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Wikipedia

Jaguarundi

January 01, 1970

The jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi; /ˌdʒæɡwəˈrʌndi/ or /ˌʒæɡwəˈrʌndi/) is a wild cat native to the Americas. Its range extends from central Argentina in the south to northern Mexico, through Central and South America east of the Andes. The jaguarundi is a medium-sized cat of slender build. Its coloration is uniform with two color morphs, gray and red. It has an elongated body, with relatively short legs, a small, narrow head, small, round ears, a short snout, and a long tail, resembling mustelids in these respects. It is about twice as large as a domestic cat (Felis catus), reaching nearly 360 mm (14 in) at the shoulder, and weighs 3.5–7 kg (7.7–15.4 lb).

Jaguarundi
In the Pont-Scorff zoo
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Herpailurus
Severtzov, 1858
Species:
H. yagouaroundi
Binomial name
Herpailurus yagouaroundi
Distribution of the jaguarundi (2015)[1]
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Felis yagouaroundi Geoffroy, 1803
  • Puma yaguaroundi Lacépède, 1809
  • F. eyra Fischer, 1814
  • F. unicolor Thraill, 1819
  • F. cacomitli Berlandier, 1859
  • F. apache Mearns, 1901
  • F. fossata Mearns, 1901
  • F. panamensis Allen, 1904

Secretive and alert, the jaguarundi is typically solitary or forms pairs in the wild, though captive individuals are more gregarious. Unlike other sympatric cats such as the ocelot, the jaguarundi is more active during the day and hunts mainly during daytime and evening hours. Individuals live in large home ranges, and are sparsely distributed within a region. The jaguarundi is an efficient climber, but typically prefers hunting on ground. It feeds on various kinds of prey, especially ground-feeding birds, reptiles, rodents and small mammals. Mating occurs throughout the year, with peaks at different times of the year across the range. After a gestation period of 70 to 75 days, a litter of one to four kittens is born. Lifespans of up to 15 years have been recorded in captivity.

The jaguarundi inhabits a broad array of both closed and open habitats ranging from tropical rainforests and deciduous forests to deserts and thorn scrubs. It is fairly common in Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela, but may be extirpated from the United States. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, but populations are in decline in many parts of its range due to loss and fragmentation of habitat, as well as persecution for killing poultry.

Etymology edit

The common name "jaguarundi" comes from the Old Guarani word yaguarundi, similar to the Old Tupi word yawaum'di, meaning "dark jaguar".[3] The name is pronounced /ˌʒæɡwəˈrʌndi/[4][5] or /ˌdʒæɡwəˈrʌndi/.[6] In some Spanish-speaking countries, the jaguarundi is also called gato colorado, gato moro, león breñero, leoncillo and tigrillo.[1] It is also called eyra, gato-mourisco, gato-preto, gato-vermelho and maracajá-preto in Brazilian Portuguese.[7][8]

Taxonomy edit

In 1803 Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire described two jaguarundi skins and skulls from unknown locations in Central America and proposed the scientific name Felis yagouarundi.[9] In the 19th and 20th centuries, several more zoological specimens were described:[10]

The generic name Herpailurus was proposed by Nikolai Severtzov in 1858 for the jaguarundi.[18] Later authors classified the jaguarundi in the genus Puma along with the cougar (P. concolor).[2] Phylogeographical analysis of jaguarundi samples from across its range found no genetic evidence for subspecies.[19] In 2017, the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and recognises the jaguarundi as a monotypic taxon of the genus Herpailurus.[20]

Phylogeny and evolution edit

Lynx lineage

Lynx

Puma lineage
Acinonyx

Acinonyx jubatus  
(Cheetah)

Puma

Puma concolor  
(Cougar)

Herpailurus 

Herpailurus yagouaroundi  
(Jaguarundi)

Domestic cat lineage

Felis

Leopard cat lineage
The Puma lineage of the family Felidae, depicted along with closely related genera[21]

The jaguarundi is most closely related to the cougar; the jaguarundi-cougar clade is sister to the cheetah.[22] These three species comprise the Puma lineage, one of the eight lineages of Felidae; the Puma lineage diverged from the rest 6.7 million years ago. The sister group of the Puma lineage is a clade of smaller Old World cats that includes the genera Felis, Otocolobus and Prionailurus.[21]

The three species of the Puma lineage may have had a common ancestor during the Miocene, about 8.25 million years ago.[23][24] Acinonyx possibly diverged from the lineage in the Americas;[25][26][27] some authors alternatively suggest that the cheetah diverged in the Old World.[28][29]

The Puma lineage appears to have migrated from Asia to North America after crossing the Bering Strait, arriving in South America via the Isthmus of Panama by the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. This was possibly followed by the bifurcation of the lineage into the cougar and Herpailurus (represented by H. pumoides) in South America around 4 to 3 million years ago between the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. H. pumoides went extinct around Middle Pleistocene, around the time the modern jaguarundi came into existence; the oldest fossils of the modern jaguarundi date back to the Late Pleistocene in Brazil around 0.5 million years ago. The original North American cougars were extirpated during the Pleistocene extinctions around 10,000 years ago; North America was then recolonized by South American cougars and jaguarundis 10,000–8,000 years ago.[30][31][32] The extinct North American genus Miracinonyx is another member of this clade.[33]

Characteristics edit

 
Red morph
 
Gray morph

The jaguarundi is a medium-sized cat of slender build and uniform coloration that differs significantly from other neotropical cats — such as the small, spotted cats in the genus Leopardus — in its external appearance. This has been attributed to variations in its karyotype — the jaguarundi has 38 chromosomes, unlike the 36 in other small South American cats, and the chromosomal features resemble those of Old World cats such as the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis).[34] In fact, the jaguarundi shows several features seen in mustelids such as otters and weasels — it has an elongated body with relatively short legs, a small, narrow head, small, round ears, a short snout and a long tail.[34][35][30][36] The head-and-body length is between 53 and 77 cm (21 and 30 in); the strong, muscular tail is 31–52 cm (12–20 in) long. Around twice as large as the domestic cat, the jaguarundi reaches nearly 36 cm (14 in) at the shoulder and weighs 3.5–7 kg (7.7–15.4 lb), though larger individuals weighing around 9 kg (19.8 lb) have been reported.[34][37] Males are slightly larger than females.[30]

The coat is uniformly colored with at most a few faint markings on the face and the belly, though kittens are spotted for a short duration. Black and white marks on the lips and the snout, similar to those of the cougar, can be clearly seen in juveniles and some adults. Two color morphs are known (though intermediate shades are also seen) — gray (blackish to brownish-gray fur with a grizzled look due to bright and dark rings on individual hairs) and red (foxy red to chestnut); earlier these morphs were considered two different species. Individuals of both colors can be born in the same litter.[34][38] Blackish brown individuals superficially resemble the tayra (Eira barbara), but the latter can be told apart by the clear, yellowish patch on the throat.[10] The red morph is seen more often in dry, open areas. Melanistic individuals have been reported, but the coat is not completely black; the head and the throat are clearly paler than the rest of the body.[35] The widely spaced ears are 2.5–4 cm (0.98–1.57 in) long without any spots on the back.[34][39] The jaguarundi has a total of 30 teeth; the dental formula is 3.1.3.13.1.2.1.[30]

Among felids, the jaguarundi is closely similar to the flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps), but has a longer body and proportionately longer legs, is heavier and lacks the dark markings on the cheeks of the flat-headed cat.[10] Tawny jaguarundis bear a similar coloration to the larger cougar.[35]

The diploid number of chromosomes in jaguarundi is 2n=38.[40]

Distribution and habitat edit

The jaguarundi inhabits a wide variety of habitats, from tropical rainforests and deciduous forests to deserts and thorn scrubs. It can also be found in cloud forests, mangroves and savannas.[1][39] Unlike the sympatric margay, ocelot and oncilla, the jaguarundi can live in open areas as well. In open habitats the jaguarundi prefers areas with vegetative cover such as cacti, which would generally be difficult for potential predators to penetrate; there may be a few clearings at the periphery of such areas. Jaguarundis tend to stay close to a source of running water.[34][37][41] The jaguarundi is noted for its resistance to environmental disturbances in its habitat; it can thrive in reforested areas.[39] While commonly inhabiting elevations from lowlands up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level, this cat has been reported at altitudes as high as 3,200 m (10,500 ft) in Colombia.[1]

The range extends from central Argentina in the south to northern Mexico, through Central and South America east of the Andes — second only to the cougar in the latitudinal extent of its distribution. However, not all parts of its range have been studied well. The jaguarundi is fairly common in Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela.[42] It is possibly extirpated in the United States;[1] a 1999 study refuted claims of sightings in Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains in Santa Cruz County.[43][44] The last confirmed sighting in the U.S. was of a roadkilled individual near Brownsville, Texas in 1986.[42]

The occurrence of the jaguarundi in Florida has remained in doubt for decades, where they have been reported since 1907. They were allegedly introduced in the region by a writer from Chiefland who at some point imported the animals from their native habitat and released them near his hometown and in other locations across the state. W. T. Neill noted that jaguarundis occurred throughout peninsular Florida in the 1950s, but the numbers had plummeted by the late 1970s. Jaguarundis were also reported in the coastal area of Alabama in the 1980s, which may be evidence of the Florida population migrating northward.[45] The jaguarundi has also been recorded from Cerro Largo in Uruguay, where its presence was uncertain.[46]

Behavior and ecology edit

 
Jaguarundis are good climbers and can easily walk on branches

The jaguarundi is shy and reclusive, and apparently very cautious of traps.[45] There have been only a few radio telemetry studies of jaguarundis in Belize, Brazil and Mexico.[35] Though activity has been observed throughout the day and at night, jaguarundis seem to prefer hunting during daytime and evening hours; for instance, a study in Belize reported that jaguarundis started moving before dawn and remained active through most of the day till sunset with a peak in hunting from late morning to noon.[10][47] The cat appears to be more diurnal than most other cats, especially spotted cats that tend to be more active at night.[36][34] The jaguarundi can swim across medium-sized rivers; one in Bolivia was recorded swimming across the Tuichi River.[35] Jaguarundis are efficient climbers as well, but hunt mainly on ground; the coat color works as a good camouflage for terrestrial activity.[36] They can leap up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) into the air to catch birds.[34] Predators recorded for jaguarundis include boa constrictors, cougars and domestic dogs.[35] Parasites such as hookworms (Ancylostoma species), tapeworms (such as Spirometra and Toxocara species) and the lung fluke have been found in jaguarundis.[10]

Studies have mostly observed jaguarundis alone or in pairs; pairs could probably be formed between mothers and older kittens or between individuals of opposite sexes during the mating season. Individuals in captivity have been found to be more gregarious.[34] Home ranges tend to be large; a study in Brazil recorded home ranges 1.4–18 km2 (0.54–6.95 sq mi) in size for females, while those of males measured 8.5–25.3 km2 (3.3–9.8 sq mi) in area.[35] Two males in Belize were recorded to have exceptionally large home ranges spanning an area of 88 km2 (34 sq mi) and 100 km2 (39 sq mi), while the home range of a female in the same region measured 13–20 km2 (5.0–7.7 sq mi) in size.[36] Population densities are typically low, around 0.01 to 0.05/km2 (0.026 to 0.129/sq mi) in Brazil, though Tamaulipas (Mexico) and the Llanos in Costa Rica and Venezuela have recorded figures as high as 0.2/km2 (0.52/sq mi).[30][48]

Marking behavior could serve as a means of olfactory or visual communication among jaguarundis; individuals in captivity have been observed scraping areas with their hind feet (sometimes with urination), clawing on logs, rubbing objects with their heads and leaving feces uncovered. Social behavior such as grooming, growling and sniffing has been recorded. The jaguarundi has a broad vocal repertoire; 13 different calls have been recorded including chattering, purring, screaming, a 'wah-wah' call, whistling, yapping and a peculiar bird-like chirp. In captivity, females in estrus have been observed making faint sounds as they scent mark the area around their enclosures.[34][10]

Diet edit

 
Jaguarundis are generalist carnivores

The jaguarundi typically feed on small-sized prey weighing less than 1 kg (2.2 lb), including ground-feeding birds, reptiles, frogs, arthropods,[49] rodents and small mammals. Jaguarundis will also take larger prey such as domestic poultry, fish, marmosets, rabbits and opossums; a study recorded small deer (possibly carrion) in the diet. Vegetation such as grasses have also been recorded in their diet.[34][10][35][39] A study showed jaguarundis take 400 g (14 oz) vertebrate prey on an average every day.[10] The broad array of prey recorded for the jaguarundi across its range and varying proportions of different prey in its diet could indicate that the cat tends to feed on the most abundant and easily catchable prey in the area.[34]

Reproduction edit

Jaguarundis have been observed mating all year round, with peaks at different times of the year across the range; for instance, in Mexico breeding peaks in January and March. Estrus lasts three to five days, marked by the female regularly rolling onto her back and spraying urine. Sexually mature males will pursue the female, not reacting to any aggressive behavior from her side. As in many other felids, the male bites the fur on the female's neck on mounting; the female lets out a loud scream on penetration.[34][10]

After a gestation period of 70 to 75 days, a litter of one to four kittens is born in a den constructed in a dense thicket, hollow tree, or similar cover. The kittens are covered well with fur and the underside is marked with spots, which disappear as they age; the coat color gradually changes as the kittens grow older.[34][39] The mother starts bringing solid food for the kittens when they are around three weeks old, but they simply play with it until the mother ultimately ingests it. Kittens are capable of taking solid food like birds and guinea pigs at around six weeks. Jaguarundis become sexually mature at one to three years of age. Lifespan up to 15 years has been recorded in captivity.[34][36]

Threats and conservation edit

 
In the Děčín zoo, Czech Republic

The jaguarundi has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002. Mexican populations, except those in the northeast, appear to be stable. The huge protected areas in the Amazon Basin are probably the only conservation units that can sustain long-term viable populations. IUCN Red List assessors noted that it should be listed as Near Threatened, but the data were not sufficient to extend this classification throughout the jaguarundi's range.[1] The jaguarundi is not particularly sought after for its fur due to its poor quality and low value, but it is suffering decline due to habitat loss.[36][37]

Other threats include risks of habitat fragmentation and persecution for killing poultry.[1] The North and Central American jaguarundi populations are listed in CITES Appendix I and all the other populations are listed in CITES Appendix II.[39] Populations in the US are protected under the Endangered Species Act;[2] the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department has expressed concern that its presence in South Texas may be imperiled due to loss of the cat's native habitat.[50] Populations in Mexico are listed under the Mexican Official Norm NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.[51]

Hunting jaguarundi is restricted in Peru and banned in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, United States, and Venezuela.[1]

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  42. ^ a b Giordano, A.J. (2016). "Ecology and status of the jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi: a synthesis of existing knowledge" (PDF). Mammal Review. 46 (1): 30–43. doi:10.1111/mam.12051.
  43. ^ Brown, D.E.; González, C.A.L. (1999). "Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi Geoffroy 1803) not in Arizona or Sonora". Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 32 (2): 155–157. JSTOR 40021308.
  44. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  45. ^ a b Simberloff, D.; Schmitz, D.C. & Brown, T.C. (1997). Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1-55963-430-4.
  46. ^ Grattarola, F.; Hernandez, D.; Duarte, A.; et al. (2016). "Primer registro de yaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) en Uruguay, con comentarios sobre monitereo participativo" [First record of jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Uruguay, with comments on participatory monitoring]. Boletín de la Sociedad Zoológica del Uruguay (in Spanish). 25 (1): 85–91.
  47. ^ Konecny, M.J. (1989). "Movement patterns and food habits of four sympatric carnivore species in Belize, South America" (PDF). Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy: 243–264.
  48. ^ Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. & Nowell, K. (2010). "Dramatis personae: an introduction to the wild felids". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–58. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  49. ^ "Puma yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi)". Animal Diversity Web.
  50. ^ "South Texas wildlife management: Endangered species". Texas Parks & Wildlife. 15 April 2003. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  51. ^ Lorenzo, C. & González-Ruiz, N. (2018). "Mammals in the Mexican Official Norm NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010". Therya. 9 (1): 69–72. doi:10.12933/therya-18-565.

Notes edit

External links edit

  • "Jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi". IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
  • . Big Cats Online. Wild Cat Species and Distribution – South America. Archived from the original on 7 November 2003.
  • "Jaguarondi" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
  • "Jaguarondi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 125.

January 01, 1970
jaguarundi, jaguarundi, herpailurus, yagouaroundi, wild, native, americas, range, extends, from, central, argentina, south, northern, mexico, through, central, south, america, east, andes, jaguarundi, medium, sized, slender, build, coloration, uniform, with, c. The jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi ˌ dʒ ae ɡ w e ˈ r ʌ n d i or ˌ ʒ ae ɡ w e ˈ r ʌ n d i is a wild cat native to the Americas Its range extends from central Argentina in the south to northern Mexico through Central and South America east of the Andes The jaguarundi is a medium sized cat of slender build Its coloration is uniform with two color morphs gray and red It has an elongated body with relatively short legs a small narrow head small round ears a short snout and a long tail resembling mustelids in these respects It is about twice as large as a domestic cat Felis catus reaching nearly 360 mm 14 in at the shoulder and weighs 3 5 7 kg 7 7 15 4 lb Jaguarundi In the Pont Scorff zoo Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix I CITES 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Suborder Feliformia Family Felidae Subfamily Felinae Genus HerpailurusSevertzov 1858 Species H yagouaroundi Binomial name Herpailurus yagouaroundi Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 1803 Distribution of the jaguarundi 2015 1 Synonyms 2 List Felis yagouaroundi Geoffroy 1803Puma yaguaroundi Lacepede 1809F eyra Fischer 1814F unicolor Thraill 1819F cacomitli Berlandier 1859F apache Mearns 1901F fossata Mearns 1901F panamensis Allen 1904 Secretive and alert the jaguarundi is typically solitary or forms pairs in the wild though captive individuals are more gregarious Unlike other sympatric cats such as the ocelot the jaguarundi is more active during the day and hunts mainly during daytime and evening hours Individuals live in large home ranges and are sparsely distributed within a region The jaguarundi is an efficient climber but typically prefers hunting on ground It feeds on various kinds of prey especially ground feeding birds reptiles rodents and small mammals Mating occurs throughout the year with peaks at different times of the year across the range After a gestation period of 70 to 75 days a litter of one to four kittens is born Lifespans of up to 15 years have been recorded in captivity The jaguarundi inhabits a broad array of both closed and open habitats ranging from tropical rainforests and deciduous forests to deserts and thorn scrubs It is fairly common in Brazil Peru and Venezuela but may be extirpated from the United States It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List but populations are in decline in many parts of its range due to loss and fragmentation of habitat as well as persecution for killing poultry Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Phylogeny and evolution 3 Characteristics 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Behavior and ecology 5 1 Diet 5 2 Reproduction 6 Threats and conservation 7 References 8 Notes 9 External linksEtymology editThe common name jaguarundi comes from the Old Guarani word yaguarundi similar to the Old Tupi word yawaum di meaning dark jaguar 3 The name is pronounced ˌ ʒ ae ɡ w e ˈ r ʌ n d i 4 5 or ˌ dʒ ae ɡ w e ˈ r ʌ n d i 6 In some Spanish speaking countries the jaguarundi is also called gato colorado gato moro leon brenero leoncillo and tigrillo 1 It is also called eyra gato mourisco gato preto gato vermelho and maracaja preto in Brazilian Portuguese 7 8 Taxonomy editIn 1803 Etienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire described two jaguarundi skins and skulls from unknown locations in Central America and proposed the scientific name Felis yagouarundi 9 In the 19th and 20th centuries several more zoological specimens were described 10 Felis eyra proposed by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim in 1814 was a ferruginous skin from Paraguay 11 F cacomitli proposed by Jean Louis Berlandier in 1859 was a skull and a grayish skin of a female jaguarundi from the Rio Grande area in Mexico 12 F yagouaroundi tolteca proposed by Oldfield Thomas in 1898 was a skull and a reddish skin from Sinaloa in Mexico 13 F Ameghinoi proposed by Eduardo Ladislao Holmberg in 1898 for fossil cat bones presumably of a jaguarundi that were excavated near San Luis Argentina 14 F fossata by Edgar Alexander Mearns in 1901 was a large jaguarundi skull from Yucatan 15 F panamensis by Joel Asaph Allen in 1904 was a dusky gray skin of a young adult female jaguarundi collected in Panama s Chiriqui Province 16 F yagouaroundi melantho by Oldfield Thomas in 1914 were skulls and blackish brown skins of a male and a female from Pozuzo District in Peru 17 The generic name Herpailurus was proposed by Nikolai Severtzov in 1858 for the jaguarundi 18 Later authors classified the jaguarundi in the genus Puma along with the cougar P concolor 2 Phylogeographical analysis of jaguarundi samples from across its range found no genetic evidence for subspecies 19 In 2017 the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and recognises the jaguarundi as a monotypic taxon of the genus Herpailurus 20 Phylogeny and evolution edit Lynx lineage Lynx Puma lineage Acinonyx Acinonyx jubatus nbsp Cheetah Puma Puma concolor nbsp Cougar Herpailurus Herpailurus yagouaroundi nbsp Jaguarundi Domestic cat lineage Felis Leopard cat lineage Otocolobus Prionailurus The Puma lineage of the family Felidae depicted along with closely related genera 21 The jaguarundi is most closely related to the cougar the jaguarundi cougar clade is sister to the cheetah 22 These three species comprise the Puma lineage one of the eight lineages of Felidae the Puma lineage diverged from the rest 6 7 million years ago The sister group of the Puma lineage is a clade of smaller Old World cats that includes the genera Felis Otocolobus and Prionailurus 21 The three species of the Puma lineage may have had a common ancestor during the Miocene about 8 25 million years ago 23 24 Acinonyx possibly diverged from the lineage in the Americas 25 26 27 some authors alternatively suggest that the cheetah diverged in the Old World 28 29 The Puma lineage appears to have migrated from Asia to North America after crossing the Bering Strait arriving in South America via the Isthmus of Panama by the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene This was possibly followed by the bifurcation of the lineage into the cougar and Herpailurus represented by H pumoides in South America around 4 to 3 million years ago between the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene H pumoides went extinct around Middle Pleistocene around the time the modern jaguarundi came into existence the oldest fossils of the modern jaguarundi date back to the Late Pleistocene in Brazil around 0 5 million years ago The original North American cougars were extirpated during the Pleistocene extinctions around 10 000 years ago North America was then recolonized by South American cougars and jaguarundis 10 000 8 000 years ago 30 31 32 The extinct North American genus Miracinonyx is another member of this clade 33 Characteristics edit nbsp Red morph nbsp Gray morph The jaguarundi is a medium sized cat of slender build and uniform coloration that differs significantly from other neotropical cats such as the small spotted cats in the genus Leopardus in its external appearance This has been attributed to variations in its karyotype the jaguarundi has 38 chromosomes unlike the 36 in other small South American cats and the chromosomal features resemble those of Old World cats such as the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis 34 In fact the jaguarundi shows several features seen in mustelids such as otters and weasels it has an elongated body with relatively short legs a small narrow head small round ears a short snout and a long tail 34 35 30 36 The head and body length is between 53 and 77 cm 21 and 30 in the strong muscular tail is 31 52 cm 12 20 in long Around twice as large as the domestic cat the jaguarundi reaches nearly 36 cm 14 in at the shoulder and weighs 3 5 7 kg 7 7 15 4 lb though larger individuals weighing around 9 kg 19 8 lb have been reported 34 37 Males are slightly larger than females 30 The coat is uniformly colored with at most a few faint markings on the face and the belly though kittens are spotted for a short duration Black and white marks on the lips and the snout similar to those of the cougar can be clearly seen in juveniles and some adults Two color morphs are known though intermediate shades are also seen gray blackish to brownish gray fur with a grizzled look due to bright and dark rings on individual hairs and red foxy red to chestnut earlier these morphs were considered two different species Individuals of both colors can be born in the same litter 34 38 Blackish brown individuals superficially resemble the tayra Eira barbara but the latter can be told apart by the clear yellowish patch on the throat 10 The red morph is seen more often in dry open areas Melanistic individuals have been reported but the coat is not completely black the head and the throat are clearly paler than the rest of the body 35 The widely spaced ears are 2 5 4 cm 0 98 1 57 in long without any spots on the back 34 39 The jaguarundi has a total of 30 teeth the dental formula is 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 30 Among felids the jaguarundi is closely similar to the flat headed cat Prionailurus planiceps but has a longer body and proportionately longer legs is heavier and lacks the dark markings on the cheeks of the flat headed cat 10 Tawny jaguarundis bear a similar coloration to the larger cougar 35 The diploid number of chromosomes in jaguarundi is 2n 38 40 Distribution and habitat editThe jaguarundi inhabits a wide variety of habitats from tropical rainforests and deciduous forests to deserts and thorn scrubs It can also be found in cloud forests mangroves and savannas 1 39 Unlike the sympatric margay ocelot and oncilla the jaguarundi can live in open areas as well In open habitats the jaguarundi prefers areas with vegetative cover such as cacti which would generally be difficult for potential predators to penetrate there may be a few clearings at the periphery of such areas Jaguarundis tend to stay close to a source of running water 34 37 41 The jaguarundi is noted for its resistance to environmental disturbances in its habitat it can thrive in reforested areas 39 While commonly inhabiting elevations from lowlands up to 2 000 m 6 600 ft above sea level this cat has been reported at altitudes as high as 3 200 m 10 500 ft in Colombia 1 The range extends from central Argentina in the south to northern Mexico through Central and South America east of the Andes second only to the cougar in the latitudinal extent of its distribution However not all parts of its range have been studied well The jaguarundi is fairly common in Brazil Peru and Venezuela 42 It is possibly extirpated in the United States 1 a 1999 study refuted claims of sightings in Arizona in the Huachuca Mountains in Santa Cruz County 43 44 The last confirmed sighting in the U S was of a roadkilled individual near Brownsville Texas in 1986 42 The occurrence of the jaguarundi in Florida has remained in doubt for decades where they have been reported since 1907 They were allegedly introduced in the region by a writer from Chiefland who at some point imported the animals from their native habitat and released them near his hometown and in other locations across the state W T Neill noted that jaguarundis occurred throughout peninsular Florida in the 1950s but the numbers had plummeted by the late 1970s Jaguarundis were also reported in the coastal area of Alabama in the 1980s which may be evidence of the Florida population migrating northward 45 The jaguarundi has also been recorded from Cerro Largo in Uruguay where its presence was uncertain 46 Behavior and ecology edit nbsp Jaguarundis are good climbers and can easily walk on branches The jaguarundi is shy and reclusive and apparently very cautious of traps 45 There have been only a few radio telemetry studies of jaguarundis in Belize Brazil and Mexico 35 Though activity has been observed throughout the day and at night jaguarundis seem to prefer hunting during daytime and evening hours for instance a study in Belize reported that jaguarundis started moving before dawn and remained active through most of the day till sunset with a peak in hunting from late morning to noon 10 47 The cat appears to be more diurnal than most other cats especially spotted cats that tend to be more active at night 36 34 The jaguarundi can swim across medium sized rivers one in Bolivia was recorded swimming across the Tuichi River 35 Jaguarundis are efficient climbers as well but hunt mainly on ground the coat color works as a good camouflage for terrestrial activity 36 They can leap up to 2 m 6 ft 7 in into the air to catch birds 34 Predators recorded for jaguarundis include boa constrictors cougars and domestic dogs 35 Parasites such as hookworms Ancylostoma species tapeworms such as Spirometra and Toxocara species and the lung fluke have been found in jaguarundis 10 Studies have mostly observed jaguarundis alone or in pairs pairs could probably be formed between mothers and older kittens or between individuals of opposite sexes during the mating season Individuals in captivity have been found to be more gregarious 34 Home ranges tend to be large a study in Brazil recorded home ranges 1 4 18 km2 0 54 6 95 sq mi in size for females while those of males measured 8 5 25 3 km2 3 3 9 8 sq mi in area 35 Two males in Belize were recorded to have exceptionally large home ranges spanning an area of 88 km2 34 sq mi and 100 km2 39 sq mi while the home range of a female in the same region measured 13 20 km2 5 0 7 7 sq mi in size 36 Population densities are typically low around 0 01 to 0 05 km2 0 026 to 0 129 sq mi in Brazil though Tamaulipas Mexico and the Llanos in Costa Rica and Venezuela have recorded figures as high as 0 2 km2 0 52 sq mi 30 48 Marking behavior could serve as a means of olfactory or visual communication among jaguarundis individuals in captivity have been observed scraping areas with their hind feet sometimes with urination clawing on logs rubbing objects with their heads and leaving feces uncovered Social behavior such as grooming growling and sniffing has been recorded The jaguarundi has a broad vocal repertoire 13 different calls have been recorded including chattering purring screaming a wah wah call whistling yapping and a peculiar bird like chirp In captivity females in estrus have been observed making faint sounds as they scent mark the area around their enclosures 34 10 Diet edit nbsp Jaguarundis are generalist carnivores The jaguarundi typically feed on small sized prey weighing less than 1 kg 2 2 lb including ground feeding birds reptiles frogs arthropods 49 rodents and small mammals Jaguarundis will also take larger prey such as domestic poultry fish marmosets rabbits and opossums a study recorded small deer possibly carrion in the diet Vegetation such as grasses have also been recorded in their diet 34 10 35 39 A study showed jaguarundis take 400 g 14 oz vertebrate prey on an average every day 10 The broad array of prey recorded for the jaguarundi across its range and varying proportions of different prey in its diet could indicate that the cat tends to feed on the most abundant and easily catchable prey in the area 34 Reproduction edit Jaguarundis have been observed mating all year round with peaks at different times of the year across the range for instance in Mexico breeding peaks in January and March Estrus lasts three to five days marked by the female regularly rolling onto her back and spraying urine Sexually mature males will pursue the female not reacting to any aggressive behavior from her side As in many other felids the male bites the fur on the female s neck on mounting the female lets out a loud scream on penetration 34 10 After a gestation period of 70 to 75 days a litter of one to four kittens is born in a den constructed in a dense thicket hollow tree or similar cover The kittens are covered well with fur and the underside is marked with spots which disappear as they age the coat color gradually changes as the kittens grow older 34 39 The mother starts bringing solid food for the kittens when they are around three weeks old but they simply play with it until the mother ultimately ingests it Kittens are capable of taking solid food like birds and guinea pigs at around six weeks Jaguarundis become sexually mature at one to three years of age Lifespan up to 15 years has been recorded in captivity 34 36 Threats and conservation edit nbsp In the Decin zoo Czech Republic The jaguarundi has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002 Mexican populations except those in the northeast appear to be stable The huge protected areas in the Amazon Basin are probably the only conservation units that can sustain long term viable populations IUCN Red List assessors noted that it should be listed as Near Threatened but the data were not sufficient to extend this classification throughout the jaguarundi s range 1 The jaguarundi is not particularly sought after for its fur due to its poor quality and low value but it is suffering decline due to habitat loss 36 37 Other threats include risks of habitat fragmentation and persecution for killing poultry 1 The North and Central American jaguarundi populations are listed in CITES Appendix I and all the other populations are listed in CITES Appendix II 39 Populations in the US are protected under the Endangered Species Act 2 the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department has expressed concern that its presence in South Texas may be imperiled due to loss of the cat s native habitat 50 Populations in Mexico are listed under the Mexican Official Norm NOM 059 SEMARNAT 2010 51 Hunting jaguarundi is restricted in Peru and banned in Argentina Belize Brazil Bolivia Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Honduras Mexico Panama Paraguay Suriname Uruguay United States and Venezuela 1 References edit a b c d e f g h i j Caso A de Oliveira T amp Carvajal S V 2015 Herpailurus yagouaroundi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T9948A50653167 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 2 RLTS T9948A50653167 en Retrieved 15 January 2022 a b c Wozencraft W C 2005 Species Puma yagouaroundi In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press p 545 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Ferreira A B H 1986 Novo Dicionario da Lingua Portuguesa New Dictionary of the Portuguese Language in Portuguese 2nd ed Rio de Janeiro Nova Fronteira p 980 jaguarundi Merriam Webster com Dictionary Retrieved 10 April 2020 jaguarundi The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins jaguarundi Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on October 17 2021 de Miranda E E Gambarini A 2003 Natureza Conservacao e Cultura Ensaio sobre a Relacao do Homem com a Natureza no Brasil Nature Conservation and Culture Essay on the Relationship between Man and Nature in Brazil in Portuguese Sao Paulo Metalivros p 113 ISBN 9788585371470 Nowell K Jackson P IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group eds 1996 Wild Cats Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan Gland IUCN p 146 ISBN 978 2 8317 0045 8 Geoffroy Saint Hilaire E 1803 Le chat yagouarundi Felis yagouarundi The cat jaguarundi Felis yagouarundi Catalogue des Mammiferes du Museum National d Histoire Naturelle Catalogue of Mammals of the National Museum of Natural History in French Paris Museum National d Histoire Naturelle p 124 a b c d e f g h i de Oliveira T G 1998 Herpailurus yagouaroundi Mammalian Species 578 1 6 doi 10 2307 3504500 JSTOR 3504500 Fischer von Waldheim G 1814 Felis eyra Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata in usum praelectionum Academiae imperialis medico chirugicae mosquensis edita in Latin Moscow Nicolai S Vsevolozsky p 228 Berlandier J L 1859 Felis yagouarundi Desm In Baird S F ed Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey made under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior Vol II Mammals of the boundary Washington A O P Nicholson pp 12 13 Thomas O 1898 On new mammals from Western Mexico and Lower California The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 1 1 40 46 doi 10 1080 00222939808677921 Holmberg E L 1898 La fauna de la Republica Argentina The fauna of the Argentine Republic PDF In Carrasco G ed Segundo Censo de la Republica Argentina Mayo 10 de 1895 Second Census of the Argentine Republic May 10 1895 Vol 1 Buenos Aires Taller Tipografico de la Penitenciaria Nacional pp 477 602 Mearns E A 1901 Two new cats of the eyra group from North America Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 14 149 151 Allen J A 1904 Mammals from southern Mexico and Central and South America PDF Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 20 4 29 80 Thomas O 1914 On various South American mammals The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8 13 75 345 363 doi 10 1080 00222931408693492 Severtzov N A 1858 Notice sur la classification multiseriale des carnivores specialement des Felides et les etudes de zoologie generale qui s y rattachent Notes on the classification of the carnivores especially the Felidae and the respective zoological studies Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee in French X 385 396 Ruiz Garcia M amp Pinedo Castro M 2013 Population genetics and phylogeographic analyses of the jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi by means of three mitochondrial markers The first molecular study of this species In Ruiz Garcia M amp Shostell J M eds Molecular Population Genetics Evolutionary Biology and Biological Conservation on Neotropical Carnivores New York Nova Publishers pp 245 288 ISBN 978 1 62417 079 9 Kitchener A C Breitenmoser Wursten C Eizirik E Gentry A Werdelin L Wilting A Yamaguchi N Abramov A V Christiansen P Driscoll C Duckworth J W Johnson W Luo S J Meijaard E O Donoghue P Sanderson J Seymour K Bruford M Groves C Hoffmann M Nowell K Timmons Z amp Tobe S 2017 A revised taxonomy of the Felidae The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group PDF Cat News Special Issue 11 31 32 a b Werdelin L Yamaguchi N Johnson W E amp O Brien S J 2010 Phylogeny and evolution of cats Felidae In Macdonald D W amp Loveridge A J eds Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids Reprint ed Oxford UK Oxford University Press pp 59 82 ISBN 978 0 19 923445 5 Culver M Johnson W E Pecon Slattery J amp O Brien S J 2000 Genomic ancestry of the American puma PDF Journal of Heredity 91 3 186 197 doi 10 1093 jhered 91 3 186 PMID 10833043 Archived from the original PDF on 2 January 2004 Adams D B 1979 The cheetah native American PDF Science 205 4411 1155 1158 Bibcode 1979Sci 205 1155A doi 10 1126 science 205 4411 1155 PMID 17735054 S2CID 17951039 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 12 21 Johnson W E amp O Brien S J 1997 Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH 5 mitochondrial genes Journal of Molecular Evolution 44 S1 S98 S116 Bibcode 1997JMolE 44S 98J doi 10 1007 PL00000060 PMID 9071018 S2CID 40185850 Johnson W E Eizirik E Pecon Slattery J Murphy W J Antunes A Teeling E amp O Brien S J 2006 The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae A genetic assessment Science 311 5757 73 77 Bibcode 2006Sci 311 73J doi 10 1126 science 1122277 PMID 16400146 S2CID 41672825 Dobrynin P Liu S Tamazian G Xiong Z Yurchenko A A Krasheninnikova K Kliver S amp Schmidt Kuntzel A 2015 Genomic legacy of the African cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Genome Biology 16 277 doi 10 1186 s13059 015 0837 4 PMC 4676127 PMID 26653294 O Brien S J amp Johnson W E 2007 The evolution of cats PDF Scientific American 297 1 68 75 Bibcode 2007SciAm 297a 68O doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0707 68 Barnett R I B Phillips M J Martin L D Harington C R Leonard J A amp Cooper A 2005 Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah like cat Current Biology 15 15 R589 R590 doi 10 1016 j cub 2005 07 052 PMID 16085477 S2CID 17665121 Faurby S Werdelin L amp Svenning J C 2016 The difference between trivial and scientific names there were never any true cheetahs in North America Genome Biology 17 1 89 doi 10 1186 s13059 016 0943 y PMC 4858926 PMID 27150269 a b c d e Bellani G G 2020 Felines of the World Discoveries in Taxonomic Classification and History London Academic Press pp 223 231 ISBN 978 0 12 816503 4 Culver M 2000 Genomic ancestry of the American puma Puma concolor Journal of Heredity 91 3 186 197 doi 10 1093 jhered 91 3 186 PMID 10833043 Chimento N R Dondas A 2018 First record of Puma concolor Mammalia Felidae in the Early Middle Pleistocene of South America Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25 3 381 389 doi 10 1007 s10914 017 9385 x S2CID 16249074 Barnett R Barnes I Phillips M J Martin L D Harington C Richard Leonard Jennifer A Cooper Alan 2005 Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah like cat Current Biology 15 15 R589 R590 doi 10 1016 j cub 2005 07 052 PMID 16085477 S2CID 17665121 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Sunquist M amp Sunquist F 2002 Jaguarundi Wild Cats of the World Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 113 119 ISBN 978 0 226 77999 7 a b c d e f g h Hunter L 2015 Wild Cats of the World London Bloomsbury Publishing pp 152 156 ISBN 978 1 4729 2285 4 a b c d e f Nowak R M 1999 Walker s Mammals of the World 6th ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 818 ISBN 978 0 8018 5789 8 a b c Brown D E Gonzalez C A 1999 Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi tolteca PDF Journal of the Arizona Nevada Academy of Science 32 155 157 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 11 11 Retrieved 2009 01 01 Sirimarco E 2001 Jaguarundi Herpailurus yaguarondi cacomitli In Hildyard A ed Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World Vol 6 New York Marshall Cavendish Co pp 736 738 ISBN 0 7614 7200 2 a b c d e f Aranda M Caso A 26 September 2013 Jaguarundi In Ceballos G ed Mammals of Mexico Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp 498 499 ISBN 978 1 4214 0879 8 Wurster Hill Doris H Gray C W 1973 Giemsa banding patterns in the chromosomes of twelve species of cats Felidae Cytogenetic and Genome Research 12 6 377 397 doi 10 1159 000130481 PMID 4134385 Coronado Quibrera W P Olmos Oropeza G Bender L C Rosas Rosas O C Palacio Nunez J Tarango Arambula L A Herrera Haro J G 2019 Adaptability of the threatened jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi Schereber 1777 to human altered environments in San Luis Potosi Mexico Acta Zoologica Mexicana 35 1 15 doi 10 21829 azm 2019 3502210 S2CID 204848020 a b Giordano A J 2016 Ecology and status of the jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi a synthesis of existing knowledge PDF Mammal Review 46 1 30 43 doi 10 1111 mam 12051 Brown D E Gonzalez C A L 1999 Jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi Geoffroy 1803 not in Arizona or Sonora Journal of the Arizona Nevada Academy of Science 32 2 155 157 JSTOR 40021308 NatureServe Explorer 2 0 explorer natureserve org Retrieved 2023 08 10 a b Simberloff D Schmitz D C amp Brown T C 1997 Strangers in Paradise Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida Washington D C Island Press pp 172 173 ISBN 978 1 55963 430 4 Grattarola F Hernandez D Duarte A et al 2016 Primer registro de yaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi Mammalia Carnivora Felidae en Uruguay con comentarios sobre monitereo participativo First record of jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi Mammalia Carnivora Felidae in Uruguay with comments on participatory monitoring Boletin de la Sociedad Zoologica del Uruguay in Spanish 25 1 85 91 Konecny M J 1989 Movement patterns and food habits of four sympatric carnivore species in Belize South America PDF Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy 243 264 Macdonald D W Loveridge A J amp Nowell K 2010 Dramatis personae an introduction to the wild felids In Macdonald D W amp Loveridge A J eds Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids Oxford UK Oxford University Press pp 3 58 ISBN 978 0 19 923445 5 Puma yagouaroundi Jaguarundi Animal Diversity Web South Texas wildlife management Endangered species Texas Parks amp Wildlife 15 April 2003 Retrieved 15 September 2011 Lorenzo C amp Gonzalez Ruiz N 2018 Mammals in the Mexican Official Norm NOM 059 SEMARNAT 2010 Therya 9 1 69 72 doi 10 12933 therya 18 565 Notes editExternal links edit Jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group Jaguarundi Big Cats Online Wild Cat Species and Distribution South America Archived from the original on 7 November 2003 Jaguarondi Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Jaguarondi Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed 1911 p 125 Portals nbsp Cats nbsp Mammals nbsp Latin AmericaJaguarundi at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Travel guides from Wikivoyage nbsp Taxa from Wikispecies nbsp Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jaguarundi amp oldid 1217585502, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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