fbpx
Wikipedia

Panthera

January 19, 2023

For other uses, see Panthera (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Pantera.

Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae that was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group.[4][5] Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), jaguar (P. onca), and leopard (P. pardus) on the basis of common cranial features.[6] Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard (formerly Uncia uncia) also belongs to the genus Panthera (P. uncia), a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008.[7][8]

Panthera[1]
Temporal range: 5.95–0 Ma Late Miocene – present
From top to bottom: tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, snow leopard
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Oken, 1816
Type species
Felis pardus
(= Panthera pardus)
Species
Extinct species
Synonyms[1]
About 10
  • Jaguarius Severtzov, 1858
  • Leo Frisch, 1775
  • Leonina Greve, 1894
  • Leoninae Wagner, 1841
  • Pardotigris Kretzoi, 1929
  • Pardus Fitzinger, 1868
  • Tigrina Greve, 1894
  • Tigrinae Wagner, 1841
  • Tigris Gray, 1843
  • Tigris Frisch, 1775

The tiger, lion, jaguar and leopard are the only cat species with anatomical structures that enable them to roar; the snow leopard cannot. The primary reason for this was formerly assumed to be the incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone. However, new studies show the ability to roar is due to other morphological features, especially of the larynx.[9]

Etymology

The word panther derives from classical Latin panthēra, itself from the ancient Greek pánthēr (πάνθηρ).[10]

Characteristics

In Panthera species, the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped. The basicranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of the bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus. The convexly rounded chin is sloping.[11] All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone. A specially adapted larynx with proportionally larger vocal folds is covered in a large fibro-elastic pad. These characteristics enable them to roar. Only the snow leopard cannot roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm (0.35 in) that provide a lower resistance to airflow; it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia.[12]Panthera species can prusten, which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species.[13]

Evolution

The geographic origin of the Panthera is most likely northern Central Asia. Panthera blytheae, the oldest known Panthera species, is similar in skull features to the snow leopard. The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Miocene.[14] Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago.[7] The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera.[7][15][16][17] The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about 8.66 million years ago. Panthera diverged from other cat species about 11.3 million years ago and then evolved into the species tiger about 6.55 million years ago, snow leopard about 4.63 million years ago and leopard about 4.35 million years ago. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion (P. atrox) is a sister lineage to P. spelaea that diverged about 0.34 million years ago.[18] The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger.[19]

Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest the following relationships of living Panthera species:[20]

The extinct European jaguar (Panthera gombaszogensis), was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola, in Italy, and date to 1.6 million years ago.[21] Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about 2 to 3.8 million years ago.[22]

Classification

During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called "races", for all Panthera species. The taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London, and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening the lists considerably.[23][24][25] Since the mid-1980s, several Panthera species became subjects of genetic research, mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them.[26][27] Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P. p. pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations.[28]

Based on genetic research, it was suggested to group all living sub-Saharan lion populations into P. l. leo.[29] Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa; southeastern Ethiopia is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations.[30][31]

Black panthers do not form a distinct species, but are melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar.[32][33]

Contemporary species

The following list of the genus Panthera is based on the taxonomic assessment in Mammal Species of the World and reflects the taxonomy revised in 2017 by the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group:[1][34]

Species Subspecies IUCN Red List status and distribution
Lion P. leo (Linnaeus, 1758)[35]

 

P. l. leo (Linnaeus, 1758)[35] including:

P. l. melanochaita (Smith, 1842)[37] including:

VU[39]

 

Jaguar P. onca (Linnaeus, 1758)[35]

 

Monotypic[40][34] NT[41]

 

Leopard P. pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)[35]

 

African leopard P. p. pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)[35]

Indian leopard P. p. fusca (Meyer, 1794)[42]
Javan leopard P. p. melas (G. Cuvier, 1809)[43]
Arabian leopard P. p. nimr (Hemprich and Ehrenberg), 1833[44]
P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856),[45] syn. P. p. ciscaucasica (Satunin, 1914),[46] P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927[47]
Amur leopard P. p. orientalis (Schlegel, 1857),[48] syn. P. p. japonensis (Gray, 1862)[49]
Indochinese leopard P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930[50]
Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1956[51]

 VU[52]

 

Tiger P. tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)[35]

 

P. t. tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) including:

Sunda Island tiger P. t. sondaica Temminck, 1844)[54] including

EN[59]

 

Snow leopard P. uncia[34] (Schreber, 1775)[60]

 

Monotypic[34] VU[61]

 

Extinct species and subspecies

Species and subspecies Fossil records Notes
Panthera blytheae Tibetan Plateau One of the oldest known Panthera species, possibly closely related to the snow leopard[14]
Panthera palaeosinensis Northern China Initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus Panthera[62]
Panthera zdanskyi Gansu province of northwestern China Possibly a close relative of the tiger[62]
Panthera youngi[63] China, Japan
Panthera atrox North America, dubious remains in South America.[64] P. atrox is thought to have descended from a basal P. spelaea cave lion population isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and then established a mitochondrial sister clade circa 200,000 BP.[65] It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of P. leo[65] or P. spelaea.[66]
Panthera balamoides[67] Mexico
Panthera gombaszoegensis Europe Panthera schreuderi and Panthera toscana are considered junior synonyms of P. gombaszoegensis. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of P. onca.[68][69]
Panthera leo fossilis[70] Europe
Panthera spelaea Much of Eurasia[71] Originally spelaea was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion P. leo.[72] Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely P. spelaea.[73][74] Other genetic results indicate that the fossilis cave lion also warrants status as a species.[2][3]
Panthera leo sinhaleyus Sri Lanka This lion subspecies was described on the basis of two teeth.[75]
Panthera onca augusta[76] North America May have lived in temperate forests across North America[77]
Panthera onca mesembrina[78] South America May have lived in grasslands in South America, unlike the modern jaguar
Panthera pardus spelaea Europe Closely related to Asiatic leopard subspecies,[79] with at least one study suggesting that it is closely related to the Persian leopard (P. p. tulliana) according to genetic work.[80]
Panthera shawi Laetoli site in Tanzania A leopard-like cat[81]
Panthera tigris acutidens Much of Asia Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies[82]
Panthera tigris soloensis Java, Indonesia Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies[82]
Panthera tigris trinilensis Java, Indonesia Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies[82]

Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as Panthera crassidens from South Africa, which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils.[83]

Phylogeny

 
Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper one is based on phylogenetic studies by Johnson et al. (2006),[7] and by Werdelin et al. (2010).[84] The lower cladogram is based on a study by Davis et al. (2010)[19] and by Mazák et al. (2011).[62]

The cladogram below follows Mazák, Christiansen and Kitchener (2011).[62]

Pantherinae

Neofelis  

Panthera

Snow leopard  

†Panthera palaeosinensis

Jaguar  

†American lion

†Panthera spelaea  

Lion  

Leopard  

Tiger  

†Panthera zdanskyi

In 2018, results of a phylogenetic study on living and fossil cats were published. This study was based on the morphological diversity of the mandibles of saber-toothed cats, their speciation and extinction rates. The generated cladogram indicates a different relation of the Panthera species, as shown below:[85]

Panthera

†Panthera palaeosinensis

†Panthera blytheae

Snow leopard  

†Panthera zdanskyi

Tiger  

†European jaguar

Jaguar  

Leopard  

Lion  

†Panthera spelaea  

†American lion

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Panthera". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 546–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Sotnikova, M. V.; Foronova, I. V. (2014). "First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia". Integrative Zoology. 9 (4): 517–530. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082. PMID 24382145.
  3. ^ a b Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016). "Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the Panthera cats". Open Quaternary. 2: 4. doi:10.5334/oq.24.
  4. ^ Oken, L. (1816). "1. Art, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.
  5. ^ Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 16 (27): 373−379.
  6. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1916). "The Classification and Generic Nomenclature of F. uncia and its Allies". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. Series 8. XVIII (105): 314–316. doi:10.1080/00222931608693854.
  7. ^ a b c d Johnson, W.E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S.J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.
  8. ^ McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22732A50664030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en.
  9. ^ Peters, G.; Hast, M. H. (1994). "Hyoid structure, laryngeal anatomy, and vocalization in felids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 59 (2): 87−104.
  10. ^ Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940). "πάνθηρ". A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  11. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera". The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 196–239.
  12. ^ Hast, M. H. (1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy. 163: 117–121. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 1256521. PMID 2606766.
  13. ^ Weissengruber, G. E.; Forstenpointner, G.; Peters, G.; Kübber-Heiss, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2002). "Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus)". Journal of Anatomy. 201 (3): 195–209. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x. PMC 1570911. PMID 12363272.
  14. ^ a b Tseng, Z.J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.
  15. ^ Janczewski, D.N.; Modi, W.S.; Stephens, J.C. & O'Brien, S.J. (1996). "Molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12S RNA and cytochrome b sequences in the pantherine lineage of Felidae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (4): 690–707. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040232. PMID 7544865.
  16. ^ Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S.J. (1997). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (S1): S98–S116. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44S..98J. doi:10.1007/PL00000060. PMID 9071018. S2CID 40185850.
  17. ^ Yu, L. & Zhang, Y.P. (2005). "Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (2): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017. PMID 15804417.
  18. ^ Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I.; Ho, S.Y.W.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T.F.G.; Wheeler, H.T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A.V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G.F.; Martin, L.D.; Harington, C.R.; Burns, J.A. & Cooper, A. (2009). "Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1668–1677. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x. PMID 19302360. S2CID 46716748.
  19. ^ a b Davis, B.W.; Li, G.; Murphy, W.J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 64–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224.
  20. ^ Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
  21. ^ Hemmer, H.; Kahlke, R.D. & Vekua, A.K. (2001). "The Jaguar – Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the late lower Pleistocene of Akhalkalaki (south Georgia; Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and ecological significance". Geobios. 34 (4): 475–486. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(01)80011-5.
  22. ^ Turner, A. (1987). "New fossil carnivore remains from the Sterkfontein hominid site (Mammalia: Carnivora)". Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 34 (15): 319–347.
  23. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The panthers and ounces of Asia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (1): 65–82.
  24. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1932). "The leopards of Africa". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 102 (2): 543–591. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.
  25. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1939). "The races of jaguar (Panthera onca)". Novitates Zoologicae. 41: 406–422.
  26. ^ O'Brien, S. J.; Martenson, J. S.; Packer, C.; Herbst, L.; de Vos, V.; Joslin, P.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Wildt, D. E. & Bush, M. (1987). (PDF). National Geographic Research. 3 (1): 114–124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2013.
  27. ^ Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): Molecular genetic variation". Conservation Biology. 10 (4): 1115–1132. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.
  28. ^ Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, W. E.; Quigley, H. B.; Miquelle, D. G.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus". Molecular Ecology. 10 (11): 2617–2633. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770.
  29. ^ Dubach, J.; Patterson, B. D.; Briggs, M. B.; Venzke, K.; Flamand, J.; Stander, P.; Scheepers, L.; Kays, R. W. (2005). "Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, Panthera leo". Conservation Genetics. 6 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1007/s10592-004-7729-6. S2CID 30414547.
  30. ^ Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N.; De Iongh, H. H. (2011). (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 38 (7): 1356–1367. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x. S2CID 82728679. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  31. ^ Bertola, L. D., Jongbloed, H., Van Der Gaag, K. J., De Knijff, P., Yamaguchi, N., Hooghiemstra, H., Bauer, H., Henschel, P., White, P. A., Driscoll, C. A. and Tende, T. (2016). "Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (Panthera leo)". Scientific Reports. 6: 30807. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630807B. doi:10.1038/srep30807. PMC 4973251. PMID 27488946.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  32. ^ Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of black form of the leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (1): 190–197. doi:10.1007/bf00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.
  33. ^ Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family". Current Biology. 13 (5): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807.
  34. ^ a b c d Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 66−75.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 41−42.
  36. ^ Meyer, J. N. (1826). Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-medica de genere felium (Doctoral thesis). Vienna: University of Vienna.
  37. ^ Smith, C. H. (1842). "Black maned lion Leo melanochaitus". In Jardine, W. (ed.). The Naturalist's Library. Vol. 15 Mammalia. London: Chatto and Windus. p. Plate X, 177.
  38. ^ Mazak, V. (1975). "Notes on the Black-maned Lion of the Cape, Panthera leo melanochaita (Ch. H. Smith, 1842) and a Revised List of the Preserved Specimens". Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (64): 1–44.
  39. ^ Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P. F.; Henschel, P. & Nowell, K. (2016). "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15951A115130419.
  40. ^ Larson, S. E. (1997). "Taxonomic re-evaluation of the jaguar". Zoo Biology. 16 (2): 107–120. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<107::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E.
  41. ^ Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R. & Harmsen, B. (2017). "Panthera onca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15953A123791436.
  42. ^ Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.
  43. ^ Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.
  44. ^ Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate 17.
  45. ^ Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. 42: 1035–1039.
  46. ^ Satunin, K. A. (1914). Opredelitel' mlekopitayushchikh Rossiiskoi Imperii [Guide to the mammals of the Russian Empire]. Tiflis: Tipographia Kantzelyarii Namestnichestva.
  47. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1927). "Description of two subspecies of leopards". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 9. 20 (116): 213–214. doi:10.1080/00222932708655586.
  48. ^ Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.
  49. ^ Gray, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London. 30: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.
  50. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (2): 307–336.
  51. ^ Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon leopard, a distinct subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: 115–116.
  52. ^ Stein, A. B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro, S.; Kamler, J. F. & Laguardia, A. (2016). "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15954A102421779.
  53. ^ Illiger, C. (1815). . Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1804−1811: 39−159. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  54. ^ a b c Temminck, C. J. (1844). "Aperçu général et spécifique sur les Mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les Iles qui en dépendent". In Siebold, P. F. v.; Temminck, C. J.; Schlegel, H. (eds.). Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825 - 1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Leiden: Lugduni Batavorum.
  55. ^ Hilzheimer, M. (1905). "Über einige Tigerschädel aus der Straßburger zoologischen Sammlung". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 28: 594–599.
  56. ^ Mazák, V. (1968). "Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est". Mammalia. 32 (1): 104−112. doi:10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104. S2CID 84054536.
  57. ^ Luo, S. J.; Kim, J. H.; Johnson, W. E.; Walt, J. v. d.; Martenson, J.; Yuhki, N.; Miquelle, D. G. (2004). "Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (Panthera tigris)". PLOS Biology. 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. PMC 534810. PMID 15583716.
  58. ^ Schwarz, E. (1912). "Notes on Malay tigers, with description of a new form from Bali". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8 Volume 10 (57): 324–326. doi:10.1080/00222931208693243.
  59. ^ Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. (2015). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15955A50659951.
  60. ^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1777). "Die Unze". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 386–387.
  61. ^ McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P. & McCarthy, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22732A50664030.
  62. ^ a b c d Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. (2011). "Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.
  63. ^ Pei, W. C. (1934). "On the Carnivora from Locality 1 of Choukoutien". Palaeontologica Sinica Series C, Fascicle 1: 1−166.
  64. ^ Chimento, N. R.; Agnolin, F. L. (2017). "The fossil American lion (Panthera atrox) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 16 (8): 850–864. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009.
  65. ^ a b Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W. (2009). "Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity". Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1668–77. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x. PMID 19302360. S2CID 46716748.
  66. ^ Sotnikova, M. and Nikolskiy, P. (2006). "Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters". Quaternary International. 142–143: 218–228. Bibcode:2006QuInt.142..218S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  67. ^ Stinnesbeck, S. R.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Frey, E.; Olguín, J. A.; Sandoval, C. R.; Morlet, A. V.; González, A. H. (2018). "Panthera balamoides and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (7): 1–10. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1556649. S2CID 92328512.
  68. ^ Hemmer, H.; Kahlke, R. D.; Vekua, A. K. (2010). "Panthera onca georgica ssp. nov. from the Early Pleistocene of Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) and the phylogeography of jaguars (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 257 (1): 115–127. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0067.
  69. ^ Mol, D.; van Logchem, W.; de Vos, J. (2011). "New record of the European jaguar, Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938), from the Plio-Pleistocene of Langenboom (The Netherlands)". Cainozoic Research. 8 (1–2): 35–40. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  70. ^ Harington, C. R. (1996). Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory (PhD). Edmonton: University of Alberta.
  71. ^ Stuart, A. J., Lister, A .M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (17): 2329–2340. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.2329S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ Sala, B. (1990). "Panthera leo fossilis (v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie)". Géobios. 23 (2): 189–194. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3.
  73. ^ Marciszak, A.; Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 339–351. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.
  74. ^ Marciszak, A.; Schouwenburg, C.; Darga, R. (2014). "Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review". Quaternary International. Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments. 339–340: 245–257. Bibcode:2014QuInt.339..245M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008.
  75. ^ Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R., Dissanayake, R., Meegaskumbura, M. (2005). "A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (Supplement 12): 423–434.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ Ruiz-Garcia, M.; Payan, E.; Murillo, A. & Alvarez, D. (2006). "DNA microsatellite characterization of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Colombia". Genes & Genetic Systems. 81 (2): 115–127. doi:10.1266/ggs.81.115. PMID 16755135. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  77. ^ Moreno, A.; Lima-Ribeiro, M. (2015). "Ecological niche models, fossil record and the multi-temporal calibration for Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Felidae)" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2 (4): 309–319.
  78. ^ Roth, S. (1899). "Descripción de los restos encontrados en la caverna de Última Esperanza". Revista del Museo la Plata. 9: 381–388.
  79. ^ Paijmans, J. L. A.; Barlow, A.; Förster, D. W.; Henneberger, K.; Meyer, M.; Nickel, B.; Nagel, D.; Havmøller, R. W.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Joger, U.; Rosendahl, W.; Hofreiter, M. (2018). "Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1): 156. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1268-0. PMC 6198532. PMID 30348080.
  80. ^ Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe – northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art". Quaternary Science Reviews. 76: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..167D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.
  81. ^ Sabol, M. (2011). "Masters of the lost world: a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion-like felids". Quaternaire. 4: 229–236.
  82. ^ a b c Hasegawa, Y.; Tomida, Y.; Kohno, N.; Ono, K.; Nokariya, H.; Uyeno, T. (1988). "Quaternary vertebrates from Shiriya area, Shimokita Pininsula, northeastern Japan". Memoirs of the National Science Museum. 21: 17–36.
  83. ^ Turner, A. (1984). "Panthera crassidens Broom, 1948. The cat that never was?" (PDF). South African Journal of Science. 80 (5): 227–233.
  84. ^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  85. ^ Piras, P.; Silvestro, D.; Carotenuto, F.; Castiglione, S.; Kotsakis, A.; Maiorino, L.; Melchionna, M.; Mondanaro, A.; Sansalone, G., Serio, C. and Vero, V.A. (2018). "Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 496: 166−174. Bibcode:2018PPP...496..166P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034. hdl:2158/1268434.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

External links

  •   Media related to Panthera at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Panthera at Wikispecies
  • "The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats". PBS Eons. 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.

January 19, 2023
panthera, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, pantera, genus, within, family, felidae, that, named, described, lorenz, oken, 1816, placed, spotted, cats, this, group, reginald, innes, pocock, revised, classification, this, genus, 1916, comprising, tig. For other uses see Panthera disambiguation Not to be confused with Pantera Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae that was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group 4 5 Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger P tigris lion P leo jaguar P onca and leopard P pardus on the basis of common cranial features 6 Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard formerly Uncia uncia also belongs to the genus Panthera P uncia a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008 7 8 Panthera 1 Temporal range 5 95 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Miocene presentFrom top to bottom tiger lion jaguar leopard snow leopardScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraSuborder FeliformiaFamily FelidaeSubfamily PantherinaeGenus PantheraOken 1816Type speciesFelis pardus Panthera pardus Linnaeus 1758 1 SpeciesPanthera leo Panthera onca Panthera pardus Panthera tigris Panthera unciaExtinct species Panthera atrox Panthera balamoides Panthera blytheae Panthera fossilis 2 3 Panthera gombaszoegensis Panthera palaeosinensis Panthera shawi Panthera spelaea Panthera youngi Panthera zdanskyiSynonyms 1 About 10 Jaguarius Severtzov 1858Leo Frisch 1775Leonina Greve 1894Leoninae Wagner 1841Pardotigris Kretzoi 1929Pardus Fitzinger 1868Tigrina Greve 1894Tigrinae Wagner 1841Tigris Gray 1843Tigris Frisch 1775The tiger lion jaguar and leopard are the only cat species with anatomical structures that enable them to roar the snow leopard cannot The primary reason for this was formerly assumed to be the incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone However new studies show the ability to roar is due to other morphological features especially of the larynx 9 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics 3 Evolution 4 Classification 4 1 Contemporary species 4 2 Extinct species and subspecies 4 3 Phylogeny 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology EditThe word panther derives from classical Latin panthera itself from the ancient Greek panther pan8hr 10 Characteristics EditIn Panthera species the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped The basicranial axis is nearly horizontal The inner chamber of the bullae is large the outer small The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus The convexly rounded chin is sloping 11 All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone A specially adapted larynx with proportionally larger vocal folds is covered in a large fibro elastic pad These characteristics enable them to roar Only the snow leopard cannot roar as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm 0 35 in that provide a lower resistance to airflow it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia 12 Panthera species can prusten which is a short soft snorting sound it is used during contact between friendly individuals The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species 13 Evolution EditThe geographic origin of the Panthera is most likely northern Central Asia Panthera blytheae the oldest known Panthera species is similar in skull features to the snow leopard The tiger snow leopard and clouded leopard genetic lineages dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Miocene 14 Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago 7 The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera 7 15 16 17 The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about 8 66 million years ago Panthera diverged from other cat species about 11 3 million years ago and then evolved into the species tiger about 6 55 million years ago snow leopard about 4 63 million years ago and leopard about 4 35 million years ago Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion P atrox is a sister lineage to P spelaea that diverged about 0 34 million years ago 18 The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger 19 Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest the following relationships of living Panthera species 20 The extinct European jaguar Panthera gombaszogensis was probably closely related to the modern jaguar The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola in Italy and date to 1 6 million years ago 21 Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about 2 to 3 8 million years ago 22 Classification EditDuring the 19th and 20th centuries various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies or at times called races for all Panthera species The taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum London and grouped subspecies described thus shortening the lists considerably 23 24 25 Since the mid 1980s several Panthera species became subjects of genetic research mostly using blood samples of captive individuals Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them 26 27 Subsequently it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P p pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations 28 Based on genetic research it was suggested to group all living sub Saharan lion populations into P l leo 29 Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa southeastern Ethiopia is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations 30 31 Black panthers do not form a distinct species but are melanistic specimens of the genus most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar 32 33 Contemporary species Edit The following list of the genus Panthera is based on the taxonomic assessment in Mammal Species of the World and reflects the taxonomy revised in 2017 by the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group 1 34 Species Subspecies IUCN Red List status and distributionLion P leo Linnaeus 1758 35 P l leo Linnaeus 1758 35 including Barbary lion P l leo sensu stricto Asiatic lion syn P l persica Johann Nepomuk Meyer 1826 36 P l melanochaita Smith 1842 37 including Cape lion P l melanochaita sensu stricto 38 VU 39 Jaguar P onca Linnaeus 1758 35 Monotypic 40 34 NT 41 Leopard P pardus Linnaeus 1758 35 African leopard P p pardus Linnaeus 1758 35 Indian leopard P p fusca Meyer 1794 42 Javan leopard P p melas G Cuvier 1809 43 Arabian leopard P p nimr Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833 44 P p tulliana Valenciennes 1856 45 syn P p ciscaucasica Satunin 1914 46 P p saxicolor Pocock 1927 47 Amur leopard P p orientalis Schlegel 1857 48 syn P p japonensis Gray 1862 49 Indochinese leopard P p delacouri Pocock 1930 50 Sri Lankan leopard P p kotiya Deraniyagala 1956 51 VU 52 Tiger P tigris Linnaeus 1758 35 P t tigris Linnaeus 1758 including Bengal tiger P t tigris sensu stricto Caspian tiger syn P t virgata Illiger 1815 53 Siberian tiger syn P t altaica Temminck 1844 54 South China tiger syn P t amoyensis Hilzheimer 1905 55 Indochinese tiger syn P t corbetti Mazak 1968 56 Malayan tiger syn P t jacksoni Luo et al 2004 57 Sunda Island tiger P t sondaica Temminck 1844 54 including Javan tiger P t sondaica sensu stricto Sumatran tiger syn P t sumatrae Temminck 1844 54 Bali tiger syn P t balica Schwarz 1912 58 EN 59 Snow leopard P uncia 34 Schreber 1775 60 Monotypic 34 VU 61 Extinct species and subspecies Edit Species and subspecies Fossil records NotesPanthera blytheae Tibetan Plateau One of the oldest known Panthera species possibly closely related to the snow leopard 14 Panthera palaeosinensis Northern China Initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus Panthera 62 Panthera zdanskyi Gansu province of northwestern China Possibly a close relative of the tiger 62 Panthera youngi 63 China JapanPanthera atrox North America dubious remains in South America 64 P atrox is thought to have descended from a basal P spelaea cave lion population isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and then established a mitochondrial sister clade circa 200 000 BP 65 It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of P leo 65 or P spelaea 66 Panthera balamoides 67 MexicoPanthera gombaszoegensis Europe Panthera schreuderi and Panthera toscana are considered junior synonyms of P gombaszoegensis It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of P onca 68 69 Panthera leo fossilis 70 EuropePanthera spelaea Much of Eurasia 71 Originally spelaea was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion P leo 72 Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species namely P spelaea 73 74 Other genetic results indicate that the fossilis cave lion also warrants status as a species 2 3 Panthera leo sinhaleyus Sri Lanka This lion subspecies was described on the basis of two teeth 75 Panthera onca augusta 76 North America May have lived in temperate forests across North America 77 Panthera onca mesembrina 78 South America May have lived in grasslands in South America unlike the modern jaguarPanthera pardus spelaea Europe Closely related to Asiatic leopard subspecies 79 with at least one study suggesting that it is closely related to the Persian leopard P p tulliana according to genetic work 80 Panthera shawi Laetoli site in Tanzania A leopard like cat 81 Panthera tigris acutidens Much of Asia Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies 82 Panthera tigris soloensis Java Indonesia Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies 82 Panthera tigris trinilensis Java Indonesia Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies 82 Other now invalid species have also been described such as Panthera crassidens from South Africa which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils 83 Phylogeny Edit Two cladograms proposed for Panthera The upper one is based on phylogenetic studies by Johnson et al 2006 7 and by Werdelin et al 2010 84 The lower cladogram is based on a study by Davis et al 2010 19 and by Mazak et al 2011 62 The cladogram below follows Mazak Christiansen and Kitchener 2011 62 Pantherinae Neofelis Panthera Snow leopard Panthera palaeosinensisJaguar American lion Panthera spelaea Lion Leopard Tiger Panthera zdanskyiIn 2018 results of a phylogenetic study on living and fossil cats were published This study was based on the morphological diversity of the mandibles of saber toothed cats their speciation and extinction rates The generated cladogram indicates a different relation of the Panthera species as shown below 85 Panthera Panthera palaeosinensis Panthera blytheaeSnow leopard Panthera zdanskyiTiger European jaguarJaguar Leopard Lion Panthera spelaea American lionSee also Edit Cats portal Mammals portalPanthera hybrid Panther legendary creature References Edit a b c d Wozencraft W C 2005 Genus Panthera In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 546 548 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 a b Sotnikova M V Foronova I V 2014 First Asian record of Panthera Leo fossilis Mammalia Carnivora Felidae in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia Russia Integrative Zoology 9 4 517 530 doi 10 1111 1749 4877 12082 PMID 24382145 a b Barnett R Mendoza M L Z Soares A E R Ho S Y W Zazula G Yamaguchi N Shapiro B Kirillova I V Larson G Gilbert M T P 2016 Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion Panthera spelaea Goldfuss 1810 resolve its position within the Panthera cats Open Quaternary 2 4 doi 10 5334 oq 24 Oken L 1816 1 Art Panthera Lehrbuch der Zoologie 2 Abtheilung Jena August Schmid amp Comp p 1052 Allen J A 1902 Mammal names proposed by Oken in his Lehrbuch der Zoologie PDF Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 16 27 373 379 Pocock R I 1916 The Classification and Generic Nomenclature of F uncia and its Allies The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Including Zoology Botany and Geology Series 8 XVIII 105 314 316 doi 10 1080 00222931608693854 a b c d Johnson W E Eizirik E Pecon Slattery J Murphy W J Antunes A Teeling E amp O Brien S J 2006 The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae A genetic assessment Science 311 5757 73 77 Bibcode 2006Sci 311 73J doi 10 1126 science 1122277 PMID 16400146 S2CID 41672825 McCarthy T Mallon D Jackson R Zahler P McCarthy K 2017 Panthera uncia IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22732A50664030 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 2 RLTS T22732A50664030 en Peters G Hast M H 1994 Hyoid structure laryngeal anatomy and vocalization in felids Mammalia Carnivora Felidae PDF Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 59 2 87 104 Liddell H G amp Scott R 1940 pan8hr A Greek English Lexicon Revised and augmented ed Oxford Clarendon Press Pocock R I 1939 Panthera The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma Mammalia Volume 1 London Taylor and Francis pp 196 239 Hast M H 1989 The larynx of roaring and non roaring cats Journal of Anatomy 163 117 121 ISSN 0021 8782 PMC 1256521 PMID 2606766 Weissengruber G E Forstenpointner G Peters G Kubber Heiss A Fitch W T 2002 Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion Panthera leo jaguar Panthera onca tiger Panthera tigris cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and the domestic cat Felis silvestris f catus Journal of Anatomy 201 3 195 209 doi 10 1046 j 1469 7580 2002 00088 x PMC 1570911 PMID 12363272 a b Tseng Z J Wang X Slater G J Takeuchi G T Li Q Liu J amp Xie G 2014 Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 281 1774 20132686 doi 10 1098 rspb 2013 2686 PMC 3843846 PMID 24225466 Janczewski D N Modi W S Stephens J C amp O Brien S J 1996 Molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12S RNA and cytochrome b sequences in the pantherine lineage of Felidae Molecular Biology and Evolution 12 4 690 707 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a040232 PMID 7544865 Johnson W E amp O Brien S J 1997 Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH 5 mitochondrial genes Journal of Molecular Evolution 44 S1 S98 S116 Bibcode 1997JMolE 44S 98J doi 10 1007 PL00000060 PMID 9071018 S2CID 40185850 Yu L amp Zhang Y P 2005 Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats Felidae based on multiple genes with novel application of nuclear beta fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 2 483 495 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 01 017 PMID 15804417 Barnett R Shapiro B Barnes I Ho S Y W Burger J Yamaguchi N Higham T F G Wheeler H T Rosendahl W Sher A V Sotnikova M Kuznetsova T Baryshnikov G F Martin L D Harington C R Burns J A amp Cooper A 2009 Phylogeography of lions Panthera leo ssp reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity PDF Molecular Ecology 18 8 1668 1677 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294X 2009 04134 x PMID 19302360 S2CID 46716748 a b Davis B W Li G Murphy W J 2010 Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats Panthera Carnivora Felidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 1 64 76 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2010 01 036 PMID 20138224 Li G Davis B W Eizirik E amp Murphy W J 2016 Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats Felidae Genome Research 26 1 1 11 doi 10 1101 gr 186668 114 PMC 4691742 PMID 26518481 Hemmer H Kahlke R D amp Vekua A K 2001 The Jaguar Panthera onca gombaszoegensis Kretzoi 1938 Carnivora Felidae in the late lower Pleistocene of Akhalkalaki south Georgia Transcaucasia and its evolutionary and ecological significance Geobios 34 4 475 486 doi 10 1016 s0016 6995 01 80011 5 Turner A 1987 New fossil carnivore remains from the Sterkfontein hominid site Mammalia Carnivora Annals of the Transvaal Museum 34 15 319 347 Pocock R I 1930 The panthers and ounces of Asia Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34 1 65 82 Pocock R I 1932 The leopards of Africa Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 102 2 543 591 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1932 tb01085 x Pocock R I 1939 The races of jaguar Panthera onca Novitates Zoologicae 41 406 422 O Brien S J Martenson J S Packer C Herbst L de Vos V Joslin P Ott Joslin J Wildt D E amp Bush M 1987 Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions PDF National Geographic Research 3 1 114 124 Archived from the original PDF on 2 May 2013 Miththapala S Seidensticker J O Brien S J 1996 Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards Panthera pardus Molecular genetic variation Conservation Biology 10 4 1115 1132 doi 10 1046 j 1523 1739 1996 10041115 x Uphyrkina O Johnson W E Quigley H B Miquelle D G Marker L Bush M E O Brien S J 2001 Phylogenetics genome diversity and origin of modern leopard Panthera pardus Molecular Ecology 10 11 2617 2633 doi 10 1046 j 0962 1083 2001 01350 x PMID 11883877 S2CID 304770 Dubach J Patterson B D Briggs M B Venzke K Flamand J Stander P Scheepers L Kays R W 2005 Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion Panthera leo Conservation Genetics 6 1 15 24 doi 10 1007 s10592 004 7729 6 S2CID 30414547 Bertola L D Van Hooft W F Vrieling K Uit De Weerd D R York D S Bauer H Prins H H T Funston P J Udo De Haes H A Leirs H Van Haeringen W A Sogbohossou E Tumenta P N De Iongh H H 2011 Genetic diversity evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion Panthera leo in West and Central Africa PDF Journal of Biogeography 38 7 1356 1367 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2699 2011 02500 x S2CID 82728679 Archived from the original PDF on 8 June 2019 Retrieved 17 January 2017 Bertola L D Jongbloed H Van Der Gaag K J De Knijff P Yamaguchi N Hooghiemstra H Bauer H Henschel P White P A Driscoll C A and Tende T 2016 Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion Panthera leo Scientific Reports 6 30807 Bibcode 2016NatSR 630807B doi 10 1038 srep30807 PMC 4973251 PMID 27488946 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Robinson R 1970 Inheritance of black form of the leopard Panthera pardus Genetica 41 1 190 197 doi 10 1007 bf00958904 PMID 5480762 S2CID 5446868 Eizirik E Yuhki N Johnson W E Menotti Raymond M Hannah S S O Brien S J 2003 Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family Current Biology 13 5 448 453 doi 10 1016 S0960 9822 03 00128 3 PMID 12620197 S2CID 19021807 a b c d Kitchener A C Breitenmoser Wursten C Eizirik E Gentry A Werdelin L Wilting A Yamaguchi N Abramov A V Christiansen P Driscoll C Duckworth J W Johnson W Luo S J Meijaard E O Donoghue P Sanderson J Seymour K Bruford M Groves C Hoffmann M Nowell K Timmons Z Tobe S 2017 A revised taxonomy of the Felidae The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group PDF Cat News Special Issue 11 66 75 a b c d e f Linnaeus C 1758 Felis Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis Vol Tomus I decima reformata ed Holmiae Laurentius Salvius pp 41 42 Meyer J N 1826 Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico medica de genere felium Doctoral thesis Vienna University of Vienna Smith C H 1842 Black maned lion Leo melanochaitus In Jardine W ed The Naturalist s Library Vol 15 Mammalia London Chatto and Windus p Plate X 177 Mazak V 1975 Notes on the Black maned Lion of the Cape Panthera leo melanochaita Ch H Smith 1842 and a Revised List of the Preserved Specimens Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 64 1 44 Bauer H Packer C Funston P F Henschel P amp Nowell K 2016 Panthera leo IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T15951A115130419 Larson S E 1997 Taxonomic re evaluation of the jaguar Zoo Biology 16 2 107 120 doi 10 1002 SICI 1098 2361 1997 16 2 lt 107 AID ZOO2 gt 3 0 CO 2 E Quigley H Foster R Petracca L Payan E Salom R amp Harmsen B 2017 Panthera onca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T15953A123791436 Meyer F A A 1794 Uber de la Metheries schwarzen Panther Zoologische Annalen Erster Band Weimar Im Verlage des Industrie Comptoirs pp 394 396 Cuvier G 1809 Recherches sur les especes vivantes de grands chats pour servir de preuves et d eclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils Annales du Museum National d Histoire Naturelle Tome XIV 136 164 Hemprich W Ehrenberg C G 1830 Felis pardus nimr In Dr C G Ehrenberg ed Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg Decas Secunda Zoologica I Mammalia II Berolini Officina Academica pp Plate 17 Valenciennes A 1856 Sur une nouvelles espece de Panthere tue par M Tchihatcheff a Ninfi village situe a huit lieues est de Smyrne Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l Academie des sciences 42 1035 1039 Satunin K A 1914 Opredelitel mlekopitayushchikh Rossiiskoi Imperii Guide to the mammals of the Russian Empire Tiflis Tipographia Kantzelyarii Namestnichestva Pocock R I 1927 Description of two subspecies of leopards Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 9 20 116 213 214 doi 10 1080 00222932708655586 Schlegel H 1857 Felis orientalis Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde Ie Deel Breda Boekdrukkerij van Nys p 23 Gray J E 1862 Description of some new species of Mammalia Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London 30 261 263 plate XXXIII doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1862 tb06524 x Pocock R I 1930 The Panthers and Ounces of Asia Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34 2 307 336 Deraniyagala P E P 1956 The Ceylon leopard a distinct subspecies Spolia Zeylanica 28 115 116 Stein A B Athreya V Gerngross P Balme G Henschel P Karanth U Miquelle D Rostro S Kamler J F amp Laguardia A 2016 Panthera pardus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T15954A102421779 Illiger C 1815 Uberblick der Saugethiere nach ihrer Verteilung uber die Welttheile Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1804 1811 39 159 Archived from the original on 8 June 2019 Retrieved 2 January 2021 a b c Temminck C J 1844 Apercu general et specifique sur les Mammiferes qui habitent le Japon et les Iles qui en dependent In Siebold P F v Temminck C J Schlegel H eds Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium quae in itinere per Japoniam jussu et auspiciis superiorum qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent suscepto annis 1825 1830 collegit notis observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph Fr de Siebold Leiden Lugduni Batavorum Hilzheimer M 1905 Uber einige Tigerschadel aus der Strassburger zoologischen Sammlung Zoologischer Anzeiger 28 594 599 Mazak V 1968 Nouvelle sous espece de tigre provenant de l Asie du sud est Mammalia 32 1 104 112 doi 10 1515 mamm 1968 32 1 104 S2CID 84054536 Luo S J Kim J H Johnson W E Walt J v d Martenson J Yuhki N Miquelle D G 2004 Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers Panthera tigris PLOS Biology 2 12 e442 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0020442 PMC 534810 PMID 15583716 Schwarz E 1912 Notes on Malay tigers with description of a new form from Bali Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 8 Volume 10 57 324 326 doi 10 1080 00222931208693243 Goodrich J Lynam A Miquelle D Wibisono H Kawanishi K Pattanavibool A Htun S Tempa T Karki J Jhala Y amp Karanth U 2015 Panthera tigris IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T15955A50659951 Schreber J C D 1777 Die Unze Die Saugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen Erlangen Wolfgang Walther pp 386 387 McCarthy T Mallon D Jackson R Zahler P amp McCarthy K 2017 Panthera uncia IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22732A50664030 a b c d Mazak J H Christiansen P Kitchener A C 2011 Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger PLOS ONE 6 10 e25483 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 625483M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0025483 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3189913 PMID 22016768 Pei W C 1934 On the Carnivora from Locality 1 of Choukoutien Palaeontologica Sinica Series C Fascicle 1 1 166 Chimento N R Agnolin F L 2017 The fossil American lion Panthera atrox in South America Palaeobiogeographical implications Comptes Rendus Palevol 16 8 850 864 doi 10 1016 j crpv 2017 06 009 a b Barnett R Shapiro B Barnes I Ho S Y W Burger J Yamaguchi N Higham T F G Wheeler H T Rosendahl W 2009 Phylogeography of lions Panthera leo ssp reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity Molecular Ecology 18 8 1668 77 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294X 2009 04134 x PMID 19302360 S2CID 46716748 Sotnikova M and Nikolskiy P 2006 Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea Goldfuss based on cranial and dental characters Quaternary International 142 143 218 228 Bibcode 2006QuInt 142 218S doi 10 1016 j quaint 2005 03 019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Stinnesbeck S R Stinnesbeck W Frey E Olguin J A Sandoval C R Morlet A V Gonzalez A H 2018 Panthera balamoides and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum Quintana Roo Mexico Historical Biology An International Journal of Paleobiology 32 7 1 10 doi 10 1080 08912963 2018 1556649 S2CID 92328512 Hemmer H Kahlke R D Vekua A K 2010 Panthera onca georgica ssp nov from the Early Pleistocene of Dmanisi Republic of Georgia and the phylogeography of jaguars Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 257 1 115 127 doi 10 1127 0077 7749 2010 0067 Mol D van Logchem W de Vos J 2011 New record of the European jaguar Panthera onca gombaszoegensis Kretzoi 1938 from the Plio Pleistocene of Langenboom The Netherlands Cainozoic Research 8 1 2 35 40 Retrieved 28 September 2015 Harington C R 1996 Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory PhD Edmonton University of Alberta Stuart A J Lister A M 2011 Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea Quaternary Science Reviews 30 17 2329 2340 Bibcode 2011QSRv 30 2329S doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2010 04 023 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sala B 1990 Panthera leo fossilis v Reichenau 1906 Felidae de Iserna la Pineta Pleistocene moyen inferieur d Italie Geobios 23 2 189 194 doi 10 1016 S0016 6995 06 80051 3 Marciszak A Stefaniak K 2010 Two forms of cave lion Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss 1810 from the Bisnik Cave Poland Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 258 3 339 351 doi 10 1127 0077 7749 2010 0117 Marciszak A Schouwenburg C Darga R 2014 Decreasing size process in the cave Pleistocene lion Panthera spelaea Goldfuss 1810 evolution A review Quaternary International Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments 339 340 245 257 Bibcode 2014QuInt 339 245M doi 10 1016 j quaint 2013 10 008 Manamendra Arachchi K Pethiyagoda R Dissanayake R Meegaskumbura M 2005 A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka PDF The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 12 423 434 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ruiz Garcia M Payan E Murillo A amp Alvarez D 2006 DNA microsatellite characterization of the jaguar Panthera onca in Colombia Genes amp Genetic Systems 81 2 115 127 doi 10 1266 ggs 81 115 PMID 16755135 Retrieved 8 September 2015 Moreno A Lima Ribeiro M 2015 Ecological niche models fossil record and the multi temporal calibration for Panthera onca Linnaeus 1758 Mammalia Felidae PDF Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 2 4 309 319 Roth S 1899 Descripcion de los restos encontrados en la caverna de Ultima Esperanza Revista del Museo la Plata 9 381 388 Paijmans J L A Barlow A Forster D W Henneberger K Meyer M Nickel B Nagel D Havmoller R W Baryshnikov G F Joger U Rosendahl W Hofreiter M 2018 Historical biogeography of the leopard Panthera pardus and its extinct Eurasian populations BMC Evolutionary Biology 18 1 156 doi 10 1186 s12862 018 1268 0 PMC 6198532 PMID 30348080 Diedrich C G 2013 Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe northernmost European German population highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art Quaternary Science Reviews 76 167 193 Bibcode 2013QSRv 76 167D doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2013 05 009 Sabol M 2011 Masters of the lost world a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion like felids Quaternaire 4 229 236 a b c Hasegawa Y Tomida Y Kohno N Ono K Nokariya H Uyeno T 1988 Quaternary vertebrates from Shiriya area Shimokita Pininsula northeastern Japan Memoirs of the National Science Museum 21 17 36 Turner A 1984 Panthera crassidens Broom 1948 The cat that never was PDF South African Journal of Science 80 5 227 233 Werdelin L Yamaguchi N Johnson W E amp O Brien S J 2010 Phylogeny and evolution of cats Felidae In Macdonald D W amp Loveridge A J eds Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids Oxford Oxford University Press pp 59 82 ISBN 978 0 19 923445 5 Piras P Silvestro D Carotenuto F Castiglione S Kotsakis A Maiorino L Melchionna M Mondanaro A Sansalone G Serio C and Vero V A 2018 Evolution of the sabertooth mandible A deadly ecomorphological specialization Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 496 166 174 Bibcode 2018PPP 496 166P doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2018 01 034 hdl 2158 1268434 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Further reading EditTurner A Anton M 1997 The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 10228 5 External links Edit Media related to Panthera at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Panthera at Wikispecies The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats PBS Eons 16 May 2019 Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 via YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Panthera amp oldid 1124521478, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.