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Oceanic dispersal

May 07, 2023

"Rafting event" redirects here. For using rafts as a sport or pleasure event, see Rafting.

Oceanic dispersal is a type of biological dispersal that occurs when terrestrial organisms transfer from one land mass to another by way of a sea crossing. Island hopping is the crossing of an ocean by a series of shorter journeys between islands, as opposed to a single journey directly to the destination. Often this occurs via large rafts of floating vegetation such as are sometimes seen floating down major rivers in the tropics and washing out to sea, occasionally with animals trapped on them.[1] Dispersal via such a raft is sometimes referred to as a rafting event.[2] Colonization of land masses by plants can also occur via long-distance oceanic dispersal of floating seeds.[3]

The colonization pathways of Theridion grallator through the eastern Hawaii islands.

History

Rafting has played an important role in the colonization of isolated land masses by mammals. Prominent examples include Madagascar, which has been isolated for ~120 million years (Ma), and South America, which was isolated for much of the Cenozoic. Both land masses, for example, appear to have received their primates by this mechanism. According to genetic evidence, the common ancestor of the lemurs of Madagascar appears to have crossed the Mozambique Channel by rafting between 50 and 60 Ma ago.[4][5][6] Likewise, the New World monkeys are thought to have originated in Africa and rafted to South America by the Oligocene, when the continents were much closer than they are today.[5] Madagascar also appears to have received its tenrecs (25–42 Ma ago), nesomyid rodents (20–24 Ma ago) and euplerid carnivorans (19–26 Ma ago) by this route[6] and South America its caviomorph rodents (over 30 Ma ago).[7][8] Simian primates (ancestral to monkeys) and hystricognath rodents (ancestral to caviomorphs) are believed to have previously rafted from Asia to Africa about 40 Ma ago.[9]

Among reptiles, several iguanid species in the South Pacific have been hypothesized to be descended from iguanas that rafted 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) from Central or South America[10] (an alternative theory involves dispersal of a putative now-extinct iguana lineage from Australia or Asia[11]). Similarly, a number of clades of American geckos seem to have rafted over from Africa during both the Paleogene and Neogene.[12] Skinks of the related genera Mabuya and Trachylepis also apparently both floated across the Atlantic from Africa to South America and Fernando de Noronha, respectively, during the last 9 Ma.[13] Skinks from the same group have also rafted from Africa to Cape Verde, Madagascar, the Seychelles, the Comoros and Socotra.[13] (Among lizards, skinks and geckos seem especially capable of surviving long transoceanic journeys.[13]) Surprisingly, even burrowing amphisbaenians[14] and blind snakes[15] appear to have rafted from Africa to South America.

An example of a bird that is thought to have reached its present location by rafting is the weak-flying South American hoatzin, whose ancestors apparently floated over from Africa.[16]

Colonization of groups of islands can occur by an iterative rafting process sometimes called island hopping. Such a process appears to have played a role, for example, in the colonization of the Caribbean by mammals of South American origin (i.e., caviomorphs, monkeys and sloths).[17]

A remarkable example of iterative rafting has been proposed for spiders of the genus Amaurobioides.[18][19] Members of this genus inhabit coastal sites and build silken cells which they seal at high tide; however, they do not balloon. DNA sequence analysis suggests that ancestors of the genus dispersed from southern South America to South Africa about 10 million years (Ma) ago, where the most basal clade is found; subsequent rafting events then took the genus eastward with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to Australia, then to New Zealand and finally to Chile by about 2 Ma ago.[19] Another example among spiders is the species Moggridgea rainbowi, the only Australian member of a genus otherwise endemic to Africa, with a divergence date of 2 to 16 Ma ago.[20]

However, oceanic dispersal of terrestrial species may not always take the form of rafting; in some cases, swimming or simply floating may suffice. Tortoises of the genus Chelonoidis arrived in South America from Africa in the Oligocene;[21] they were probably aided by their ability to float with their heads up, and to survive up to six months without food or fresh water.[21] South American tortoises then went on to colonize the West Indies and Galápagos Islands.

The dispersal of semiaquatic species is likely to occur similarly. The dispersal of anthracotheres from Asia to Africa about 40 Ma ago,[9] and the much more recent dispersal of hippos (relatives and possible descendants of anthracotheres) from Africa to Madagascar may have occurred by floating or swimming.[6] Ancestors of the Nile crocodile are thought to have reached the Americas from Africa 5 to 6 Ma ago.[22][23]

Observation

The first documented example of colonization of a land mass by rafting occurred in the aftermath of hurricanes Luis and Marilyn in the Caribbean in 1995. A raft of uprooted trees carrying fifteen or more green iguanas was observed by fishermen landing on the east side of Anguilla–an island where they had never before been recorded.[24] The iguanas had apparently been caught on the trees and rafted 200 mi (320 km) across the ocean from Guadeloupe, where they are indigenous.[25][26] Examination of the weather patterns and ocean currents indicated that they had probably spent three weeks at sea before landfall.[26] This colony began breeding on the new island within two years of its arrival.[26]

The advent of human civilization has created opportunities for organisms to raft on floating artifacts, which may be more durable than natural floating objects. This phenomenon was noted following the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami in Japan, with about 300 species found to have been carried on debris by the North Pacific Current to the west coast of North America (although no colonizations have been detected thus far).[27][28]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mittermeier, R.A.; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-881173-88-5.
  2. ^ "The monkeys that sailed across the Atlantic to South America". BBC. 26 January 2016.
  3. ^ Won, H.; Renner, S. S. (2006). "Dating dispersal and radiation in the gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales) – clock calibration when outgroup relationships are uncertain". Systematic Biology. 55 (4): 610–622. doi:10.1080/10635150600812619. PMID 16969937.
  4. ^ Roos, Christian; Schmitz, Jürgen; Zischler, Hans (July 2004). "Primate jumping genes elucidate strepsirrhine phylogeny". PNAS. 101 (29): 10650–10654. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10110650R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403852101. PMC 489989. PMID 15249661.
  5. ^ a b Sellers, Bill (2000-10-20). (PDF). University of Edinburgh. pp. 13–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  6. ^ a b c Ali, J. R.; Huber, M. (2010-01-20). "Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents". Nature. 463 (4 Feb. 2010): 653–656. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..653A. doi:10.1038/nature08706. PMID 20090678. S2CID 4333977.
  7. ^ Flynn, J. J.; Wyss, A. R. (1998). "Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (11): 449–454. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01457-8. PMID 21238387.
  8. ^ Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R.; Charrier, Reynaldo (2007). "South America's Missing Mammals". Scientific American. 296 (May): 68–75. Bibcode:2007SciAm.296e..68F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0507-68. PMID 17500416.
  9. ^ a b Chaimanee, Y.; Chavasseau, O.; Beard, K. C.; Kyaw, A. A.; Soe, A. N.; Sein, C.; Lazzari, V.; Marivaux, L.; Marandat, B.; Swe, M.; Rugbumrung, M.; Lwin, T.; Valentin, X.; Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein; Jaeger, J. -J. (2012). "Late Middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (26): 10293–7. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10910293C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200644109. PMC 3387043. PMID 22665790.
  10. ^ Gibbons, J. R. H. (Jul 31, 1981). "The Biogeography of Brachylophus (Iguanidae) including the Description of a New Species, B. vitiensis, from Fiji". Journal of Herpetology. 15 (3): 255–273. doi:10.2307/1563429. JSTOR 1563429.
  11. ^ Noonan, Brice P.; Sites, Jack W. (2010). "Tracing the origins of iguanid lizards and boine snakes of the pacific". The American Naturalist. 175 (Jan 2010): 61–72. doi:10.1086/648607. ISSN 1537-5323. PMID 19929634. S2CID 5882832.
  12. ^ Gamble, T.; Bauer, A. M.; Colli, G. R.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T. R.; Vitt, L. J.; Simons, A. M. (2010-12-03). "Coming to America: Multiple origins of New World geckos" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 24 (2): 231–244. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02184.x. PMC 3075428. PMID 21126276.
  13. ^ a b c Carranza, S.; Arnold, N. E. (2003-08-05). "Investigating the origin of transoceanic distributions: mtDNA shows Mabuya lizards (Reptilia, Scincidae) crossed the Atlantic twice". Systematics and Biodiversity. 1 (2): 275–282. doi:10.1017/S1477200003001099. S2CID 55799145. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  14. ^ Vidal, N.; Azvolinsky, A.; Cruaud, C.; Hedges, S. B. (2007-12-11). "Origin of tropical American burrowing reptiles by transatlantic rafting". Biology Letters. 4 (1): 115–118. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0531. PMC 2412945. PMID 18077239.
  15. ^ Vidal, N.; Marin, J.; Morini, M.; Donnellan, S.; Branch, W. R.; Thomas, R.; Vences, M.; Wynn, A.; Cruaud, C.; Hedges, S. B. (2010-03-31). "Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana". Biology Letters. 6 (4): 558–561. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220. PMC 2936224. PMID 20356885.
  16. ^ Mayr, G.; Alvarenga, H.; Mourer-Chauviré, C. C. (2011-10-01). "Out of Africa: Fossils shed light on the origin of the hoatzin, an iconic Neotropic bird". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (11): 961–966. Bibcode:2011NW.....98..961M. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0849-1. PMID 21964974. S2CID 24210185.
  17. ^ Hedges, S. Blair (2006). "Paleogeography of the Antilles and Origin of West Indian Terrestrial Vertebrates1". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 93 (2): 231–244. doi:10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[231:POTAAO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198149958.
  18. ^ Kukso, F. (2016-11-08). "Seafaring Spiders Made It around the World—in 8 Million Years". Scientific American. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  19. ^ a b Kuntner, M.; Ceccarelli, F. S.; Opell, B. D.; Haddad, C. R.; Raven, Robert J.; Soto, E. M.; Ramírez, M. J. (2016-10-12). "Around the World in Eight Million Years: Historical Biogeography and Evolution of the Spray Zone Spider Amaurobioides (Araneae: Anyphaenidae)". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0163740. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1163740C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163740. PMC 5061358. PMID 27732621.
  20. ^ Kuntner, M.; Harrison, S. E.; Harvey, M. S.; Cooper, S. J. B.; Austin, A. D.; Rix, M. G. (2017). "Across the Indian Ocean: A remarkable example of trans-oceanic dispersal in an austral mygalomorph spider". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0180139. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1280139H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180139. PMC 5540276. PMID 28767648.
  21. ^ a b Le, M.; Raxworthy, C. J.; McCord, W. P.; Mertz, L. (2006-05-05). "A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 517–531. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.003. PMID 16678445.
  22. ^ Oaks, J.R. (2011). "A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles". Evolution. 65 (11): 3285–3297. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x. PMID 22023592. S2CID 7254442.
  23. ^ Pan, T.; Miao, J.-S.; Zhang, H.-B.; Yan, P.; Lee, P.-S.; Jiang, X.-Y.; Ouyang, J.-H.; Deng, Y.-P.; Zhang, B.-W.; Wu, X.-B. (2020). "Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1075–1089. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa074.
  24. ^ Lawrence, E. (1998-10-15). "Iguanas ride the waves". Nature. doi:10.1038/news981015-3.
  25. ^ Censky, E. J.; Hodge, K.; Dudley, J. (1998-10-08). "Over-water dispersal of lizards due to hurricanes". Nature. 395 (6702): 556. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..556C. doi:10.1038/26886. S2CID 4360916.
  26. ^ a b c Yoon, C. K. (1998-10-08). "Hapless iguanas float away and voyage grips biologists". The New York Times.
  27. ^ Chown, S. L. (2017). "Tsunami debris spells trouble". Science. 357 (6358): 1356. Bibcode:2017Sci...357.1356C. doi:10.1126/science.aao5677. PMID 28963243. S2CID 206663774.
  28. ^ Carlton, J. T.; Chapman, J. W.; Geller, J. B.; Miller, J. A.; Carlton, D. A.; McCuller, M. I.; Treneman, N. C.; Steves, B. P.; Ruiz, G. M. (2017). "Tsunami-driven rafting: Transoceanic species dispersal and implications for marine biogeography". Science. 357 (6358): 1402–1406. Bibcode:2017Sci...357.1402C. doi:10.1126/science.aao1498. PMID 28963256.

Further reading

  • de Queiroz, A. (2014-01-01). "Evolution's Stowaways". The Scientist. LabX Media Group. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  • de Queiroz, A. (7 January 2014). The Monkey's Voyage: How Improbable Journeys Shaped the History of Life. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02051-5. OCLC 858975420.

May 07, 2023
oceanic, dispersal, rafting, event, redirects, here, using, rafts, sport, pleasure, event, rafting, type, biological, dispersal, that, occurs, when, terrestrial, organisms, transfer, from, land, mass, another, crossing, island, hopping, crossing, ocean, series. Rafting event redirects here For using rafts as a sport or pleasure event see Rafting Oceanic dispersal is a type of biological dispersal that occurs when terrestrial organisms transfer from one land mass to another by way of a sea crossing Island hopping is the crossing of an ocean by a series of shorter journeys between islands as opposed to a single journey directly to the destination Often this occurs via large rafts of floating vegetation such as are sometimes seen floating down major rivers in the tropics and washing out to sea occasionally with animals trapped on them 1 Dispersal via such a raft is sometimes referred to as a rafting event 2 Colonization of land masses by plants can also occur via long distance oceanic dispersal of floating seeds 3 The colonization pathways of Theridion grallator through the eastern Hawaii islands Contents 1 History 2 Observation 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingHistory EditRafting has played an important role in the colonization of isolated land masses by mammals Prominent examples include Madagascar which has been isolated for 120 million years Ma and South America which was isolated for much of the Cenozoic Both land masses for example appear to have received their primates by this mechanism According to genetic evidence the common ancestor of the lemurs of Madagascar appears to have crossed the Mozambique Channel by rafting between 50 and 60 Ma ago 4 5 6 Likewise the New World monkeys are thought to have originated in Africa and rafted to South America by the Oligocene when the continents were much closer than they are today 5 Madagascar also appears to have received its tenrecs 25 42 Ma ago nesomyid rodents 20 24 Ma ago and euplerid carnivorans 19 26 Ma ago by this route 6 and South America its caviomorph rodents over 30 Ma ago 7 8 Simian primates ancestral to monkeys and hystricognath rodents ancestral to caviomorphs are believed to have previously rafted from Asia to Africa about 40 Ma ago 9 Among reptiles several iguanid species in the South Pacific have been hypothesized to be descended from iguanas that rafted 10 000 kilometres 6 200 mi from Central or South America 10 an alternative theory involves dispersal of a putative now extinct iguana lineage from Australia or Asia 11 Similarly a number of clades of American geckos seem to have rafted over from Africa during both the Paleogene and Neogene 12 Skinks of the related genera Mabuya and Trachylepis also apparently both floated across the Atlantic from Africa to South America and Fernando de Noronha respectively during the last 9 Ma 13 Skinks from the same group have also rafted from Africa to Cape Verde Madagascar the Seychelles the Comoros and Socotra 13 Among lizards skinks and geckos seem especially capable of surviving long transoceanic journeys 13 Surprisingly even burrowing amphisbaenians 14 and blind snakes 15 appear to have rafted from Africa to South America An example of a bird that is thought to have reached its present location by rafting is the weak flying South American hoatzin whose ancestors apparently floated over from Africa 16 Colonization of groups of islands can occur by an iterative rafting process sometimes called island hopping Such a process appears to have played a role for example in the colonization of the Caribbean by mammals of South American origin i e caviomorphs monkeys and sloths 17 A remarkable example of iterative rafting has been proposed for spiders of the genus Amaurobioides 18 19 Members of this genus inhabit coastal sites and build silken cells which they seal at high tide however they do not balloon DNA sequence analysis suggests that ancestors of the genus dispersed from southern South America to South Africa about 10 million years Ma ago where the most basal clade is found subsequent rafting events then took the genus eastward with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to Australia then to New Zealand and finally to Chile by about 2 Ma ago 19 Another example among spiders is the species Moggridgea rainbowi the only Australian member of a genus otherwise endemic to Africa with a divergence date of 2 to 16 Ma ago 20 However oceanic dispersal of terrestrial species may not always take the form of rafting in some cases swimming or simply floating may suffice Tortoises of the genus Chelonoidis arrived in South America from Africa in the Oligocene 21 they were probably aided by their ability to float with their heads up and to survive up to six months without food or fresh water 21 South American tortoises then went on to colonize the West Indies and Galapagos Islands The dispersal of semiaquatic species is likely to occur similarly The dispersal of anthracotheres from Asia to Africa about 40 Ma ago 9 and the much more recent dispersal of hippos relatives and possible descendants of anthracotheres from Africa to Madagascar may have occurred by floating or swimming 6 Ancestors of the Nile crocodile are thought to have reached the Americas from Africa 5 to 6 Ma ago 22 23 Observation EditThe first documented example of colonization of a land mass by rafting occurred in the aftermath of hurricanes Luis and Marilyn in the Caribbean in 1995 A raft of uprooted trees carrying fifteen or more green iguanas was observed by fishermen landing on the east side of Anguilla an island where they had never before been recorded 24 The iguanas had apparently been caught on the trees and rafted 200 mi 320 km across the ocean from Guadeloupe where they are indigenous 25 26 Examination of the weather patterns and ocean currents indicated that they had probably spent three weeks at sea before landfall 26 This colony began breeding on the new island within two years of its arrival 26 The advent of human civilization has created opportunities for organisms to raft on floating artifacts which may be more durable than natural floating objects This phenomenon was noted following the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami in Japan with about 300 species found to have been carried on debris by the North Pacific Current to the west coast of North America although no colonizations have been detected thus far 27 28 See also EditAllopatric speciation Biological dispersal PanspermiaReferences Edit Mittermeier R A et al 2006 Lemurs of Madagascar 2nd ed Conservation International pp 24 26 ISBN 978 1 881173 88 5 The monkeys that sailed across the Atlantic to South America BBC 26 January 2016 Won H Renner S S 2006 Dating dispersal and radiation in the gymnosperm Gnetum Gnetales clock calibration when outgroup relationships are uncertain Systematic Biology 55 4 610 622 doi 10 1080 10635150600812619 PMID 16969937 Roos Christian Schmitz Jurgen Zischler Hans July 2004 Primate jumping genes elucidate strepsirrhine phylogeny PNAS 101 29 10650 10654 Bibcode 2004PNAS 10110650R doi 10 1073 pnas 0403852101 PMC 489989 PMID 15249661 a b Sellers Bill 2000 10 20 Primate Evolution PDF University of Edinburgh pp 13 17 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 02 25 Retrieved 2008 10 23 a b c Ali J R Huber M 2010 01 20 Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents Nature 463 4 Feb 2010 653 656 Bibcode 2010Natur 463 653A doi 10 1038 nature08706 PMID 20090678 S2CID 4333977 Flynn J J Wyss A R 1998 Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13 11 449 454 doi 10 1016 S0169 5347 98 01457 8 PMID 21238387 Flynn John J Wyss Andre R Charrier Reynaldo 2007 South America s Missing Mammals Scientific American 296 May 68 75 Bibcode 2007SciAm 296e 68F doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0507 68 PMID 17500416 a b Chaimanee Y Chavasseau O Beard K C Kyaw A A Soe A N Sein C Lazzari V Marivaux L Marandat B Swe M Rugbumrung M Lwin T Valentin X Zin Maung Maung Thein Jaeger J J 2012 Late Middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 26 10293 7 Bibcode 2012PNAS 10910293C doi 10 1073 pnas 1200644109 PMC 3387043 PMID 22665790 Gibbons J R H Jul 31 1981 The Biogeography of Brachylophus Iguanidae including the Description of a New Species B vitiensis from Fiji Journal of Herpetology 15 3 255 273 doi 10 2307 1563429 JSTOR 1563429 Noonan Brice P Sites Jack W 2010 Tracing the origins of iguanid lizards and boine snakes of the pacific The American Naturalist 175 Jan 2010 61 72 doi 10 1086 648607 ISSN 1537 5323 PMID 19929634 S2CID 5882832 Gamble T Bauer A M Colli G R Greenbaum E Jackman T R Vitt L J Simons A M 2010 12 03 Coming to America Multiple origins of New World geckos PDF Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24 2 231 244 doi 10 1111 j 1420 9101 2010 02184 x PMC 3075428 PMID 21126276 a b c Carranza S Arnold N E 2003 08 05 Investigating the origin of transoceanic distributions mtDNA shows Mabuya lizards Reptilia Scincidae crossed the Atlantic twice Systematics and Biodiversity 1 2 275 282 doi 10 1017 S1477200003001099 S2CID 55799145 Retrieved 2008 04 04 Vidal N Azvolinsky A Cruaud C Hedges S B 2007 12 11 Origin of tropical American burrowing reptiles by transatlantic rafting Biology Letters 4 1 115 118 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2007 0531 PMC 2412945 PMID 18077239 Vidal N Marin J Morini M Donnellan S Branch W R Thomas R Vences M Wynn A Cruaud C Hedges S B 2010 03 31 Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana Biology Letters 6 4 558 561 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2010 0220 PMC 2936224 PMID 20356885 Mayr G Alvarenga H Mourer Chauvire C C 2011 10 01 Out of Africa Fossils shed light on the origin of the hoatzin an iconic Neotropic bird Naturwissenschaften 98 11 961 966 Bibcode 2011NW 98 961M doi 10 1007 s00114 011 0849 1 PMID 21964974 S2CID 24210185 Hedges S Blair 2006 Paleogeography of the Antilles and Origin of West Indian Terrestrial Vertebrates1 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93 2 231 244 doi 10 3417 0026 6493 2006 93 231 POTAAO 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 198149958 Kukso F 2016 11 08 Seafaring Spiders Made It around the World in 8 Million Years Scientific American Retrieved 2016 11 10 a b Kuntner M Ceccarelli F S Opell B D Haddad C R Raven Robert J Soto E M Ramirez M J 2016 10 12 Around the World in Eight Million Years Historical Biogeography and Evolution of the Spray Zone Spider Amaurobioides Araneae Anyphaenidae PLOS ONE 11 10 e0163740 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1163740C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0163740 PMC 5061358 PMID 27732621 Kuntner M Harrison S E Harvey M S Cooper S J B Austin A D Rix M G 2017 Across the Indian Ocean A remarkable example of trans oceanic dispersal in an austral mygalomorph spider PLOS ONE 12 8 e0180139 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1280139H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0180139 PMC 5540276 PMID 28767648 a b Le M Raxworthy C J McCord W P Mertz L 2006 05 05 A molecular phylogeny of tortoises Testudines Testudinidae based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 2 517 531 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 03 003 PMID 16678445 Oaks J R 2011 A time calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles Evolution 65 11 3285 3297 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2011 01373 x PMID 22023592 S2CID 7254442 Pan T Miao J S Zhang H B Yan P Lee P S Jiang X Y Ouyang J H Deng Y P Zhang B W Wu X B 2020 Near complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia Reptilia using mitogenome based data Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 4 1075 1089 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlaa074 Lawrence E 1998 10 15 Iguanas ride the waves Nature doi 10 1038 news981015 3 Censky E J Hodge K Dudley J 1998 10 08 Over water dispersal of lizards due to hurricanes Nature 395 6702 556 Bibcode 1998Natur 395 556C doi 10 1038 26886 S2CID 4360916 a b c Yoon C K 1998 10 08 Hapless iguanas float away and voyage grips biologists The New York Times Chown S L 2017 Tsunami debris spells trouble Science 357 6358 1356 Bibcode 2017Sci 357 1356C doi 10 1126 science aao5677 PMID 28963243 S2CID 206663774 Carlton J T Chapman J W Geller J B Miller J A Carlton D A McCuller M I Treneman N C Steves B P Ruiz G M 2017 Tsunami driven rafting Transoceanic species dispersal and implications for marine biogeography Science 357 6358 1402 1406 Bibcode 2017Sci 357 1402C doi 10 1126 science aao1498 PMID 28963256 Further reading Editde Queiroz A 2014 01 01 Evolution s Stowaways The Scientist LabX Media Group Retrieved 2014 01 16 de Queiroz A 7 January 2014 The Monkey s Voyage How Improbable Journeys Shaped the History of Life Basic Books ISBN 978 0 465 02051 5 OCLC 858975420 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oceanic dispersal amp oldid 1149191638, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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