fbpx
Wikipedia

List of mammals of South America

January 01, 1970

This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in South America. South America's terrestrial mammals fall into three distinct groups: "old-timers", African immigrants and recent North American immigrants. The marsupials and xenarthrans are "old-timers", their ancestors having been present on the continent since at least the very early Cenozoic Era. During the early Cenozoic, South America's only land connection was to Antarctica, so it was effectively cut off from most of the world; as the fragments of Gondwana continued to separate, this connection was lost, leaving South America an island continent. Caviomorph rodents and monkeys arrived as "waif dispersers" by rafting across the Atlantic from Africa in the Eocene epoch, 35 million or more years ago.[1][2][3] All the remaining nonflying mammals of South America are recent arrivals, having migrated from North America via Central America during the past seven million years as part of the Great American Interchange; this invasion, which peaked around three million years ago, was made possible when the formation of the volcanic Isthmus of Panama bridged North and South America. The newcomers out-competed and drove to extinction many mammals that had evolved during South America's long period of isolation, as well as some species from other classes.[4]

South America suffered another major loss of mammal species in the Quaternary extinction event, which started around 12,500 cal BP, at roughly the time of arrival of Paleoindians, and may have lasted up to several thousand years. At least 37 genera of mammals were eliminated, including most of the megafauna.[5] While South America currently has no megaherbivore species weighing more than 1000 kg, prior to this event it had a menagerie of about 25 of them (consisting of gomphotheres, camelids, ground sloths, glyptodonts, and toxodontids – 75% of these being "old-timers"), dwarfing Africa's present and recent total of 6.[6]

Anthropogenic climate change and the damage to its ecosystems resulting from the rapid recent growth of the human population pose a further threat to South America's biodiversity.

The list consists of those species found in the nations or overseas territories of continental South America (including their island possessions, such as the Galápagos), as well as in Trinidad and Tobago and the Falkland Islands; Panama is not included. As of May 2012, the list contains 1,331 species, 340 genera, 62 families and 15 orders. Of the taxa from nonflying, nonmarine groups (992 species, 230 genera, 40 families and 12 orders), "old-timers" comprise 14% of species, 15% of genera, 20% of families and 42% of orders; African immigrants make up 38% of species, 30% of genera, 40% of families and 17% of orders; North American invaders constitute 49% of species 55% of genera, 40% of families and 50% of orders. At the order level, the "old-timers" are overrepresented because of their ancient local origins, while the African immigrants are underrepresented because of their "sweepstakes" mode of dispersal.

Of the species, 9 are extinct, 29 are critically endangered, 64 are endangered, 111 are vulnerable, 64 are near threatened, and 255 are data deficient.[n 1] Mammal species presumed extinct since AD 1500 (nine or ten cases) are included. Domestic species (e.g., the guinea pig, alpaca, and llama) and introduced species are not listed.

Note: This list is inevitably incomplete, since new species are continually being recognized via discovery or reclassification. Places to check for missing species include the list of mammals described in the 2000s, and the species listings in the articles for mammalian genera, especially those of small mammals such as rodents or bats.

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; those on the left are used here, those in the second column in some other articles:

EX EX Extinct No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
EW EW Extinct in the wild Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside its historic range.
CR CR Critically endangered The species is in imminent danger of extinction in the wild.
EN EN Endangered The species is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
VU VU Vulnerable The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
NT NT Near threatened The species does not qualify as being at high risk of extinction but is likely to do so in the future.
LC LC Least concern The species is not currently at risk of extinction in the wild.
DD DD Data deficient There is inadequate information to assess the risk of extinction for this species.
NE NE Not evaluated The conservation status of the species has not been studied.

The IUCN status of all listed species except bats was last updated between March and June 2009; bats were updated in September 2009.

Subclass: Theria edit

 
Derby's woolly opossum
 
Bare-tailed woolly opossum
 
Woolly opossum
(Caluromys species)
 
Water opossum
 
White-eared opossum
 
Big-eared opossum
 
Common opossum
 
Andean white-eared opossum
 
Big lutrine opossum
 
Robinson's mouse opossum
 
Mouse opossum
(Marmosa species)
 
Mouse opossum
(Marmosa (Micoureus) species)
 
Tate's woolly mouse opossum
 
Gray slender opossum
 
Brown four-eyed opossum
 
Yellow-sided opossum
 
Gray short-tailed opossum
 
Gray four-eyed opossum
 
Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum

Infraclass: Metatheria edit

The infraclass Metatheria includes all living and extinct marsupials, but also includes some related extinct orders of mammals that are no longer considered marsupials, such as Sparassodonta. At least six families of sparassodonts lived in South America prior to the interchange, dominating the niches for large mammalian carnivores.

Marsupials are a collection of pouched mammals that was once more widely distributed. Today they are found primarily in isolated or formerly isolated continents of Gondwanan origin. South America's 22 extant genera compares with 10 in Central America, 1 in North America north of Mexico, 52 in Australia, 28 in New Guinea and 2 in Sulawesi. South American marsupials are thought to be ancestral to those of Australasia.[7]

Superorder: Ameridelphia edit

Order: Didelphimorphia (common opossums) edit

Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat, with a long snout and prehensile tail.

Order: Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) edit
 
Eastern caenolestid

There are six extant species of shrew opossum. They are small shrew-like marsupials confined to the Andes.

Superorder: Australidelphia edit

 
Monito del monte on bamboo
Order: Microbiotheria (monito del monte) edit

The monito del monte of Chile and Argentina is the only extant member of its family and the only surviving member of an ancient order, Microbiotheria. It appears to be more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other Neotropic marsupials; this is a reflection of the South American origin of all Australasian marsupials.[7]

Infraclass: Eutheria edit

Superorder: Afrotheria edit

Order: Sirenia (manatees and dugongs) edit
 
West Indian manatee

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four species are endangered. They evolved about 50 million years ago, and their closest living relatives are elephants. The manatees are the only extant afrotherians in the Americas. However, a number proboscid species, some of which survived until the arrival of Paleoindians, once inhabited the region. Those that reached South America have usually been classified as gomphotheres, but sometimes instead as elephantids.

Superorder: Xenarthra edit

Order: Cingulata (armadillos) edit
 
Nine-banded armadillo
 
Pink fairy armadillo
 
Screaming hairy armadillo
 
Six-banded armadillo
 
Southern three-banded armadillo

The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell. All 21 extant species are found in South America, where they originated. Their much larger relatives, the pampatheres and glyptodonts, once lived in North and South America but became extinct following the appearance of humans.

 
Brown-throated sloth
 
Hoffmann's two-toed sloth
 
Silky anteater
 
Giant anteater
 
Southern tamandua
Order: Pilosa (sloths and anteaters) edit

The order Pilosa is confined to the Americas and contains the tree sloths and anteaters (which include the tamanduas). All 5 extant genera and 9 of 10 extant species are present in South America, the ancestral home of the group. (The exception is the pygmy three-toed sloth, endemic to an island off Panama.) Numerous ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants, were once present in both North and South America, as well as on the Antilles. (Some west coastal South American forms had even evolved into marine sloths.) All of these went extinct following the arrival of humans. Extant tree sloths fall into two groups that are not closely related, and which do not form a clade; two-toed sloths are much more closely related to some extinct ground sloths than to three-toed sloths.

Superorder: Euarchontoglires edit

Order: Primates edit
 
Panamanian night monkeys
 
Pygmy marmoset
 
White-headed marmosets
 
Silvery marmoset
 
Golden lion tamarin
 
Emperor tamarin
 
White-fronted capuchin
 
Black capuchin
 
Common squirrel monkey
 
Venezuelan red howler
 
Black-headed spider monkey
 
Brown spider monkey
 
Northern muriqui
 
Brown woolly monkey
 
Black-fronted titi
 
Vieira's titi
 
Black titi
 
White-faced saki (male)
 
White-faced saki (female)
 
Red-backed bearded saki
 
Uta Hick's bearded saki
 
Bald uakari

The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World. South America's 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that rafted over from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event.

Order: Rodentia (rodents) edit
 
Bicolored-spined porcupine
 
Brazilian porcupine
 
Rothschild's porcupine
 
Stump-tailed porcupine
 
Short-tailed chinchilla
 
Long-tailed chinchilla
 
Southern viscacha
 
Plains viscacha
 
Pacarana
 
Brazilian guinea pig
 
Greater guinea pig
 
Muenster yellow-toothed cavy
 
Patagonian mara
 
Capybara
 
Rock cavies
 
Azara's agouti
 
Black agouti
 
Red-rumped agouti
 
Central American agouti
 
Green acouchi
 
Lowland paca
 
Flamarion's tuco-tuco
 
Haig's tuco-tuco
 
Common degu
 
Coruro
 
Plains viscacha rat
 
Amazon bamboo rat
 
Armored rat
 
Ferreira's spiny tree-rat
 
Atlantic spiny rat
 
Coypu

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small, although the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb). South America's rodent fauna today is largely an outgrowth of two spectacularly fortunate ancient "sweepstakes" dispersal events, each of which was followed by explosive diversification. Caviomorphs, the first rodents to reach the continent, are believed to have washed ashore after rafting across the Atlantic from Africa over 30 million years ago.[8] More recently, ancestral sigmodontine rodents[9] apparently island-hopped from Central America 5 million or more years ago,[10][11][12] prior to the formation of the Panamanian land bridge. These two groups now comprise 36% and 60%, respectively, of all South American rodent species. The corresponding figures are 10% and 27% for Central America, 2% and 10% for Mexico, 0.5% and 3% for North America north of Mexico, and 72% and 27% for recent endemic Caribbean rodents.[n 2] Conversely, sciurids make up 3% of rodents in South America, 8% in Central America, 15% in Mexico and 31% in North America north of Mexico, while castorimorphs are 1%, 16%, 26% and 28%, respectively. Sciurids are absent from South America's southern cone, while castorimorphs are only present in northwest South America (Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador). Illustrating the advantage of gaining a head start in colonizing a new land mass, sigmodontine rodents comprise 99.5% of all cricetid rodents in South America, but only 42% in Central America, 17% in Mexico and 7% in North America north of Mexico.

 
Brazilian squirrel
 
Red-tailed squirrel
 
Ingram's squirrel
 
Southern Amazon red squirrel
 
Sanborn's grass mouse
 
Galápagos rice rat
 
Small vesper mouse
 
Drymoreomys albimaculatus
 
Stolzmann's crab-eating rat
 
Hairy-tailed bolo mouse
 
Long-tailed pygmy rice rat
 
Marsh rice rat (close relative of Coues's rice rat)
 
Darwin's leaf-eared mouse
 
Bunny rat
 
White-footed climbing mouse
 
Atlantic Forest climbing mouse
Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs) edit
 
Andean cottontail
 
Eastern cottontail

The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two. South America's meager lagomorph diversity (6 species compared to 18 for North America north of Mexico) reflects their recent arrival and failure (so far) to diversify much. Only the tapeti is present south of northern South America; lagomorphs are absent from most of South America's southern cone.

Superorder: Laurasiatheria edit

Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons) edit

Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers. In South America, shrews are only found in the north (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru), a legacy of their relatively recent immigration to the continent by way of Central America (where shrew species are considerably more diverse). Moles are not found in the Americas south of northern Mexico.

Order: Chiroptera (bats) edit
 
Greater bulldog bat
 
Big brown bat
 
Desert red bat
 
Hoary bat

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.

 
Western mastiff bat
 
Big free-tailed bat
 
Greater or lesser sac-winged bat
 
Greater sac-winged bat
 
Ghost-faced bat
 
Parnell's mustached bat
 
White-throated round-eared bat
 
Pale spear-nosed bat
 
Greater spear-nosed bat
 
Geoffroy's tailless bat
 
Pallas's long-tongued bat
 
Southern long-nosed bat
 
Orange nectar bat
 
Long-snouted bat
 
Silky short-tailed bat
 
Jamaican fruit bat
 
Wrinkle-faced bats
 
Salvin's big-eyed bat
 
Little yellow-shouldered bat
 
Platyrrhinus species
 
Tent-making bats
 
Southern little yellow-eared bat
 
Common vampire bat
 
White-winged vampire bat
 
Cuban funnel-eared bat
Order: Carnivora (carnivorans) edit
 
Geoffroy's cat
 
Margay
 
Jaguarundi
 
Jaguar
 
Culpeo
 
Darwin's fox
 
Bush dog
 
Maned wolf
 
Spectacled bear
 
Crab-eating raccoon
 
White-nosed coati
 
Olinguito
 
Tayra
 
Giant otter
 
South American sea lions

There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. South America is notable for its diversity of canids, having more genera than any other continent in spite of their relatively brief history there. South America's felid diversity is also greater than that of North America north of Mexico, while its mustelid diversity is comparable and its mephitid and ursid diversities are lower. Its procyonid diversity is somewhat less than that of Central America, the center of the family's recent evolution. The diversification of canids and felids in South America was partly a consequence of the inability of the continent's native avian and metatherian predators to compete effectively following the Great American Interchange.

Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) edit
 
Mountain tapir
 
Lowland tapir

The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. Following the interchange with North America, South America's odd-toed ungulates included equids of genus Equus as well as tapirs. Equids died out in both North and South America around the time of the first arrival of humans, while tapirs died out in most of North America but survived in Central and South America. South America also once had a great diversity of ungulates of native origin, but these dwindled after the interchange with North America, and disappeared entirely following the arrival of humans. Sequencing of collagen from fossils of one recently extinct species each of notoungulates and litopterns has indicated that these orders comprise a sister group to the perissodactyls.[13] If, as some evidence suggests, perissodactyls originated in India,[14] both ungulate groups may have been of Gondwanan origin, despite being laurasiatheres.

Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates and cetaceans) edit
 
Chacoan peccary
 
White-lipped peccary
 
Guanaco
 
Vicuña
 
Marsh deer
 
Southern pudú

The weight of even-toed ungulates is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 noncetacean artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. South America's considerable cervid diversity belies their relatively recent arrival. The presence of camelids in South America but not North America today is ironic, given that they have a 45-million-year-long history in the latter continent (where they originated), and only a 3-million-year history in the former.

Infraorder: Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) edit
 
Southern right whale
 
Sei whales
 
Blue whale
 
Humpback whale
 
Pygmy sperm whale
 
Amazon river dolphin
 
Commerson's dolphin
 
Clymene dolphins
 
Atlantic spotted dolphin
 
Spinner dolphin
 
Hourglass dolphins
 
Dusky dolphin
 
Risso's dolphin
 
Orcas
 
Short-finned pilot whale
 
Melon-headed whales

The infraorder Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Their closest extant relatives are the hippos, which are artiodactyls, from which cetaceans descended; cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals. The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.
  2. ^ This is based on the definition of Sigmodontinae that excludes Neotominae and Tylomyinae.

References edit

  1. ^ Poux, C.; Chevret, P.; Huchon, D.; de Jong, W. W.; Douzery, E. J. P. (2006). "Arrival and Diversification of Caviomorph Rodents and Platyrrhine Primates in South America" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 55 (2): 228–244. doi:10.1080/10635150500481390. PMID 16551580. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Antoine, P.O.; Marivaux, L.; Croft, D. A.; Billet, G.; Ganerod, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Martin, T.; Orliac, M. J.; et al. (2011). "Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1732): 1319–1326. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1732. PMC 3282368. PMID 21993503.
  3. ^ Bond, M.; Tejedor, M. F.; Campbell, K. E.; Chornogubsky, L.; Novo, N.; Goin, F. (2015-02-04). "Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys". Nature. 520 (7548): 538–541. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..538B. doi:10.1038/nature14120. hdl:11336/79088. PMID 25652825. S2CID 4456556.
  4. ^ Marshall, L. G. (July–August 1988). "Land Mammals and the Great American Interchange" (PDF). American Scientist. 76 (4). Sigma Xi: 380–388. Bibcode:1988AmSci..76..380M. (PDF) from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  5. ^ Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer. pp. 21–37. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. OCLC 313368423.
  6. ^ Martin, P. S. (2005). "Chapter 1. Discovering the Last Lost World". Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. University of California Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 978-0-520-23141-2. OCLC 58055404. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
  7. ^ a b Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Tran, N. V.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010-07-27). Penny, D. (ed.). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLOS Biology. 8 (7): e1000436. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436. PMC 2910653. PMID 20668664.
  8. ^ Flynn, J. J.; Wyss, A. R. (1998). "Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (11): 449–454. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01457-8. PMID 21238387.
  9. ^ Steppan, Scott J. (1996). "Sigmodontinae: Neotropical mice and rats". Tree of Life web project. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
  10. ^ Marshall, L. G.; Butler, R. F.; Drake, R. E.; Curtis, G. H.; Tedford, R. H. (1979-04-20). "Calibration of the Great American Interchange". Science. 204 (4390): 272–279. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..272M. doi:10.1126/science.204.4390.272. PMID 17800342. S2CID 8625188.
  11. ^ Engel, S. R.; Hogan, K. M.; Taylor, J. F.; Davis, S. K. (1998). "Molecular Systematics and Paleobiogeography of the South American Sigmodontine Rodents". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025845. PMID 9491603.
  12. ^ Smith, M. F.; Patton, J. L. (1999). "Phylogenetic Relationships and the Radiation of Sigmodontine Rodents in South America: Evidence from Cytochrome b". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 6 (2): 89–128. doi:10.1023/A:1020668004578. S2CID 22355532.
  13. ^ Welker, F.; Collins, M. J.; Thomas, J. A.; Wadsley, M.; Brace, S.; Cappellini, E.; Turvey, S. T.; Reguero, M.; Gelfo, J. N.; Kramarz, A.; Burger, J.; Thomas-Oates, J.; Ashford, D. A.; Ashton, P. D.; Rowsell, K.; Porter, D. M.; Kessler, B.; Fischer, R.; Baessmann, C.; Kaspar, S.; Olsen, J. V.; Kiley, P.; Elliott, J. A.; Kelstrup, C. D.; Mullin, V.; Hofreiter, M.; Willerslev, E.; Hublin, J.-J.; Orlando, L.; Barnes, I.; MacPhee, R. D. E. (2015-03-18). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates" (PDF). Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
  14. ^ Rose, K. D.; Holbrook, L. T.; Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Jones, K. E.; Ahrens, H. E.; Missiaen, P.; Sahni, A.; Smith, T. (20 November 2014). "Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India" (PDF). Nature Communications. 5: 5570. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5570R. doi:10.1038/ncomms6570. PMID 25410701.
  15. ^ Masseti, M.; Mertzanidou, D. (2008). "Dama dama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T42188A10656554. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T42188A10656554.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south edit

January 01, 1970
list, mammals, south, america, this, list, native, wild, mammal, species, recorded, south, america, south, america, terrestrial, mammals, fall, into, three, distinct, groups, timers, african, immigrants, recent, north, american, immigrants, marsupials, xenarth. This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in South America South America s terrestrial mammals fall into three distinct groups old timers African immigrants and recent North American immigrants The marsupials and xenarthrans are old timers their ancestors having been present on the continent since at least the very early Cenozoic Era During the early Cenozoic South America s only land connection was to Antarctica so it was effectively cut off from most of the world as the fragments of Gondwana continued to separate this connection was lost leaving South America an island continent Caviomorph rodents and monkeys arrived as waif dispersers by rafting across the Atlantic from Africa in the Eocene epoch 35 million or more years ago 1 2 3 All the remaining nonflying mammals of South America are recent arrivals having migrated from North America via Central America during the past seven million years as part of the Great American Interchange this invasion which peaked around three million years ago was made possible when the formation of the volcanic Isthmus of Panama bridged North and South America The newcomers out competed and drove to extinction many mammals that had evolved during South America s long period of isolation as well as some species from other classes 4 South America suffered another major loss of mammal species in the Quaternary extinction event which started around 12 500 cal BP at roughly the time of arrival of Paleoindians and may have lasted up to several thousand years At least 37 genera of mammals were eliminated including most of the megafauna 5 While South America currently has no megaherbivore species weighing more than 1000 kg prior to this event it had a menagerie of about 25 of them consisting of gomphotheres camelids ground sloths glyptodonts and toxodontids 75 of these being old timers dwarfing Africa s present and recent total of 6 6 Anthropogenic climate change and the damage to its ecosystems resulting from the rapid recent growth of the human population pose a further threat to South America s biodiversity The list consists of those species found in the nations or overseas territories of continental South America including their island possessions such as the Galapagos as well as in Trinidad and Tobago and the Falkland Islands Panama is not included As of May 2012 the list contains 1 331 species 340 genera 62 families and 15 orders Of the taxa from nonflying nonmarine groups 992 species 230 genera 40 families and 12 orders old timers comprise 14 of species 15 of genera 20 of families and 42 of orders African immigrants make up 38 of species 30 of genera 40 of families and 17 of orders North American invaders constitute 49 of species 55 of genera 40 of families and 50 of orders At the order level the old timers are overrepresented because of their ancient local origins while the African immigrants are underrepresented because of their sweepstakes mode of dispersal Of the species 9 are extinct 29 are critically endangered 64 are endangered 111 are vulnerable 64 are near threatened and 255 are data deficient n 1 Mammal species presumed extinct since AD 1500 nine or ten cases are included Domestic species e g the guinea pig alpaca and llama and introduced species are not listed Note This list is inevitably incomplete since new species are continually being recognized via discovery or reclassification Places to check for missing species include the list of mammals described in the 2000s and the species listings in the articles for mammalian genera especially those of small mammals such as rodents or bats The following tags are used to highlight each species conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature those on the left are used here those in the second column in some other articles EX EX Extinct No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died EW EW Extinct in the wild Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside its historic range CR CR Critically endangered The species is in imminent danger of extinction in the wild EN EN Endangered The species is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild VU VU Vulnerable The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild NT NT Near threatened The species does not qualify as being at high risk of extinction but is likely to do so in the future LC LC Least concern The species is not currently at risk of extinction in the wild DD DD Data deficient There is inadequate information to assess the risk of extinction for this species NE NE Not evaluated The conservation status of the species has not been studied The IUCN status of all listed species except bats was last updated between March and June 2009 bats were updated in September 2009 Contents 1 Subclass Theria 1 1 Infraclass Metatheria 1 1 1 Superorder Ameridelphia 1 1 1 1 Order Didelphimorphia common opossums 1 1 1 2 Order Paucituberculata shrew opossums 1 1 2 Superorder Australidelphia 1 1 2 1 Order Microbiotheria monito del monte 1 2 Infraclass Eutheria 1 2 1 Superorder Afrotheria 1 2 1 1 Order Sirenia manatees and dugongs 1 2 2 Superorder Xenarthra 1 2 2 1 Order Cingulata armadillos 1 2 2 2 Order Pilosa sloths and anteaters 1 2 3 Superorder Euarchontoglires 1 2 3 1 Order Primates 1 2 3 2 Order Rodentia rodents 1 2 3 3 Order Lagomorpha lagomorphs 1 2 4 Superorder Laurasiatheria 1 2 4 1 Order Eulipotyphla shrews hedgehogs moles and solenodons 1 2 4 2 Order Chiroptera bats 1 2 4 3 Order Carnivora carnivorans 1 2 4 4 Order Perissodactyla odd toed ungulates 1 2 4 5 Order Artiodactyla even toed ungulates and cetaceans 1 2 4 5 1 Infraorder Cetacea whales dolphins and porpoises 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to southSubclass Theria edit nbsp Derby s woolly opossum nbsp Bare tailed woolly opossum nbsp Woolly opossum Caluromys species nbsp Water opossum nbsp White eared opossum nbsp Big eared opossum nbsp Common opossum nbsp Andean white eared opossum nbsp Big lutrine opossum nbsp Robinson s mouse opossum nbsp Mouse opossum Marmosa species nbsp Mouse opossum Marmosa Micoureus species nbsp Tate s woolly mouse opossum nbsp Gray slender opossum nbsp Brown four eyed opossum nbsp Yellow sided opossum nbsp Gray short tailed opossum nbsp Gray four eyed opossum nbsp Elegant fat tailed mouse opossum Infraclass Metatheria edit The infraclass Metatheria includes all living and extinct marsupials but also includes some related extinct orders of mammals that are no longer considered marsupials such as Sparassodonta At least six families of sparassodonts lived in South America prior to the interchange dominating the niches for large mammalian carnivores Marsupials are a collection of pouched mammals that was once more widely distributed Today they are found primarily in isolated or formerly isolated continents of Gondwanan origin South America s 22 extant genera compares with 10 in Central America 1 in North America north of Mexico 52 in Australia 28 in New Guinea and 2 in Sulawesi South American marsupials are thought to be ancestral to those of Australasia 7 Superorder Ameridelphia edit Order Didelphimorphia common opossums edit Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene They are small to medium sized marsupials about the size of a large house cat with a long snout and prehensile tail Family Didelphidae American opossums Subfamily Caluromyinae Genus Caluromys Derby s woolly opossum C derbianus LC Brown eared woolly opossum C lanatus LC Bare tailed woolly opossum C philander LC Genus Caluromysiops Black shouldered opossum Caluromysiops irrupta LC Subfamily Glironiinae Genus Glironia Bushy tailed opossum Glironia venusta LC Subfamily Hyladelphinae Genus Hyladelphys Kalinowski s mouse opossum Hyladelphys kalinowskii LC Subfamily Didelphinae Genus Chacodelphys Chacoan pygmy opossum Chacodelphys formosa VU Genus Chironectes Water opossum Chironectes minimus LC Genus Cryptonanus Agricola s gracile opossum Cryptonanus agricolai DD Chacoan gracile opossum Cryptonanus chacoensis LC Guahiba gracile opossum Cryptonanus guahybae DD Red bellied gracile opossum Cryptonanus ignitus EX Unduavi gracile opossum Cryptonanus unduaviensis DD Genus Didelphis White eared opossum Didelphis albiventris LC Big eared opossum Didelphis aurita LC Guianan white eared opossum Didelphis imperfecta LC Common opossum Didelphis marsupialis LC Andean white eared opossum Didelphis pernigra LC Genus Gracilinanus Aceramarca gracile opossum Gracilinanus aceramarcae LC Agile gracile opossum Gracilinanus agilis LC Wood sprite gracile opossum Gracilinanus dryas NT Emilia s gracile opossum Gracilinanus emiliae DD Northern gracile opossum Gracilinanus marica LC Brazilian gracile opossum Gracilinanus microtarsus LC Genus Lestodelphys Patagonian opossum Lestodelphys halli LC Genus Lutreolina Big lutrine opossum Lutreolina crassicaudata LC Massoia s lutrine opossum Lutreolina massoia LC Genus Marmosa Subgenus Eomarmosa Red mouse opossum Marmosa rubra DD Subgenus Exulomarmosa Isthmian mouse opossum Marmosa isthmica Robinson s mouse opossum Marmosa robinsoni LC Marmosa simonsi Guajira mouse opossum Marmosa xerophila VU Marmosa zeledoni Subgenus Marmosa Quechuan mouse opossum Marmosa macrotarsus LC Linnaeus s mouse opossum Marmosa murina LC Tyler s mouse opossum Marmosa tyleriana DD Marmosa waterhousei Subgenus Micoureus Alston s mouse opossum Marmosa alstoni LC White bellied woolly mouse opossum Marmosa constantiae LC Woolly mouse opossum Marmosa demerarae LC Tate s woolly mouse opossum Marmosa paraguayana LC Little woolly mouse opossum Marmosa phaea VU Bare tailed woolly mouse opossum Marmosa regina LC Subgenus Stegomarmosa Heavy browed mouse opossum Marmosa andersoni DD Rufous mouse opossum Marmosa lepida LC Genus Marmosops Bishop s slender opossum Marmosops bishopi LC Marmosops caucae Narrow headed slender opossum Marmosops cracens DD Creighton s slender opossum Marmosops creightoni DD Dusky slender opossum Marmosops fuscatus DD Handley s slender opossum Marmosops handleyi CR Tschudi s slender opossum Marmosops impavidus LC Gray slender opossum Marmosops incanus LC Junin slender opossum Marmosops juninensis VU Neblina slender opossum Marmosops neblina LC White bellied slender opossum Marmosops noctivagus LC Dorothy s slender opossum Marmosops ocellatus LC Delicate slender opossum Marmosops parvidens LC Brazilian slender opossum Marmosops paulensis LC Pinheiro s slender opossum Marmosops pinheiroi LC Genus Metachirus Brown four eyed opossum Metachirus nudicaudatus LC Genus Monodelphis Sepia short tailed opossum Monodelphis adusta LC Northern three striped opossum Monodelphis americana LC Monodelphis arlindoi Northern red sided opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata LC Yellow sided opossum Monodelphis dimidiata LC Gray short tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica LC Emilia s short tailed opossum Monodelphis emiliae LC Monodelphis gardneri Amazonian red sided opossum Monodelphis glirina LC Monodelphis handleyi Ihering s three striped opossum Monodelphis iheringi DD Pygmy short tailed opossum Monodelphis kunsi LC Marajo short tailed opossum Monodelphis maraxina DD Osgood s short tailed opossum Monodelphis osgoodi LC Hooded red sided opossum Monodelphis palliolata LC Monodelphis peruviana Reig s opossum Monodelphis reigi VU Ronald s opossum Monodelphis ronaldi LC Chestnut striped opossum Monodelphis rubida DD Monodelphis sanctaerosae Long nosed short tailed opossum Monodelphis scalops LC Southern red sided opossum Monodelphis sorex LC Southern three striped opossum Monodelphis theresa DD Monodelphis touan Red three striped opossum Monodelphis umbristriata VU One striped opossum Monodelphis unistriata DD Genus Philander Anderson s four eyed opossum Philander andersoni LC Deltaic four eyed opossum Philander deltae LC Southeastern four eyed opossum Philander frenata LC McIlhenny s four eyed opossum Philander mcilhennyi LC Mondolfi s four eyed opossum Philander mondolfii LC Olrog s four eyed opossum Philander olrogi Gray four eyed opossum Philander opossum LC Genus Thylamys Cinderella fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys cinderella LC Thylamys citellus Elegant fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys elegans LC Karimi s fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys karimii VU Paraguayan fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys macrura NT White bellied fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys pallidior LC Thylamys pulchellus Common fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys pusillus LC Argentine fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys sponsorius LC Tate s fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys tatei DD Dwarf fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys velutinus LC Buff bellied fat tailed mouse opossum Thylamys venustus DD Order Paucituberculata shrew opossums edit nbsp Eastern caenolestid There are six extant species of shrew opossum They are small shrew like marsupials confined to the Andes Family Caenolestidae Genus Caenolestes Gray bellied caenolestid Caenolestes caniventer NT Andean caenolestid Caenolestes condorensis VU Northern caenolestid Caenolestes convelatus VU Dusky caenolestid Caenolestes fuliginosus LC Eastern caenolestid Caenolestes sangay VU Genus Lestoros Incan caenolestid Lestoros inca LC Genus Rhyncholestes Long nosed caenolestid Rhyncholestes raphanurus NT Superorder Australidelphia edit nbsp Monito del monte on bamboo Order Microbiotheria monito del monte edit The monito del monte of Chile and Argentina is the only extant member of its family and the only surviving member of an ancient order Microbiotheria It appears to be more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other Neotropic marsupials this is a reflection of the South American origin of all Australasian marsupials 7 Family Microbiotheriidae Genus Dromiciops Monito del monte Dromiciops gliroides NT Infraclass Eutheria edit Superorder Afrotheria edit Order Sirenia manatees and dugongs edit nbsp West Indian manatee Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers estuaries coastal marine waters swamps and marine wetlands All four species are endangered They evolved about 50 million years ago and their closest living relatives are elephants The manatees are the only extant afrotherians in the Americas However a number proboscid species some of which survived until the arrival of Paleoindians once inhabited the region Those that reached South America have usually been classified as gomphotheres but sometimes instead as elephantids Family Trichechidae Genus Trichechus Amazonian manatee T inunguis VU West Indian manatee T manatus VU Superorder Xenarthra edit Order Cingulata armadillos edit nbsp Nine banded armadillo nbsp Pink fairy armadillo nbsp Screaming hairy armadillo nbsp Six banded armadillo nbsp Southern three banded armadillo The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell All 21 extant species are found in South America where they originated Their much larger relatives the pampatheres and glyptodonts once lived in North and South America but became extinct following the appearance of humans Family Dasypodidae long nosed armadillos Subfamily Dasypodinae Genus Dasypus Southern long nosed armadillo Dasypus hybridus NT Greater long nosed armadillo Dasypus kappleri LC Nine banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus LC Hairy long nosed armadillo Dasypus pilosus VU Llanos long nosed armadillo Dasypus sabanicola LC Seven banded armadillo Dasypus septemcinctus LC Yepes s mulita Dasypus yepesi DD Family Chlamyphoridae armadillos Subfamily Chlamyphorinae Genus Calyptophractus Greater fairy armadillo Calyptophractus retusus DD Genus Chlamyphorus Pink fairy armadillo Chlamyphorus truncatus DD Subfamily Euphractinae Genus Chaetophractus Andean hairy armadillo Chaetophractus nationi VU Screaming hairy armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus LC Big hairy armadillo Chaetophractus villosus LC Genus Euphractus Six banded armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus LC Genus Zaedyus Pichi Zaedyus pichiy NT Subfamily Tolypeutinae Genus Cabassous Northern naked tailed armadillo Cabassous centralis DD Chacoan naked tailed armadillo Cabassous chacoensis NT Greater naked tailed armadillo Cabassous tatouay LC Southern naked tailed armadillo Cabassous unicinctus LC Genus Priodontes Giant armadillo Priodontes maximus VU Genus Tolypeutes Southern three banded armadillo Tolypeutes matacus NT Brazilian three banded armadillo Tolypeutes tricinctus VU nbsp Brown throated sloth nbsp Hoffmann s two toed sloth nbsp Silky anteater nbsp Giant anteater nbsp Southern tamandua Order Pilosa sloths and anteaters edit The order Pilosa is confined to the Americas and contains the tree sloths and anteaters which include the tamanduas All 5 extant genera and 9 of 10 extant species are present in South America the ancestral home of the group The exception is the pygmy three toed sloth endemic to an island off Panama Numerous ground sloths some of which reached the size of elephants were once present in both North and South America as well as on the Antilles Some west coastal South American forms had even evolved into marine sloths All of these went extinct following the arrival of humans Extant tree sloths fall into two groups that are not closely related and which do not form a clade two toed sloths are much more closely related to some extinct ground sloths than to three toed sloths Suborder Folivora Family Bradypodidae three toed sloths Genus Bradypus Maned sloth Bradypus torquatus VU Pale throated sloth Bradypus tridactylus LC Brown throated sloth Bradypus variegatus LC Family Choloepodidae two toed sloths Genus Choloepus Linnaeus s two toed sloth Choloepus didactylus LC Hoffmann s two toed sloth Choloepus hoffmanni LC Suborder Vermilingua Family Cyclopedidae Genus Cyclopes silky anteaters Cyclopes catellus NE Cyclopes didactylus LC Cyclopes dorsalis NE Cyclopes ida NE Cyclopes rufus NE Cyclopes thomasi NE Cyclopes xinguensis NE Family Myrmecophagidae American anteaters Genus Myrmecophaga Giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla VU Genus Tamandua Northern tamandua Tamandua mexicana LC Southern tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla LC Superorder Euarchontoglires edit Order Primates edit nbsp Panamanian night monkeys nbsp Pygmy marmoset nbsp White headed marmosets nbsp Silvery marmoset nbsp Golden lion tamarin nbsp Emperor tamarin nbsp White fronted capuchin nbsp Black capuchin nbsp Common squirrel monkey nbsp Venezuelan red howler nbsp Black headed spider monkey nbsp Brown spider monkey nbsp Northern muriqui nbsp Brown woolly monkey nbsp Black fronted titi nbsp Vieira s titi nbsp Black titi nbsp White faced saki male nbsp White faced saki female nbsp Red backed bearded saki nbsp Uta Hick s bearded saki nbsp Bald uakari The order Primates includes the lemurs monkeys and apes with the latter category including humans It is divided into four main groupings strepsirrhines tarsiers monkeys of the New World parvorder Platyrrhini and monkeys and apes of the Old World South America s 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America 15 in Madagascar 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that rafted over from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event Suborder Haplorrhini Infraorder Simiiformes Parvorder Platyrrhini New World monkeys Family Aotidae night monkeys Genus Aotus Azara s night monkey Aotus azarae LC Brumback s night monkey Aotus brumbacki VU Gray handed night monkey Aotus griseimembra VU Hernandez Camacho s night monkey Aotus jorgehernandezi DD Gray bellied night monkey Aotus lemurinus VU Peruvian night monkey Aotus miconax VU Nancy Ma s night monkey Aotus nancymaae LC Black headed night monkey Aotus nigriceps LC Three striped night monkey Aotus trivirgatus LC Spix s night monkey Aotus vociferans LC Panamanian night monkey Aotus zonalis DD Family Callitrichidae Genus Callibella Roosmalens dwarf marmoset Callibella humilis VU Genus Cebuella Pygmy marmoset Cebuella pygmaea LC Genus Callithrix Buffy tufted marmoset Callithrix aurita VU Buffy headed marmoset Callithrix flaviceps EN White headed marmoset Callithrix geoffroyi LC Common marmoset Callithrix jacchus LC Wied s marmoset Callithrix kuhlii NT Black tufted marmoset Callithrix penicillata LC Genus Mico Rio Acari marmoset Mico acariensis DD Silvery marmoset Mico argentatus LC Gold and white marmoset Mico chrysoleucus DD Emilia s marmoset Mico emiliae DD Santarem marmoset Mico humeralifer DD Hershkovitz s marmoset Mico intermedius LC White marmoset Mico leucippe VU Manicore marmoset Mico manicorensis LC Marca s marmoset Mico marcai DD Maues marmoset Mico mauesi LC Black tailed marmoset Mico melanurus LC Black headed marmoset Mico nigriceps DD Rondon s marmoset Mico rondoni VU Satere marmoset Mico saterei LC Genus Callimico Goeldi s marmoset Callimico goeldii VU Genus Leontopithecus Superagui lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara CR Golden headed lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysomelas EN Black lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysopygus EN Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia EN Genus Saguinus Pied tamarin Saguinus bicolor EN Brown mantled tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis LC Geoffroy s tamarin Saguinus geoffroyi LC Graells s tamarin Saguinus graellsi NT Emperor tamarin Saguinus imperator LC Mottle faced tamarin Saguinus inustus LC White lipped tamarin Saguinus labiatus LC White footed tamarin Saguinus leucopus EN Martins s tamarin Saguinus martinsi LC White mantled tamarin Saguinus melanoleucus LC Red handed tamarin Saguinus midas LC Moustached tamarin Saguinus mystax LC Black tamarin Saguinus niger VU Black mantled tamarin Saguinus nigricollis LC Cottontop tamarin Saguinus oedipus CR Red capped tamarin Saguinus pileatus LC Golden mantled tamarin Saguinus tripartitus NT Family Cebidae Subfamily Cebinae Genus Cebus Ecuadorian capuchin Cebus aequatorialis CR White fronted capuchin Cebus albifrons LC Brown weeper capuchin Cebus brunneus LC Colombian white headed capuchin Cebus capucinus LC Rio Cesar white fronted capuchin Cebus cesarae DD Shock headed capuchin Cebus cuscinus NT Kaapori capuchin Cebus kaapori CR Sierra de Perija white fronted capuchin Cebus leucocephalus NE Santa Marta white fronted capuchin Cebus malitiosus EN Wedge capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus LC Spix s white fronted capuchin Cebus unicolor NE Varied white fronted capuchin Cebus versicolor EN Maranon white fronted capuchin Cebus yuracus NE Genus Sapajus Tufted capuchin Sapajus apella LC Azaras s capuchin Sapajus cay LC Blond capuchin Sapajus flavius CR Black striped capuchin Sapajus libidinosus LC Large headed capuchin Sapajus macrocephalus LC Black capuchin Sapajus nigritus NT Crested capuchin Sapajus robustus EN Golden bellied capuchin Sapajus xanthosternos CR Subfamily Saimiriinae Genus Saimiri Black capped squirrel monkey Saimiri boliviensis LC Humboldt s squirrel monkey Saimiri cassiquiarensis Collins squirrel monkey Saimiri collinsii Guianan squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus LC Bare eared squirrel monkey Saimiri ustus NT Black squirrel monkey Saimiri vanzolinii VU Family Atelidae Subfamily Alouattinae Genus Alouatta Ursine howler Alouatta arctoidea LC Red handed howler Alouatta belzebul VU Black howler Alouatta caraya LC Spix s red handed howler Alouatta discolor VU Brown howler Alouatta guariba LC Jurua red howler Alouatta juara LC Guyanan red howler Alouatta macconnelli LC Amazon black howler Alouatta nigerrima LC Mantled howler Alouatta palliata LC Purus red howler Alouatta puruensis LC Bolivian red howler Alouatta sara LC Venezuelan red howler Alouatta seniculus LC Maranhao red handed howler Alouatta ululata EN Subfamily Atelinae Genus Ateles White fronted spider monkey Ateles belzebuth EN Peruvian spider monkey Ateles chamek EN Black headed spider monkey Ateles fusciceps CR Geoffroy s spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi EN Brown spider monkey Ateles hybridus CR White cheeked spider monkey Ateles marginatus EN Red faced spider monkey Ateles paniscus VU Genus Brachyteles Southern muriqui Brachyteles arachnoides EN Northern muriqui Brachyteles hypoxanthus CR Genus Lagothrix Gray woolly monkey Lagothrix cana EN Brown woolly monkey Lagothrix lagothricha VU Colombian woolly monkey Lagothrix lugens CR Silvery woolly monkey Lagothrix poeppigii VU Genus Oreonax Yellow tailed woolly monkey Oreonax flavicauda CR Family Pitheciidae Subfamily Callicebinae Genus Cheracebus Lucifer titi Cheracebus lucifer LC Black titi Cheracebus lugens LC Colombian black handed titi Cheracebus medemi VU Rio Purus titi Cheracebus purinus LC Red headed titi Cheracebus regulus LC Collared titi Cheracebus torquatus LC Genus Callicebus Barbara Brown s titi Plecturocebus barbarabrownae CR Coimbra Filho s titi Callicebus coimbrai EN Coastal black handed titi Callicebus melanochir VU Black fronted titi Callicebus nigrifrons NT Atlantic titi Callicebus personatus VU Genus Plecturocebus Madidi titi Plecturocebus aureipalatii LC Baptista Lake titi Plecturocebus baptista LC Prince Bernhard s titi Plecturocebus bernhardi LC Brown titi Plecturocebus brunneus LC Chestnut bellied titi Plecturocebus caligatus LC Caqueta titi Plecturocebus caquetensis CR Ashy black titi Plecturocebus cinerascens LC Coppery titi Plecturocebus cupreus LC White tailed titi Plecturocebus discolor LC White eared titi Plecturocebus donacophilus LC Hershkovitz s titi Plecturocebus dubius LC Alta Floresta titi Plecturocebus groves Hoffmanns s titi Plecturocebus hoffmannsi LC Milton s titi Plecturocebus miltoni NE Rio Beni titi Plecturocebus modestus EN Red bellied titi Plecturocebus moloch LC Rio Mayo titi Plecturocebus oenanthe EN Ollala brothers titi Plecturocebus olallae EN Ornate titi Plecturocebus ornatus VU White coated titi Plecturocebus pallescens LC Stephen Nash s titi Plecturocebus stephennashi DD Urubamba brown titi Plecturocebus urubambensis NE Vieira s titi Plecturocebus vieirai NE Subfamily Pitheciinae Genus Pithecia Equatorial saki Pithecia aequatorialis LC White footed saki Pithecia albicans VU Cazuza s saki Pithecia cazuzai NE Golden faced saki Pithecia chrysocephala LC Hairy saki Pithecia hirsuta NE Burnished saki Pithecia inusta NE Rio Tapajos saki Pithecia irrorata NE Isabel s saki Pithecia isabela NE Monk saki Pithecia monachus NE Miller s saki Pithecia milleri DD Mittermeier s Tapajos saki Pithecia mittermeieri NE Napo saki Pithecia napensis DD White faced saki Pithecia pithecia LC Pissinatti s bald faced saki Pithecia pissinattii NE Rylands bald faced saki Pithecia rylandsi NE Vanzolini s bald faced saki Pithecia vanzolinii DD Genus Chiropotes White nosed saki Chiropotes albinasus EN Red backed bearded saki Chiropotes chiropotes LC Brown backed bearded saki Chiropotes israelita Black bearded saki Chiropotes satanas CR Uta Hick s bearded saki Chiropotes utahicki EN Genus Cacajao Araca uakari Cacajao ayresii VU Bald uakari Cacajao calvus VU Neblina uakari Cacajao hosomi VU Golden backed uakari Cacajao melanocephalus LC Order Rodentia rodents edit nbsp Bicolored spined porcupine nbsp Brazilian porcupine nbsp Rothschild s porcupine nbsp Stump tailed porcupine nbsp Short tailed chinchilla nbsp Long tailed chinchilla nbsp Southern viscacha nbsp Plains viscacha nbsp Pacarana nbsp Brazilian guinea pig nbsp Greater guinea pig nbsp Muenster yellow toothed cavy nbsp Patagonian mara nbsp Capybara nbsp Rock cavies nbsp Azara s agouti nbsp Black agouti nbsp Red rumped agouti nbsp Central American agouti nbsp Green acouchi nbsp Lowland paca nbsp Flamarion s tuco tuco nbsp Haig s tuco tuco nbsp Common degu nbsp Coruro nbsp Plains viscacha rat nbsp Amazon bamboo rat nbsp Armored rat nbsp Ferreira s spiny tree rat nbsp Atlantic spiny rat nbsp Coypu Rodents make up the largest order of mammals with over 40 of mammalian species They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing Most rodents are small although the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg 100 lb South America s rodent fauna today is largely an outgrowth of two spectacularly fortunate ancient sweepstakes dispersal events each of which was followed by explosive diversification Caviomorphs the first rodents to reach the continent are believed to have washed ashore after rafting across the Atlantic from Africa over 30 million years ago 8 More recently ancestral sigmodontine rodents 9 apparently island hopped from Central America 5 million or more years ago 10 11 12 prior to the formation of the Panamanian land bridge These two groups now comprise 36 and 60 respectively of all South American rodent species The corresponding figures are 10 and 27 for Central America 2 and 10 for Mexico 0 5 and 3 for North America north of Mexico and 72 and 27 for recent endemic Caribbean rodents n 2 Conversely sciurids make up 3 of rodents in South America 8 in Central America 15 in Mexico and 31 in North America north of Mexico while castorimorphs are 1 16 26 and 28 respectively Sciurids are absent from South America s southern cone while castorimorphs are only present in northwest South America Colombia Venezuela and Ecuador Illustrating the advantage of gaining a head start in colonizing a new land mass sigmodontine rodents comprise 99 5 of all cricetid rodents in South America but only 42 in Central America 17 in Mexico and 7 in North America north of Mexico Suborder Hystricomorpha Parvorder Caviomorpha Family Erethizontidae New World porcupines Subfamily Chaetomyinae Genus Chaetomys Bristle spined rat Chaetomys subspinosus VU Subfamily Erethizontinae Genus Coendou Baturite porcupine Coendou baturitensis Bicolored spined porcupine Coendou bicolor LC Streaked dwarf porcupine Coendou ichillus DD Bahia porcupine Coendou insidiosus LC Black tailed hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou melanurus LC Black dwarf porcupine Coendou nycthemera DD Brazilian porcupine Coendou prehensilis LC Frosted hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou pruinosus LC Andean porcupine Coendou quichua DD Roosmalen s dwarf porcupine Coendou roosmalenorum DD Rothschild s porcupine Coendou rothschildi DD Stump tailed porcupine Coendou rufescens LC Santa Marta porcupine Coendou sanctamartae DD Dwarf porcupine Coendou speratus EN Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou spinosus LC Brown hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou vestitus DD Family Chinchillidae viscachas and chinchillas Genus Chinchilla Short tailed chinchilla Chinchilla chinchilla CR Long tailed chinchilla Chinchilla lanigera CR Genus Lagidium Lagidium ahuacaense Northern viscacha Lagidium peruanum LC Southern viscacha Lagidium viscacia LC Wolffsohn s viscacha Lagidium wolffsohni DD Genus Lagostomus Plains viscacha Lagostomus maximus LC Family Dinomyidae pacarana Genus Dinomys Pacarana Dinomys branickii VU Family Caviidae guinea pigs and cavies Subfamily Caviinae Genus Cavia Brazilian guinea pig Cavia aperea LC Shiny guinea pig Cavia fulgida LC Santa Catarina s guinea pig Cavia intermedia CR Greater guinea pig Cavia magna LC Montane guinea pig Cavia tschudii LC Genus Galea Southern highland yellow toothed cavy Galea comes DD Brazilian yellow toothed cavy Galea flavidens LC Lowland yellow toothed cavy Galea leucoblephara LC Common yellow toothed cavy Galea musteloides LC Muenster yellow toothed cavy Galea m monasteriensis NE Spix s yellow toothed cavy Galea spixii LC Genus Microcavia Southern mountain cavy Microcavia australis LC Andean mountain cavy Microcavia niata LC Shipton s mountain cavy Microcavia shiptoni NT Subfamily Dolichotinae Genus Dolichotis Patagonian mara Dolichotis patagonum NT Chacoan mara Dolichotis salinicola LC Subfamily Hydrochoerinae capybaras and rock cavies Genus Hydrochoerus Capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris LC Lesser capybara Hydrochoerus isthmius DD Genus Kerodon Acrobatic cavy Kerodon acrobata DD Rock cavy Kerodon rupestris LC Family Dasyproctidae agoutis and acouchis Genus Dasyprocta Azara s agouti Dasyprocta azarae DD Crested agouti Dasyprocta cristata DD Black agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa LC Orinoco agouti Dasyprocta guamara NT Kalinowski s agouti Dasyprocta kalinowskii DD Red rumped agouti Dasyprocta leporina LC Black rumped agouti Dasyprocta prymnolopha LC Central American agouti Dasyprocta punctata LC Genus Myoprocta Red acouchi Myoprocta acouchy LC Green acouchi Myoprocta pratti LC Family Cuniculidae Genus Cuniculus Cuniculus hernandezi Lowland paca Cuniculus paca LC Mountain paca Cuniculus taczanowskii NT Family Ctenomyidae tuco tucos Genus Ctenomys Argentine tuco tuco Ctenomys argentinus NT Southern tuco tuco Ctenomys australis EN Azara s tuco tuco Ctenomys azarae VU Berg s tuco tuco Ctenomys bergi VU Bolivian tuco tuco Ctenomys boliviensis LC Bonetto s tuco tuco Ctenomys bonettoi EN Brazilian tuco tuco Ctenomys brasiliensis DD Budin s tuco tuco Ctenomys budini DD Colburn s tuco tuco Ctenomys colburni DD Puntilla tuco tuco Ctenomys coludo DD Conover s tuco tuco Ctenomys conoveri LC Coyhaique tuco tuco Ctenomys coyhaiquensis DD D Orbigny s tuco tuco Ctenomys dorbignyi NT Chacoan tuco tuco Ctenomys dorsalis DD Emily s tuco tuco Ctenomys emilianus NT Famatina tuco tuco Ctenomys famosus DD Flamarion s tuco tuco Ctenomys flamarioni EN Foch s tuco tuco Ctenomys fochi DD Lago Blanco tuco tuco Ctenomys fodax DD Reddish tuco tuco Ctenomys frater LC Tawny tuco tuco Ctenomys fulvus LC Goodfellow s tuco tuco Ctenomys goodfellowi LC Haig s tuco tuco Ctenomys haigi LC San Juan tuco tuco Ctenomys johannis DD Jujuy tuco tuco Ctenomys juris DD Catamarca tuco tuco Ctenomys knighti DD Lami tuco tuco Ctenomys lami VU Mottled tuco tuco Ctenomys latro VU White toothed tuco tuco Ctenomys leucodon LC Lewis s tuco tuco Ctenomys lewisi LC Magellanic tuco tuco Ctenomys magellanicus VU Maule tuco tuco Ctenomys maulinus LC Mendoza tuco tuco Ctenomys mendocinus LC Tiny tuco tuco Ctenomys minutus DD Furtive tuco tuco Ctenomys occultus EN Highland tuco tuco Ctenomys opimus LC Reig s tuco tuco Ctenomys osvaldoreigi CR Ctenomys paraguayensis Pearson s tuco tuco Ctenomys pearsoni NT Goya tuco tuco Ctenomys perrensi LC Peruvian tuco tuco Ctenomys peruanus LC Pilar tuco tuco Ctenomys pilarensis EN San Luis tuco tuco Ctenomys pontifex DD Porteous s tuco tuco Ctenomys porteousi NT Pundt s tuco tuco Ctenomys pundti VU Rio Negro tuco tuco Ctenomys rionegrensis EN Roig s tuco tuco Ctenomys roigi CR Salta tuco tuco Ctenomys saltarius DD Scaglia s tuco tuco Ctenomys scagliai DD Silky tuco tuco Ctenomys sericeus DD Social tuco tuco Ctenomys sociabilis CR Steinbach s tuco tuco Ctenomys steinbachi LC Forest tuco tuco Ctenomys sylvanus DD Talas tuco tuco Ctenomys talarum LC Collared tuco tuco Ctenomys torquatus LC Robust tuco tuco Ctenomys tuconax DD Tucuman tuco tuco Ctenomys tucumanus DD Sierra Tontal tuco tuco Ctenomys tulduco DD Strong tuco tuco Ctenomys validus DD Vipos tuco tuco Ctenomys viperinus DD Yolanda s tuco tuco Ctenomys yolandae DD Family Octodontidae Genus Aconaemys Chilean rock rat Aconaemys fuscus LC Porter s rock rat Aconaemys porteri DD Sage s rock rat Aconaemys sagei DD Genus Octodon Bridges s degu Octodon bridgesi VU Common degu Octodon degus LC Moon toothed degu Octodon lunatus VU Pacific degu Octodon pacificus CR Genus Octodontomys Mountain degu Octodontomys gliroides LC Genus Octomys Mountain viscacha rat Octomys mimax LC Genus Pipanacoctomys Golden viscacha rat Pipanacoctomys aureus CR Genus Spalacopus Coruro Spalacopus cyanus LC Genus Tympanoctomys Plains viscacha rat Tympanoctomys barrerae NT Kirchner s viscacha rat Tympanoctomys kirchnerorum DD Chalchalero viscacha rat Tympanoctomys loschalchalerosorum CR Family Abrocomidae Genus Abrocoma Bennett s chinchilla rat Abrocoma bennettii LC Bolivian chinchilla rat Abrocoma boliviensis CR Budin s chinchilla rat Abrocoma budini DD Ashy chinchilla rat Abrocoma cinerea LC Famatina chinchilla rat Abrocoma famatina DD Sierra del Tontal chinchilla rat Abrocoma schistacea DD Uspallata chinchilla rat Abrocoma uspallata DD Punta de Vacas chinchilla rat Abrocoma vaccarum DD Family Echimyidae spiny rats and allies Subfamily Dactylomyinae Genus Kannabateomys Atlantic bamboo rat Kannabateomys amblyonyx LC Genus Dactylomys Bolivian bamboo rat Dactylomys boliviensis LC Amazon bamboo rat Dactylomys dactylinus LC Montane bamboo rat Dactylomys peruanus DD Genus Olallamys White tailed olalla rat Olallamys albicauda DD Greedy olalla rat Olallamys edax DD Subfamily Echimyinae Genus Callistomys Painted tree rat Callistomys pictus EN Genus Diplomys Colombian soft furred spiny rat Diplomys caniceps DD Rufous soft furred spiny rat Diplomys labilis LC Genus Echimys White faced spiny tree rat Echimys chrysurus LC Dark spiny tree rat Echimys saturnus DD Echimys vieirai DD Genus Isothrix Isothrix barbarabrownae DD Yellow crowned brush tailed rat Isothrix bistriata LC Rio Negro brush tailed rat Isothrix negrensis LC Plain brush tailed rat Isothrix pagurus LC Sinnamary brush tailed rat Isothrix sinnamariensis LC Genus Makalata Makalata castaneus Brazilian spiny tree rat Makalata didelphoides LC Makalata handleyi Makalata guianae Makalata longirostris Long tailed armored tree rat Makalata macrura LC Dusky spiny tree rat Makalata obscura DD Peruvian tree rat Makalata rhipidura DD Genus Pattonomys Bare tailed armored tree rat Pattonomys occasius DD Speckled spiny tree rat Pattonomys semivillosus LC Genus Phyllomys Golden Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys blainvilii LC Orange brown Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys brasiliensis EN Drab Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys dasythrix LC Kerr s Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys kerri DD Pallid Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys lamarum DD Lund s Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys lundi EN Mantiqueira Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys mantiqueirensis CR Long furred Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys medius LC Black spined Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys nigrispinus LC Rusty sided Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys pattoni LC Phyllomys sulinus Giant Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys thomasi EN Short furred Atlantic tree rat Phyllomys unicolor CR Genus Santamartamys Red crested tree rat Santamartamys rufodorsalis CR Genus Toromys Giant tree rat Toromys grandis LC Subfamily Eumysopinae Genus Carterodon Owl s spiny rat Carterodon sulcidens DD Genus Clyomys Broad headed spiny rat Clyomys laticeps LC Genus Euryzygomatomys Brandt s guiara Euryzygomatomys guiara Fischer s guiara Euryzygomatomys spinosus LC Genus Hoplomys Armored rat Hoplomys gymnurus LC Genus Lonchothrix Tuft tailed spiny tree rat Lonchothrix emiliae LC Genus Mesomys Ferreira s spiny tree rat Mesomys hispidus LC Woolly headed spiny tree rat Mesomys leniceps DD Tufted tailed spiny tree rat Mesomys occultus LC Para spiny tree rat Mesomys stimulax LC Genus Proechimys Short tailed spiny rat Proechimys brevicauda LC Colombian spiny rat Proechimys canicollis LC Boyaca spiny rat Proechimys chrysaeolus DD Cuvier s spiny rat Proechimys cuvieri LC Pacific spiny rat Proechimys decumanus VU Stiff spine spiny rat Proechimys echinothrix LC Gardner s spiny rat Proechimys gardneri DD Goeldi s spiny rat Proechimys goeldii VU Guaira spiny rat Proechimys guairae LC Guyenne spiny rat Proechimys guyannensis LC Guyanan spiny rat Proechimys hoplomyoides DD Kulina spiny rat Proechimys kulinae DD Long tailed spiny rat Proechimys longicaudatus LC Magdalena spiny rat Proechimys magdalenae DD Minca spiny rat Proechimys mincae DD O Connell s spiny rat Proechimys oconnelli DD Patton s spiny rat Proechimys pattoni LC Gray footed spiny rat Proechimys poliopus VU Napo spiny rat Proechimys quadruplicatus LC Roberto s spiny rat Proechimys roberti VU Tome s spiny rat Proechimys semispinosus LC Simon s spiny rat Proechimys simonsi LC Steere s spiny rat Proechimys steerei LC Trinidad spiny rat Proechimys trinitatis DD Sucre spiny rat Proechimys urichi LC Genus Thrichomys Common punare Thrichomys apereoides LC Thrichomys fosteri NE Highlands punare Thrichomys inermis LC Sao Lourenco punare Thrichomys laurentius DD Paraguayan punare Thrichomys pachyurus LC Genus Trinomys White spined Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys albispinus LC Soft spined Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys dimidiatus LC Elias Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys eliasi EN Gracile Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys gratiosus LC Ihering s Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys iheringi LC Dark caped Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys mirapitanga DD Moojen s Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys moojeni EN Mouse tailed Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys myosuros LC Spiked Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys paratus DD Hairy Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys setosus LC Yonenaga s Atlantic spiny rat Trinomys yonenagae EN Family Myocastoridae coypus Genus Myocastor Coypu Myocastor coypus LC nbsp Brazilian squirrel nbsp Red tailed squirrel nbsp Ingram s squirrel nbsp Southern Amazon red squirrel Suborder Sciuromorpha Family Sciuridae squirrels Subfamily Sciurillinae Genus Sciurillus Neotropical pygmy squirrel Sciurillus pusillus DD Subfamily Sciurinae Tribe Sciurini Genus Microsciurus Central American dwarf squirrel Microsciurus alfari LC Amazon dwarf squirrel Microsciurus flaviventer DD Western dwarf squirrel Microsciurus mimulus LC Santander dwarf squirrel Microsciurus santanderensis DD Genus Sciurus Brazilian squirrel Sciurus aestuans LC South Yungas red squirrel Sciurus argentinius Fiery squirrel Sciurus flammifer DD Yellow throated squirrel Sciurus gilvigularis DD Red tailed squirrel Sciurus granatensis LC Bolivian squirrel Sciurus ignitus DD Northern Amazon red squirrel Sciurus igniventris LC Atlantic Forest squirrel Sciurus ingrami Andean squirrel Sciurus pucheranii DD Junin red squirrel Sciurus pyrrhinus DD Sanborn s squirrel Sciurus sanborni DD Southern Amazon red squirrel Sciurus spadiceus LC Guayaquil squirrel Sciurus stramineus LC Suborder Castorimorpha Family Geomyidae Genus Orthogeomys Thaeler s pocket gopher Orthogeomys thaeleri LC Family Heteromyidae Subfamily Heteromyinae Genus Heteromys Trinidad spiny pocket mouse Heteromys anomalus LC Southern spiny pocket mouse Heteromys australis LC Overlook spiny pocket mouse Heteromys catopterius NE Desmarest s spiny pocket mouse Heteromys desmarestianus LC Paraguana spiny pocket mouse Heteromys oasicus EN Ecuadoran spiny pocket mouse Heteromys teleus VU nbsp Sanborn s grass mouse nbsp Galapagos rice rat nbsp Small vesper mouse nbsp Drymoreomys albimaculatus nbsp Stolzmann s crab eating rat nbsp Hairy tailed bolo mouse nbsp Long tailed pygmy rice rat nbsp Marsh rice rat close relative of Coues s rice rat nbsp Darwin s leaf eared mouse nbsp Bunny rat nbsp White footed climbing mouse nbsp Atlantic Forest climbing mouse Suborder Myomorpha Family Cricetidae Subfamily Tylomyinae Genus Tylomys Mira climbing rat Tylomys mirae LC Subfamily Neotominae Genus Reithrodontomys Mexican harvest mouse Reithrodontomys mexicanus LC Subfamily Sigmodontinae Genus Abrawayaomys Abrawayaomys chebezi Ruschi s rat Abrawayaomys ruschii LC Genus Abrothrix Andean Altiplano mouse Abrothrix andinus LC Hershkovitz s grass mouse Abrothrix hershkovitzi LC Gray grass mouse Abrothrix illuteus NT Jelski s Altiplano mouse Abrothrix jelskii LC Woolly grass mouse Abrothrix lanosus LC Long haired grass mouse Abrothrix longipilis LC Olive grass mouse Abrothrix olivaceus LC Sanborn s grass mouse Abrothrix sanborni NT Genus Aepeomys Olive montane mouse Aepeomys lugens LC Reig s montane mouse Aepeomys reigi VU Genus Aegialomys Galapagos rice rat Aegialomys galapagoensis VU Yellowish rice rat Aegialomys xanthaeolus LC Genus Akodon Highland grass mouse Akodon aerosus LC Colombian grass mouse Akodon affinis LC White bellied grass mouse Akodon albiventer LC Azara s grass mouse Akodon azarae LC Bogota grass mouse Akodon bogotensis LC Bolivian grass mouse Akodon boliviensis LC Budin s grass mouse Akodon budini LC Akodon caenosus Cursor grass mouse Akodon cursor LC Day s grass mouse Akodon dayi LC Dolorous grass mouse Akodon dolores LC Smoky grass mouse Akodon fumeus LC Akodon glaucinus Intelligent grass mouse Akodon iniscatus LC Junin grass mouse Akodon juninensis LC Koford s grass mouse Akodon kofordi LC Ecuadorian grass mouse Akodon latebricola VU Lindbergh s grass mouse Akodon lindberghi DD Altiplano grass mouse Akodon lutescens LC Thespian grass mouse Akodon mimus LC Soft grass mouse Akodon mollis LC Montane grass mouse Akodon montensis LC Caparao grass mouse Akodon mystax DD Neuquen grass mouse Akodon neocenus DD El Dorado grass mouse Akodon orophilus LC Parana grass mouse Akodon paranaensis LC Tarija akodont Akodon pervalens DD Philip Myers s akodont Akodon philipmyersi DD Akodon polopi Reig s grass mouse Akodon reigi LC Sao Paulo grass mouse Akodon sanctipaulensis DD Serra do Mar grass mouse Akodon serrensis LC Cochabamba grass mouse Akodon siberiae NT White throated grass mouse Akodon simulator LC Spegazzini s grass mouse Akodon spegazzinii LC Puno grass mouse Akodon subfuscus LC Silent grass mouse Akodon surdus VU Forest grass mouse Akodon sylvanus LC Akodon tartareus Chaco grass mouse Akodon toba LC Cloud forest grass mouse Akodon torques LC Variable grass mouse Akodon varius DD Genus Amphinectomys Ucayali water rat Amphinectomys savamis DD Genus Andalgalomys Olrog s chaco mouse Andalgalomys olrogi LC Pearson s chaco mouse Andalgalomys pearsoni LC Genus Andinomys Andean mouse Andinomys edax LC Andinomys lineicaudatus Genus Anotomys Aquatic rat Anotomys leander VU Genus Auliscomys Bolivian big eared mouse Auliscomys boliviensis LC Painted big eared mouse Auliscomys pictus LC Andean big eared mouse Auliscomys sublimis LC Genus Bibimys Chaco crimson nosed rat Bibimys chacoensis LC Large lipped crimson nosed rat Bibimys labiosus LC Torres crimson nosed rat Bibimys torresi NT Genus Blarinomys Brazilian shrew mouse Blarinomys breviceps LC Genus Brucepattersonius Gray bellied brucie Brucepattersonius griserufescens DD Guarani brucie Brucepattersonius guarani DD Red bellied brucie Brucepattersonius igniventris DD Ihering s hocicudo Brucepattersonius iheringi LC Misiones brucie Brucepattersonius misionensis DD Arroyo of Paradise brucie Brucepattersonius paradisus DD Soricine brucie Brucepattersonius soricinus DD Genus Calomys Bolivian vesper mouse Calomys boliviae LC Crafty vesper mouse Calomys callidus LC Large vesper mouse Calomys callosus LC Calomys cerqueirai Caatinga vesper mouse Calomys expulsus LC Fecund vesper mouse Calomys fecundus LC Hummelinck s vesper mouse Calomys hummelincki VU Small vesper mouse Calomys laucha LC Andean vesper mouse Calomys lepidus LC Drylands vesper mouse Calomys musculinus LC Peruvian vesper mouse Calomys sorellus LC Delicate vesper mouse Calomys tener LC Tocantins vesper mouse Calomys tocantinsi LC Cordoba vesper mouse Calomys venustus LC Genus Cerradomys Langguth s rice rat Cerradomys langguthi Maracaju rice rat Cerradomys maracajuensis LC Marinho s rice rat Cerradomys marinhus DD Lindbergh s rice rat Cerradomys scotti LC Terraced rice rat Cerradomys subflavus LC Vivo s rice rat Cerradomys vivoi Genus Chelemys Magellanic long clawed mouse Chelemys delfini DD Andean long clawed mouse Chelemys macronyx LC Large long clawed mouse Chelemys megalonyx NT Genus Chibchanomys Las Cajas water mouse Chibchanomys orcesi DD Chibchan water mouse Chibchanomys trichotis DD Genus Chilomys Colombian forest mouse Chilomys instans LC Genus Chinchillula Altiplano chinchilla mouse Chinchillula sahamae LC Genus Delomys Delomys altimontanus Montane Atlantic Forest rat Delomys collinus LC Striped Atlantic Forest rat Delomys dorsalis LC Pallid Atlantic Forest rat Delomys sublineatus LC Genus Deltamys Kemp s grass mouse Deltamys kempi LC Genus Drymoreomys Drymoreomys albimaculatus NT Genus Eligmodontia Eligmodontia bolsonensis Eligmodontia hirtipes Monte gerbil mouse Eligmodontia moreni LC Morgan s gerbil mouse Eligmodontia morgani LC Andean gerbil mouse Eligmodontia puerulus LC Highland gerbil mouse eastern Patagonian gerbil mouse Eligmodontia typus LC Genus Eremoryzomys Gray rice rat Eremoryzomys polius DD Genus Euneomys Patagonian chinchilla mouse Euneomys chinchilloides DD Burrowing chinchilla mouse Euneomys fossor DD Biting chinchilla mouse Euneomys mordax LC Peterson s chinchilla mouse Euneomys petersoni LC Genus Euryoryzomys Emmons s rice rat Euryoryzomys emmonsae DD Monster rice rat Euryoryzomys lamia EN Tarija rice rat Euryoryzomys legatus LC MacConnell s rice rat Euryoryzomys macconnelli LC Elegant rice rat Euryoryzomys nitidus LC Russet rice rat Euryoryzomys russatus LC Genus Galenomys Garlepp s mouse Galenomys garleppi DD Genus Geoxus Long clawed mole mouse Geoxus valdivianus LC Genus Graomys Graomys chacoensis contains the former Graomys centralis Pale leaf eared mouse Graomys domorum LC Edith s leaf eared mouse Graomys edithae DD Gray leaf eared mouse Graomys griseoflavus LC Genus Gyldenstolpia Fossorial giant rat Gyldenstolpia fronto EN Gyldenstolpia planaltensis Genus Handleyomys Alfaro s rice rat Handleyomys alfaroi LC Dusky montane mouse Handleyomys fuscatus LC Colombian rice rat Handleyomys intectus LC Genus Holochilus Web footed marsh rat Holochilus brasiliensis LC Chaco marsh rat Holochilus chacarius LC Amazonian marsh rat Holochilus sciureus LC Genus Hylaeamys Hylaeamys acritus DD Large headed rice rat Hylaeamys laticeps NT Azara s broad headed rice rat Hylaeamys megacephalus LC Sowbug rice rat Hylaeamys oniscus VU Western Amazonian oryzomys Hylaeamys perenensis LC Tate s rice rat Hylaeamys tatei DD Yungas rice rat Hylaeamys yunganus LC Genus Ichthyomys Crab eating rat Ichthyomys hydrobates NT Pittier s crab eating rat Ichthyomys pittieri VU Stolzmann s crab eating rat Ichthyomys stolzmanni DD Tweedy s crab eating rat Ichthyomys tweedii DD Genus Irenomys Chilean climbing mouse Irenomys tarsalis LC Genus Juliomys Juliomys anoblepas EX Juliomys ossitenuis NE Lesser Wilfred s mouse Juliomys pictipes LC Cleft headed juliomys Juliomys rimofrons VU Aracuaria Forest tree mouse Juliomys ximenezi NE Genus Juscelinomys Candango mouse Juscelinomys candango EX Rio Guapore mouse Juscelinomys guaporensis DD Huanchaca mouse Juscelinomys huanchacae DD Genus Kunsia Woolly giant rat Kunsia tomentosus LC Genus Lenoxus Andean rat Lenoxus apicalis LC Genus Loxodontomys Southern big eared mouse Loxodontomys micropus LC Pikumche pericote Loxodontomys pikumche LC Genus Lundomys Lund s amphibious rat Lundomys molitor LC Genus Megaoryzomys Galapagos giant rat Megaoryzomys curioi EX Genus Melanomys Dusky rice rat Melanomys caliginosus LC Robust dark rice rat Melanomys robustulus LC Zuniga s dark rice rat Melanomys zunigae CR Genus Microakodontomys Intermediate lesser grass mouse Microakodontomys transitorius VU Genus Microryzomys Highland small rice rat Microryzomys altissimus LC Forest small rice rat Microryzomys minutus LC Genus Mindomys Hammond s rice rat Mindomys hammondi EN Genus Neacomys Dubost s bristly mouse Neacomys dubosti LC Guiana bristly mouse Neacomys guianae LC Jurua bristly mouse Neacomys minutus LC Musser s bristly mouse Neacomys musseri LC Paracou bristly mouse Neacomys paracou LC Common bristly mouse Neacomys spinosus LC Narrow footed bristly mouse Neacomys tenuipes LC Genus Necromys Pleasant bolo mouse Necromys amoenus LC Argentine bolo mouse Necromys benefactus LC Rufous bellied bolo mouse Necromys lactens LC Hairy tailed bolo mouse Necromys lasiurus LC Paraguayan bolo mouse Necromys lenguarum LC Dark bolo mouse Necromys obscurus NT Spotted bolo mouse Necromys punctulatus DD Temchuk s bolo mouse Necromys temchuki LC Northern grass mouse Necromys urichi LC Genus Nectomys Western Amazonian water rat Nectomys apicalis LC Magdalena water rat Nectomys magdalenae DD Trinidad water rat Nectomys palmipes LC Small footed bristly mouse Nectomys rattus LC Scaly footed water rat Nectomys squamipes LC Genus Neotomys Andean swamp rat Neotomys ebriosus LC Genus Nephelomys Tomes s rice rat Nephelomys albigularis LC Nephelomys auriventer LC Costa Central rice rat Nephelomys caracolus LC Nephelomys childi Keays s rice rat Nephelomys keaysi LC Light footed rice rat Nephelomys levipes LC Nephelomys maculiventer Merida rice rat Nephelomys meridensis LC Nephelomys moerex Nephelomys nimbosus Nephelomys pectoralis Genus Nesoryzomys Darwin s rice rat Nesoryzomys darwini EX Fernandina rice rat Nesoryzomys fernandinae VU Indefatigable Galapagos mouse Nesoryzomys indefessus EX Fernandina Island Galapagos mouse Nesoryzomys narboroughi VU Santiago Galapagos mouse Nesoryzomys swarthi VU Genus Neusticomys Ferreira s fish eating rat Neusticomys ferreirai DD Montane fish eating rat Neusticomys monticolus LC Musso s fish eating rat Neusticomys mussoi EN Oyapock s fish eating rat Neusticomys oyapocki DD Peruvian fish eating rat Neusticomys peruviensis LC Venezuelan fish eating rat Neusticomys venezuelae VU Genus Noronhomys Vespucci s rodent Noronhomys vespuccii EX Genus Notiomys Edward s long clawed mouse Notiomys edwardsii LC Genus Oecomys Guianan arboreal rice rat Oecomys auyantepui LC Bicolored arboreal rice rat Oecomys bicolor LC Atlantic Forest arboreal rice rat Oecomys catherinae LC Cleber s arboreal rice rat Oecomys cleberi DD Unicolored arboreal rice rat Oecomys concolor LC Yellow arboreal rice rat Oecomys flavicans LC Mamore arboreal rice rat Oecomys mamorae LC Brazilian arboreal rice rat Oecomys paricola DD Dusky arboreal rice rat Oecomys phaeotis LC King arboreal rice rat Oecomys rex LC Robert s arboreal rice rat Oecomys roberti LC Red arboreal rice rat Oecomys rutilus LC Venezuelan arboreal rice rat Oecomys speciosus LC Foothill arboreal rice rat Oecomys superans LC Oecomys sydandersoni Trinidad arboreal rice rat Oecomys trinitatis LC Genus Oligoryzomys Andean pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys andinus LC Sandy pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys arenalis LC Brenda s colilargo Oligoryzomys brendae DD Chacoan pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys chacoensis LC Destructive pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys destructor LC Yellow pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys flavescens LC Fornes colilargo Oligoryzomys fornesi LC Fulvous pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys fulvescens LC Grayish pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys griseolus LC Long tailed pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys longicaudatus LC Magellanic pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys magellanicus LC Small eared pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys microtis LC Moojen s pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys moojeni DD Black footed pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys nigripes LC Rock pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys rupestris DD Straw colored pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys stramineus LC Genus Oreoryzomys Peruvian rice rat Oreoryzomys balneator DD Genus Oryzomys Coues s rice rat Oryzomys couesi LC Gorgas s rice rat Oryzomys gorgasi EN Genus Oxymycterus Argentine hocicudo Oxymycterus akodontius DD Amazonian hocicudo Oxymycterus amazonicus LC Angular hocicudo Oxymycterus angularis LC Caparao hocicudo Oxymycterus caparoae LC Atlantic Forest hocicudo Oxymycterus dasytrichus LC Spy hocicudo Oxymycterus delator LC Small hocicudo Oxymycterus hiska LC Hispid hocicudo Oxymycterus hispidus LC Quechuan hocicudo Oxymycterus hucucha EN Incan hocicudo Oxymycterus inca LC Cook s hocicudo Oxymycterus josei EN Long nosed hocicudo Oxymycterus nasutus LC Paramo hocicudo Oxymycterus paramensis LC Quaestor hocicudo Oxymycterus quaestor LC Robert s hocicudo Oxymycterus roberti LC Red hocicudo Oxymycterus rufus LC Oxymycterus wayku Genus Paralomys Gerbil leaf eared mouse Paralomys gerbillus LC Genus Pearsonomys Pearson s long clawed mouse Pearsonomys annectens VU Genus Phaenomys Rio de Janeiro arboreal rat Phaenomys ferrugineus VU Genus Phyllotis Phyllotis alisosiensis Friendly leaf eared mouse Phyllotis amicus LC Andean leaf eared mouse Phyllotis andium LC Anita s leaf eared mouse Phyllotis anitae DD Buenos Aires leaf eared mouse Phyllotis bonariensis NT Capricorn leaf eared mouse Phyllotis caprinus LC Darwin s leaf eared mouse Phyllotis darwini LC Definitive leaf eared mouse Phyllotis definitus EN Haggard s leaf eared mouse Phyllotis haggardi LC Lima leaf eared mouse Phyllotis limatus LC Master leaf eared mouse Phyllotis magister LC Osgood s leaf eared mouse Phyllotis osgoodi DD Bunchgrass leaf eared mouse Phyllotis osilae LC Wolffsohn s leaf eared mouse Phyllotis wolffsohni LC Yellow rumped leaf eared mouse Phyllotis xanthopygus LC Genus Podoxymys Roraima mouse Podoxymys roraimae VU Genus Pseudoryzomys Brazilian false rice rat Pseudoryzomys simplex LC Genus Punomys Eastern puna mouse Punomys kofordi VU Puna mouse Punomys lemminus VU Genus Reithrodon Bunny rat Reithrodon auritus LC Naked soled conyrat Reithrodon typicus LC Genus Rhagomys Long tongued arboreal mouse Rhagomys longilingua LC Brazilian arboreal mouse Rhagomys rufescens NT Genus Rhipidomys Southern climbing mouse Rhipidomys austrinus LC Cariri climbing mouse Rhipidomys cariri DD Cauca climbing mouse Rhipidomys caucensis DD Coues s climbing mouse Rhipidomys couesi LC Eastern Amazon climbing mouse Rhipidomys emiliae LC Buff bellied climbing mouse Rhipidomys fulviventer LC Gardner s climbing mouse Rhipidomys gardneri LC Broad footed climbing mouse Rhipidomys latimanus LC White footed climbing mouse Rhipidomys leucodactylus LC MacConnell s climbing mouse Rhipidomys macconnelli LC Cerrado climbing mouse Rhipidomys macrurus LC Atlantic Forest climbing mouse Rhipidomys mastacalis LC Peruvian climbing mouse Rhipidomys modicus LC Splendid climbing mouse Rhipidomys nitela LC Yellow bellied climbing mouse Rhipidomys ochrogaster DD Venezuelan climbing mouse Rhipidomys venezuelae LC Charming climbing mouse Rhipidomys venustus LC Wetzel s climbing mouse Rhipidomys wetzeli LC Genus Salinomys Delicate salt flat mouse Salinomys delicatus DD Genus Scapteromys Argentine swamp rat Scapteromys aquaticus LC Plateau swamp rat Scapteromys meridionalis Waterhouse s swamp rat Scapteromys tumidus LC Genus Scolomys South American spiny mouse Scolomys melanops LC Ucayali spiny mouse Scolomys ucayalensis LC Genus Sigmodon Alston s cotton rat Sigmodon alstoni LC Southern cotton rat Sigmodon hirsutus LC Unexpected cotton rat Sigmodon inopinatus VU Peruvian cotton rat Sigmodon peruanus LC Genus Sigmodontomys Alfaro s rice water rat Sigmodontomys alfari LC Harris s rice water rat Sigmodontomys aphrastus DD Genus Sooretamys Paraguayan rice rat Sooretamys angouya LC Genus Tapecomys Tapecomys wolffsohni Primordial tapecua Tapecomys primus LC Genus Thalpomys Cerrado mouse Thalpomys cerradensis LC Hairy eared cerrado mouse Thalpomys lasiotis LC Genus Thaptomys Blackish grass mouse Thaptomys nigrita LC Genus Thomasomys Anderson s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys andersoni Apeco Oldfield mouse Thomasomys apeco VU Golden Oldfield mouse Thomasomys aureus LC Beady eyed mouse Thomasomys baeops LC Silky Oldfield mouse Thomasomys bombycinus DD White tipped Oldfield mouse Thomasomys caudivarius LC Ashy bellied Oldfield mouse Thomasomys cinereiventer LC Ash colored Oldfield mouse Thomasomys cinereus LC Cinnamon colored Oldfield mouse Thomasomys cinnameus LC Daphne s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys daphne LC Peruvian Oldfield mouse Thomasomys eleusis LC Wandering Oldfield mouse Thomasomys erro LC Slender Oldfield mouse Thomasomys gracilis NT Hudson s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys hudsoni DD Woodland Oldfield mouse Thomasomys hylophilus EN Inca Oldfield mouse Thomasomys incanus VU Strong tailed Oldfield mouse Thomasomys ischyurus VU Kalinowski s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys kalinowskii VU Ladew s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys ladewi LC Soft furred Oldfield mouse Thomasomys laniger LC Large eared Oldfield mouse Thomasomys macrotis VU Unicolored Oldfield mouse Thomasomys monochromos EN Snow footed Oldfield mouse Thomasomys niveipes LC Distinguished Oldfield mouse Thomasomys notatus LC Ashaninka Oldfield mouse Thomasomys onkiro VU Montane Oldfield mouse Thomasomys oreas LC Paramo Oldfield mouse Thomasomys paramorum LC Popayan Oldfield mouse Thomasomys popayanus DD Cajamarca Oldfield mouse Thomasomys praetor DD Thomas s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys pyrrhonotus VU Rhoads s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys rhoadsi LC Rosalinda s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys rosalinda DD Forest Oldfield mouse Thomasomys silvestris LC Taczanowski s Oldfield mouse Thomasomys taczanowskii LC Ucucha Oldfield mouse Thomasomys ucucha VU Dressy Oldfield mouse Thomasomys vestitus LC Pichincha Oldfield mouse Thomasomys vulcani DD Genus Transandinomys Bolivar rice rat Transandinomys bolivaris LC Talamancan rice rat Transandinomys talamancae LC Genus Wiedomys Cerrado red nosed mouse Wiedomys cerradensis DD Red nosed mouse Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos LC Genus Wilfredomys Greater Wilfred s mouse Wilfredomys oenax EN Genus Zygodontomys Short tailed cane mouse Zygodontomys brevicauda LC Brown cane mouse Zygodontomys brunneus LC Order Lagomorpha lagomorphs edit nbsp Andean cottontail nbsp Eastern cottontail The lagomorphs comprise two families Leporidae hares and rabbits and Ochotonidae pikas Though they can resemble rodents and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century they have since been considered a separate order They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two South America s meager lagomorph diversity 6 species compared to 18 for North America north of Mexico reflects their recent arrival and failure so far to diversify much Only the tapeti is present south of northern South America lagomorphs are absent from most of South America s southern cone Family Leporidae rabbits hares Genus Sylvilagus Andean cottontail Sylvilagus andinus NE Tapeti Sylvilagus brasiliensis LC Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus LC Suriname lowland forest cottontail Sylvilagus parentum NE Rio de Janeiro dwarf rabbit Sylvilagus tapetillus NE Venezuelan lowland rabbit Sylvilagus varynaensis DD Superorder Laurasiatheria edit Order Eulipotyphla shrews hedgehogs moles and solenodons edit Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice hedgehogs carry spines while moles are stout bodied burrowers In South America shrews are only found in the north Colombia Venezuela Ecuador and Peru a legacy of their relatively recent immigration to the continent by way of Central America where shrew species are considerably more diverse Moles are not found in the Americas south of northern Mexico Family Soricidae shrews Subfamily Soricinae Tribe Blarinini Genus Cryptotis C nigrescens group Eastern Cordillera small footed shrew Cryptotis brachyonyx DD Colombian small eared shrew Cryptotis colombiana LC Darien small eared shrew Cryptotis mera EN C thomasi group Ecuadoran small eared shrew Cryptotis equatoris LC Medellin small eared shrew Cryptotis medellinia LC Merida small eared shrew Cryptotis meridensis LC Wandering small eared shrew Cryptotis montivaga LC Peruvian small eared shrew Cryptotis peruviensis DD Scaly footed small eared shrew Cryptotis squamipes LC Tama small eared shrew Cryptotis tamensis LC Thomas small eared shrew Cryptotis thomasi LC Order Chiroptera bats edit nbsp Greater bulldog bat nbsp Big brown bat nbsp Desert red bat nbsp Hoary bat The bats most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings making them the only mammals capable of flight Bat species account for about 20 of all mammals Family Noctilionidae bulldog bats Genus Noctilio Lesser bulldog bat Noctilio albiventris LC Greater bulldog bat Noctilio leporinus LC Family Vespertilionidae Subfamily Myotinae Genus Myotis Southern myotis Myotis aelleni DD Silver tipped myotis Myotis albescens LC Atacama myotis Myotis atacamensis NT Chilean myotis Myotis chiloensis LC Myotis dinellii LC Hairy legged myotis Myotis keaysi LC Yellowish myotis Myotis levis LC Myotis midastactus NE Curacao myotis Myotis nesopolus LC Black myotis Myotis nigricans LC Montane myotis Myotis oxyotus LC Riparian myotis Myotis riparius LC Red myotis Myotis ruber NT Velvety myotis Myotis simus DD Subfamily Vespertilioninae Genus Eptesicus Little black serotine Eptesicus andinus LC Brazilian brown bat Eptesicus brasiliensis LC Chiriquinan serotine Eptesicus chiriquinus LC Diminutive serotine Eptesicus diminutus DD Argentine brown bat Eptesicus furinalis LC Big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus LC Harmless serotine Eptesicus innoxius NT Eptesicus taddeii Genus Histiotus Strange big eared brown bat Histiotus alienus DD Humboldt big eared brown bat Histiotus humboldti DD Thomas s big eared brown bat Histiotus laephotis NT Big eared brown bat Histiotus macrotus LC Southern big eared brown bat Histiotus magellanicus LC Small big eared brown bat Histiotus montanus LC Tropical big eared brown bat Histiotus velatus DD Genus Lasiurus Lasiurus atratus LC Desert red bat Lasiurus blossevillii LC Tacarcuna bat Lasiurus castaneus DD Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus LC Hairy tailed bat Lasiurus ebenus DD Southern yellow bat Lasiurus ega LC Big red bat Lasiurus egregius DD Pfeiffer s red bat Lasiurus pfeifferi Saline red bat Lasiurus salinae Cinnamon red bat Lasiurus varius LC Genus Rhogeessa Husson s yellow bat Rhogeessa hussoni DD Thomas s yellow bat Rhogeessa io LC Tiny yellow bat Rhogeessa minutilla VU Subfamily Tomopeatinae Genus Tomopeas Blunt eared bat Tomopeas ravus VU nbsp Western mastiff bat nbsp Big free tailed bat nbsp Greater or lesser sac winged bat nbsp Greater sac winged bat Family Molossidae free tailed bats Genus Cynomops Cinnamon dog faced bat Cynomops abrasus DD Greenhall s dog faced bat Cynomops greenhalli LC Para dog faced bat Cynomops paranus DD Southern dog faced bat Cynomops planirostris LC Genus Eumops Black bonneted bat Eumops auripendulus LC Dwarf bonneted bat Eumops bonariensis LC Big bonneted bat Eumops dabbenei LC Wagner s bonneted bat Eumops glaucinus LC Sanborn s bonneted bat Eumops hansae LC Guianan bonneted bat Eumops maurus DD Patagonian bonneted bat Eumops patagonicus LC Western mastiff bat Eumops perotis LC Colombian bonneted bat Eumops trumbulli LC Wilson s bonneted bat Eumops wilsoni Genus Molossops Equatorial dog faced bat Molossops aequatorianus VU Mato Grosso dog faced bat Molossops mattogrossensis LC Rufous dog faced bat Molossops neglectus DD Dwarf dog faced bat Molossops temminckii LC Genus Molossus Barnes s mastiff bat Molossus barnesi DD Coiban mastiff bat Molossus coibensis LC Bonda mastiff bat Molossus currentium LC Velvety free tailed bat Molossus molossus LC Miller s mastiff bat Molossus pretiosus LC Black mastiff bat Molossus rufus LC Sinaloan mastiff bat Molossus sinaloae LC Molossus trinitatis Genus Mormopterus Kalinowski s mastiff bat Mormopterus kalinowskii LC Incan little mastiff bat Mormopterus phrudus VU Genus Nyctinomops Peale s free tailed bat Nyctinomops aurispinosus LC Broad eared bat Nyctinomops laticaudatus LC Big free tailed bat Nyctinomops macrotis LC Genus Promops Big crested mastiff bat Promops centralis LC Brown mastiff bat Promops nasutus LC Genus Tadarida Mexican free tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis LC Family Emballonuridae ghost bats sac winged bats and allies Genus Balantiopteryx Ecuadorian sac winged bat Balantiopteryx infusca EN Gray sac winged bat Balantiopteryx plicata LC Genus Centronycteris Thomas s shaggy bat Centronycteris centralis LC Shaggy bat Centronycteris maximiliani LC Genus Cormura Chestnut sac winged bat Cormura brevirostris LC Genus Cyttarops Short eared bat Cyttarops alecto LC Genus Diclidurus Northern ghost bat Diclidurus albus LC Greater ghost bat Diclidurus ingens DD Isabelle s ghost bat Diclidurus isabella LC Lesser ghost bat Diclidurus scutatus LC Genus Peropteryx Greater dog like bat Peropteryx kappleri LC White winged dog like bat Peropteryx leucoptera LC Lesser doglike bat Peropteryx macrotis LC Trinidad dog like bat Peropteryx trinitatis DD Pale winged dog like bat Peropteryx pallidoptera Genus Rhynchonycteris Proboscis bat Rhynchonycteris naso LC Genus Saccopteryx Antioquian sac winged bat Saccopteryx antioquensis DD Greater sac winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata LC Frosted sac winged bat Saccopteryx canescens LC Amazonian sac winged bat Saccopteryx gymnura DD Lesser sac winged bat Saccopteryx leptura LC nbsp Ghost faced bat nbsp Parnell s mustached bat Family Mormoopidae mustached bats Genus Mormoops Ghost faced bat Mormoops megalophylla LC Genus Pteronotus Davy s naked backed bat Pteronotus davyi LC Big naked backed bat Pteronotus gymnonotus LC Paraguana moustached bat Pteronotus paraguanensis EN Parnell s mustached bat Pteronotus parnellii LC Wagner s mustached bat Pteronotus personatus LC nbsp White throated round eared bat nbsp Pale spear nosed bat nbsp Greater spear nosed bat nbsp Geoffroy s tailless bat nbsp Pallas s long tongued bat nbsp Southern long nosed bat nbsp Orange nectar bat nbsp Long snouted bat nbsp Silky short tailed bat nbsp Jamaican fruit bat nbsp Wrinkle faced bats nbsp Salvin s big eyed bat nbsp Little yellow shouldered bat nbsp Platyrrhinus species nbsp Tent making bats nbsp Southern little yellow eared bat nbsp Common vampire bat nbsp White winged vampire bat nbsp Cuban funnel eared bat Family Phyllostomidae leaf nosed bats Subfamily Phyllostominae Genus Chrotopterus Big eared woolly bat Chrotopterus auritus LC Genus Glyphonycteris Behn s bat Glyphonycteris behnii DD Davies s big eared bat Glyphonycteris daviesi LC Tricolored big eared bat Glyphonycteris sylvestris LC Genus Lampronycteris Yellow throated big eared bat Lampronycteris brachyotis LC Genus Lonchorhina Tomes s sword nosed bat Lonchorhina aurita LC Fernandez s sword nosed bat Lonchorhina fernandezi EN Northern sword nosed bat Lonchorhina inusitata DD Marinkelle s sword nosed bat Lonchorhina marinkellei EN Orinoco sword nosed bat Lonchorhina orinocensis VU Genus Lophostoma Lophostoma aequatorialis DD Pygmy round eared bat Lophostoma brasiliense LC Carriker s round eared bat Lophostoma carrikeri LC Schultz s round eared bat Lophostoma schulzi LC White throated round eared bat Lophostoma silvicolum LC Lophostoma yasuni DD Genus Macrophyllum Long legged bat Macrophyllum macrophyllum LC Genus Micronycteris Brosset s big eared bat Micronycteris brosseti DD Micronycteris giovanniae Hairy big eared bat Micronycteris hirsuta LC Pirlot s big eared bat Micronycteris homezi Matses big eared bat Micronycteris matses DD Little big eared bat Micronycteris megalotis LC Common big eared bat Micronycteris microtis LC White bellied big eared bat Micronycteris minuta LC Sanborn s big eared bat Micronycteris sanborni DD Schmidts s big eared bat Micronycteris schmidtorum LC Genus Mimon Golden bat Mimon bennettii LC Cozumelan golden bat Mimon cozumelae LC Striped hairy nosed bat Mimon crenulatum LC Koepcke s hairy nosed bat Mimon koepckeae DD Genus Neonycteris Least big eared bat Neonycteris pusilla VU Genus Phylloderma Pale faced bat Phylloderma stenops LC Genus Phyllostomus Pale spear nosed bat Phyllostomus discolor LC Lesser spear nosed bat Phyllostomus elongatus LC Greater spear nosed bat Phyllostomus hastatus LC Guianan spear nosed bat Phyllostomus latifolius LC Genus Tonatia Greater round eared bat Tonatia bidens DD Stripe headed round eared bat Tonatia saurophila LC Genus Trachops Fringe lipped bat Trachops cirrhosus LC Genus Trinycteris Niceforo s big eared bat Trinycteris nicefori LC Genus Vampyrum Spectral bat Vampyrum spectrum NT Subfamily Glossophaginae Genus Anoura Anoura aequatoris Cadena s tailless bat Anoura cadenai Tailed tailless bat Anoura caudifer LC Handley s tailless bat Anoura cultrata NT Tube lipped nectar bat Anoura fistulata DD Geoffroy s tailless bat Anoura geoffroyi LC Broad toothed tailless bat Anoura latidens LC Luis Manuel s tailless bat Anoura luismanueli LC Genus Choeroniscus Godman s long tailed bat Choeroniscus godmani LC Minor long nosed long tongued bat Choeroniscus minor LC Greater long tailed bat Choeroniscus periosus VU Genus Glossophaga Commissaris s long tongued bat Glossophaga commissarisi LC Miller s long tongued bat Glossophaga longirostris DD Pallas s long tongued bat Glossophaga soricina LC Genus Leptonycteris Southern long nosed bat Leptonycteris curasoae VU Genus Lichonycteris Dark long tongued bat Lichonycteris obscura LC Genus Lionycteris Chestnut long tongued bat Lionycteris spurrelli LC Genus Lonchophylla Bokermann s nectar bat Lonchophylla bokermanni DD Lonchophylla cadenai Chocoan long tongued bat Lonchophylla chocoana DD Goldman s nectar bat Lonchophylla concava NT Dekeyser s nectar bat Lonchophylla dekeyseri NT Lonchophylla fornicata Handley s nectar bat Lonchophylla handleyi LC Western nectar bat Lonchophylla hesperia VU Godman s nectar bat Lonchophylla mordax LC Orces s long tongued bat Lonchophylla orcesi DD Lonchophylla pattoni Orange nectar bat Lonchophylla robusta LC Thomas s nectar bat Lonchophylla thomasi LC Genus Platalina Long snouted bat Platalina genovensium NT Genus Scleronycteris Ega long tongued bat Scleronycteris ega LC Subfamily Carolliinae Genus Carollia Benkeith s short tailed bat Carollia benkeithi Silky short tailed bat Carollia brevicauda LC Chestnut short tailed bat Carollia castanea LC Colombian short tailed bat Carollia colombiana Manu short tailed bat Carollia manu LC Mono s short tailed bat Carollia monohernandezi Seba s short tailed bat Carollia perspicillata LC Genus Rhinophylla Hairy little fruit bat Rhinophylla alethina NT Fischer s little fruit bat Rhinophylla fischerae LC Dwarf little fruit bat Rhinophylla pumilio LC Subfamily Stenodermatinae Genus Ametrida Little white shouldered bat Ametrida centurio LC Genus Artibeus Large fruit eating bat Artibeus amplus LC Brown fruit eating bat Artibeus concolor LC Fringed fruit eating bat Artibeus fimbriatus LC Fraternal fruit eating bat Artibeus fraterculus LC Jamaican fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis LC Great fruit eating bat Artibeus lituratus LC Dark fruit eating bat Artibeus obscurus LC Flat faced fruit eating bat Artibeus planirostris LC Genus Centurio Wrinkle faced bat Centurio senex LC Genus Chiroderma Brazilian big eyed bat Chiroderma doriae LC Salvin s big eyed bat Chiroderma salvini LC Little big eyed bat Chiroderma trinitatum LC Hairy big eyed bat Chiroderma villosum LC Genus Dermanura Andersen s fruit eating bat Dermanura anderseni LC Bogota fruit eating bat Dermanura bogotensis LC Gervais s fruit eating bat Dermanura cinerea LC Silver fruit eating bat Dermanura glauca LC Gnome fruit eating bat Dermanura gnoma LC Pygmy fruit eating bat Dermanura phaeotis LC Dermanura rava NE Rosenberg s fruit eating bat Dermanura rosenbergi DD Toltec fruit eating bat Dermanura tolteca LC Thomas s fruit eating bat Dermanura watsoni LC Genus Enchisthenes Velvety fruit eating bat Enchisthenes hartii LC Genus Mesophylla MacConnell s bat Mesophylla macconnelli LC Genus Platyrrhinus Alberico s broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus alberico LC Slender broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus angustirostris Platyrrhinus aquilus Eldorado broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus aurarius LC Short headed broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus brachycephalus LC Choco broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus chocoensis EN Thomas s broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus dorsalis LC Brown bellied broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus fusciventris Heller s broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus helleri LC Platyrrhinus incarum Buffy broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus infuscus LC Ismael s broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus ismaeli VU White lined broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus lineatus LC Quechua broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus masu LC Matapalo broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus matapalensis NT Geoffroy s rayed bat Platyrrhinus nigellus LC Platyrrhinus nitelinea Recife broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus recifinus LC Shadowy broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus umbratus DD Greater broad nosed bat Platyrrhinus vittatus LC Genus Sphaeronycteris Visored bat Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum DD Genus Pygoderma Ipanema bat Pygoderma bilabiatum LC Genus Sturnira Aratathomas s yellow shouldered bat Sturnira aratathomasi NT Bidentate yellow shouldered bat Sturnira bidens LC Bogota yellow shouldered bat Sturnira bogotensis LC Hairy yellow shouldered bat Sturnira erythromos LC Choco yellow shouldered bat Sturnira koopmanhilli Little yellow shouldered bat Sturnira lilium LC Highland yellow shouldered bat Sturnira ludovici LC Louis s yellow shouldered bat Sturnira luisi LC Greater yellow shouldered bat Sturnira magna LC Mistratoan yellow shouldered bat Sturnira mistratensis DD Talamancan yellow shouldered bat Sturnira mordax NT Lesser yellow shouldered bat Sturnira nana EN Tschudi s yellow shouldered bat Sturnira oporaphilum NT Soriano s yellow shouldered bat Sturnira sorianoi DD Tilda s yellow shouldered bat Sturnira tildae LC Genus Uroderma Tent making bat Uroderma bilobatum LC Brown tent making bat Uroderma magnirostrum LC Genus Vampyressa Bidentate yellow eared bat Vampyressa bidens LC Brock s yellow eared bat Vampyressa brocki LC Melissa s yellow eared bat Vampyressa melissa VU Striped yellow eared bat Vampyressa nymphaea LC Southern little yellow eared bat Vampyressa pusilla DD Northern little yellow eared bat Vampyressa thyone LC Genus Vampyrodes Great stripe faced bat Vampyrodes caraccioli LC Subfamily Desmodontinae Genus Desmodus Common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus LC Genus Diaemus White winged vampire bat Diaemus youngi LC Genus Diphylla Hairy legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata LC Family Natalidae funnel eared bats Genus Chilonatalus Cuban funnel eared bat Chilonatalus micropus NT Genus Natalus Brazilian funnel eared bat Natalus espiritosantensis NT Trinidadian funnel eared bat Natalus tumidirostris LC Family Furipteridae thumbless bats Genus Amorphochilus Smoky bat Amorphochilus schnablii EN Genus Furipterus Thumbless bat Furipterus horrens LC Family Thyropteridae disc winged bats Genus Thyroptera Peters s disk winged bat Thyroptera discifera LC de Vivo s disk winged bat Thyroptera devivoi DD LaVal s disk winged bat Thyroptera lavali DD Spix s disk winged bat Thyroptera tricolor LC Order Carnivora carnivorans edit nbsp Geoffroy s cat nbsp Margay nbsp Jaguarundi nbsp Jaguar nbsp Culpeo nbsp Darwin s fox nbsp Bush dog nbsp Maned wolf nbsp Spectacled bear nbsp Crab eating raccoon nbsp White nosed coati nbsp Olinguito nbsp Tayra nbsp Giant otter nbsp South American sea lions There are over 260 species of carnivorans the majority of which feed primarily on meat They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition South America is notable for its diversity of canids having more genera than any other continent in spite of their relatively brief history there South America s felid diversity is also greater than that of North America north of Mexico while its mustelid diversity is comparable and its mephitid and ursid diversities are lower Its procyonid diversity is somewhat less than that of Central America the center of the family s recent evolution The diversification of canids and felids in South America was partly a consequence of the inability of the continent s native avian and metatherian predators to compete effectively following the Great American Interchange Suborder Feliformia Family Felidae cats Subfamily Felinae Genus Herpailurus Jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi LC Genus Puma Cougar Puma concolor LC Genus Leopardus Pampas cat Leopardus colocolo NT Geoffroy s cat Leopardus geoffroyi LC Kodkod Leopardus guigna VU Southern tigrina Leopardus guttulus VU Andean mountain cat Leopardus jacobita EN Ocelot Leopardus pardalis LC Oncilla Leopardus tigrinus VU Margay Leopardus wiedii NT Subfamily Pantherinae Genus Panthera Jaguar Panthera onca NT Suborder Caniformia Family Canidae dogs foxes Genus Dusicyon Falkland Island wolf Dusicyon australis EX Dusicyon avus EX Genus Lycalopex Culpeo Lycalopex culpaeus LC Darwin s fox Lycalopex fulvipes EN South American gray fox Lycalopex griseus LC Pampas fox Lycalopex gymnocercus LC Sechuran fox Lycalopex sechurae NT Hoary fox Lycalopex vetulus LC Genus Cerdocyon Crab eating fox Cerdocyon thous LC Genus Atelocynus Short eared dog Atelocynus microtis NT Genus Speothos Bush dog Speothos venaticus NT Genus Chrysocyon Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus NT Genus Urocyon Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus LC Family Ursidae bears Genus Tremarctos Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus VU Family Procyonidae raccoons coatis and allies Genus Procyon Crab eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus LC Genus Nasua White nosed coati Nasua narica LC South American coati Nasua nasua LC Genus Nasuella Eastern mountain coati Nasuella meridensis EN Western mountain coati Nasuella olivacea NT Genus Potos Kinkajou Potos flavus LC Genus Bassaricyon Eastern lowland olingo Bassaricyon alleni LC Western lowland olingo Bassaricyon medius LC Olinguito Bassaricyon neblina NT Family Mustelidae weasels otters Genus Neogale Amazon weasel Neogale africana LC Colombian weasel Neogale felipei VU Long tailed weasel Neogale frenata LC Genus Eira Tayra Eira barbara LC Genus Galictis Lesser grison Galictis cuja LC Greater grison Galictis vittata LC Genus Lyncodon Patagonian weasel Lyncodon patagonicus LC Genus Lontra Marine otter Lontra felina EN Neotropical river otter Lontra longicaudis NT Southern river otter Lontra provocax EN Genus Pteronura Giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis EN Family Mephitidae skunks Genus Conepatus Molina s hog nosed skunk Conepatus chinga LC Humboldt s hog nosed skunk Conepatus humboldtii LC Striped hog nosed skunk Conepatus semistriatus LC Clade Pinnipedia seals sea lions and walruses Family Otariidae eared seals sea lions Genus Arctocephalus South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis LC Galapagos fur seal Arctocephalus galapagoensis EN Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella LC Juan Fernandez fur seal Arctocephalus philippii LC Subantarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis LC Genus Otaria South American sea lion Otaria flavescens LC Genus Zalophus Galapagos sea lion Zalophus wollebaeki EN Family Phocidae earless seals Genus Hydrurga Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx LC Genus Leptonychotes Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii LC Genus Lobodon Crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophaga LC Genus Mirounga Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina LC Genus Monachus Caribbean monk seal Monachus tropicalis EX Order Perissodactyla odd toed ungulates edit nbsp Mountain tapir nbsp Lowland tapir The odd toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals They are usually large to very large and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe Following the interchange with North America South America s odd toed ungulates included equids of genus Equus as well as tapirs Equids died out in both North and South America around the time of the first arrival of humans while tapirs died out in most of North America but survived in Central and South America South America also once had a great diversity of ungulates of native origin but these dwindled after the interchange with North America and disappeared entirely following the arrival of humans Sequencing of collagen from fossils of one recently extinct species each of notoungulates and litopterns has indicated that these orders comprise a sister group to the perissodactyls 13 If as some evidence suggests perissodactyls originated in India 14 both ungulate groups may have been of Gondwanan origin despite being laurasiatheres Family Tapiridae tapirs Genus Tapirus Baird s tapir Tapirus bairdii EN Mountain tapir Tapirus pinchaque EN Lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris VU Order Artiodactyla even toed ungulates and cetaceans edit nbsp Chacoan peccary nbsp White lipped peccary nbsp Guanaco nbsp Vicuna nbsp Marsh deer nbsp Southern pudu The weight of even toed ungulates is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls There are about 220 noncetacean artiodactyl species including many that are of great economic importance to humans South America s considerable cervid diversity belies their relatively recent arrival The presence of camelids in South America but not North America today is ironic given that they have a 45 million year long history in the latter continent where they originated and only a 3 million year history in the former Family Tayassuidae peccaries Genus Catagonus Chacoan peccary Catagonus wagneri EN Genus Dicotyles Collared peccary Dicotyles tajacu LC Genus Tayassu White lipped peccary Tayassu pecari VU Family Camelidae camels llamas Genus Lama Guanaco Lama guanicoe LC Vicuna Lama vicugna LC Family Cervidae deer Subfamily Capreolinae Genus Blastocerus Marsh deer Blastocerus dichotomus VU Genus Hippocamelus Taruca Hippocamelus antisensis VU South Andean deer Hippocamelus bisulcus EN Genus Mazama Red brocket Mazama americana DD Small red brocket Mazama bororo VU Merida brocket Mazama bricenii VU Dwarf brocket Mazama chunyi VU Gray brocket Mazama gouazoupira LC Pygmy brocket Mazama nana VU Amazonian brown brocket Mazama nemorivaga LC Little red brocket Mazama rufina VU Central American red brocket Mazama temama DD Genus Odocoileus White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus LC Genus Ozotoceros Pampas deer Ozotoceros bezoarticus NT Genus Pudu Northern pudu Pudu mephistophiles VU Southern pudu Pudu puda NT Subfamily Cervinae Genus Dama European fallow deer D dama LC introduced 15 Infraorder Cetacea whales dolphins and porpoises edit nbsp Southern right whale nbsp Sei whales nbsp Blue whale nbsp Humpback whale nbsp Pygmy sperm whale nbsp Amazon river dolphin nbsp Commerson s dolphin nbsp Clymene dolphins nbsp Atlantic spotted dolphin nbsp Spinner dolphin nbsp Hourglass dolphins nbsp Dusky dolphin nbsp Risso s dolphin nbsp Orcas nbsp Short finned pilot whale nbsp Melon headed whales The infraorder Cetacea includes whales dolphins and porpoises They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle shaped nearly hairless body protected by a thick layer of blubber and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater Their closest extant relatives are the hippos which are artiodactyls from which cetaceans descended cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls Parvorder Mysticeti Family Balaenidae right whales Genus Eubalaena Southern right whale Eubalaena australis LC Family Balaenopteridae rorquals Subfamily Balaenopterinae Genus Balaenoptera Common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata LC Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis NT Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis EN Bryde s whale Balaenoptera brydei NE Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus EN Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus VU Subfamily Megapterinae Genus Megaptera Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae LC Family Neobalaenidae Genus Caperea Pygmy right whale Caperea marginata LC Parvorder Odontoceti Family Physeteridae sperm whales Genus Physeter Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus VU Family Kogiidae pygmy dwarf sperm whales Genus Kogia Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps DD Dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima DD Family Ziphidae beaked whales Genus Ziphius Cuvier s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris LC Genus Berardius Arnoux s beaked whale Berardius arnuxii DD Genus Tasmacetus Shepherd s beaked whale Tasmacetus shepherdi DD Subfamily Hyperoodontinae Genus Hyperoodon Southern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon planifrons LC Genus Mesoplodon Andrews beaked whale Mesoplodon bowdoini DD Blainville s beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris DD Gervais beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus DD Ginkgo toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens DD Gray s beaked whale Mesoplodon grayi DD Hector s beaked whale Mesoplodon hectori DD Strap toothed whale Mesoplodon layardii DD Pygmy beaked whale Mesoplodon peruvianus DD Spade toothed whale Mesoplodon traversii DD Superfamily Inioidea river dolphins Family Iniidae Genus Inia Araguaian river dolphin Inia araguaiaensis Amazon river dolphin Inia geoffrensis EN Bolivian river dolphin Inia geoffrensis boliviensis Family Pontoporiidae Genus Pontoporia La Plata dolphin Pontoporia blainvillei VU Superfamily Delphinoidea Family Phocoenidae porpoises Genus Phocoena Spectacled porpoise Phocoena dioptrica LC Burmeister s porpoise Phocoena spinipinnis NT Family Delphinidae marine dolphins Genus Cephalorhynchus Commerson s dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii LC Chilean dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia NT Genus Steno Rough toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis LC Genus Sotalia Tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis DD Guiana dolphin Sotalia guianensis NT Genus Tursiops Common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus LC Genus Stenella Pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata LC Clymene dolphin Stenella clymene LC Striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba LC Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis LC Spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris LC Genus Delphinus Long beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis DD Short beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis LC Genus Lagenodelphis Fraser s dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei LC Genus Lagenorhynchus Peale s dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis DD Hourglass dolphin Lagenorhynchus cruciger LC Dusky dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus DD Genus Lissodelphis Southern right whale dolphin Lissodelphis peronii LC Genus Grampus Risso s dolphin Grampus griseus LC Genus Feresa Pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata LC Genus Orcinus Orca Orcinus orca DD Genus Pseudorca False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens NT Genus Globicephala Short finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus LC Long finned pilot whale Globicephala melas LC Genus Peponocephala Melon headed whale Peponocephala electra LCSee also editInvasive species in South America List of chordate orders Lists of mammals by region List of prehistoric mammals Mammal classification List of mammals described in the 2000sNotes edit This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN Smithsonian Institution or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available This is based on the definition of Sigmodontinae that excludes Neotominae and Tylomyinae References edit Poux C Chevret P Huchon D de Jong W W Douzery E J P 2006 Arrival and Diversification of Caviomorph Rodents and Platyrrhine Primates in South America PDF Systematic Biology 55 2 228 244 doi 10 1080 10635150500481390 PMID 16551580 Retrieved 2016 02 01 Antoine P O Marivaux L Croft D A Billet G Ganerod M Jaramillo C Martin T Orliac M J et al 2011 Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 279 1732 1319 1326 doi 10 1098 rspb 2011 1732 PMC 3282368 PMID 21993503 Bond M Tejedor M F Campbell K E Chornogubsky L Novo N Goin F 2015 02 04 Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys Nature 520 7548 538 541 Bibcode 2015Natur 520 538B doi 10 1038 nature14120 hdl 11336 79088 PMID 25652825 S2CID 4456556 Marshall L G July August 1988 Land Mammals and the Great American Interchange PDF American Scientist 76 4 Sigma Xi 380 388 Bibcode 1988AmSci 76 380M Archived PDF from the original on 2013 03 02 Retrieved 2009 06 06 Fiedal Stuart 2009 Sudden Deaths The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction In Haynes Gary ed American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Springer pp 21 37 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 8793 6 2 ISBN 978 1 4020 8792 9 OCLC 313368423 Martin P S 2005 Chapter 1 Discovering the Last Lost World Twilight of the Mammoths Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America University of California Press pp 30 37 ISBN 978 0 520 23141 2 OCLC 58055404 Retrieved 2014 11 11 a b Nilsson M A Churakov G Sommer M Tran N V Zemann A Brosius J Schmitz J 2010 07 27 Penny D ed Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions PLOS Biology 8 7 e1000436 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 1000436 PMC 2910653 PMID 20668664 Flynn J J Wyss A R 1998 Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13 11 449 454 doi 10 1016 S0169 5347 98 01457 8 PMID 21238387 Steppan Scott J 1996 Sigmodontinae Neotropical mice and rats Tree of Life web project Retrieved 2010 04 14 Marshall L G Butler R F Drake R E Curtis G H Tedford R H 1979 04 20 Calibration of the Great American Interchange Science 204 4390 272 279 Bibcode 1979Sci 204 272M doi 10 1126 science 204 4390 272 PMID 17800342 S2CID 8625188 Engel S R Hogan K M Taylor J F Davis S K 1998 Molecular Systematics and Paleobiogeography of the South American Sigmodontine Rodents Molecular Biology and Evolution 15 1 35 49 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a025845 PMID 9491603 Smith M F Patton J L 1999 Phylogenetic Relationships and the Radiation of Sigmodontine Rodents in South America Evidence from Cytochrome b Journal of Mammalian Evolution 6 2 89 128 doi 10 1023 A 1020668004578 S2CID 22355532 Welker F Collins M J Thomas J A Wadsley M Brace S Cappellini E Turvey S T Reguero M Gelfo J N Kramarz A Burger J Thomas Oates J Ashford D A Ashton P D Rowsell K Porter D M Kessler B Fischer R Baessmann C Kaspar S Olsen J V Kiley P Elliott J A Kelstrup C D Mullin V Hofreiter M Willerslev E Hublin J J Orlando L Barnes I MacPhee R D E 2015 03 18 Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin s South American ungulates PDF Nature 522 7554 81 84 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 81W doi 10 1038 nature14249 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 25799987 S2CID 4467386 Rose K D Holbrook L T Rana R S Kumar K Jones K E Ahrens H E Missiaen P Sahni A Smith T 20 November 2014 Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India PDF Nature Communications 5 5570 Bibcode 2014NatCo 5 5570R doi 10 1038 ncomms6570 PMID 25410701 Masseti M Mertzanidou D 2008 Dama dama IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e T42188A10656554 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2008 RLTS T42188A10656554 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Croft D A 29 August 2016 Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 02094 9 OCLC 964782185 Eisenberg John F Redford Kent H 15 May 1989 Mammals of the Neotropics Volume 1 The Northern Neotropics Panama Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 19540 7 OCLC 772478260 Eisenberg John F Redford Kent H 15 April 1992 Mammals of the Neotropics Volume 2 The Southern Cone Chile Argentina Uruguay Paraguay University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 70682 5 OCLC 180385879 Eisenberg John F Redford Kent H 15 May 2000 Mammals of the Neotropics Volume 3 The Central Neotropics Ecuador Peru Bolivia Brazil University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 19542 1 OCLC 493329394 Emmons Louise Feer Francois January 1997 Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 20721 6 OCLC 20296862 Farina Richard A Vizcaino Sergio F De Iuliis Gerry 22 May 2013 Megafauna Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 00719 3 OCLC 779244424 Gardner Alfred L ed 1 March 2008 Mammals of South America Volume 1 Marsupials Xenarthrans Shrews and Bats University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 28240 4 OCLC 644361912 Lord Rexford D 30 January 2007 Mammals of South America Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 8494 8 OCLC 64442921 Patton James L Pardinas Ulyses F J D Elia Guillermo eds 9 March 2015 Mammals of South America Volume 2 Rodents University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 16957 6 OCLC 921432000 Wilson D E Reeder D M eds 2005 Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Google books link Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 1995 2006 Retrieved 22 May 2007 Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of mammals of South America amp oldid 1220652924, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.