Proechimys is a genus of South American spiny rats of the family Echimyidae.[1] All species of the genus are terrestrial. In the lowland Neotropical forests, Proechimys rodents are often the most abundant non-volant mammals.[2] They are recognizable by reason of their elongated heads and long rostra, large and erect ears, narrow and long hind feet, and tails always shorter than head-and-body lengths. The dorsal pelage comprises a mixture of expanded, varyingly stiffened spines (or aristiforms) — hence the vernacular name of spiny rats — and soft hairs (or setiforms).[2]
Proechimys is the most speciose genus of the rodent family Echimyidae, with 25 species recognized, followed by Phyllomys with 13 species, and Trinomys with 11 species.
The genus Proechimys is the sister group to the genus Hoplomys (the armored rat). In turn, these two taxa share evolutionary affinities with other Myocastorini genera: Callistomys (the painted tree-rat) and Myocastor (the coypu or nutria) on the one hand, and Thrichomys on the other hand.
The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Species leveledit
Reconstructing the systematics and phylogeny of Proechimys species have been greatly hampered by extreme levels of within- and among-population character variability.[2] This difficulty has been emphasized by Pine et al.:
Among the rodents, Proechimys remains what may be the most problematical genus taxonomically in all mammaldom.[10]
To infer the phylogeny of Proechimys at the species level, morphological characters[11] and mitochondrial DNA sequences[12] have been used, and allowed to group species into major clades but whose interrelationships remain unresolved.[2] Six species groups were identified (group semispinosus, group longicaudatus, group guyannensis, group trinitatus, group goeldii, and group gardneri), and 4 species (Proechimys simonsi, P. echinothrix, P. canicollis, and P. decumanus) remained unaffiliated to any of these groups.[13]
The cladogram has been reconstructed from morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b) sequences.[11][12][2][13]
The different groups of species can be diagnosed as follows.[13]
Group semispinosus: it contains two species, Proechimys semispinosus, — with its widespread range, from Central America south from Honduras along the west coast of Colombia and Ecuador — and P. oconnelli, with a more limited range, east of the Cordillera Oriental in the north-western Amazon.
Group longicaudatus: it contains the three species Proechimys longicaudatus, P. brevicauda, and P. cuvieri, united by lyrate and strongly fanged incisive foramina, and deep groves extending onto the anterior palate. They range from the lowland rainforest of the Guianan region and Amazon basin to dry forests of eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay, and central Brazil.
Group guyannensis: it contains the two species Proechimys guyannensis, and P. roberti, showing a plantar surface of hindfeet with six pads, and distributed mostly in the Guianan region, eastern Amazonia, and extending south into central Brazil.
Group trinitatus: it contains the eight species Proechimys trinitatus, P. mincae, P. guairae, P. poliopus, P. magdalenae, P. chrysaeolus, P. urichi, and P. hoplomyoides. These taxa possess large and open incisive foramina, and simplified cheek teeth.
Group goeldii: it contains the three species Proechimys steerei, P. quadruplicatus, and P. goeldii, united by a uniformly large body size. Members of this group most commonly inhabit the seasonally inundated várzea or igapó lowland forests of the Amazon basin.
Group gardneri: it contains the three species Proechimys gardneri, P. pattoni, and P. kulinae, characterized by short head and body length — less than 185 millimetres (7.3 in). They are distributed in western Amazonia, but with non-overlapping ranges as all three species replace one another along the length of the Juruá River or on its opposite banks.
Distributionedit
Proechimys species presently occur mainly in South America, in all countries except Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.[14] One member of the genus (P. semispinosus) also ranges into Central America.
Geographical distribution of Proechimys species in Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and Central America (+ : presence in the corresponding country ; — : not observed).[14] Groups of species are numbered according to the species-level phylogeny.
^Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Genus Proechimys". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1584–1588. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ abcdePatton, James L.; Da Silva, Maria Nazareth F.; Malcolm, Jay R. (2000-01-01). "Mammals of the Rio Juruá and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 244: 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090.
^Galewski, Thomas; Mauffrey, Jean-François; Leite, Yuri L. R.; Patton, James L.; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2005). "Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats (Rodentia; Echimyidae): a phylogenetic and chronological approach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 34 (3): 601–615. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.015. PMID 15683932.
^Upham, Nathan S.; Patterson, Bruce D. (2012). "Diversification and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (2): 417–429. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.020. PMID 22327013.
^Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Galewski, Thomas; Tilak, Marie-ka; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2013-03-01). "Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (2): 117–134. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00572.x. ISSN 1463-6409.
^Loss, Ana; Moura, Raquel T.; Leite, Yuri L. R. (2014). "Unexpected phylogenetic relationships of the painted tree rat Callistomys pictus (Rodentia: Echimyidae)" (PDF). Natureza on Line. 12: 132–136.
^Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Vilstrup, Julia T.; Raghavan, Maanasa; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Willerslev, Eske; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P.; Orlando, Ludovic (2014-07-01). "Rodents of the Caribbean: origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next-generation museomics". Biology Letters. 10 (7): 20140266. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0266. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC4126619. PMID 25115033.
^Upham, Nathan S.; Patterson, Bruce D. (2015). "Evolution of Caviomorph rodents: a complete phylogeny and timetree for living genera". In Vassallo, Aldo Ivan; Antenucci, Daniel (eds.). Biology of caviomorph rodents: diversity and evolution. Buenos Aires: SAREM Series A, Mammalogical Research — Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos. pp. 63–120.
^Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Upham, Nathan S.; Emmons, Louise H.; Justy, Fabienne; Leite, Yuri L. R.; Loss, Ana Carolina; Orlando, Ludovic; Tilak, Marie-Ka; Patterson, Bruce D.; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2017-03-01). "Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (3): 613–633. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw261. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28025278.
^Pine, R. H.; Pine, N. E.; Bruner, S. D. (1981). "Mammalia". In Hurlbert, Stuart H.; Rodríguez, Gilberto; dos Santos, Newton Dias (eds.). Aquatic biota of tropical South America: being a compilation of taxonomic bibliographies for the fauna and flora of inland waters of the tropical portion of South America. San Diego: San Diego State University. pp. 267–298.
^ abPatton, James L. (1987). "Species groups of spiny rats, genus Proechimys (Rodentia: Echimyidae)". Fieldiana: Zoology, Studies in Neotropical Mammalogy: Essays in Honor of Philip Hershkovitz. 39: 305–345. ISSN 0015-0754.
^ abDa Silva, Maria Nazareth F. (1998). "Four New species of spiny rats of the genus Proechimys (Rodentia : Echimyidae) from the Western Amazon of Brazil". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 111: 436–471. ISSN 0006-324X.
^ abcPatton, James L.; Leite, Rafael N. (2015-03-09). "Genus Proechimys J. A. Allen, 1899". In Patton, James L.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J.; D’Elía, Guillermo (eds.). Mammals of South America, Volume 2: Rodents. University of Chicago Press. pp. 950–989. ISBN9780226169606.
^ abLord, Rexford D. (2007-01-30). Mammals of South America. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 173. ISBN9780801884948.
February 16, 2024
proechimys, genus, south, american, spiny, rats, family, echimyidae, species, genus, terrestrial, lowland, neotropical, forests, rodents, often, most, abundant, volant, mammals, they, recognizable, reason, their, elongated, heads, long, rostra, large, erect, e. Proechimys is a genus of South American spiny rats of the family Echimyidae 1 All species of the genus are terrestrial In the lowland Neotropical forests Proechimys rodents are often the most abundant non volant mammals 2 They are recognizable by reason of their elongated heads and long rostra large and erect ears narrow and long hind feet and tails always shorter than head and body lengths The dorsal pelage comprises a mixture of expanded varyingly stiffened spines or aristiforms hence the vernacular name of spiny rats and soft hairs or setiforms 2 ProechimysTemporal range Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Proechimys longicaudatusScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder RodentiaFamily EchimyidaeSubfamily EchimyinaeTribe MyocastoriniGenus ProechimysJ A Allen 1899Type speciesEchimys trinitatisSpeciesProechimys brevicaudaProechimys canicollisProechimys chrysaeolusProechimys cuvieriProechimys decumanusProechimys echinothrixProechimys gardneriProechimys goeldiiProechimys guairaeProechimys guyannensisProechimys hoplomyoidesProechimys kulinaeProechimys longicaudatusProechimys magdalenaeProechimys mincaeProechimys oconnelliProechimys pattoniProechimys poliopusProechimys quadruplicatusProechimys robertiProechimys semispinosusProechimys simonsiProechimys steereiProechimys trinitatusProechimys urichiProechimys is the most speciose genus of the rodent family Echimyidae with 25 species recognized followed by Phyllomys with 13 species and Trinomys with 11 species Contents 1 Phylogeny 1 1 Genus level 1 2 Species level 2 Distribution 3 ReferencesPhylogeny editGenus level edit The genus Proechimys is the sister group to the genus Hoplomys the armored rat In turn these two taxa share evolutionary affinities with other Myocastorini genera Callistomys the painted tree rat and Myocastor the coypu or nutria on the one hand and Thrichomys on the other hand Genus level cladogram of the Myocastorini root Callistomys painted tree rat Myocastor nutria Thrichomys punare Hoplomys armored rat ProechimysThe cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Species level edit Reconstructing the systematics and phylogeny of Proechimys species have been greatly hampered by extreme levels of within and among population character variability 2 This difficulty has been emphasized by Pine et al Among the rodents Proechimys remains what may be the most problematical genus taxonomically in all mammaldom 10 To infer the phylogeny of Proechimys at the species level morphological characters 11 and mitochondrial DNA sequences 12 have been used and allowed to group species into major clades but whose interrelationships remain unresolved 2 Six species groups were identified group semispinosus group longicaudatus group guyannensis group trinitatus group goeldii and group gardneri and 4 species Proechimys simonsi P echinothrix P canicollis and P decumanus remained unaffiliated to any of these groups 13 Species level cladogram of the genus Proechimys Myocastorini Proechimys Proechimys simonsi Simon s spiny rat group semispinosus Proechimys semispinosus Tome s spiny rat Proechimys gorgonae Proechimys oconnelli O Connell s spiny rat group longicaudatus Proechimys longicaudatus Long tailed spiny rat Proechimys brevicauda Short tailed spiny rat Proechimys gularis Proechimys cuvieri Cuvier s spiny rat group guyannensis Proechimys guyannensis Guyenne spiny rat Proechimys roberti Roberto s spiny rat Proechimys oris Proechimys boimensis Proechimys echinothrix Stiff spine spiny rat group trinitatus Proechimys trinitatus Trinidad spiny rat Proechimys mincae Minca spiny rat Proechimys guairae Guaira spiny rat Proechimys poliopus Gray footed spiny rat Proechimys magdalenae Magdalena spiny rat Proechimys chrysaeolus Boyaca spiny rat Proechimys urichi Sucre spiny rat Proechimys hoplomyoides Guyanan spiny rat Proechimys canicollis Colombian spiny rat Proechimys decumanus Pacific spiny rat group goeldii Proechimys steerei Steere s spiny rat Proechimys quadruplicatus Napo spiny rat Proechimys amphichoricus Proechimys goeldii Goeldi s spiny rat Proechimys hyleae group gardneri Proechimys gardneri Gardner s spiny rat Proechimys pattoni Patton s spiny rat Proechimys kulinae Kulina spiny rat Hoplomys Hoplomys gymnurusThe cladogram has been reconstructed from morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences 11 12 2 13 The different groups of species can be diagnosed as follows 13 Group semispinosus it contains two species Proechimys semispinosus with its widespread range from Central America south from Honduras along the west coast of Colombia and Ecuador and P oconnelli with a more limited range east of the Cordillera Oriental in the north western Amazon Group longicaudatus it contains the three species Proechimys longicaudatus P brevicauda and P cuvieri united by lyrate and strongly fanged incisive foramina and deep groves extending onto the anterior palate They range from the lowland rainforest of the Guianan region and Amazon basin to dry forests of eastern Bolivia northern Paraguay and central Brazil Group guyannensis it contains the two species Proechimys guyannensis and P roberti showing a plantar surface of hindfeet with six pads and distributed mostly in the Guianan region eastern Amazonia and extending south into central Brazil Group trinitatus it contains the eight species Proechimys trinitatus P mincae P guairae P poliopus P magdalenae P chrysaeolus P urichi and P hoplomyoides These taxa possess large and open incisive foramina and simplified cheek teeth Group goeldii it contains the three species Proechimys steerei P quadruplicatus and P goeldii united by a uniformly large body size Members of this group most commonly inhabit the seasonally inundated varzea or igapo lowland forests of the Amazon basin Group gardneri it contains the three species Proechimys gardneri P pattoni and P kulinae characterized by short head and body length less than 185 millimetres 7 3 in They are distributed in western Amazonia but with non overlapping ranges as all three species replace one another along the length of the Jurua River or on its opposite banks Distribution editProechimys species presently occur mainly in South America in all countries except Argentina Uruguay and Chile 14 One member of the genus P semispinosus also ranges into Central America Geographical distribution of Proechimys species in Brazil Bolivia Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela and Central America presence in the corresponding country not observed 14 Groups of species are numbered according to the species level phylogeny Groups Species BRA BOL COL ECU GUF GUY PRY PER SUR TTO VEN C Am03 Proechimys brevicauda 07 Proechimys canicollis 06 Proechimys chrysaeolus 03 Proechimys cuvieri 08 Proechimys decumanus 05 Proechimys echinothrix 10 Proechimys gardneri 09 Proechimys goeldii 06 Proechimys guairae 04 Proechimys guyannensis 06 Proechimys hoplomyoides 10 Proechimys kulinae 03 Proechimys longicaudatus 06 Proechimys magdalenae 06 Proechimys mincae 02 Proechimys oconnelli 10 Proechimys pattoni 06 Proechimys poliopus 09 Proechimys quadruplicatus 04 Proechimys roberti 02 Proechimys semispinosus 01 Proechimys simonsi 09 Proechimys steerei 06 Proechimys trinitatus 06 Proechimys urichi References edit Woods C A Kilpatrick C W 2005 Genus Proechimys In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 1584 1588 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 a b c d e Patton James L Da Silva Maria Nazareth F Malcolm Jay R 2000 01 01 Mammals of the Rio Jurua and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia PDF Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 244 1 doi 10 1206 0003 0090 2000 244 lt 0001 MOTRJA gt 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0003 0090 Galewski Thomas Mauffrey Jean Francois Leite Yuri L R Patton James L Douzery Emmanuel J P 2005 Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats Rodentia Echimyidae a phylogenetic and chronological approach Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34 3 601 615 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 11 015 PMID 15683932 Upham Nathan S Patterson Bruce D 2012 Diversification and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea Rodentia Hystricognathi Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63 2 417 429 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2012 01 020 PMID 22327013 Fabre Pierre Henri Galewski Thomas Tilak Marie ka Douzery Emmanuel J P 2013 03 01 Diversification of South American spiny rats Echimyidae a multigene phylogenetic approach Zoologica Scripta 42 2 117 134 doi 10 1111 j 1463 6409 2012 00572 x ISSN 1463 6409 Loss Ana Moura Raquel T Leite Yuri L R 2014 Unexpected phylogenetic relationships of the painted tree rat Callistomys pictus Rodentia Echimyidae PDF Natureza on Line 12 132 136 Fabre Pierre Henri Vilstrup Julia T Raghavan Maanasa Der Sarkissian Clio Willerslev Eske Douzery Emmanuel J P Orlando Ludovic 2014 07 01 Rodents of the Caribbean origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next generation museomics Biology Letters 10 7 20140266 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2014 0266 ISSN 1744 9561 PMC 4126619 PMID 25115033 Upham Nathan S Patterson Bruce D 2015 Evolution of Caviomorph rodents a complete phylogeny and timetree for living genera In Vassallo Aldo Ivan Antenucci Daniel eds Biology of caviomorph rodents diversity and evolution Buenos Aires SAREM Series A Mammalogical Research Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamiferos pp 63 120 Fabre Pierre Henri Upham Nathan S Emmons Louise H Justy Fabienne Leite Yuri L R Loss Ana Carolina Orlando Ludovic Tilak Marie Ka Patterson Bruce D Douzery Emmanuel J P 2017 03 01 Mitogenomic Phylogeny Diversification and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 3 613 633 doi 10 1093 molbev msw261 ISSN 0737 4038 PMID 28025278 Pine R H Pine N E Bruner S D 1981 Mammalia In Hurlbert Stuart H Rodriguez Gilberto dos Santos Newton Dias eds Aquatic biota of tropical South America being a compilation of taxonomic bibliographies for the fauna and flora of inland waters of the tropical portion of South America San Diego San Diego State University pp 267 298 a b Patton James L 1987 Species groups of spiny rats genus Proechimys Rodentia Echimyidae Fieldiana Zoology Studies in Neotropical Mammalogy Essays in Honor of Philip Hershkovitz 39 305 345 ISSN 0015 0754 a b Da Silva Maria Nazareth F 1998 Four New species of spiny rats of the genus Proechimys Rodentia Echimyidae from the Western Amazon of Brazil Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111 436 471 ISSN 0006 324X a b c Patton James L Leite Rafael N 2015 03 09 Genus Proechimys J A Allen 1899 In Patton James L Pardinas Ulyses F J D Elia Guillermo eds Mammals of South America Volume 2 Rodents University of Chicago Press pp 950 989 ISBN 9780226169606 a b Lord Rexford D 2007 01 30 Mammals of South America Baltimore MD Johns Hopkins University Press p 173 ISBN 9780801884948 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Proechimys amp oldid 1188971850, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
