifted on 20 Junkers Ju 52 planes supplied by Hitler between the beginning of the conflict in July and October 1936 Their proverbial cruelty and reckless behaviour were not random but were part of a calculated plan of the Francoist military leaders in order to instill terror in the Republican defence lines 34 The Army of Africa would be the most decorated unit in the May 1939 victory brigade by the Nationalists it has been estimated that one in five of its members were killed during the war a casualty rate twice as high as that of the peninsular forces within the Spanish Nationalist faction For several years after the war Franco would have a squadron of Moorish troops act as his escort at public ceremonies as a reminder of the Army s importance in the Nationalist victory 35 Civil Guard edit Main article Civil Guard Spain Approximately 47 of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard defected to the rebels during the onset of the civil war 36 With the highest authority of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard Inspector General Sebastian Pozas remaining loyal to the republican government 37 the rebel units of the Civil Guard were placed under direct command of the Nationalist army until after the war ended Other military forces edit Aviacion Nacional Spanish Navy rebel factions Foreign support editMain article Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War Italy edit nbsp Fascist Italy Main article Italian military intervention in Spain Italy under the Fascist leadership of Benito Mussolini supported the overthrow of the republic and the establishment of a regime that would serve as a client state to Italy Italy distrusted the Spanish Republic due to its pro French leanings and prior to the war had made contact with Spanish right wing groups 38 Italy justified its intervention as an action intended to prevent the rise of Bolshevism in Spain 39 Italy s Fascist regime considered the threat of Bolshevism a real risk with the arrival of volunteers from the Soviet Union who were fighting for the Republicans 40 Mussolini provided financial support as well as training to the Alfonsists Carlists and Falange 23 Mussolini met Falangist leader Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 but did not have much enthusiasm in the establishment of fascism in Spain at that time 10 By January 1937 an expeditionary force of 35 000 Italians the Corpo Truppe Volontarie were in Spain under the command of General Mario Roatta 25 The contingent was made up of four divisions Littorio Dio lo Vuole God Wills it Fiamme Nere Black Flames and Penne Nere Black Feathers The first of these divisions was made up of soldiers the other three of Blackshirt volunteers 41 Italy provided the National forces with fighter and bomber aircraft which played a significant part in the war 25 In March 1937 Italy intervened in the political affairs of the Nationals by sending Roberto Farinacci to Spain to urge Franco to unite the various political movements of the Nationalist faction into one fascist Spanish National Party 42 Germany edit Main article German involvement in the Spanish Civil War nbsp Nazi Germany Nazi Germany provided the Nationals with material specialists and a powerful air force contingent the Condor Legion German expeditionary forces that provided airlift of soldiers and material from Spanish Africa to Peninsular Spain and provided offensive operations against Republican forces 25 Nationalist forces were supplied with tanks and aircraft including the Panzer I Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Heinkel He 111 43 The Spanish Civil War would provide an ideal testing ground for the proficiency of the new weapons produced during the German re armament Many aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by the Condor Legion against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalisimo Franco Hitler insisted however that his long term designs were peaceful a strategy labelled as Blumenkrieg Flower War 44 Germany had important economic interests at stake in Spain as Germany imported large amounts of mineral ore from Spanish Morocco 45 The Nazi regime sent retired General Wilhelm Faupel as ambassador to Franco s regime Faupel supported Franco and the Falange in the hope that they would create a Nazi like regime in Spain 46 Debt owed by Franco and the Nationals to Germany rose quickly upon purchasing German material and required financial assistance from Germany as the Republicans had access to Spain s gold reserve 46 Portugal edit Main article Viriatos nbsp Portuguese Republic Upon the outbreak of the civil war Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio de Oliveira Salazar almost immediately supported the National forces 47 Salazar s Estado Novo regime held tense relations with the Spanish Republic that held Portuguese dissidents to his regime in it 48 Portugal played a critical role in supplying Franco s forces with ammunition and many other logistical resources 49 Despite its discreet direct military involvement restrained to a somewhat semi official endorsement by its authoritarian regime of an 8 000 12 000 strong volunteer force the so called Viriatos for the whole duration of the conflict Portugal was instrumental in providing the National faction with a vital logistical organization and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference whatsoever would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationals crossing the borders of the two Iberian countries the Nationals used to refer to Lisbon as the port of Castile 50 In 1938 with Franco s victory increasingly certain Portugal recognized Franco s regime and after the war in 1939 signed a treaty of friendship and non aggression pact that was known as the Iberian Pact 47 Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting the Franco regime including by insisting to the United Kingdom that Franco sought to replicate Salazar s Estado Novo and not Mussolini s Fascist Italy 48 Holy See edit See also White Terror Spain Cooperation of the Spanish Church nbsp Vatican City Among many influential Catholics in Spain mainly composed of conservative traditionalists and people belonging to pro monarchic groups the religious persecution was squarely and based on evidence probably rightly mostly blamed on the government of the Republic The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the nationalist monarchist faction and readily extended itself The Catholic Church took the side of the rebel government and hailed the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as martyrs of the faith The devout Catholics who supported the Spanish Republic included high ranking officers of the Popular Army such as republican Catholic general Vicente Rojo Lluch as well as the Catholic Basque nationalists who opposed the rebel faction 51 Initially the Vatican held itself from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war although it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a Crusade Throughout the war however Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics labelled the secular Republic as the enemy of God and the Church and denounced the Republic holding it responsible for anti clerical activities such as shutting down Catholic schools and the desecration of religious buildings as well as the killing of priests and nuns by frenzied mobs 52 Forsaken by the Western European powers the republican side mainly depended on Soviet military assistance this played into the hands of the portrayal in Francoist propaganda of the Spanish Republic as a Marxist and godless state By means of its extensive diplomatic network the Holy See used its influence to lobby for the rebel side During an International Art Exhibition in Paris in 1937 in which both the Francoist and the Republican governments were present the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the Vatican flag for the rebel government s flag was still not recognized 53 The Holy See was one of the first states to officially recognize Franco s Spanish State having done so by 1938 54 Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the Civil War Manuel Montero lecturer of the University of the Basque Country commented on 6 May 2007 55 The Church which upheld the idea of a National Crusade in order to legitimize the military rebellion was a belligerent part during the Civil War even at the cost of alienating part of its members It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the Historical Memory Law by recurring to the beatification of 498 martyrs of the Civil War The priests executed by Franco s Army are not counted among them It continues to be a Church that is incapable of transcending its one sided behaviour of 70 years ago and amenable to the fact that this past should always haunt us In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism Its selective criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom The priests who were victims of the republicans are martyrs who died forgiving but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten Other supporters edit See also Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War Support for the Nationalists 1 000 2 000 English Irish French Filipino White Russians Polish Romanian Hungarian and Belgian volunteers came to Spain to fight on the side of the Nationals 56 Only two British women Priscilla Scott Ellis and Gabriel Herbert volunteered as nurses 57 See also editRepublican faction Spanish Civil War Spanish Republican Armed ForcesReferences editNotes Blinkhorn 2003 pp 10 11 The Franco regime the only European regime with a major radical fascist ingredient to survive long beyond 1945 and studied here by Paul Preston is a useful example Notwithstanding the aforementioned fascisant tendencies within the Spanish Catholic and monarchist right radical fascism in the form of the Falange fused from 1934 with the JONS was weak until 1936 began to expand rapidly not least through the recruitment of disillusioned JAP ists The product like the Italian Fascist regime was a compromise between radical fascism and conservative authoritarianism in this case with unambiguous military and Church support As Preston indicates Falangism played a superficially prominent and important role for as long as it suited Franco that is until the mid 1940s thereafter to be shunned into the sidings of Spanish political life Griffin amp Feldman 2004 pp 82 83 Albanese amp Hierro 2016 p 54 It was the FET JONS the main actor in Spain which wanted the full fascistization of the country and which was most active during the period in trying to achieve it through the so called syndicalist revolution This should not come as a surprise Falange did not need the fascistization process since it was already fully fascist Further relations between Falange and Italy had become stronger since the Spanish Civil War Mussolini saw the Spanish party as the main vehicle capable of transforming Spain into a fully fascist country Similarly FET jons also regarded Mussolini s Italy as its main reference point They even asked the authorities in Rome for advice about carrying out the fascistization process of the Francoist regime as effectively as possible Thomas 2020 pp 38 39 Al referirnos a fascismo espanol lo hacemos a dos organizaciones diferentes En primer lugar al partido fascista Falange Espanola de las JONS que existio entre 1934 y el 19 de abril de 1937 y en segundo al partido unico del regimen franquista Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las JONS creado el ultimo dia citado y subsistente durante toda la vigencia del Franquismo ni mas ni menos que hasta abril de 1977 aunque en 1958 troco su denominacion por la de Movimiento Nacional Existieron asi dos organizaciones fascistas diferentes aunque la segunda nacio en parte de la primera y la integro The term Nationalists is the most often used in English language media while the Spanish term is nacionales nationals In Spanish language discussion of the war nacionalista can be used for Basque and Catalan nationalists who mostly aligned with the Republican faction This can lead to confusion when translating from Spanish Citations Payne SG The Franco Regime 1936 1975 Madison University of Wisconsin 1987 p 101 note 27 Un estado totalitario armonizara en Espana el Un estado totalitario armonizara en Espana el The Extreme Right in Spain Surviving in the Shadow of Franco PDF core ac uk Hedda Samdahl Weltz 2014 Payne Stanley G 1995 A History of Fascism 1914 1945 Madison University of Wisconsin Press p 255 ISBN 978 0 299 14874 4 Juan Eslava Galan Una Historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a Gustar a Nadie Ed Planeta 2005 ISBN 8408058835 pp 9 12 Beevor Antony 2006 1982 The Battle for Spain Orion ISBN 978 0 7538 2165 7 Angel Bahamonde amp Javier Cervera Gil Asi termino la Guerra de Espana Marcial Pons Madrid 1999 ISBN 84 95379 00 7 a b Navarro Garcia Clotilde La educacion y el nacional catolicismo Univ de Castilla La Mancha 1993 ISBN 84 88255 21 7 pp 36 37 a b Michael Alpert A New International History of the Spanish Civil War Paperback ed Hampshire UK London Macmillan Press Ltd 1997 New York St Martin s Press Ltd 1997 p 36 a b c d e Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 p 70 Patrick Turnbull The Spanish Civil War 1936 39 6th ed Oxford England New York Osprey Publishing 2005 p 8 a b c d Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 p 89 Stanley G Payne Fascism in Spain 1923 1977 Madison Wisconsin University Press 1999 p 242 a b Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Company Inc 2007 2006 p 94 Stanley G Payne Fascism in Spain 1923 1977 Madison Wisconsin University Press 1999 p 268 a b Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 p 214 a b c Stanley G Payne Fascism in Spain 1923 1977 Madison Wisconsin University Press 1999 p 272 Stanley G Payne Fascism in Spain 1923 1977 Madison Wisconsin University Press 1999 pp 280 281 Stanley G Payne Fascism in Spain 1923 1977 Madison Wisconsin University Press 1999 p 281 a b c d Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 p 62 Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War reaction revolution and revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 p 64 a b Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War reaction revolution and revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 pp 45 69 Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War reaction revolution and revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 pp 88 89 a b c d Patrick Turnbull The Spanish Civil War 1936 39 6th ed Oxford New York Osprey Publishing 2005 p 10 a b c Patrick Turnbull The Spanish Civil War 1936 39 6th ed Oxford New York Osprey Publishing 2005 pp 8 9 a b c Patrick Turnbull The Spanish Civil War 1936 39 6th ed Oxford New York Osprey Publishing 2005 p 9 Chapter 26 A History of Spain and Portugal vol 2 Retrieved 8 May 2015 a b Andrew Forrest The Spanish Civil War London New York Routledge 2000 p 10 a b Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 p 69 Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Reveng 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 pp 92 93 Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 p 99 a b Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Co Inc 2007 2006 p 209 Julian Casanova Republica y Guerra Civil in Historia de Espana directed by Josep Fontana y Ramon Villares Vol 8 Barcelona 2007 Critica Marcial Pons Publishers ISBN 978 84 8432 878 0 p 278 Bolorinos Allard Elisabeth The Crescent and the Dagger Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War Bulletin of Spanish Studies 93 no 6 2016 965 988 Munoz Bolanos Roberto 2000 Fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad en Espana 1900 1945 Serga 2 Hugh Thomas 1976 Historia de la Guerra Civil Espanola Ed Grijalbo p 254 Michael Alpert A New International History of the Spanish Civil War Paperback edition Hampshire and London Macmillan Press Ltd 1997 New York St Martin s Press Ltd 1997 p 35 Michael Alpert A New International History of the Spanish Civil War Paperback ed Hampshire and London Macmillan Press Ltd 1997 New York St Martin s Press Ltd 1997 p 93 Michael Alpert A New International History of the Spanish Civil War Paperback edition Hampshire and London Macmillan Press Ltd 1997 New York St Martin s Press Ltd 1997 p 91 Eslava Galan Juan Penne Nere Pena Negra Una historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a gustar a nadie A History Of The Spanish Civil War That No one Will Like in Spanish Planeta Paul Preston The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York W W Norton amp Company Inc 2007 2006 p 200 Dailey Andy Webb Sarah 2015 Access to History for the IB Diploma Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars 2nd ed Hodder Education Group ISBN 978 1 4718 4134 7 Evidenced in a January 1937 speech prior to the outcry over the bombing of the Basque city of Guernica known by the Luftwaffe as Operation Rugen Hitler speech to Reichstag 30 January 1937 available via the German Propaganda Archive Michael Alpert A New International History of the Spanish Civil War Paperback ed Hampshire and London Macmillan Press Ltd 1997 New York St Martin s Press Ltd 1997 p 157 a b Michael Alpert A New International History of the Spanish Civil War Paperback ed Hampshire and London Macmillan Press Ltd 1997 New York St Martin s Press Ltd 1997 p 97 a b Tom Gallagher Portugal a twentieth century interpretation Manchester Manchester University Press 1983 p 86 a b Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses Franco and the Spanish Civil War London New York Routledge 2001 p 96 Antony Beevor The Battle for Spain The Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Weidenfeld amp Nicolson 2006 pp 116 133 143 148 174 427 Antony Beevor The Battle for Spain The Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Weidenfeld amp Nicolson 2006 pp 116 198 Stanley G Payne The Franco regime 1936 1975 Madison WI London University of Wisconsin Press 1987 p 201 Julian Casanova The Spanish Republic and Civil War Cambridge University Press 2010 p 139 Antony Beevor The Battle for Spain The Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Stanley G Payne The Franco regime 1936 1975 Madison WI London University of Wisconsin Press 1987 p 156 Manuel Montero a El Pais 6 5 2007 Otros martires de la Guerra Civil Fighting for Franco International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War pp vi viii Pottle Mark 23 September 2004 Ellis Esyllt Priscilla Pip Scott 1916 1983 diarist Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Vol 1 online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 76869 ISBN 978 0 19 861412 8 Subscription or UK public library membership required Bibliography Albanese Matteo Hierro Pablo del 2016 Transnational Fascism in the Twentieth Century Spain Italy and the Global Neo Fascist Network Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1472532008 Retrieved 5 July 2020 Alpert Michael A New International History of the Spanish Civil War Hampshire and London Macmillan Press Ltd 1997 New York St Martin s Press Ltd 1997 Beevor Antony The Battle for Spain The Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Weidenfeld amp Nicolson 2006 Blinkhorn Martin 2003 Fascists and Conservatives The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth Century Europe Routledge ISBN 978 1134997121 Casanova Julian The Spanish Republic and Civil War Cambridge University Press 2010 Davis Paul K Besieged an encyclopedia of great sieges from ancient times to the present Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO Inc 2001 Gallagher Tom Portugal a twentieth century interpretation Manchester England Manchester University Press 1983 Griffin Roger Feldman Matthew 2004 Fascism The fascist epoch Taylor amp Francis pp 82 83 ISBN 978 0415290197 Retrieved 5 July 2020 De Meneses Filipe Ribeiro Franco and the Spanish Civil War London New York Routledge 2001 Payne Stanley G Fascism in Spain 1923 1977 Madison Wisconsin University Press 1999 Preston Paul The Spanish Civil War Reaction Revolution amp Revenge 3rd ed New York Norton amp Company Inc 2007 Thomas Joan Maria 2020 La Alemania nazi y el fascismo espanol durante la Guerra Civil Cuadernos de Historia de Espana in Spanish 87 87 Buenos Aires Universidad de Buenos Aires 38 doi 10 34096 che n87 9047 ISSN 0325 1195 Turnbull Patrick The Spanish Civil War 1936 39 6th ed Oxford New York Osprey Publishing 2005 Daily Andy Webb Sarah 2015 Access to History for the IB Diploma Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars 2nd ed Hodder Education Group pp 90 93 ISBN 978 1471841347 External links editLos historiadores contra Margallo por negarse a abrir los archivos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nationalist faction Spanish Civil War amp oldid 1220268614, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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