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Melbourne

Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/ (listen) MEL-bərn;[note 1] Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: Narrm or Naarm[9][10]) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a 9,993 km2 (3,858 sq mi) metropolitan area known as Greater Melbourne,[11] comprising an urban agglomeration of 31 local municipalities,[12] although the name is also used specifically for the local municipality of City of Melbourne based around its central business area. The metropolis occupies much of the northern and eastern coastlines of Port Phillip Bay and spreads into the Mornington Peninsula, part of West Gippsland, as well as the hinterlands towards the Yarra Valley, the Dandenong and Macedon Ranges. It has a population over 5 million (19% of the population of Australia, as per 2021 census), mostly residing to the east side of the city centre, and its inhabitants are commonly referred to as "Melburnians".[note 2]

Melbourne
Narrm
Victoria
Map of Melbourne, Australia, printable and editable
Melbourne
Coordinates37°48′51″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81417°S 144.96306°E / -37.81417; 144.96306Coordinates: 37°48′51″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81417°S 144.96306°E / -37.81417; 144.96306
Population4,917,750 (2021)[1] (2nd)
 • Density492.119/km2 (1,274.58/sq mi)
Established30 August 1835; 187 years ago (1835-08-30)
Elevation31 m (102 ft)
Area9,993 km2 (3,858.3 sq mi)(GCCSA)[2]
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10)
 • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11)
Location
LGA(s)31 Municipalities across Greater Melbourne
CountyGrant, Bourke, Mornington
State electorate(s)55 electoral districts and regions
Federal division(s)23 Divisions
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
20.2 °C
68 °F
9.7 °C
49 °F
515.5 mm
20.3 in

The area of Melbourne has been home to Aboriginal Victorians for over 40,000 years and serves as an important meeting place for local Kulin nation clans.[15][16] Of the five peoples of the Kulin nation, the traditional custodians of the land encompassing Melbourne are the Boonwurrung, Wathaurong and the Wurundjeri peoples. A short-lived penal settlement was built at Port Phillip, then part of the British colony of New South Wales, in 1803, but it was not until 1835, with the arrival of free settlers from Van Diemen's Land (modern-day Tasmania), that Melbourne was founded.[15] It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837, and named after the then British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne.[15] In 1851, four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city, Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria.[17] During the 1850s Victorian gold rush, the city entered a lengthy boom period that, by the late 1880s, had transformed it into one of the world's largest and wealthiest metropolises.[18][19] After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927.[20] Today, it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 32nd globally in the March 2022 Global Financial Centres Index.[21]

Melbourne is home to many of Australia's best-known landmarks, such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building. Noted for its cultural heritage, the city gave rise to Australian rules football, Australian impressionism and Australian cinema, and has more recently been recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a global centre for street art, live music and theatre. It hosts major annual international events, such as the Australian Grand Prix and the Australian Open, and also hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics. Melbourne consistently ranked as the world's most liveable city for much of the 2010s.[22]

Melbourne Airport, also known as the Tullamarine Airport, is the second-busiest airport in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is the nation's busiest seaport.[23] Its main metropolitan rail terminus is Flinders Street station and its main regional rail and road coach terminus is Southern Cross station. It also has Australia's most extensive freeway network and the largest urban tram network in the world.[24]

History

Early history and foundation

Aboriginal Australians have lived in the Melbourne area for at least 40,000 years.[25] When European settlers arrived in the 19th century, at least 20,000 Kulin people from three distinct language groups – the Wurundjeri, Bunurong and Wathaurong – resided in the area.[26][27] It was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and a vital source of food and water.[28][16] In June 2021, the boundaries between the land of two of the traditional owner groups, the Wurundjeri and Bunurong, were agreed after being drawn up by the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council. The borderline runs across the city from west to east, with the CBD, Richmond and Hawthorn included in Wurundjeri land, and Albert Park, St Kilda and Caulfield on Bunurong land.[29] However, this change in boundaries is still disputed by people on both sides of the dispute including N'arweet Carolyn Briggs.[30] The name Narrm is commonly used by the broader Aboriginal community to refer to the city, stemming from the traditional name recorded for the area on which the Melbourne city centre is built.[31][9] The word is closely related to Narm-narm, being the Boonwurrung word for Port Phillip Bay.[32] Narrm means scrub in Eastern Kulin languages which reflects the Creation Story of how the Bay was filled by the creation of the Birrarung (Yarra River). Before this, the dry Melbourne region extended out into the Bay and the Bay was filled with teatree scrub where boordmul (emu) and marram (kangaroo) were hunted.[33][34]

The first British settlement in Victoria, then part of the penal colony of New South Wales, was established by Colonel David Collins in October 1803, at Sullivan Bay, near present-day Sorrento. The following year, due to a perceived lack of resources, these settlers relocated to Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania) and founded the city of Hobart. It would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted.[35]

 
A late 19th-century artist's depiction of John Batman's treaty with a group of Wurundjeri elders
 
Melbourne Landing,1840; watercolor by W. Liardet (1840)

In May and June 1835, John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land, explored the Melbourne area, and later claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 2,400 km2 (600,000 acres) with eight Wurundjeri elders. However, the nature of the treaty has been heavily disputed, as none of the parties spoke the same language, and the elders likely perceived it as part of the gift exchanges which had taken place over the previous few days amounting to a tanderrum ceremony which allows temporary, not permanent, access to and use of the land.[36][28][16] Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village" before returning to Van Diemen's Land.[37] In August 1835, another group of Vandemonian settlers arrived in the area and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived the following month and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement, initially known by the native name of Dootigala.[38][39]

Batman's Treaty with the Aboriginal elders was annulled by Richard Bourke, the Governor of New South Wales (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association.[28] In 1836, Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for its urban layout, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837.[40] Known briefly as Batmania,[41] the settlement was named Melbourne on 10 April 1837 by Governor Richard Bourke[42] after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire.[43] That year, the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name.[44]

Between 1836 and 1842, Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed of their land by European settlers.[45] By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne.[46] The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria, in 1839, however, their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters who took possession of Aboriginal lands.[47] By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come.[48]

Letters patent of Queen Victoria, issued on 25 June 1847, declared Melbourne a city.[17] On 1 July 1851, the Port Phillip District separated from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria, with Melbourne as its capital.[49]

Victorian gold rush

 
South Melbourne's "Canvas Town" provided temporary accommodation for the thousands of migrants who arrived each week during the 1850s gold rush.
 
A large crowd outside the Victorian Supreme Court, celebrating the release of the Eureka rebels in 1855

The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid-1851 sparked a gold rush, and Melbourne, the colony's major port, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had nearly doubled from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.[50] Exponential growth ensued, and by 1865 Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city.[51]

An influx of intercolonial and international migrants, particularly from Europe and China, saw the establishment of slums, including Chinatown and a temporary "tent city" on the southern banks of the Yarra. In the aftermath of the 1854 Eureka Rebellion, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including improvements in working conditions across mining, agriculture, manufacturing and other local industries. At least twenty nationalities took part in the rebellion, giving some indication of immigration flows at the time.[52]

With the wealth brought in from the gold rush and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University of Melbourne, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained incomplete for decades, with some still not finished as of 2018.[citation needed]

The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards and parklands surrounding the central city, was largely established[by whom?] in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas rapidly filled with the ubiquitous terrace houses, as well as with detached houses and grand mansions, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and (in 1861) Australia's first stock exchange.[53] In 1855, the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG. Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859,[54] and in 1861, the first Melbourne Cup race was held. Melbourne acquired its first public monument, the Burke and Wills statue, in 1864.

With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold-mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria (especially wool) and with a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network spread into the countryside from the late 1850s. Construction started on further major public buildings in the 1860s and 1870s, such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline, with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases (particularly smallpox[26]), frontier violence and dispossession of their lands.

Land boom and bust

 
Elizabeth Street lined with buildings from the "Marvellous Melbourne" era

The 1880s saw extraordinary growth: consumer confidence, easy access to credit, and steep increases in land prices led to an enormous amount of construction. During this "land boom", Melbourne reputedly became the richest city in the world,[18] and the second-largest (after London) in the British Empire.[55]

The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building. A telephone exchange was established that year, and the foundations of St Paul's were laid. In 1881, electric light was installed in the Eastern Market, and a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation by 1882.[56] The Melbourne cable tramway system opened in 1885 and became one of the world's most extensive systems by 1890.

In 1885, visiting English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century and has come to refer to the opulence and energy of the 1880s,[57] during which time large commercial buildings, grand hotels, banks, coffee palaces, terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city.[58] The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators, resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings.[59] This period also saw the expansion of a major radial rail-based transport network.[60]

Melbourne's land-boom peaked in 1888,[58] the year it hosted the Centennial Exhibition. A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe economic depression, sending the local finance- and property-industries into a period of chaos.[58][61] Sixteen small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and in the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s.[62][63]

Temporary capital of Australia and World War II

 
The Big Picture, the opening of the first Parliament of Australia on 9 May 1901, painted by Tom Roberts

At the time of Australia's federation on 1 January 1901 Melbourne became the seat of government of the federated Commonwealth of Australia. The first federal parliament convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building, subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House, where it sat until it moved to Canberra in 1927. The Governor-General of Australia resided at Government House in Melbourne until 1930, and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.[64][need quotation to verify]

During World War II the city hosted American military forces who were fighting the Empire of Japan, and the government requisitioned the Melbourne Cricket Ground for military use.[65]

Post-war period

In the immediate years after World War II, Melbourne expanded rapidly, its growth boosted by post-war immigration to Australia, primarily from Southern Europe and the Mediterranean.[66] While the "Paris End" of Collins Street began Melbourne's boutique shopping and open air cafe cultures,[67] the city centre was seen by many as stale—the dreary domain of office workers—something expressed by John Brack in his famous painting Collins St., 5 pm (1955).[68] Up until the 21st century, Melbourne was considered Australia's "industrial heartland".[69]

 
Orica House (formerly ICI House), a symbol of modernity in post-war Melbourne

Height limits in the CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, served by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre.[70] The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city.[71] New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of facadism. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided.

To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in the demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers.[72] In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner-city population. The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction, the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment.[73]

Australia's financial and mining booms during 1969 and 1970 resulted in establishment of the headquarters of many major companies (BHP and Rio Tinto, among others) in the city. Nauru's then booming economy resulted in several ambitious investments in Melbourne, such as Nauru House.[74] Melbourne remained Australia's main business and financial centre until the late 1970s, when it began to lose this primacy to Sydney.[75]

Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 and 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992, the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism.[76] During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre, Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure.[77]

Contemporary Melbourne

 
The skyline of Melbourne from Port Melbourne in January 2023.

Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city from 2001 to 2004.[78]

From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's urban growth boundary. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy.[79] In 2009, Melbourne was less affected by the late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city—almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined,[80] and Melbourne's property market remained highly priced,[81] resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.[82] In 2020, Melbourne was classified as an Alpha city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[83] Out of all major Australian cities, Melbourne was the worst affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and spent a long time under lockdown restrictions,[84] with Melbourne experiencing six lockdowns totalling 262 days.[85] Whilst this contributed to a net outflow of migration causing a slight reduction in Melbourne's population over the course of 2020 to 2022, Melbourne is projected to be the fastest growing capital city in Australia from 2023-24 onwards, overtaking Sydney as the nation's largest city in 2029-30 at just over 5.9 million, exceeding 6 million people the following year. These forecasts are despite the city recording a decline in population during the COVID-19 pandemic.[86][87]

 
A panoramic view of the Docklands and city skyline from Waterfront City, looking across Victoria Harbour

Geography

 
Map of Melbourne and Geelong urban areas

Melbourne is in the southeastern part of mainland Australia, within the state of Victoria.[88] Geologically, it is built on the confluence of Quaternary lava flows to the west, Silurian mudstones to the east, and Holocene sand accumulation to the southeast along Port Phillip. The southeastern suburbs are situated on the Selwyn fault, which transects Mount Martha and Cranbourne.[89] The western portion of the metropolitan area lies within the Victorian Volcanic Plain grasslands vegetation community,[90][91] and the southeast falls in the Gippsland Plains Grassy Woodland zone.[92]

Melbourne extends along the Yarra River towards the Yarra Valley and the Dandenong Ranges to the east. It extends northward through the undulating bushland valleys of the Yarra's tributaries—Moonee Ponds Creek (toward Tullamarine Airport), Merri Creek, Darebin Creek and Plenty River—to the outer suburban growth corridors of Craigieburn and Whittlesea.

The city reaches southeast through Dandenong to the growth corridor of Pakenham towards West Gippsland, and southward through the Dandenong Creek valley and the city of Frankston. In the west, it extends along the Maribyrnong River and its tributaries north towards Sunbury and the foothills of the Macedon Ranges, and along the flat volcanic plain country towards Melton in the west, Werribee at the foothills of the You Yangs granite ridge southwest of the CBD. The Little River, and the township of the same name, marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city.

Melbourne's major bayside beaches are in the various suburbs along the shores of Port Phillip Bay, in areas like Port Melbourne, Albert Park, St Kilda, Elwood, Brighton, Sandringham, Mentone, Frankston, Altona, Williamstown and Werribee South. The nearest surf beaches are 85 km (53 mi) south of the Melbourne CBD in the back-beaches of Rye, Sorrento and Portsea.[93][94]

Climate

 
Storm passing over Melbourne CBD in August. Melbourne is said to have "four seasons in one day" due to its changeable weather.
Melbourne
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
39
 
 
14
27
 
 
41
 
 
14
27
 
 
38
 
 
13
24
 
 
42
 
 
10
21
 
 
34
 
 
8
17
 
 
42
 
 
6
14
 
 
33
 
 
6
13
 
 
39
 
 
6
15
 
 
46
 
 
7
17
 
 
49
 
 
9
20
 
 
60
 
 
11
23
 
 
53
 
 
12
25
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.5
 
 
58
81
 
 
1.6
 
 
58
80
 
 
1.5
 
 
55
76
 
 
1.7
 
 
50
69
 
 
1.4
 
 
47
62
 
 
1.6
 
 
44
57
 
 
1.3
 
 
42
56
 
 
1.5
 
 
43
58
 
 
1.8
 
 
45
63
 
 
1.9
 
 
48
68
 
 
2.4
 
 
51
73
 
 
2.1
 
 
54
77
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) with warm summers and cool winters.[95][96] Melbourne is well known for its changeable weather conditions, mainly due to it being located on the boundary of hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for varied forms of severe weather from gales to thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops and heavy rain. Winters, however, are usually very stable, but rather damp and often cloudy—though not as cloudy as inland areas or places farther west like Warrnambool due to Melbourne's downwind placement relative to the prevailing westerlies, as evident by its dry winters by southern Victorian standards. The city, however, is exposed to southerly and southwesterly systems as manifested by the overcast, drizzly winters.

Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "bay effect", similar to the "lake effect" seen in colder climates, where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places (usually the eastern suburbs) for an extended period, while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry. Overall, the area around Melbourne is, owing to the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges, nonetheless drier than average for southern Victoria.[97] Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies widely, from around 425 mm (17 in) at Little River to 1,250 mm (49 in) on the eastern fringe at Gembrook. Melbourne receives 48.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9.5 to 11.7 °C (49.1 to 53.1 °F).[98]

Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can include hail, squalls, and significant drops in temperature, but they often pass through very quickly with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This can occur in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having "four seasons in one day",[98] a phrase that is part of local popular culture.[99] The lowest temperature on record is −2.8 °C (27.0 °F), on 21 July 1869.[100] The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), on 7 February 2009.[100] While snow is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986.[101]

The average temperature of the sea ranges from 14.6 °C (58.3 °F) in September to 18.8 °C (65.8 °F) in February;[102] at Port Melbourne, the average sea temperature range is the same.[103]

Climate data for Melbourne Airport (1991–2020 averages, 1970–2022 extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 46.0
(114.8)
46.8
(116.2)
40.8
(105.4)
34.5
(94.1)
27.0
(80.6)
21.8
(71.2)
21.3
(70.3)
24.6
(76.3)
30.2
(86.4)
36.0
(96.8)
41.6
(106.9)
44.6
(112.3)
46.8
(116.2)
Average high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6)
26.7
(80.1)
24.4
(75.9)
20.6
(69.1)
16.7
(62.1)
14.0
(57.2)
13.4
(56.1)
14.7
(58.5)
17.1
(62.8)
20.0
(68.0)
22.6
(72.7)
24.8
(76.6)
20.2
(68.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1)
20.6
(69.1)
18.6
(65.5)
15.4
(59.7)
12.5
(54.5)
10.2
(50.4)
9.6
(49.3)
10.4
(50.7)
12.1
(53.8)
14.3
(57.7)
16.6
(61.9)
18.5
(65.3)
14.9
(58.8)
Average low °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6)
14.4
(57.9)
12.8
(55.0)
10.1
(50.2)
8.3
(46.9)
6.4
(43.5)
5.8
(42.4)
6.0
(42.8)
7.2
(45.0)
8.7
(47.7)
10.6
(51.1)
12.3
(54.1)
9.7
(49.5)
Record low °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)
4.8
(40.6)
3.7
(38.7)
1.2
(34.2)
0.6
(33.1)
−0.9
(30.4)
−2.5
(27.5)
−2.5
(27.5)
−1.1
(30.0)
1.0
(33.8)
0.9
(33.6)
3.5
(38.3)
−2.5
(27.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.3
(1.55)
41.4
(1.63)
37.5
(1.48)
42.1
(1.66)
34.3
(1.35)
41.5
(1.63)
32.8
(1.29)
39.3
(1.55)
46.1
(1.81)
48.5
(1.91)
60.1
(2.37)
52.5
(2.07)
515.5
(20.30)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 8.3 7.5 8.4 9.9 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.8 13.9 12.5 10.8 9.9 135.0
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 44 45 46 50 59 65 63 57 53 49 47 45 52
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 231.7 226.3 183.0 142.6 120.0 136.4 167.4 186.0 226.3 225.0 263.5 2,381
Percent possible sunshine 61 61 59 56 46 43 45 51 52 56 53 58 53
Source: [104]


Urban structure

 
Melbourne population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census
 
Melbourne CBD as viewed from above Kings Domain
 
Government House (left) and skyscrapers seen from the Royal Botanic Gardens

Melbourne's urban area is approximately 2,704 km2, the largest in Australia and the 33rd largest in the world.[105] The Hoddle Grid, a grid of streets measuring approximately 1 by 12 mi (1.61 by 0.80 km), forms the nucleus of Melbourne's central business district (CBD). The grid's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River. More recent office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. A byproduct of the CBD's layout is its network of lanes and arcades, such as Block Arcade and Royal Arcade.[106][107]

Melbourne has become Australia's most densely populated area, with approximately 19,500 residents per square kilometre,[108] and is home to more skyscrapers than any other Australian city, the tallest being Australia 108, situated in Southbank.[109] Melbourne's newest planned skyscraper, Southbank By Beulah[110] (also known as "Green Spine"), has recently been approved for construction and will be the tallest structure in Australia by 2025.

The CBD and surrounds also contain many significant historic buildings such as the Royal Exhibition Building, the Melbourne Town Hall and Parliament House.[111][112] Although the area is described as the centre, it is not actually the demographic centre of Melbourne at all, due to an urban sprawl to the southeast, the demographic centre being located at Glen Iris.[113] Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream.[114][115] This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low-density sprawl, whilst its inner-city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms.

Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state.[116][117][118] There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne,[119] many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities.[120] There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, southeast of the central business district. Several national parks have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the Mornington Peninsula National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the southeast, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne.[121][122] The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas[123] 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area.[124]

Housing

 
"Melbourne Style" terrace houses are common in the inner suburbs and have undergone gentrification.

Melbourne has minimal public housing and high demand for rental housing, which is becoming unaffordable for some.[125][126][127] Public housing is managed and provided by the Victorian Government's Department of Families, Fairness and Housing, and operates within the framework of the Commonwealth-State Housing Agreement, by which both federal and state governments provide funding for housing.

Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, since the release of Melbourne 2030 in 2002, planning policies have encouraged medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with good access to public transport and other services. As a result of this, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment.[128]

Architecture

 
Victorian era buildings on Collins Street, preserved by setting skyscrapers back from the street

On the back of the 1850s gold rush and 1880s land boom, Melbourne became renowned as one of the world's great Victorian-era cities, a reputation that persists due to its diverse range of Victorian architecture.[129] High concentrations of well-preserved Victorian-era buildings can be found in the inner suburbs, such as Carlton, East Melbourne and South Melbourne.[130] Outstanding examples of Melbourne's built Victorian heritage include the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building (1880), the General Post Office (1867), Hotel Windsor (1884) and the Block Arcade (1891).[131] Comparatively little remains of Melbourne's pre-gold rush architecture; St James Old Cathedral (1839) and St Francis' Church (1845) are among the few examples left in the CBD. Many of the CBD's Victorian boom-time landmarks were also demolished in the decades after World War II, including the Federal Coffee Palace (1888) and the APA Building (1889), one of the tallest early skyscrapers upon completion.[132][133] Heritage listings and heritage overlays have since been introduced in an effort to prevent further losses of the city's historic fabric.

In line with the city's expansion during the early 20th century, suburbs such as Hawthorn and Camberwell are defined largely by Federation and Edwardian architectural styles. The City Baths, built in 1903, are a prominent example of the latter style in the CBD. The 1926 Nicholas Building is the city's grandest example of the Chicago School style, while the influence of Art Deco is apparent in the Manchester Unity Building, completed in 1932.

 
Melbourne is home to 71 skyscrapers, the two tallest being Australia 108 (left), the Southern Hemisphere's only 100-plus-storey building, and Eureka Tower (right).

The city also features the Shrine of Remembrance, which was built as a memorial to the men and women of Victoria who served in World War I and is now a memorial to all Australians who have served in war.

Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style, but rather an eclectic mix of large McMansion-style houses (particularly in areas of urban sprawl), apartment buildings, condominiums, and townhouses which generally characterise the medium-density inner-city neighbourhoods. Freestanding dwellings with relatively large gardens are perhaps the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne. Victorian terrace housing, townhouses and historic Italianate, Tudor revival and Neo-Georgian mansions are all common in inner-city neighbourhoods such as Carlton, Fitzroy and further into suburban enclaves like Toorak.[citation needed]

Culture

 
Established in Melbourne's East End Theatre District in 1854, Princess Theatre is mainland Australia's oldest continuously operating theatre.

Often referred to as Australia's cultural capital, Melbourne is recognised globally as a centre of sport, music, theatre, comedy, art, literature, film and television.[134] For much of the 2010s, it held the top position in The Economist Intelligence Unit's list of the world's most liveable cities, partly due to its cultural attributes.[22]

The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Melbourne Fringe Festival and Moomba, Australia's largest free community festival.

The State Library of Victoria, founded in 1854, is one of the world's oldest free public libraries and, as of 2018, the fourth most-visited library globally.[135] Between the gold rush and the crash of 1890, Melbourne was Australia's literary capital, famously referred to by Henry Kendall as "that wild bleak Bohemia south of the Murray".[136] At this time, Melbourne-based writers and poets Marcus Clarke, Adam Lindsay Gordon and Rolf Boldrewood produced classic visions of colonial life. Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1886), the fastest-selling crime novel of the era, is set in Melbourne, as is Australia's best-selling book of poetry, C. J. Dennis' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke (1915).[137] Contemporary Melbourne authors who have written award-winning books set in the city include Peter Carey, Helen Garner and Christos Tsiolkas. Melbourne has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well as the nation's largest publishing sector.[138] The city is also home to the Melbourne Writers Festival and hosts the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards. In 2008, it became the second city to be named a UNESCO City of Literature.

 
Known for its bars, street art and coffee culture, the inner city's network of laneways and arcades is a popular cultural attraction.

Ray Lawler's play Summer of the Seventeenth Doll is set in Carlton and debuted in 1955, the same year that Edna Everage, Barry Humphries' Moonee Ponds housewife character, first appeared on stage, both sparking international interest in Australian theatre. Melbourne's East End Theatre District is known for its Victorian era theatres, such as the Athenaeum, Her Majesty's and the Princess, as well as the Forum and the Regent. Other heritage-listed theatres include the art deco landmarks The Capitol and St Kilda's Palais Theatre, Australia's largest seated theatre with a capacity of 3,000 people.[139] The Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne (which includes the State Theatre and Hamer Hall), as well as the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre, home of the Melbourne Theatre Company, Australia's oldest professional theatre company.[140] The Australian Ballet, Opera Australia and Melbourne Symphony Orchestra are also based in the precinct.

Melbourne has been called "the live music capital of the world";[141] one study found it has more music venues per capita than any other world city sampled, with 17.5 million patron visits to 553 venues in 2016.[141][142] The Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Kings Domain hosted the largest crowd ever for a music concert in Australia when an estimated 200,000 attendees saw Melbourne band The Seekers in 1967.[143] Airing between 1974 and 1987, Melbourne's Countdown helped launch the careers of Crowded House, Men at Work and Kylie Minogue, among other local acts. Several distinct post-punk scenes flourished in Melbourne during the late 1970s, including the Fitzroy-based Little Band scene and the St Kilda scene centred at the Crystal Ballroom, which gave rise to Dead Can Dance and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, respectively.[144] More recent independent acts from Melbourne to achieve global recognition include The Avalanches, Gotye and King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard. Melbourne is also regarded as a centre of EDM, and lends its name to the Melbourne Bounce genre and the Melbourne Shuffle dance style, both of which emerged from the city's underground rave scene.[145]

Established in 1861, the National Gallery of Victoria is Australia's oldest and largest art museum. Several art movements originated in Melbourne, most famously the Heidelberg School of impressionists, named after a suburb where they camped to paint en plein air in the 1880s.[146] The Australian tonalists followed,[147] some of whom founded Montsalvat, Australia's oldest surviving art colony. During World War II, the Angry Penguins, a group of avant-garde artists, convened at a Bulleen dairy farm, now the Heide Museum of Modern Art. The city is also home to the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art. In the 2000s, Melbourne street art became globally renowned and a major tourist drawcard, with "laneway galleries" such as Hosier Lane attracting more Instagram hashtags than some of the city's traditional attractions, such as the Melbourne Zoo.[148][149]

A quarter century after bushranger Ned Kelly's execution at Old Melbourne Gaol, the Melbourne-produced The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film, premiered at the above-named Athenaeum, spurring Australia's first cinematic boom.[150] Melbourne remained a world leader in filmmaking until the mid-1910s, when several factors, including a ban on bushranger films, contributed to a decades-long decline of the industry.[150] A notable film shot and set in Melbourne during this lull was On the Beach (1959).[151] Melbourne filmmakers led the Australian Film Revival with ocker comedies such as Stork (1971) and Alvin Purple (1973).[152] Other films shot and set in Melbourne include Mad Max (1979), Romper Stomper (1992), Chopper (2000) and Animal Kingdom (2010). The Melbourne International Film Festival began in 1952 and is one of the world's oldest film festivals. The AACTA Awards, Australia's top screen awards, were inaugurated by the festival in 1958. Melbourne is also home to Docklands Studios Melbourne (the city's largest film and television studio complex),[153] the Australian Centre for the Moving Image and the headquarters of Village Roadshow Pictures, Australia's largest film production company.

Sport

 
Melbourne city skyline panorama, as seen from Royal Park
 
Statue at the MCG of Australian rules football founder Tom Wills umpiring an 1858 football match. The first games of Australian rules were played in adjacent parklands.
 
Melbourne hosts the Australian Open, the first of four annual Grand Slam tennis tournaments.

Melbourne has long been regarded as Australia's sporting capital due to the role it has played in the development of Australian sport, the range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation.[154] The city is also home to 27 professional sports teams competing at the national level, the most of any Australian city. Melbourne's sporting reputation was recognised in 2016 when, after being ranked as the world's top sports city three times biennially, the Ultimate Sports City Awards in Switzerland named it 'Sports City of the Decade'.[155]

The city has hosted a number of major international sporting events, most notably the 1956 Summer Olympics, the first Olympic Games held outside Europe and the United States.[156] Melbourne also hosted the 2006 Commonwealth Games, will host the 2026 Commonwealth Games along with a number a number of regional areas of Victoria, and is home to several major annual international events, including the Australian Open, the first of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. First held in 1861 and declared a public holiday for all Melburnians in 1873, the Melbourne Cup is the world's richest handicap horse race, and is known as "the race that stops a nation". The Formula One Australian Grand Prix has been held at the Albert Park Circuit since 1996.

Cricket was one of the first sports to become organised in Melbourne with the Melbourne Cricket Club forming within three years of settlement. The club manages one of the world's largest stadiums, the 100,000 capacity Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG).[157] Established in 1853, the MCG is notable for hosting the first Test match and the first One Day International, played between Australia and England in 1877 and 1971, respectively. It is also the home of the National Sports Museum,[158] and serves as the home ground of the Victoria cricket team. At Twenty20 level, the Melbourne Stars and Melbourne Renegades compete in the Big Bash League.

Australian rules football, Australia's most popular spectator sport, traces its origins to matches played in parklands next to the MCG in 1858. Its first laws were codified the following year by the Melbourne Football Club,[159] also a founding member, in 1896, of the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's elite professional competition. Headquartered at Docklands Stadium, the AFL fields a further eight Melbourne-based clubs: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and the Western Bulldogs.[160] The city hosts up to five AFL matches per round during the home and away season, attracting an average of 40,000 spectators per game.[161] The AFL Grand Final, traditionally held at the MCG, is the highest attended club championship event in the world.

In soccer, Melbourne is represented in the A-League by Melbourne Victory, Melbourne City FC and Western United FC. The rugby league team Melbourne Storm plays in the National Rugby League, and in rugby union, the Melbourne Rebels and Melbourne Rising compete in the Super Rugby and National Rugby Championship competitions, respectively. North American sports have also gained popularity in Melbourne: basketball sides South East Melbourne Phoenix and Melbourne United play in the NBL; Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs play in the Australian Ice Hockey League; and Melbourne Aces plays in the Australian Baseball League. Rowing also forms part of Melbourne's sporting identity, with a number of clubs located on the Yarra River, out of which many Australian Olympians trained.

Economy

 
The 19th-century Coop's Shot Tower enclosed in Melbourne Central, one of the city's major retail hubs

Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters of many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and five of the largest seven in the country (based on market capitalisation)[162] ANZ, BHP, the National Australia Bank, CSL and Telstra, as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the head offices of Coles Group (owner of Coles Supermarkets) and Wesfarmers companies Bunnings, Target, K-Mart and Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's second busiest seaport, after Port Botany in Sydney.[163] Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[164]

Melbourne is also an important financial centre. In the 2022 Global Financial Centres Index, Melbourne was ranked as having the 32nd most competitive financial centre in the world.[21] Two of the big four banks, the ANZ and National Australia Bank, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the AU$109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008),[165] second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre.[166]

 
The Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex contributes AU$2 billion to the Victorian economy annually.[167]

It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing Australia, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Alstom and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing.[168] The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also has a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota Australia respectively.

CSL, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies.[169] Melbourne has an important ICT industry, home to more than half of Australia’s top 20 technology companies,, and employs over 91,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of AU$34 billion and export revenues of AU$2.5 billion in 2018.[170] In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with 10.8 million domestic overnight tourists and 2.9 million international overnight tourists in 2018.[171] Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of an AU$1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion-dollar Docklands redevelopment.[172]

The Economist Intelligence Unit ranks Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world to live in according to its worldwide cost of living index in 2013.[173]

Tourism

 
Queen Victoria Market is the Southern Hemisphere's largest open air market and a popular tourist attraction.

Melbourne is the second most visited city in Australia and the seventy-third most visited city in the world.[174] In 2018, 10.8 million domestic overnight tourists and 2.9 million international overnight tourists visited Melbourne.[175] The most visited attractions are Federation Square, Queen Victoria Market, Crown Casino, Southbank, Melbourne Zoo, Melbourne Aquarium, Docklands, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne Museum, Melbourne Observation Deck, Arts Centre Melbourne, and the Melbourne Cricket Ground.[176] Luna Park, a theme park modelled on New York's Coney Island and Seattle's Luna Park,[177] is also a popular destination for visitors.[178] In its annual survey of readers, the Condé Nast Traveler magazine found that both Melbourne and Auckland were considered the world's friendliest cities in 2014. The magazine highlighted the connection the city inhabitants have to public art and the many parks across the city.[179][180] Its high liveability rankings make it one of the safest world cities for travellers.[181][182]

Demographics

 
Established during the gold rush, Chinatown is the longest continuous Chinese settlement outside Asia.

According to the 2021 Australian Census, the population of the Greater Melbourne area was 4,917,750.[183]

Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, as well as having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.[184]

In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Melbourne is on track to overtake Sydney in population between 2028 and 2030.[185]

After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030, which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl.[186][187] As of 2018, the CBD is the most densely populated area in Australia with more than 19,000 residents per square kilometre, and the inner city suburbs of Carlton, South Yarra, Fitzroy and Collingwood make up Victoria's top five.[188][189]

Ancestry and immigration

Country of Birth (2021)[190]
Birthplace[note 3] Population
Australia 2,947,136
India 242,635
Mainland China 166,023
England 132,912
Vietnam 90,552
New Zealand 82,939
Sri Lanka 65,152
Philippines 58,935
Italy 58,081
Malaysia 57,345
Greece 44,956
Pakistan 29,067
South Africa 27,056
Iraq 25,041
Hong Kong SAR 24,428
Afghanistan 23,525
Iran 20,922
United States 20,231

At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[190]

At the 2021 census, 0.7% of Melbourne's population identified as being IndigenousAboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[note 4][191]

Melbourne has the 10th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas. In Greater Melbourne at the 2021 census, 59.9% of residents were born in Australia. The other most common countries of birth were India (4.9%), Mainland China (3.4%), England (2.7%), Vietnam (1.8%) and New Zealand (1.7%).[191]

Language

At the time of the 2021 census, 61.1% of Melburnians speak only English at home. Mandarin (4.3%), Vietnamese (2.3%), Greek (2.1%), Punjabi (2%), and Arabic (1.8%) were the most common foreign languages spoken at home by residents of Melbourne.

Religion

Melbourne has a wide range of religious faiths, the most widely held of which is Christianity. This is signified by the city's two large cathedrals—St Patrick's (Roman Catholic), and St Paul's (Anglican). Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.[192] In recent years, Greater Melbourne's irreligious community has grown to be one of the largest in Australia.[193]

According to the 2021 Census, persons stating that they had no religion constituted 36.9% of the population.[191] Christianity was the most popular religious affiliation at 40.1%.[191] The largest Christian denominations were Catholicism (20.8%) and Anglicanism (5.5%).[191] The most popular non-Christian religious affiliations were Islam (5.3%), Hinduism (4.1%), Buddhism (3.9%), Sikhism (1.7%) and Judaism (0.9%).[191]

Over 180,000 Muslims live in Melbourne.[194] Muslim religious life in Melbourne is centred on about 25 mosques and a number of prayer rooms at university campuses, workplaces and other venues.[195]

As of 2000, Melbourne had the largest population of Polish Jews in Australia. The city was also home to the largest number of Holocaust survivors of any Australian city,[196] indeed the highest per capita outside Israel itself.[197] Reflecting this community, Melbourne has a number of Jewish cultural, religious and educational institutions, including over 40 synagogues and 7 full-time parochial day schools,[198] along with a local Jewish newspaper.[199]

Education

Some of Australia's most prominent and well-known schools are based in Melbourne. Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the My Choice Schools Ranking, five are in Melbourne.[200] There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city, with Melbourne considered the 5th best city in the world for studying abroad in the 2023 Best Student Cities ranking by QS.[201] Furthermore, Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, Boston and Tokyo in a poll commissioned by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.[202] Eight public universities operate in Melbourne: the University of Melbourne, Monash University, Swinburne University of Technology, Deakin University, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), La Trobe University, Australian Catholic University (ACU) and Victoria University (VU).

Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University and Monash University have campuses in Malaysia, while Monash has a research centre based in Prato, Italy. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia,[203] was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2023 THES international rankings, and 34th best university in the world,[204] and Monash University ranked 44th best.[205] Both are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.[206]

As of 2017 RMIT University is ranked 17th in the world in art & design, and 28th in architecture.[207] The Swinburne University of Technology, based in the inner-city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn, was as of 2014 ranked 76th–100th in the world for physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.[208] Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years, the number of international students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available for them.[209] Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education (DET), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.[210]

Media

Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne: the Herald Sun (tabloid), The Age (compact) and The Australian (national broadsheet). There are six primary free-to-air digital television stations operating in Greater Melbourne and Geelong: ABC Victoria, (ABV), SBS Victoria (SBS), Seven Melbourne (HSV), Nine Melbourne (GTV), Ten Melbourne (ATV), C31 Melbourne (MGV) – community television.[211] Each station (excluding C31) broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels.[212] Some digital media companies such as Broadsheet are based in and primarily serve Melbourne.

Many AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include public (i.e., state-owned ABC and SBS) and community stations. Many commercial stations are networked-owned: Nova Entertainment owns Nova 100 and Smooth; ARN controls Gold 104.3 and KIIS 101.1; and Southern Cross Austereo runs both Fox and Triple M. Youth stations include ABC Triple J and youth-run SYN. Triple J, and community stations PBS and Triple R, strive to play under represented music. JOY 94.9 caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender audiences. 3MBS and ABC Classic FM play classical music. Light FM is a contemporary Christian station. AM stations include ABC: 774, Radio National, and News Radio; also Nine Entertainment affiliates 3AW (talk) and Magic (easy listening). SEN 1116 broadcasts sports coverage. Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests, such as 3CR and 3KND (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences.[213]

Governance

The governance of Melbourne is split between the government of Victoria and the 27 cities and four shires that make up the metropolitan area. There is no ceremonial or political head of Melbourne, but the Lord Mayor of the City of Melbourne often fulfils such a role as a first among equals.[214]

The local councils are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989[215] such as urban planning and waste management. Most other government services are provided or regulated by the Victorian state government, which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street. These include services associated with local government in other countries and include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, health and planning of major infrastructure projects.

Infrastructure

Health

The Victorian Government's Department of Health oversees about 30 public hospitals in the Melbourne metropolitan region and 13 health services organisations.[216]

Major medical, neuroscience and biotechnology research institutions located in Melbourne include the St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Australian Stem Cell Centre, the Burnet Institute, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Victorian Institute of Chemical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, and the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre. The headquarters of Australian pharmaceutical company CSL Limited is located in the Melbourne Biomedical Precinct in Parkville, which contains over 40 biomedical and research institutions.[217] It was announced in 2021 that a new Australian Institute for Infectious Disease would also be built in Parkville.[218]

Other institutions include the Howard Florey Institute, the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, and the Australian Synchrotron.[219] Many of these institutions are associated with and located near to universities. Melbourne is also home to the Royal Children's Hospital and the Monash Children's Hospital.

Among Australian capital cities, Melbourne ties with Canberra in first place for the highest male life expectancy (80.0 years) and ranks second behind Perth in female life expectancy (84.1 years).[220]

Roads

 
The Bolte Bridge is part of the CityLink tollway system.

Like many Australian cities, Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport,[221] particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought,[222] with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km (13,870 mi) of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world.[221] The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles, resulting in large-scale suburban expansion and a tendency towards the development of urban sprawl—like all Australian cities, inhabitants would live in the suburbs and commute to the city for work.[223] By the mid-1950s there was just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people, and by 2013 there was 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people.[224]

The road network in Victoria is managed by Vicroads, as part of the Department of Transport, who oversee the planning and integration. Maintenance of roads is undertaken by different bodies, depending on the road. Local roads are maintained by local councils, while secondary and main roads are the responsibility of Vicroads. Major national freeways and roads integral to national trade are overseen by the Federal Government.[225]

Today Melbourne has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways. These are used by private vehicles, including road freight vehicles, as well as road-based public transport modes like buses and taxis. Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway (which spans the large West Gate Bridge). Other freeways include the Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway, which is the main airport link, and the Hume Freeway, which connects Melbourne to Canberra and Sydney. Melbourne's middle suburbs are connected via an orbital freeway, the M80 Ring Road, which will be completed when the North East Link opens.[226]

Out of Melbourne’s 20 declared freeways open or under construction, 6 are electronic toll roads. This includes the M1 and M2 CityLink (which includes the large Bolte Bridge), Eastlink, North East Link, and the West Gate Tunnel. Apart from Eastlink which is owned and operated by ConnectEast, the toll roads in Melbourne are run by Transurban. In Melbourne, tollways have blue and yellow signage compared to the green signs used for free roads.

Public transport

Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. Flinders Street station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s. From the 1940s, public transport use in Melbourne declined due to a rapid expansion of the road and freeway network, with the largest declines in tram and bus usage.[227] This decline quickened in the early 1990s due to large public transport service cuts.[227] The operations of Melbourne's public transport system was privatised in 1999 through a franchising model, with operational responsibilities for the train, tram and bus networks licensed to private companies.[228] After 1996 there was a rapid increase in public transport patronage due to growth in employment in central Melbourne, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips.[229][227] A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006.[230] Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20% and a number of projects have commenced aimed at expanding public transport usage.[230]

Train

 
Situated on the City Loop, Southern Cross station is Victoria's main hub for regional and interstate trains.

The Melbourne metropolitan rail network dates back to the 1850s gold rush era, and today consists of 222 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a mostly-underground subway system around the CBD. Flinders Street station, one of Australia's busiest rail hubs, serves the entire network, and remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place.[231] The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities run by V/Line, as well as direct interstate rail services which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross station, in Docklands. The Overland to Adelaide departs twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice daily. In the 2017–2018 financial year, the Melbourne metropolitan rail network recorded 240.9 million passenger trips, the highest ridership in its history.[232] Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards, are also used for freight.

An assortment of new railways are under construction in Melbourne. A new heavy rail corridor through the inner city, the Metro Tunnel, is set to open by 2025, and will reduce congestion on the City Loop. The ongoing Level Crossing Removal Project is grade separating much of the network, and rebuilding many older stations. In June 2022, early works commenced on the Suburban Rail Loop, a 90-kilometre underground automated orbital loop line through Melbourne's middle suburbs.[233] An airport rail connection has commenced with early works in Keilor East.[234]

Tram

 
An X'Trapolis 100 train crosses an E-class tram in the Melbourne CBD. The city's tram network consists of 475 trams and is the largest in the world.

Melbourne's tram network dates from the 1880s land boom and, as of 2021, consists of 250 km (155.3 mi) of double track, 475 trams, 25 routes, and 1,763 tram stops, making it the largest in the world.[235][24][236] In 2017–2018, 206.3 million passenger trips were made by tram.[232] Around 75 per cent of Melbourne's tram network shares road space with other vehicles, while the rest of the network is separated or are light rail routes.[235] Melbourne's trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route around the CBD.[237] Trams are free within the central city Free Tram Zone and run 24-hours on weekends.[238]

Bus

Melbourne's bus network consists of more than 400 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services.[239][237][240] 127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013–2014, an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year.[241]

Airports

Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia, with a traffic of over 37 million passengers in 2018-19.[242] The airport, which comprises four terminals,[243] is home base for passenger airline Jetstar and cargo airlines Australian airExpress and Toll Priority, and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. A rail link to Tullamarine is planned to open by 2029.[244] Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients.[245] Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's southeast that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport, also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.[246]

Water transport

Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere.[247] Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Devonport, Tasmania docking there.[248] Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay.

Utilities

 
Sugarloaf Reservoir at Christmas Hills in the metropolitan area is one of Melbourne's closest water supplies.

Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the Wonthaggi desalination plant and North–South Pipeline. Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area. The largest dam, the Thomson River Dam, located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity,[249] while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam, Yan Yean Reservoir, and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies.

Gas is provided by three distribution companies:

  • AusNet Services, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner western suburbs to southwestern Victoria.
  • Multinet Gas, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner eastern suburbs to eastern Victoria. (owned by SP AusNet after acquisition, but continuing to trade under the brand name Multinet Gas)
  • Australian Gas Networks, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner northern suburbs to northern Victoria, as well as the majority of southeastern Victoria.

Electricity is provided by five distribution companies:

  • Citipower, which provides power to Melbourne's CBD, and some inner suburbs
  • Powercor, which provides power to the outer western suburbs, as well as all of western Victoria (Citipower and Powercor are owned by the same entity)
  • Jemena, which provides power to the northern and inner western suburbs
  • United Energy, which provides power to the inner eastern and southeastern suburbs, and the Mornington Peninsula
  • AusNet Services, which provides power to the outer eastern suburbs and all of the north and east of Victoria.

Numerous telecommunications companies provide Melbourne with terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services and wireless internet services and at least since 2016 Melbourne offers a free public WiFi which allows for up to 250 MB per device in some areas of the city.

Crime

 
Victoria Police vehicle in the city centre.

Melbourne has a moderately low crime rate, ranking 18th for Personal Security and 9th in the overall Safe City Index in The Economist's 2021 Safe Cities Index, placing it in the second best category of "high safety" level.[250] Reports of crime in Victoria fell by 13 per cent in 2021 to its lowest in three years, with 5,358.1 cases per 100,000 people and a total of 496,260 offences.[251][252] Melbourne's city centre (CBD) reported the highest incident rate of local government areas in Victoria, followed by Latrobe and Yarra.[252]

See also

Lists

Notes

  1. ^ The spelling pronunciation /ˈmɛlbɔːrn/ MEL-born is also accepted within British Received Pronunciation and General American English. In Australian English, ⟨our⟩ in the second syllable always stands for the reduced /ər/ as in "labour".[8]
  2. ^ The use of the term Melburnian can be traced back to 1876 where the case for Melburnian over Melbournian was made in the Melbourne Grammar School publication, the Melburnian. "The diphthong, 'ou' is not a Latin diphthong: hence, we argued this way, Melburnia would be [the] Latin form of name, and from it comes Melburnian."[13][14]
  3. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
  4. ^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

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melbourne, this, article, about, australian, city, city, centre, central, business, district, central, business, district, local, government, area, which, city, centre, situated, city, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, bərn, note, boonwurrung, woiwurrung, n. This article is about the Australian city For the city centre or central business district CBD see Melbourne central business district For the local government area in which the Melbourne City Centre is situated see City of Melbourne For other uses see Melbourne disambiguation Melbourne ˈ m ɛ l b er n listen MEL bern note 1 Boonwurrung Woiwurrung Narrm or Naarm 9 10 is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria and the second most populous city in both Australia and Oceania Its name generally refers to a 9 993 km2 3 858 sq mi metropolitan area known as Greater Melbourne 11 comprising an urban agglomeration of 31 local municipalities 12 although the name is also used specifically for the local municipality of City of Melbourne based around its central business area The metropolis occupies much of the northern and eastern coastlines of Port Phillip Bay and spreads into the Mornington Peninsula part of West Gippsland as well as the hinterlands towards the Yarra Valley the Dandenong and Macedon Ranges It has a population over 5 million 19 of the population of Australia as per 2021 census mostly residing to the east side of the city centre and its inhabitants are commonly referred to as Melburnians note 2 Melbourne NarrmVictoriaFrom top left to right Melbourne CBD Flinders Street Station Shrine of Remembrance Melbourne Cricket Ground Royal Exhibition Building Princes Bridge with Federation Square St Paul s Cathedral Map of Melbourne Australia printable and editableMelbourneCoordinates37 48 51 S 144 57 47 E 37 81417 S 144 96306 E 37 81417 144 96306 Coordinates 37 48 51 S 144 57 47 E 37 81417 S 144 96306 E 37 81417 144 96306Population4 917 750 2021 1 2nd Density492 119 km2 1 274 58 sq mi Established30 August 1835 187 years ago 1835 08 30 Elevation31 m 102 ft Area9 993 km2 3 858 3 sq mi GCCSA 2 Time zoneAEST UTC 10 Summer DST AEDT UTC 11 Location659 km 409 mi from Canberra 3 654 km 406 mi from Adelaide 4 713 km 443 mi from Sydney 5 1 374 km 854 mi from Brisbane 6 2 721 km 1 691 mi from Perth 7 LGA s 31 Municipalities across Greater MelbourneCountyGrant Bourke MorningtonState electorate s 55 electoral districts and regionsFederal division s 23 DivisionsMean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall20 2 C 68 F 9 7 C 49 F 515 5 mm 20 3 inThe area of Melbourne has been home to Aboriginal Victorians for over 40 000 years and serves as an important meeting place for local Kulin nation clans 15 16 Of the five peoples of the Kulin nation the traditional custodians of the land encompassing Melbourne are the Boonwurrung Wathaurong and the Wurundjeri peoples A short lived penal settlement was built at Port Phillip then part of the British colony of New South Wales in 1803 but it was not until 1835 with the arrival of free settlers from Van Diemen s Land modern day Tasmania that Melbourne was founded 15 It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 and named after the then British Prime Minister William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne 15 In 1851 four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria 17 During the 1850s Victorian gold rush the city entered a lengthy boom period that by the late 1880s had transformed it into one of the world s largest and wealthiest metropolises 18 19 After the federation of Australia in 1901 it served as the interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 20 Today it is a leading financial centre in the Asia Pacific region and ranks 32nd globally in the March 2022 Global Financial Centres Index 21 Melbourne is home to many of Australia s best known landmarks such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage listed Royal Exhibition Building Noted for its cultural heritage the city gave rise to Australian rules football Australian impressionism and Australian cinema and has more recently been recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a global centre for street art live music and theatre It hosts major annual international events such as the Australian Grand Prix and the Australian Open and also hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics Melbourne consistently ranked as the world s most liveable city for much of the 2010s 22 Melbourne Airport also known as the Tullamarine Airport is the second busiest airport in Australia and the Port of Melbourne is the nation s busiest seaport 23 Its main metropolitan rail terminus is Flinders Street station and its main regional rail and road coach terminus is Southern Cross station It also has Australia s most extensive freeway network and the largest urban tram network in the world 24 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history and foundation 1 2 Victorian gold rush 1 3 Land boom and bust 1 4 Temporary capital of Australia and World War II 1 5 Post war period 1 6 Contemporary Melbourne 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Urban structure 3 1 Housing 4 Architecture 5 Culture 5 1 Sport 6 Economy 6 1 Tourism 7 Demographics 7 1 Ancestry and immigration 7 2 Language 7 3 Religion 8 Education 9 Media 10 Governance 11 Infrastructure 11 1 Health 11 2 Roads 11 3 Public transport 11 3 1 Train 11 3 2 Tram 11 3 3 Bus 11 3 4 Airports 11 3 5 Water transport 11 4 Utilities 12 Crime 13 See also 13 1 Lists 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksHistory EditFurther information History of Melbourne For a chronological guide see Timeline of Melbourne history Early history and foundation Edit Further information Foundation of Melbourne Aboriginal Australians have lived in the Melbourne area for at least 40 000 years 25 When European settlers arrived in the 19th century at least 20 000 Kulin people from three distinct language groups the Wurundjeri Bunurong and Wathaurong resided in the area 26 27 It was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and a vital source of food and water 28 16 In June 2021 the boundaries between the land of two of the traditional owner groups the Wurundjeri and Bunurong were agreed after being drawn up by the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council The borderline runs across the city from west to east with the CBD Richmond and Hawthorn included in Wurundjeri land and Albert Park St Kilda and Caulfield on Bunurong land 29 However this change in boundaries is still disputed by people on both sides of the dispute including N arweet Carolyn Briggs 30 The name Narrm is commonly used by the broader Aboriginal community to refer to the city stemming from the traditional name recorded for the area on which the Melbourne city centre is built 31 9 The word is closely related to Narm narm being the Boonwurrung word for Port Phillip Bay 32 Narrm means scrub in Eastern Kulin languages which reflects the Creation Story of how the Bay was filled by the creation of the Birrarung Yarra River Before this the dry Melbourne region extended out into the Bay and the Bay was filled with teatree scrub where boordmul emu and marram kangaroo were hunted 33 34 The first British settlement in Victoria then part of the penal colony of New South Wales was established by Colonel David Collins in October 1803 at Sullivan Bay near present day Sorrento The following year due to a perceived lack of resources these settlers relocated to Van Diemen s Land present day Tasmania and founded the city of Hobart It would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted 35 A late 19th century artist s depiction of John Batman s treaty with a group of Wurundjeri elders Melbourne Landing 1840 watercolor by W Liardet 1840 In May and June 1835 John Batman a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen s Land explored the Melbourne area and later claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 2 400 km2 600 000 acres with eight Wurundjeri elders However the nature of the treaty has been heavily disputed as none of the parties spoke the same language and the elders likely perceived it as part of the gift exchanges which had taken place over the previous few days amounting to a tanderrum ceremony which allows temporary not permanent access to and use of the land 36 28 16 Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River declaring that this will be the place for a village before returning to Van Diemen s Land 37 In August 1835 another group of Vandemonian settlers arrived in the area and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum Batman and his group arrived the following month and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement initially known by the native name of Dootigala 38 39 Batman s Treaty with the Aboriginal elders was annulled by Richard Bourke the Governor of New South Wales who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia with compensation paid to members of the association 28 In 1836 Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales and commissioned the first plan for its urban layout the Hoddle Grid in 1837 40 Known briefly as Batmania 41 the settlement was named Melbourne on 10 April 1837 by Governor Richard Bourke 42 after the British Prime Minister William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne Derbyshire 43 That year the settlement s general post office officially opened with that name 44 Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed of their land by European settlers 45 By January 1844 there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne 46 The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839 however their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters who took possession of Aboriginal lands 47 By 1845 fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come 48 Letters patent of Queen Victoria issued on 25 June 1847 declared Melbourne a city 17 On 1 July 1851 the Port Phillip District separated from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria with Melbourne as its capital 49 Victorian gold rush Edit Further information Victorian gold rush South Melbourne s Canvas Town provided temporary accommodation for the thousands of migrants who arrived each week during the 1850s gold rush A large crowd outside the Victorian Supreme Court celebrating the release of the Eureka rebels in 1855 The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid 1851 sparked a gold rush and Melbourne the colony s major port experienced rapid growth Within months the city s population had nearly doubled from 25 000 to 40 000 inhabitants 50 Exponential growth ensued and by 1865 Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia s most populous city 51 An influx of intercolonial and international migrants particularly from Europe and China saw the establishment of slums including Chinatown and a temporary tent city on the southern banks of the Yarra In the aftermath of the 1854 Eureka Rebellion mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony including improvements in working conditions across mining agriculture manufacturing and other local industries At least twenty nationalities took part in the rebellion giving some indication of immigration flows at the time 52 With the wealth brought in from the gold rush and the subsequent need for public buildings a program of grand civic construction soon began The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House the Treasury Building the Old Melbourne Gaol Victoria Barracks the State Library University of Melbourne General Post Office Customs House the Melbourne Town Hall St Patrick s cathedral though many remained incomplete for decades with some still not finished as of 2018 update citation needed The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one mile grid pattern cut through by wide radial boulevards and parklands surrounding the central city was largely established by whom in the 1850s and 1860s These areas rapidly filled with the ubiquitous terrace houses as well as with detached houses and grand mansions while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre home to several banks the Royal Mint and in 1861 Australia s first stock exchange 53 In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground the MCG Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859 54 and in 1861 the first Melbourne Cup race was held Melbourne acquired its first public monument the Burke and Wills statue in 1864 With the gold rush largely over by 1860 Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria especially wool and with a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs An extensive radial railway network spread into the countryside from the late 1850s Construction started on further major public buildings in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court Government House and the Queen Victoria Market The central city filled up with shops and offices workshops and warehouses Large banks and hotels faced the main streets with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80 total decrease by 1863 due primarily to introduced diseases particularly smallpox 26 frontier violence and dispossession of their lands Land boom and bust Edit Elizabeth Street lined with buildings from the Marvellous Melbourne era The 1880s saw extraordinary growth consumer confidence easy access to credit and steep increases in land prices led to an enormous amount of construction During this land boom Melbourne reputedly became the richest city in the world 18 and the second largest after London in the British Empire 55 The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880 held in the large purpose built Exhibition Building A telephone exchange was established that year and the foundations of St Paul s were laid In 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market and a generating station capable of supplying 2 000 incandescent lamps was in operation by 1882 56 The Melbourne cable tramway system opened in 1885 and became one of the world s most extensive systems by 1890 In 1885 visiting English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase Marvellous Melbourne which stuck long into the twentieth century and has come to refer to the opulence and energy of the 1880s 57 during which time large commercial buildings grand hotels banks coffee palaces terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city 58 The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators resulting in the first construction of high rise buildings 59 This period also saw the expansion of a major radial rail based transport network 60 Melbourne s land boom peaked in 1888 58 the year it hosted the Centennial Exhibition A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe economic depression sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos 58 61 Sixteen small land banks and building societies collapsed and 133 limited companies went into liquidation The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and in the Australian banking crisis of 1893 The effects of the depression on the city were profound with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s 62 63 Temporary capital of Australia and World War II Edit Further information Federation of Australia The Big Picture the opening of the first Parliament of Australia on 9 May 1901 painted by Tom Roberts At the time of Australia s federation on 1 January 1901 Melbourne became the seat of government of the federated Commonwealth of Australia The first federal parliament convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House where it sat until it moved to Canberra in 1927 The Governor General of Australia resided at Government House in Melbourne until 1930 and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century 64 need quotation to verify During World War II the city hosted American military forces who were fighting the Empire of Japan and the government requisitioned the Melbourne Cricket Ground for military use 65 Post war period Edit In the immediate years after World War II Melbourne expanded rapidly its growth boosted by post war immigration to Australia primarily from Southern Europe and the Mediterranean 66 While the Paris End of Collins Street began Melbourne s boutique shopping and open air cafe cultures 67 the city centre was seen by many as stale the dreary domain of office workers something expressed by John Brack in his famous painting Collins St 5 pm 1955 68 Up until the 21st century Melbourne was considered Australia s industrial heartland 69 Orica House formerly ICI House a symbol of modernity in post war Melbourne Height limits in the CBD were lifted in 1958 after the construction of ICI House transforming the city s skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers Suburban expansion then intensified served by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre 70 The post war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city 71 New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of facadism Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided To counter the trend towards low density suburban residential growth the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria which resulted in the demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high rise towers 72 In later years with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner city population The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car dominated environment 73 Australia s financial and mining booms during 1969 and 1970 resulted in establishment of the headquarters of many major companies BHP and Rio Tinto among others in the city Nauru s then booming economy resulted in several ambitious investments in Melbourne such as Nauru House 74 Melbourne remained Australia s main business and financial centre until the late 1970s when it began to lose this primacy to Sydney 75 Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 and 1992 following the collapse of several local financial institutions In 1992 the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism 76 During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the Melbourne Museum Federation Square the Melbourne Convention amp Exhibition Centre Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne s services including power and public transport and a reduction in funding to public services such as health education and public transport infrastructure 77 Contemporary Melbourne Edit The skyline of Melbourne from Port Melbourne in January 2023 Since the mid 1990s Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth There has been substantial international investment in the city s industries and property market Major inner city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank Port Melbourne Melbourne Docklands and more recently South Wharf Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city from 2001 to 2004 78 From 2006 the growth of the city extended into green wedges and beyond the city s urban growth boundary Predictions of the city s population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne Five Million strategy 79 In 2009 Melbourne was less affected by the late 2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities At this time more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities Brisbane and Perth combined 80 and Melbourne s property market remained highly priced 81 resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases 82 In 2020 Melbourne was classified as an Alpha city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network 83 Out of all major Australian cities Melbourne was the worst affected by the COVID 19 pandemic and spent a long time under lockdown restrictions 84 with Melbourne experiencing six lockdowns totalling 262 days 85 Whilst this contributed to a net outflow of migration causing a slight reduction in Melbourne s population over the course of 2020 to 2022 Melbourne is projected to be the fastest growing capital city in Australia from 2023 24 onwards overtaking Sydney as the nation s largest city in 2029 30 at just over 5 9 million exceeding 6 million people the following year These forecasts are despite the city recording a decline in population during the COVID 19 pandemic 86 87 A panoramic view of the Docklands and city skyline from Waterfront City looking across Victoria HarbourGeography EditMain article Geography of Melbourne See also Lakes and reservoirs of Melbourne This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Map of Melbourne and Geelong urban areas Melbourne is in the southeastern part of mainland Australia within the state of Victoria 88 Geologically it is built on the confluence of Quaternary lava flows to the west Silurian mudstones to the east and Holocene sand accumulation to the southeast along Port Phillip The southeastern suburbs are situated on the Selwyn fault which transects Mount Martha and Cranbourne 89 The western portion of the metropolitan area lies within the Victorian Volcanic Plain grasslands vegetation community 90 91 and the southeast falls in the Gippsland Plains Grassy Woodland zone 92 Melbourne extends along the Yarra River towards the Yarra Valley and the Dandenong Ranges to the east It extends northward through the undulating bushland valleys of the Yarra s tributaries Moonee Ponds Creek toward Tullamarine Airport Merri Creek Darebin Creek and Plenty River to the outer suburban growth corridors of Craigieburn and Whittlesea The city reaches southeast through Dandenong to the growth corridor of Pakenham towards West Gippsland and southward through the Dandenong Creek valley and the city of Frankston In the west it extends along the Maribyrnong River and its tributaries north towards Sunbury and the foothills of the Macedon Ranges and along the flat volcanic plain country towards Melton in the west Werribee at the foothills of the You Yangs granite ridge southwest of the CBD The Little River and the township of the same name marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city Melbourne s major bayside beaches are in the various suburbs along the shores of Port Phillip Bay in areas like Port Melbourne Albert Park St Kilda Elwood Brighton Sandringham Mentone Frankston Altona Williamstown and Werribee South The nearest surf beaches are 85 km 53 mi south of the Melbourne CBD in the back beaches of Rye Sorrento and Portsea 93 94 Climate Edit Main article Climate of Melbourne Further information Environmental issues in Melbourne and Extreme weather events in Melbourne Storm passing over Melbourne CBD in August Melbourne is said to have four seasons in one day due to its changeable weather MelbourneClimate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 39 14 27 41 14 27 38 13 24 42 10 21 34 8 17 42 6 14 33 6 13 39 6 15 46 7 17 49 9 20 60 11 23 53 12 25Average max and min temperatures in CPrecipitation totals in mmImperial conversionJFMAMJJASOND 1 5 58 81 1 6 58 80 1 5 55 76 1 7 50 69 1 4 47 62 1 6 44 57 1 3 42 56 1 5 43 58 1 8 45 63 1 9 48 68 2 4 51 73 2 1 54 77Average max and min temperatures in FPrecipitation totals in inchesMelbourne has a temperate oceanic climate Koppen climate classification Cfb with warm summers and cool winters 95 96 Melbourne is well known for its changeable weather conditions mainly due to it being located on the boundary of hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause strong cold fronts to form These cold fronts can be responsible for varied forms of severe weather from gales to thunderstorms and hail large temperature drops and heavy rain Winters however are usually very stable but rather damp and often cloudy though not as cloudy as inland areas or places farther west like Warrnambool due to Melbourne s downwind placement relative to the prevailing westerlies as evident by its dry winters by southern Victorian standards The city however is exposed to southerly and southwesterly systems as manifested by the overcast drizzly winters Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and or the land mass particularly in spring and autumn this can set up a bay effect similar to the lake effect seen in colder climates where showers are intensified leeward of the bay Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places usually the eastern suburbs for an extended period while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry Overall the area around Melbourne is owing to the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges nonetheless drier than average for southern Victoria 97 Within the city and surrounds rainfall varies widely from around 425 mm 17 in at Little River to 1 250 mm 49 in on the eastern fringe at Gembrook Melbourne receives 48 6 clear days annually Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9 5 to 11 7 C 49 1 to 53 1 F 98 Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state especially if there is considerable daytime heating These showers are often heavy and can include hail squalls and significant drops in temperature but they often pass through very quickly with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower This can occur in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times a day giving Melbourne a reputation for having four seasons in one day 98 a phrase that is part of local popular culture 99 The lowest temperature on record is 2 8 C 27 0 F on 21 July 1869 100 The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46 4 C 115 5 F on 7 February 2009 100 While snow is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986 101 The average temperature of the sea ranges from 14 6 C 58 3 F in September to 18 8 C 65 8 F in February 102 at Port Melbourne the average sea temperature range is the same 103 Climate data for Melbourne Airport 1991 2020 averages 1970 2022 extremes Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 46 0 114 8 46 8 116 2 40 8 105 4 34 5 94 1 27 0 80 6 21 8 71 2 21 3 70 3 24 6 76 3 30 2 86 4 36 0 96 8 41 6 106 9 44 6 112 3 46 8 116 2 Average high C F 27 0 80 6 26 7 80 1 24 4 75 9 20 6 69 1 16 7 62 1 14 0 57 2 13 4 56 1 14 7 58 5 17 1 62 8 20 0 68 0 22 6 72 7 24 8 76 6 20 2 68 3 Daily mean C F 20 6 69 1 20 6 69 1 18 6 65 5 15 4 59 7 12 5 54 5 10 2 50 4 9 6 49 3 10 4 50 7 12 1 53 8 14 3 57 7 16 6 61 9 18 5 65 3 14 9 58 8 Average low C F 14 2 57 6 14 4 57 9 12 8 55 0 10 1 50 2 8 3 46 9 6 4 43 5 5 8 42 4 6 0 42 8 7 2 45 0 8 7 47 7 10 6 51 1 12 3 54 1 9 7 49 5 Record low C F 6 0 42 8 4 8 40 6 3 7 38 7 1 2 34 2 0 6 33 1 0 9 30 4 2 5 27 5 2 5 27 5 1 1 30 0 1 0 33 8 0 9 33 6 3 5 38 3 2 5 27 5 Average precipitation mm inches 39 3 1 55 41 4 1 63 37 5 1 48 42 1 1 66 34 3 1 35 41 5 1 63 32 8 1 29 39 3 1 55 46 1 1 81 48 5 1 91 60 1 2 37 52 5 2 07 515 5 20 30 Average precipitation days 0 2 mm 8 3 7 5 8 4 9 9 12 0 13 0 14 0 14 8 13 9 12 5 10 8 9 9 135 0Average afternoon relative humidity 44 45 46 50 59 65 63 57 53 49 47 45 52Mean monthly sunshine hours 272 8 231 7 226 3 183 0 142 6 120 0 136 4 167 4 186 0 226 3 225 0 263 5 2 381Percent possible sunshine 61 61 59 56 46 43 45 51 52 56 53 58 53Source 104 Urban structure Edit Melbourne population density by mesh blocks MB according to the 2016 census See also Melbourne city centre List of heritage listed buildings in Melbourne Lanes and arcades of Melbourne Parks and gardens of Melbourne and List of tallest buildings in Melbourne Melbourne CBD as viewed from above Kings Domain Government House left and skyscrapers seen from the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne s urban area is approximately 2 704 km2 the largest in Australia and the 33rd largest in the world 105 The Hoddle Grid a grid of streets measuring approximately 1 by 1 2 mi 1 61 by 0 80 km forms the nucleus of Melbourne s central business district CBD The grid s southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River More recent office commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name A byproduct of the CBD s layout is its network of lanes and arcades such as Block Arcade and Royal Arcade 106 107 Melbourne has become Australia s most densely populated area with approximately 19 500 residents per square kilometre 108 and is home to more skyscrapers than any other Australian city the tallest being Australia 108 situated in Southbank 109 Melbourne s newest planned skyscraper Southbank By Beulah 110 also known as Green Spine has recently been approved for construction and will be the tallest structure in Australia by 2025 The CBD and surrounds also contain many significant historic buildings such as the Royal Exhibition Building the Melbourne Town Hall and Parliament House 111 112 Although the area is described as the centre it is not actually the demographic centre of Melbourne at all due to an urban sprawl to the southeast the demographic centre being located at Glen Iris 113 Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century it expanded with the underlying notion of a quarter acre home and garden for every family often referred to locally as the Australian Dream 114 115 This coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945 led to the auto centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium density transit oriented urban forms The city centre Docklands St Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high density forms Melbourne is often referred to as Australia s garden city and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state 116 117 118 There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne 119 many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas pedestrian pathways and tree lined avenues Melbourne s parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia s major cities 120 There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne such as in the municipalities of Stonnington Boroondara and Port Phillip southeast of the central business district Several national parks have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne including the Mornington Peninsula National Park Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the southeast Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne 121 122 The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs for addressing and postal purposes and administered as local government areas 123 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area 124 Housing Edit Main article Housing in Victoria Australia Melbourne Style terrace houses are common in the inner suburbs and have undergone gentrification Melbourne has minimal public housing and high demand for rental housing which is becoming unaffordable for some 125 126 127 Public housing is managed and provided by the Victorian Government s Department of Families Fairness and Housing and operates within the framework of the Commonwealth State Housing Agreement by which both federal and state governments provide funding for housing Melbourne is experiencing high population growth generating high demand for housing This housing boom has increased house prices and rents as well as the availability of all types of housing Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne with numerous developers offering house and land packages However since the release of Melbourne 2030 in 2002 planning policies have encouraged medium density and high density development in existing areas with good access to public transport and other services As a result of this Melbourne s middle and outer ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment 128 Architecture EditFurther information Architecture of Melbourne and List of tallest buildings in Melbourne Victorian era buildings on Collins Street preserved by setting skyscrapers back from the street On the back of the 1850s gold rush and 1880s land boom Melbourne became renowned as one of the world s great Victorian era cities a reputation that persists due to its diverse range of Victorian architecture 129 High concentrations of well preserved Victorian era buildings can be found in the inner suburbs such as Carlton East Melbourne and South Melbourne 130 Outstanding examples of Melbourne s built Victorian heritage include the World Heritage listed Royal Exhibition Building 1880 the General Post Office 1867 Hotel Windsor 1884 and the Block Arcade 1891 131 Comparatively little remains of Melbourne s pre gold rush architecture St James Old Cathedral 1839 and St Francis Church 1845 are among the few examples left in the CBD Many of the CBD s Victorian boom time landmarks were also demolished in the decades after World War II including the Federal Coffee Palace 1888 and the APA Building 1889 one of the tallest early skyscrapers upon completion 132 133 Heritage listings and heritage overlays have since been introduced in an effort to prevent further losses of the city s historic fabric In line with the city s expansion during the early 20th century suburbs such as Hawthorn and Camberwell are defined largely by Federation and Edwardian architectural styles The City Baths built in 1903 are a prominent example of the latter style in the CBD The 1926 Nicholas Building is the city s grandest example of the Chicago School style while the influence of Art Deco is apparent in the Manchester Unity Building completed in 1932 Melbourne is home to 71 skyscrapers the two tallest being Australia 108 left the Southern Hemisphere s only 100 plus storey building and Eureka Tower right The city also features the Shrine of Remembrance which was built as a memorial to the men and women of Victoria who served in World War I and is now a memorial to all Australians who have served in war Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style but rather an eclectic mix of large McMansion style houses particularly in areas of urban sprawl apartment buildings condominiums and townhouses which generally characterise the medium density inner city neighbourhoods Freestanding dwellings with relatively large gardens are perhaps the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne Victorian terrace housing townhouses and historic Italianate Tudor revival and Neo Georgian mansions are all common in inner city neighbourhoods such as Carlton Fitzroy and further into suburban enclaves like Toorak citation needed Culture EditMain article Culture of Melbourne Established in Melbourne s East End Theatre District in 1854 Princess Theatre is mainland Australia s oldest continuously operating theatre Often referred to as Australia s cultural capital Melbourne is recognised globally as a centre of sport music theatre comedy art literature film and television 134 For much of the 2010s it held the top position in The Economist Intelligence Unit s list of the world s most liveable cities partly due to its cultural attributes 22 The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types including the Melbourne International Arts Festival Melbourne International Comedy Festival Melbourne Fringe Festival and Moomba Australia s largest free community festival The State Library of Victoria founded in 1854 is one of the world s oldest free public libraries and as of 2018 the fourth most visited library globally 135 Between the gold rush and the crash of 1890 Melbourne was Australia s literary capital famously referred to by Henry Kendall as that wild bleak Bohemia south of the Murray 136 At this time Melbourne based writers and poets Marcus Clarke Adam Lindsay Gordon and Rolf Boldrewood produced classic visions of colonial life Fergus Hume s The Mystery of a Hansom Cab 1886 the fastest selling crime novel of the era is set in Melbourne as is Australia s best selling book of poetry C J Dennis The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke 1915 137 Contemporary Melbourne authors who have written award winning books set in the city include Peter Carey Helen Garner and Christos Tsiolkas Melbourne has Australia s widest range of bookstores as well as the nation s largest publishing sector 138 The city is also home to the Melbourne Writers Festival and hosts the Victorian Premier s Literary Awards In 2008 it became the second city to be named a UNESCO City of Literature Known for its bars street art and coffee culture the inner city s network of laneways and arcades is a popular cultural attraction Ray Lawler s play Summer of the Seventeenth Doll is set in Carlton and debuted in 1955 the same year that Edna Everage Barry Humphries Moonee Ponds housewife character first appeared on stage both sparking international interest in Australian theatre Melbourne s East End Theatre District is known for its Victorian era theatres such as the Athenaeum Her Majesty s and the Princess as well as the Forum and the Regent Other heritage listed theatres include the art deco landmarks The Capitol and St Kilda s Palais Theatre Australia s largest seated theatre with a capacity of 3 000 people 139 The Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne which includes the State Theatre and Hamer Hall as well as the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre home of the Melbourne Theatre Company Australia s oldest professional theatre company 140 The Australian Ballet Opera Australia and Melbourne Symphony Orchestra are also based in the precinct Melbourne has been called the live music capital of the world 141 one study found it has more music venues per capita than any other world city sampled with 17 5 million patron visits to 553 venues in 2016 141 142 The Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Kings Domain hosted the largest crowd ever for a music concert in Australia when an estimated 200 000 attendees saw Melbourne band The Seekers in 1967 143 Airing between 1974 and 1987 Melbourne s Countdown helped launch the careers of Crowded House Men at Work and Kylie Minogue among other local acts Several distinct post punk scenes flourished in Melbourne during the late 1970s including the Fitzroy based Little Band scene and the St Kilda scene centred at the Crystal Ballroom which gave rise to Dead Can Dance and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds respectively 144 More recent independent acts from Melbourne to achieve global recognition include The Avalanches Gotye and King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard Melbourne is also regarded as a centre of EDM and lends its name to the Melbourne Bounce genre and the Melbourne Shuffle dance style both of which emerged from the city s underground rave scene 145 National Gallery of Victoria Established in 1861 the National Gallery of Victoria is Australia s oldest and largest art museum Several art movements originated in Melbourne most famously the Heidelberg School of impressionists named after a suburb where they camped to paint en plein air in the 1880s 146 The Australian tonalists followed 147 some of whom founded Montsalvat Australia s oldest surviving art colony During World War II the Angry Penguins a group of avant garde artists convened at a Bulleen dairy farm now the Heide Museum of Modern Art The city is also home to the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art In the 2000s Melbourne street art became globally renowned and a major tourist drawcard with laneway galleries such as Hosier Lane attracting more Instagram hashtags than some of the city s traditional attractions such as the Melbourne Zoo 148 149 A quarter century after bushranger Ned Kelly s execution at Old Melbourne Gaol the Melbourne produced The Story of the Kelly Gang 1906 the world s first feature length narrative film premiered at the above named Athenaeum spurring Australia s first cinematic boom 150 Melbourne remained a world leader in filmmaking until the mid 1910s when several factors including a ban on bushranger films contributed to a decades long decline of the industry 150 A notable film shot and set in Melbourne during this lull was On the Beach 1959 151 Melbourne filmmakers led the Australian Film Revival with ocker comedies such as Stork 1971 and Alvin Purple 1973 152 Other films shot and set in Melbourne include Mad Max 1979 Romper Stomper 1992 Chopper 2000 and Animal Kingdom 2010 The Melbourne International Film Festival began in 1952 and is one of the world s oldest film festivals The AACTA Awards Australia s top screen awards were inaugurated by the festival in 1958 Melbourne is also home to Docklands Studios Melbourne the city s largest film and television studio complex 153 the Australian Centre for the Moving Image and the headquarters of Village Roadshow Pictures Australia s largest film production company Sport Edit Melbourne city skyline panorama as seen from Royal Park Further information Sport in Victoria Statue at the MCG of Australian rules football founder Tom Wills umpiring an 1858 football match The first games of Australian rules were played in adjacent parklands Melbourne hosts the Australian Open the first of four annual Grand Slam tennis tournaments Melbourne has long been regarded as Australia s sporting capital due to the role it has played in the development of Australian sport the range and quality of its sporting events and venues and its high rates of spectatorship and participation 154 The city is also home to 27 professional sports teams competing at the national level the most of any Australian city Melbourne s sporting reputation was recognised in 2016 when after being ranked as the world s top sports city three times biennially the Ultimate Sports City Awards in Switzerland named it Sports City of the Decade 155 The city has hosted a number of major international sporting events most notably the 1956 Summer Olympics the first Olympic Games held outside Europe and the United States 156 Melbourne also hosted the 2006 Commonwealth Games will host the 2026 Commonwealth Games along with a number a number of regional areas of Victoria and is home to several major annual international events including the Australian Open the first of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments First held in 1861 and declared a public holiday for all Melburnians in 1873 the Melbourne Cup is the world s richest handicap horse race and is known as the race that stops a nation The Formula One Australian Grand Prix has been held at the Albert Park Circuit since 1996 Cricket was one of the first sports to become organised in Melbourne with the Melbourne Cricket Club forming within three years of settlement The club manages one of the world s largest stadiums the 100 000 capacity Melbourne Cricket Ground MCG 157 Established in 1853 the MCG is notable for hosting the first Test match and the first One Day International played between Australia and England in 1877 and 1971 respectively It is also the home of the National Sports Museum 158 and serves as the home ground of the Victoria cricket team At Twenty20 level the Melbourne Stars and Melbourne Renegades compete in the Big Bash League Australian rules football Australia s most popular spectator sport traces its origins to matches played in parklands next to the MCG in 1858 Its first laws were codified the following year by the Melbourne Football Club 159 also a founding member in 1896 of the Australian Football League AFL the sport s elite professional competition Headquartered at Docklands Stadium the AFL fields a further eight Melbourne based clubs Carlton Collingwood Essendon Hawthorn North Melbourne Richmond St Kilda and the Western Bulldogs 160 The city hosts up to five AFL matches per round during the home and away season attracting an average of 40 000 spectators per game 161 The AFL Grand Final traditionally held at the MCG is the highest attended club championship event in the world In soccer Melbourne is represented in the A League by Melbourne Victory Melbourne City FC and Western United FC The rugby league team Melbourne Storm plays in the National Rugby League and in rugby union the Melbourne Rebels and Melbourne Rising compete in the Super Rugby and National Rugby Championship competitions respectively North American sports have also gained popularity in Melbourne basketball sides South East Melbourne Phoenix and Melbourne United play in the NBL Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs play in the Australian Ice Hockey League and Melbourne Aces plays in the Australian Baseball League Rowing also forms part of Melbourne s sporting identity with a number of clubs located on the Yarra River out of which many Australian Olympians trained Economy EditSee also Category Companies based in Melbourne and Tourism in Melbourne The 19th century Coop s Shot Tower enclosed in Melbourne Central one of the city s major retail hubs Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance manufacturing research IT education logistics transportation and tourism Melbourne houses the headquarters of many of Australia s largest corporations including five of the ten largest in the country based on revenue and five of the largest seven in the country based on market capitalisation 162 ANZ BHP the National Australia Bank CSL and Telstra as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions Melbourne s suburbs also have the head offices of Coles Group owner of Coles Supermarkets and Wesfarmers companies Bunnings Target K Mart and Officeworks The city is home to Australia s second busiest seaport after Port Botany in Sydney 163 Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors and is Australia s second busiest airport 164 Melbourne is also an important financial centre In the 2022 Global Financial Centres Index Melbourne was ranked as having the 32nd most competitive financial centre in the world 21 Two of the big four banks the ANZ and National Australia Bank are headquartered in Melbourne The city has carved out a niche as Australia s leading centre for superannuation pension funds with 40 of the total and 65 of industry super funds including the AU 109 billion dollar Federal Government Future Fund The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index 2008 165 second only to Sydney 12th in Australia Melbourne is Australia s second largest industrial centre 166 The Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex contributes AU 2 billion to the Victorian economy annually 167 It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing Australia truck makers Kenworth and Iveco Cadbury as well as Alstom and Jayco among many others It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments paper manufacturing and food processing 168 The south eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo s Australian headquarters The city also has a research and development hub for Ford Australia as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota Australia respectively CSL one of the world s top five biotech companies and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies 169 Melbourne has an important ICT industry home to more than half of Australia s top 20 technology companies and employs over 91 000 people one third of Australia s ICT workforce with a turnover of AU 34 billion and export revenues of AU 2 5 billion in 2018 170 In addition tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne s economy with 10 8 million domestic overnight tourists and 2 9 million international overnight tourists in 2018 171 Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets Construction began in February 2006 of an AU 1 billion 5000 seat international convention centre Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Convention amp Exhibition Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion dollar Docklands redevelopment 172 The Economist Intelligence Unit ranks Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world to live in according to its worldwide cost of living index in 2013 173 Tourism Edit Main article Tourism in Melbourne See also Parks and gardens of Melbourne Queen Victoria Market is the Southern Hemisphere s largest open air market and a popular tourist attraction Melbourne is the second most visited city in Australia and the seventy third most visited city in the world 174 In 2018 10 8 million domestic overnight tourists and 2 9 million international overnight tourists visited Melbourne 175 The most visited attractions are Federation Square Queen Victoria Market Crown Casino Southbank Melbourne Zoo Melbourne Aquarium Docklands National Gallery of Victoria Melbourne Museum Melbourne Observation Deck Arts Centre Melbourne and the Melbourne Cricket Ground 176 Luna Park a theme park modelled on New York s Coney Island and Seattle s Luna Park 177 is also a popular destination for visitors 178 In its annual survey of readers the Conde Nast Traveler magazine found that both Melbourne and Auckland were considered the world s friendliest cities in 2014 The magazine highlighted the connection the city inhabitants have to public art and the many parks across the city 179 180 Its high liveability rankings make it one of the safest world cities for travellers 181 182 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Melbourne Established during the gold rush Chinatown is the longest continuous Chinese settlement outside Asia According to the 2021 Australian Census the population of the Greater Melbourne area was 4 917 750 183 Although Victoria s net interstate migration has fluctuated the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70 000 people a year since 2005 Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants 48 000 finding it outpacing Sydney s international migrant intake on percentage as well as having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living 184 In recent years Melton Wyndham and Casey part of the Melbourne statistical division have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia Melbourne is on track to overtake Sydney in population between 2028 and 2030 185 After a trend of declining population density since World War II the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs aided in part by Victorian Government planning such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl 186 187 As of 2018 update the CBD is the most densely populated area in Australia with more than 19 000 residents per square kilometre and the inner city suburbs of Carlton South Yarra Fitzroy and Collingwood make up Victoria s top five 188 189 Ancestry and immigration Edit Country of Birth 2021 190 Birthplace note 3 PopulationAustralia 2 947 136India 242 635Mainland China 166 023England 132 912Vietnam 90 552New Zealand 82 939Sri Lanka 65 152Philippines 58 935Italy 58 081Malaysia 57 345Greece 44 956Pakistan 29 067South Africa 27 056Iraq 25 041Hong Kong SAR 24 428Afghanistan 23 525Iran 20 922United States 20 231At the 2021 census the most commonly nominated ancestries were 190 English 24 8 Australian 22 5 Chinese 8 8 Irish 8 2 Scottish 6 9 Italian 6 7 Indian 5 5 Greek 3 6 German 2 8 Vietnamese 2 5 Filipino 1 7 Dutch 1 4 Maltese 1 3 Polish 1 1 Sri Lankan 1 Lebanese 1 At the 2021 census 0 7 of Melbourne s population identified as being Indigenous Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders note 4 191 Melbourne has the 10th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas In Greater Melbourne at the 2021 census 59 9 of residents were born in Australia The other most common countries of birth were India 4 9 Mainland China 3 4 England 2 7 Vietnam 1 8 and New Zealand 1 7 191 Language Edit At the time of the 2021 census 61 1 of Melburnians speak only English at home Mandarin 4 3 Vietnamese 2 3 Greek 2 1 Punjabi 2 and Arabic 1 8 were the most common foreign languages spoken at home by residents of Melbourne Religion Edit St Patrick s Cathedral Melbourne has a wide range of religious faiths the most widely held of which is Christianity This is signified by the city s two large cathedrals St Patrick s Roman Catholic and St Paul s Anglican Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city 192 In recent years Greater Melbourne s irreligious community has grown to be one of the largest in Australia 193 According to the 2021 Census persons stating that they had no religion constituted 36 9 of the population 191 Christianity was the most popular religious affiliation at 40 1 191 The largest Christian denominations were Catholicism 20 8 and Anglicanism 5 5 191 The most popular non Christian religious affiliations were Islam 5 3 Hinduism 4 1 Buddhism 3 9 Sikhism 1 7 and Judaism 0 9 191 Over 180 000 Muslims live in Melbourne 194 Muslim religious life in Melbourne is centred on about 25 mosques and a number of prayer rooms at university campuses workplaces and other venues 195 As of 2000 update Melbourne had the largest population of Polish Jews in Australia The city was also home to the largest number of Holocaust survivors of any Australian city 196 indeed the highest per capita outside Israel itself 197 Reflecting this community Melbourne has a number of Jewish cultural religious and educational institutions including over 40 synagogues and 7 full time parochial day schools 198 along with a local Jewish newspaper 199 Education EditMain article Education in Melbourne Ormond College part of the University of Melbourne Some of Australia s most prominent and well known schools are based in Melbourne Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the My Choice Schools Ranking five are in Melbourne 200 There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city with Melbourne considered the 5th best city in the world for studying abroad in the 2023 Best Student Cities ranking by QS 201 Furthermore Melbourne was ranked the world s fourth top university city in 2008 after London Boston and Tokyo in a poll commissioned by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology 202 Eight public universities operate in Melbourne the University of Melbourne Monash University Swinburne University of Technology Deakin University Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT University La Trobe University Australian Catholic University ACU and Victoria University VU Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally Swinburne University and Monash University have campuses in Malaysia while Monash has a research centre based in Prato Italy The University of Melbourne the second oldest university in Australia 203 was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2023 THES international rankings and 34th best university in the world 204 and Monash University ranked 44th best 205 Both are members of the Group of Eight a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education 206 As of 2017 RMIT University is ranked 17th in the world in art amp design and 28th in architecture 207 The Swinburne University of Technology based in the inner city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn was as of 2014 ranked 76th 100th in the world for physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities 208 Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria In recent years the number of international students at Melbourne s universities has risen rapidly a result of an increasing number of places being made available for them 209 Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education DET whose role is to provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education 210 Media EditMain article Media in MelbourneSee also List of Australian radio stations Melbourne Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne the Herald Sun tabloid The Age compact and The Australian national broadsheet There are six primary free to air digital television stations operating in Greater Melbourne and Geelong ABC Victoria ABV SBS Victoria SBS Seven Melbourne HSV Nine Melbourne GTV Ten Melbourne ATV C31 Melbourne MGV community television 211 Each station excluding C31 broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels 212 Some digital media companies such as Broadsheet are based in and primarily serve Melbourne Many AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne These include public i e state owned ABC and SBS and community stations Many commercial stations are networked owned Nova Entertainment owns Nova 100 and Smooth ARN controls Gold 104 3 and KIIS 101 1 and Southern Cross Austereo runs both Fox and Triple M Youth stations include ABC Triple J and youth run SYN Triple J and community stations PBS and Triple R strive to play under represented music JOY 94 9 caters for gay lesbian bisexual and transgender audiences 3MBS and ABC Classic FM play classical music Light FM is a contemporary Christian station AM stations include ABC 774 Radio National and News Radio also Nine Entertainment affiliates 3AW talk and Magic easy listening SEN 1116 broadcasts sports coverage Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests such as 3CR and 3KND Indigenous Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences 213 Governance Edit Parliament House with W Class heritage tram in foreground The governance of Melbourne is split between the government of Victoria and the 27 cities and four shires that make up the metropolitan area There is no ceremonial or political head of Melbourne but the Lord Mayor of the City of Melbourne often fulfils such a role as a first among equals 214 The local councils are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989 215 such as urban planning and waste management Most other government services are provided or regulated by the Victorian state government which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street These include services associated with local government in other countries and include public transport main roads traffic control policing education above preschool level health and planning of major infrastructure projects Infrastructure EditHealth Edit Royal Children s Hospital The Victorian Government s Department of Health oversees about 30 public hospitals in the Melbourne metropolitan region and 13 health services organisations 216 Major medical neuroscience and biotechnology research institutions located in Melbourne include the St Vincent s Institute of Medical Research Australian Stem Cell Centre the Burnet Institute the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Victorian Institute of Chemical Sciences Brain Research Institute Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre The headquarters of Australian pharmaceutical company CSL Limited is located in the Melbourne Biomedical Precinct in Parkville which contains over 40 biomedical and research institutions 217 It was announced in 2021 that a new Australian Institute for Infectious Disease would also be built in Parkville 218 Other institutions include the Howard Florey Institute the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute and the Australian Synchrotron 219 Many of these institutions are associated with and located near to universities Melbourne is also home to the Royal Children s Hospital and the Monash Children s Hospital Among Australian capital cities Melbourne ties with Canberra in first place for the highest male life expectancy 80 0 years and ranks second behind Perth in female life expectancy 84 1 years 220 Roads Edit Main article Transport in Melbourne The Bolte Bridge is part of the CityLink tollway system Like many Australian cities Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport 221 particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought 222 with a total of 3 6 million private vehicles using 22 320 km 13 870 mi of road and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world 221 The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles resulting in large scale suburban expansion and a tendency towards the development of urban sprawl like all Australian cities inhabitants would live in the suburbs and commute to the city for work 223 By the mid 1950s there was just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people and by 2013 there was 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people 224 The road network in Victoria is managed by Vicroads as part of the Department of Transport who oversee the planning and integration Maintenance of roads is undertaken by different bodies depending on the road Local roads are maintained by local councils while secondary and main roads are the responsibility of Vicroads Major national freeways and roads integral to national trade are overseen by the Federal Government 225 Today Melbourne has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways These are used by private vehicles including road freight vehicles as well as road based public transport modes like buses and taxis Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway which spans the large West Gate Bridge Other freeways include the Calder Freeway Tullamarine Freeway which is the main airport link and the Hume Freeway which connects Melbourne to Canberra and Sydney Melbourne s middle suburbs are connected via an orbital freeway the M80 Ring Road which will be completed when the North East Link opens 226 Out of Melbourne s 20 declared freeways open or under construction 6 are electronic toll roads This includes the M1 and M2 CityLink which includes the large Bolte Bridge Eastlink North East Link and the West Gate Tunnel Apart from Eastlink which is owned and operated by ConnectEast the toll roads in Melbourne are run by Transurban In Melbourne tollways have blue and yellow signage compared to the green signs used for free roads Public transport Edit Main article Transport in Melbourne Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train tram bus and taxi systems Flinders Street station was the world s busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne s tram network overtook Sydney s to become the world s largest in the 1940s From the 1940s public transport use in Melbourne declined due to a rapid expansion of the road and freeway network with the largest declines in tram and bus usage 227 This decline quickened in the early 1990s due to large public transport service cuts 227 The operations of Melbourne s public transport system was privatised in 1999 through a franchising model with operational responsibilities for the train tram and bus networks licensed to private companies 228 After 1996 there was a rapid increase in public transport patronage due to growth in employment in central Melbourne with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14 8 and 8 4 of all trips 229 227 A target of 20 public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006 230 Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20 and a number of projects have commenced aimed at expanding public transport usage 230 Train Edit Main article Railways in Melbourne See also Rail transport in Victoria Situated on the City Loop Southern Cross station is Victoria s main hub for regional and interstate trains The Melbourne metropolitan rail network dates back to the 1850s gold rush era and today consists of 222 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop a mostly underground subway system around the CBD Flinders Street station one of Australia s busiest rail hubs serves the entire network and remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place 231 The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities run by V Line as well as direct interstate rail services which depart from Melbourne s other major rail terminus Southern Cross station in Docklands The Overland to Adelaide departs twice a week while the XPT to Sydney departs twice daily In the 2017 2018 financial year the Melbourne metropolitan rail network recorded 240 9 million passenger trips the highest ridership in its history 232 Many rail lines along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight An assortment of new railways are under construction in Melbourne A new heavy rail corridor through the inner city the Metro Tunnel is set to open by 2025 and will reduce congestion on the City Loop The ongoing Level Crossing Removal Project is grade separating much of the network and rebuilding many older stations In June 2022 early works commenced on the Suburban Rail Loop a 90 kilometre underground automated orbital loop line through Melbourne s middle suburbs 233 An airport rail connection has commenced with early works in Keilor East 234 Tram Edit Main article Trams in Melbourne An X Trapolis 100 train crosses an E class tram in the Melbourne CBD The city s tram network consists of 475 trams and is the largest in the world Melbourne s tram network dates from the 1880s land boom and as of 2021 consists of 250 km 155 3 mi of double track 475 trams 25 routes and 1 763 tram stops making it the largest in the world 235 24 236 In 2017 2018 206 3 million passenger trips were made by tram 232 Around 75 per cent of Melbourne s tram network shares road space with other vehicles while the rest of the network is separated or are light rail routes 235 Melbourne s trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route around the CBD 237 Trams are free within the central city Free Tram Zone and run 24 hours on weekends 238 Bus Edit Main article Buses in Melbourne Melbourne s bus network consists of more than 400 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services 239 237 240 127 6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne s buses in 2013 2014 an increase of 10 2 percent on the previous year 241 Airports Edit Main article List of airports in the Melbourne area Melbourne has four airports Melbourne Airport at Tullamarine is the city s main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia with a traffic of over 37 million passengers in 2018 19 242 The airport which comprises four terminals 243 is home base for passenger airline Jetstar and cargo airlines Australian airExpress and Toll Priority and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia Avalon Airport located between Melbourne and Geelong is a secondary hub of Jetstar It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city s main airports A rail link to Tullamarine is planned to open by 2029 244 Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients 245 Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport Moorabbin Airport in the city s southeast that also handles a small number of passenger flights Essendon Airport which was once the city s main airport also handles passenger flights general aviation and some cargo flights 246 Water transport Edit Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne s transport system The Port of Melbourne is Australia s largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12 month period during 2007 making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere 247 Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Devonport Tasmania docking there 248 Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay Utilities Edit Main article Energy in Victoria Australia This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sugarloaf Reservoir at Christmas Hills in the metropolitan area is one of Melbourne s closest water supplies Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water which is owned by the Victorian Government The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the Wonthaggi desalination plant and North South Pipeline Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area The largest dam the Thomson River Dam located in the Victorian Alps is capable of holding around 60 of Melbourne s water capacity 249 while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam Yan Yean Reservoir and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies Gas is provided by three distribution companies AusNet Services which provides gas from Melbourne s inner western suburbs to southwestern Victoria Multinet Gas which provides gas from Melbourne s inner eastern suburbs to eastern Victoria owned by SP AusNet after acquisition but continuing to trade under the brand name Multinet Gas Australian Gas Networks which provides gas from Melbourne s inner northern suburbs to northern Victoria as well as the majority of southeastern Victoria Electricity is provided by five distribution companies Citipower which provides power to Melbourne s CBD and some inner suburbs Powercor which provides power to the outer western suburbs as well as all of western Victoria Citipower and Powercor are owned by the same entity Jemena which provides power to the northern and inner western suburbs United Energy which provides power to the inner eastern and southeastern suburbs and the Mornington Peninsula AusNet Services which provides power to the outer eastern suburbs and all of the north and east of Victoria Numerous telecommunications companies provide Melbourne with terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services and wireless internet services and at least since 2016 Melbourne offers a free public WiFi which allows for up to 250 MB per device in some areas of the city Crime EditMain article Crime in Melbourne Victoria Police vehicle in the city centre Melbourne has a moderately low crime rate ranking 18th for Personal Security and 9th in the overall Safe City Index in The Economist s 2021 Safe Cities Index placing it in the second best category of high safety level 250 Reports of crime in Victoria fell by 13 per cent in 2021 to its lowest in three years with 5 358 1 cases per 100 000 people and a total of 496 260 offences 251 252 Melbourne s city centre CBD reported the highest incident rate of local government areas in Victoria followed by Latrobe and Yarra 252 See also EditNaval Base Melbourne Australian 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