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Mustelidae

February 16, 2024

The Mustelidae (/mʌˈstɛlɪdiː/;[2] from Latin mustela, weasel) are a diverse family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, stoats, badgers, otters, martens, grisons, and wolverines. Otherwise known as mustelids (/ˈmʌstɪlɪdz/[3]), they form the largest family in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora with about 66 to 70 species in nine subfamilies.[4]

Mustelidae
Temporal range: Oligocene–Recent [1]
European pine marten (''Martes martes'')European badger (''Meles meles'')Eurasian otter (''Lutra lutra'')Wolverine (''Gulo gulo'')Stoat or short-tailed weasel (''Mustela erminea'')Honey badger (''Mellivora capensis'')
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Superfamily: Musteloidea
Family: Mustelidae
G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Type genus
Mustela
Linnaeus, 1758
Subfamilies
The native distribution and density of extant Mustelid species.

Variety edit

 
Sthenictis sp. (American Museum of Natural History)

Mustelids vary greatly in size and behaviour. The smaller variants of the least weasel can be under 20 cm (8 in) in length, while the giant otter of Amazonian South America can measure up to 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) and sea otters can exceed 45 kg (99 lb) in weight. Wolverines can crush bones as thick as the femur of a moose to get at the marrow, and have been seen attempting to drive bears away from their kills. The sea otter uses rocks to break open shellfish to eat. Martens are largely arboreal, while European badgers dig extensive tunnel networks, called setts. Only one mustelid has been domesticated; the ferret. Tayra are also kept as pets (although they require a Dangerous Wild Animals licence in the UK), or as working animals for hunting or vermin control. Others have been important in the fur trade—the mink is often raised for its fur.

Being one of the most species-rich families in the order Carnivora, the family Mustelidae also is one of the oldest. Mustelid-like forms first appeared about 40 million years ago (Mya), roughly coinciding with the appearance of rodents. The common ancestor of modern mustelids appeared about 18 Mya.[4]

Characteristics edit

 
Skeleton of a black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) on display at the Museum of Osteology

Within a large range of variation, the mustelids exhibit some common characteristics. They are typically small animals with elongated bodies, short legs, short skulls, short, round ears, and thick fur.[5] Most mustelids are solitary, nocturnal animals, and are active year-round.[6]

With the exception of the sea otter [7] they have anal scent glands that produce a strong-smelling secretion the animals use for sexual signalling and marking territory.

Most mustelid reproduction involves embryonic diapause.[8] The embryo does not immediately implant in the uterus, but remains dormant for some time. No development takes place as long as the embryo remains unattached to the uterine lining. As a result, the normal gestation period is extended, sometimes up to a year. This allows the young to be born under favourable environmental conditions. Reproduction has a large energy cost, so it is to a female's benefit to have available food and mild weather. The young are more likely to survive if birth occurs after previous offspring have been weaned.

Mustelids are predominantly carnivorous, although some eat vegetable matter at times. While not all mustelids share an identical dentition, they all possess teeth adapted for eating flesh, including the presence of shearing carnassials. One characteristic trait is a meat-shearing upper-back molar that is rotated 90°, towards the inside of the mouth.[9][10] With variation between species, the most common dental formula is 3.1.3.13.1.3.2.[6]

Ecology edit

 
Stoat killing a rabbit

The fisher, tayra, and martens are partially arboreal, while badgers are fossorial. A number of mustelids have aquatic lifestyles, ranging from semiaquatic minks and river otters to the fully aquatic sea otter, which is one of the few nonprimate mammals known to use tools while foraging. It uses "anvil" stones to crack open the shellfish that form a significant part of its diet. It is a "keystone species", keeping its prey populations in balance so some do not outcompete the others and destroy the kelp in which they live.

The black-footed ferret is entirely dependent on another keystone species, the prairie dog. A family of four ferrets eats 250 prairie dogs in a year; this requires a stable population of prairie dogs from an area of some 500 acres (2.0 km2).

Animals of similar appearance edit

Skunks were previously included as a subfamily of the mustelids, but DNA research placed them in their own separate family (Mephitidae).[11] Mongooses bear a striking resemblance to many mustelids, but belong to a distinctly different suborder—the Feliformia (all those carnivores sharing more recent origins with the cats) and not the Caniformia (those sharing more recent origins with the dogs). Because mongooses and mustelids occupy similar ecological niches, convergent evolution has led to similarity in form and behavior.[12]

Human uses edit

 
Detail from Leonardo da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine, 1489–1490

Several mustelids, including the mink, the sable (a type of marten), and the stoat (ermine), possess furs that are considered beautiful and valuable, so have been hunted since prehistoric times. From the early Middle Ages, the trade in furs was of great economic importance for northern and eastern European nations with large native populations of fur-bearing mustelids, and was a major economic impetus behind Russian expansion into Siberia and French and English expansion in North America. In recent centuries fur farming, notably of mink, has also become widespread and provides the majority of the fur brought to market.

One species, the sea mink (Neogale macrodon) of New England and Canada, was driven to extinction by fur trappers. Its appearance and habits are almost unknown today because no complete specimens can be found and no systematic contemporary studies were conducted.

The sea otter, which has the densest fur of any animal,[13] narrowly escaped the fate of the sea mink. The discovery of large populations in the North Pacific was the major economic driving force behind Russian expansion into Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands, and Alaska, as well as a cause for conflict with Japan and foreign hunters in the Kuril Islands. Together with widespread hunting in California and British Columbia, the species was brought to the brink of extinction until an international moratorium came into effect in 1911.

Today, some mustelids are threatened for other reasons. Sea otters are vulnerable to oil spills and the indirect effects of overfishing; the black-footed ferret, a relative of the European polecat, suffers from the loss of American prairie; and wolverine populations are slowly declining because of habitat destruction and persecution. The rare European mink (Mustela lutreola) is one of the most endangered mustelid species.[14]

The ferret, a domesticated European polecat, is a fairly common pet.

Evolution and systematics edit

The oldest known mustelid from North America is Corumictis wolsani from the early and late Oligocene (early and late Arikareean, Ar1–Ar3) of Oregon.[1] Middle Oligocene Mustelictis from Europe might be a mustelid, as well.[1] Other early fossils of the mustelids were dated at the end of the Oligocene to the beginning of the Miocene. Which of these forms are Mustelidae ancestors and which should be considered the first mustelids is unclear.[15]

The fossil record indicates that mustelids appeared in the late Oligocene period (33 Mya) in Eurasia and migrated to every continent except Antarctica and Australia (all the continents that were connected during or since the early Miocene). They reached the Americas via the Bering land bridge.

Main article: List of mustelids

The 68 recent mustelids (66 extant species) are classified into eight subfamilies in 22 genera:[4][16]

Fossil mustelids Extinct genera of the family Mustelidae include:

Phylogeny edit

Multigene phylogenies constructed by Koepfli et al. (2008)[21] and Law et al. (2018)[4] found that Mustelidae comprises eight living subfamilies. The early mustelids appear to have undergone two rapid bursts of diversification in Eurasia, with the resulting species spreading to other continents only later.[21]

  •  
    Phylogenetic tree of Mustelidae. Contains 53 of the 79 putative mustelid species.[4]
  •  
    Time-calibrated tree of Mustelidae showing divergence times between lineages. Split times include: 28.8 million years (Ma) for mustelids vs. procyonids; 17.8 Ma for Taxidiinae; 15.5 Ma for Mellivorinae; 14.8 Ma for Melinae; 14.0 Ma for Guloninae + Helictidinae; 11.5 Ma for Guloninae + Naquinae vs. Helictidinae; 12.0 Ma for Ictonychinae; 11.6 Ma for Lutrinae vs. Mustelinae.[4]

Mustelid species diversity is often attributed to an adaptive radiation coinciding with the mid-Miocene climate transition. Contrary to expectations, Law et al. (2018)[4] found no evidence for rapid bursts of lineage diversification at the origin of the Mustelidae, and further analyses of lineage diversification rates using molecular and fossil-based methods did not find associations between rates of lineage diversification and mid-Miocene climate transition as previously hypothesized.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Paterson, R.; Samuels, J.X.; Rybczynski, N.; Ryan, M.J.; Maddin, H.C. (2019). "The earliest mustelid in North America". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (4): 1318–1339. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz091.
  2. ^ "Mustelidae". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  3. ^ "mustelid". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Law, C. J.; Slater, G. J.; Mehta, R. S. (1 January 2018). "Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods". Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127–144. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047. PMID 28472434.
  5. ^ Law, C. J.; Slater, G. J.; Mehta, R. S. (2019). "Shared extremes by ectotherms and endotherms: Body elongation in mustelids is associated with small size and reduced limbs". Evolution. 73 (4): 735–749. doi:10.1111/evo.13702. PMID 30793764.
  6. ^ a b King, Carolyn (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
  7. ^ Kenyon, Karl W. (1969). The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
  8. ^ Amstislavsky, Sergei, and Yulia Ternovskaya. "" Animal Reproduction Science 60 (2000): 571–581.
  9. ^ Pratt, Philip. . The Wolverine Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
  10. ^ Taylor, Ken (1994). "Wolverine". Wildlife Notebook Series. Alaska Department of Fish & Game. from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
  11. ^ Dragoo and Honeycutt; Honeycutt, Rodney L (1997). "Systematics of Mustelid-like Carnivores". Journal of Mammalogy. 78 (2): 426–443. doi:10.2307/1382896. JSTOR 1382896.
  12. ^ Mills, David R.; Do Linh San, Emmanuel; Robinson, Hugh; Isoke, Sam; Slotow, Rob; Hunter, Luke (September 2019). "Competition and specialization in an African forest carnivore community". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (18): 10092–10108. doi:10.1002/ece3.5391. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 6787825. PMID 31624540.
  13. ^ Perrin, William F., Wursig, Bernd, and Thewissen, J.G.M. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd ed. Academic Press; 2 edition (December 8, 2008). Page 529. [1]
  14. ^ Lodé, Thierry; Cornier, J. P.; Le Jacques, D. (2001). "Decline in endangered species as an indication of anthropic pressures: the case of European mink Mustela lutreola western population". Environmental Management. 28 (6): 727–735. Bibcode:2001EnMan..28..727L. doi:10.1007/s002670010257. PMID 11915962. S2CID 27062634.
  15. ^ Wund, M. (2005). "Mustelidae". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  16. ^ "Explore the Database". www.mammaldiversity.org. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  17. ^ a b Nascimento, F. O. do (2014). "On the correct name for some subfamilies of Mustelidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 54 (21): 307–313. doi:10.1590/0031-1049.2014.54.21.
  18. ^ Patterson, Bruce D.; Ramírez-Chaves, Héctor E.; Vilela, Júlio F.; Soares, André E. R.; Grewe, Felix (2021). "On the nomenclature of the American clade of weasels (Carnivora: Mustelidae)". Journal of Animal Diversity. 3 (2): 1–8. doi:10.52547/JAD.2021.3.2.1. ISSN 2676-685X. S2CID 236299740.
  19. ^ Valenciano, A.; Jiangzuo, Q.; et al. (March 2019). "First Record of Hoplictis (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in East Asia from the Miocene of the Ulungur River Area, Xinjiang, Northwest China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 93 (2): 251–264. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13820. S2CID 133900941.
  20. ^ Morlo, M.; LeMaitre, A.; et al. (November 2019). "First record of the mustelid Trochictis (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the early Late Miocene (MN 9/10) of Germany and a re-appraisal of the genus Trochictis". Historical Biology. 33 (8): 1183–1195. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1683172. S2CID 209607263.
  21. ^ a b Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Deere, K.A.; Slater, G.J.; Begg, C.; Begg, K.; Grassman, L.; Lucherini, M.; Veron, G.; Wayne, R.K. (February 2008). "Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation". BMC Biology. 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10. PMC 2276185. PMID 18275614.

Further reading edit

  • Whitaker, John O. (12 October 1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 745. ISBN 978-0-394-50762-0.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mustelidae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Mustelidae.
  • "The Mighty Weasel" (February 19, 2020) – Nature

February 16, 2024
mustelidae, from, latin, mustela, weasel, diverse, family, carnivorous, mammals, including, weasels, stoats, badgers, otters, martens, grisons, wolverines, otherwise, known, mustelids, they, form, largest, family, suborder, caniformia, order, carnivora, with, . The Mustelidae m ʌ ˈ s t ɛ l ɪ d iː 2 from Latin mustela weasel are a diverse family of carnivorous mammals including weasels stoats badgers otters martens grisons and wolverines Otherwise known as mustelids ˈ m ʌ s t ɪ l ɪ d z 3 they form the largest family in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora with about 66 to 70 species in nine subfamilies 4 MustelidaeTemporal range Oligocene Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraSuperfamily MusteloideaFamily MustelidaeG Fischer de Waldheim 1817Type genusMustelaLinnaeus 1758SubfamiliesGuloninae martens tayra fisher wolverine Helictidinae ferret badgers Ictonychinae grisons African polecats Lutrinae otters Melinae Eurasian badgers Mellivorinae honey badger Mustelinae weasels Taxidiinae American badger OligobuninaeThe native distribution and density of extant Mustelid species Contents 1 Variety 2 Characteristics 3 Ecology 4 Animals of similar appearance 5 Human uses 6 Evolution and systematics 6 1 Phylogeny 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksVariety editThis article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Mustelidae news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Sthenictis sp American Museum of Natural History Mustelids vary greatly in size and behaviour The smaller variants of the least weasel can be under 20 cm 8 in in length while the giant otter of Amazonian South America can measure up to 1 7 m 5 ft 7 in and sea otters can exceed 45 kg 99 lb in weight Wolverines can crush bones as thick as the femur of a moose to get at the marrow and have been seen attempting to drive bears away from their kills The sea otter uses rocks to break open shellfish to eat Martens are largely arboreal while European badgers dig extensive tunnel networks called setts Only one mustelid has been domesticated the ferret Tayra are also kept as pets although they require a Dangerous Wild Animals licence in the UK or as working animals for hunting or vermin control Others have been important in the fur trade the mink is often raised for its fur Being one of the most species rich families in the order Carnivora the family Mustelidae also is one of the oldest Mustelid like forms first appeared about 40 million years ago Mya roughly coinciding with the appearance of rodents The common ancestor of modern mustelids appeared about 18 Mya 4 Characteristics edit nbsp Skeleton of a black footed ferret Mustela nigripes on display at the Museum of OsteologyWithin a large range of variation the mustelids exhibit some common characteristics They are typically small animals with elongated bodies short legs short skulls short round ears and thick fur 5 Most mustelids are solitary nocturnal animals and are active year round 6 With the exception of the sea otter 7 they have anal scent glands that produce a strong smelling secretion the animals use for sexual signalling and marking territory Most mustelid reproduction involves embryonic diapause 8 The embryo does not immediately implant in the uterus but remains dormant for some time No development takes place as long as the embryo remains unattached to the uterine lining As a result the normal gestation period is extended sometimes up to a year This allows the young to be born under favourable environmental conditions Reproduction has a large energy cost so it is to a female s benefit to have available food and mild weather The young are more likely to survive if birth occurs after previous offspring have been weaned Mustelids are predominantly carnivorous although some eat vegetable matter at times While not all mustelids share an identical dentition they all possess teeth adapted for eating flesh including the presence of shearing carnassials One characteristic trait is a meat shearing upper back molar that is rotated 90 towards the inside of the mouth 9 10 With variation between species the most common dental formula is 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 6 Ecology edit nbsp Stoat killing a rabbitThe fisher tayra and martens are partially arboreal while badgers are fossorial A number of mustelids have aquatic lifestyles ranging from semiaquatic minks and river otters to the fully aquatic sea otter which is one of the few nonprimate mammals known to use tools while foraging It uses anvil stones to crack open the shellfish that form a significant part of its diet It is a keystone species keeping its prey populations in balance so some do not outcompete the others and destroy the kelp in which they live The black footed ferret is entirely dependent on another keystone species the prairie dog A family of four ferrets eats 250 prairie dogs in a year this requires a stable population of prairie dogs from an area of some 500 acres 2 0 km2 Animals of similar appearance editSkunks were previously included as a subfamily of the mustelids but DNA research placed them in their own separate family Mephitidae 11 Mongooses bear a striking resemblance to many mustelids but belong to a distinctly different suborder the Feliformia all those carnivores sharing more recent origins with the cats and not the Caniformia those sharing more recent origins with the dogs Because mongooses and mustelids occupy similar ecological niches convergent evolution has led to similarity in form and behavior 12 Human uses edit nbsp Detail from Leonardo da Vinci s Lady with an Ermine 1489 1490Several mustelids including the mink the sable a type of marten and the stoat ermine possess furs that are considered beautiful and valuable so have been hunted since prehistoric times From the early Middle Ages the trade in furs was of great economic importance for northern and eastern European nations with large native populations of fur bearing mustelids and was a major economic impetus behind Russian expansion into Siberia and French and English expansion in North America In recent centuries fur farming notably of mink has also become widespread and provides the majority of the fur brought to market One species the sea mink Neogale macrodon of New England and Canada was driven to extinction by fur trappers Its appearance and habits are almost unknown today because no complete specimens can be found and no systematic contemporary studies were conducted The sea otter which has the densest fur of any animal 13 narrowly escaped the fate of the sea mink The discovery of large populations in the North Pacific was the major economic driving force behind Russian expansion into Kamchatka the Aleutian Islands and Alaska as well as a cause for conflict with Japan and foreign hunters in the Kuril Islands Together with widespread hunting in California and British Columbia the species was brought to the brink of extinction until an international moratorium came into effect in 1911 Today some mustelids are threatened for other reasons Sea otters are vulnerable to oil spills and the indirect effects of overfishing the black footed ferret a relative of the European polecat suffers from the loss of American prairie and wolverine populations are slowly declining because of habitat destruction and persecution The rare European mink Mustela lutreola is one of the most endangered mustelid species 14 The ferret a domesticated European polecat is a fairly common pet Evolution and systematics editThe oldest known mustelid from North America is Corumictis wolsani from the early and late Oligocene early and late Arikareean Ar1 Ar3 of Oregon 1 Middle Oligocene Mustelictis from Europe might be a mustelid as well 1 Other early fossils of the mustelids were dated at the end of the Oligocene to the beginning of the Miocene Which of these forms are Mustelidae ancestors and which should be considered the first mustelids is unclear 15 The fossil record indicates that mustelids appeared in the late Oligocene period 33 Mya in Eurasia and migrated to every continent except Antarctica and Australia all the continents that were connected during or since the early Miocene They reached the Americas via the Bering land bridge Main article List of mustelids The 68 recent mustelids 66 extant species are classified into eight subfamilies in 22 genera 4 16 Subfamily Taxidiinae Genus Taxidea American badger T taxusSubfamily Mellivorinae Genus Mellivora Honey badger M capensisSubfamily Melinae Genus Arctonyx Northern hog badger A albogularis Greater hog badger A collaris Sumatran hog badger A hoevenii Genus Meles Japanese badger M anakuma Asian badger M leucurus European badger M meles Caucasian badger M canescensSubfamily Helictidinae Genus Melogale Vietnam ferret badger M cucphuongensis Bornean ferret badger M everetti Chinese ferret badger M moschata Javan ferret badger M orientalis Burmese ferret badger M personata Formosan ferret badger M subaurantiacaSubfamily Guloninae 17 Genus Eira Tayra E barbara Genus Gulo Wolverine G gulo Genus Martes American marten M americana Pacific marten M caurina Yellow throated marten M flavigula Beech marten M foina Nilgiri marten M gwatkinsii European pine marten M martes Japanese marten M melampus Sable M zibellina Genus Pekania Fisher P pennantiSubfamily Ictonychinae 17 Genus Galictis Lesser grison G cuja Greater grison G vittata Genus Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat I libycus Striped polecat I striatus Genus Lyncodon Patagonian weasel L patagonicus Genus Poecilogale African striped weasel P albinucha Genus Vormela Marbled polecat V peregusna Subfamily Lutrinae otters Genus Aonyx African clawless otter A capensis Asian small clawed otter A cinerea Congo clawless otter A congicus Genus Enhydra Sea otter E lutris Genus Lontra North American river otter L canadensis Marine otter L felina Neotropical otter L longicaudis Southern river otter L provocax Genus Lutra Eurasian otter L lutra Hairy nosed otter L sumatrana Japanese otter L nippon Genus Hydrictis Spotted necked otter H maculicollis Genus Lutrogale Smooth coated otter L perspicillata Genus Pteronura Giant otter P brasiliensisSubfamily Mustelinae weasels ferrets and mink Genus Mustela Mountain weasel M altaica Stoat Beringian ermine M erminea Steppe polecat M eversmannii Domestic ferret M furo Haida ermine M haidarum Japanese weasel M itatsi Yellow bellied weasel M kathiah European mink M lutreola Indonesian mountain weasel M lutreolina Black footed ferret M nigripes Least weasel M nivalis Malayan weasel M nudipes European polecat M putorius American ermine M richardsonii Siberian weasel M sibirica Back striped weasel M strigidorsa Genus Neogale 18 Amazon weasel N africana Colombian weasel N felipei Long tailed weasel N frenata American mink N vison Sea mink N macrodon Fossil mustelids Extinct genera of the family Mustelidae include Brachypsalis Chamitataxus Corumictis 1 Cyrnaonyx Ekorus Enhydriodon Eomellivora Hoplictis 19 Megalictis Oligobunis Plesictis Sthenictis Teruelictis Trochictis 20 Phylogeny edit Multigene phylogenies constructed by Koepfli et al 2008 21 and Law et al 2018 4 found that Mustelidae comprises eight living subfamilies The early mustelids appear to have undergone two rapid bursts of diversification in Eurasia with the resulting species spreading to other continents only later 21 nbsp Phylogenetic tree of Mustelidae Contains 53 of the 79 putative mustelid species 4 nbsp Time calibrated tree of Mustelidae showing divergence times between lineages Split times include 28 8 million years Ma for mustelids vs procyonids 17 8 Ma for Taxidiinae 15 5 Ma for Mellivorinae 14 8 Ma for Melinae 14 0 Ma for Guloninae Helictidinae 11 5 Ma for Guloninae Naquinae vs Helictidinae 12 0 Ma for Ictonychinae 11 6 Ma for Lutrinae vs Mustelinae 4 Mustelid species diversity is often attributed to an adaptive radiation coinciding with the mid Miocene climate transition Contrary to expectations Law et al 2018 4 found no evidence for rapid bursts of lineage diversification at the origin of the Mustelidae and further analyses of lineage diversification rates using molecular and fossil based methods did not find associations between rates of lineage diversification and mid Miocene climate transition as previously hypothesized See also editList of heaviest extant mustelidsReferences edit a b c d Paterson R Samuels J X Rybczynski N Ryan M J Maddin H C 2019 The earliest mustelid in North America Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188 4 1318 1339 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlz091 Mustelidae Merriam Webster com Dictionary mustelid Dictionary com Unabridged Online n d a b c d e f g Law C J Slater G J Mehta R S 1 January 2018 Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil Based Methods Systematic Biology 67 1 127 144 doi 10 1093 sysbio syx047 PMID 28472434 Law C J Slater G J Mehta R S 2019 Shared extremes by ectotherms and endotherms Body elongation in mustelids is associated with small size and reduced limbs Evolution 73 4 735 749 doi 10 1111 evo 13702 PMID 30793764 a b King Carolyn 1984 Macdonald D ed The Encyclopedia of Mammals New York Facts on File pp 108 109 ISBN 978 0 87196 871 5 Kenyon Karl W 1969 The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean Washington D C U S Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Amstislavsky Sergei and Yulia Ternovskaya Reproduction in mustelids Animal Reproduction Science 60 2000 571 581 Pratt Philip Dentition of the Wolverine The Wolverine Foundation Inc Archived from the original on 27 May 2008 Retrieved 1 July 2007 Taylor Ken 1994 Wolverine Wildlife Notebook Series Alaska Department of Fish amp Game Archived from the original on 6 December 2006 Retrieved 21 January 2007 Dragoo and Honeycutt Honeycutt Rodney L 1997 Systematics of Mustelid like Carnivores Journal of Mammalogy 78 2 426 443 doi 10 2307 1382896 JSTOR 1382896 Mills David R Do Linh San Emmanuel Robinson Hugh Isoke Sam Slotow Rob Hunter Luke September 2019 Competition and specialization in an African forest carnivore community Ecology and Evolution 9 18 10092 10108 doi 10 1002 ece3 5391 ISSN 2045 7758 PMC 6787825 PMID 31624540 Perrin William F Wursig Bernd and Thewissen J G M Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 2nd ed Academic Press 2 edition December 8 2008 Page 529 1 Lode Thierry Cornier J P Le Jacques D 2001 Decline in endangered species as an indication of anthropic pressures the case of European mink Mustela lutreola western population Environmental Management 28 6 727 735 Bibcode 2001EnMan 28 727L doi 10 1007 s002670010257 PMID 11915962 S2CID 27062634 Wund M 2005 Mustelidae Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Retrieved 14 August 2020 Explore the Database www mammaldiversity org Retrieved 25 June 2021 a b Nascimento F O do 2014 On the correct name for some subfamilies of Mustelidae Mammalia Carnivora Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 54 21 307 313 doi 10 1590 0031 1049 2014 54 21 Patterson Bruce D Ramirez Chaves Hector E Vilela Julio F Soares Andre E R Grewe Felix 2021 On the nomenclature of the American clade of weasels Carnivora Mustelidae Journal of Animal Diversity 3 2 1 8 doi 10 52547 JAD 2021 3 2 1 ISSN 2676 685X S2CID 236299740 Valenciano A Jiangzuo Q et al March 2019 First Record of Hoplictis Carnivora Mustelidae in East Asia from the Miocene of the Ulungur River Area Xinjiang Northwest China Acta Geologica Sinica 93 2 251 264 doi 10 1111 1755 6724 13820 S2CID 133900941 Morlo M LeMaitre A et al November 2019 First record of the mustelid Trochictis Carnivora Mammalia from the early Late Miocene MN 9 10 of Germany and a re appraisal of the genus Trochictis Historical Biology 33 8 1183 1195 doi 10 1080 08912963 2019 1683172 S2CID 209607263 a b Koepfli Klaus Peter Deere K A Slater G J Begg C Begg K Grassman L Lucherini M Veron G Wayne R K February 2008 Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae Resolving relationships tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation BMC Biology 6 10 doi 10 1186 1741 7007 6 10 PMC 2276185 PMID 18275614 Further reading editWhitaker John O 12 October 1980 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals Alfred A Knopf p 745 ISBN 978 0 394 50762 0 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mustelidae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Mustelidae The Mighty Weasel February 19 2020 Nature Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mustelidae amp oldid 1200587984, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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