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White-winged vampire bat

January 01, 1970

The white-winged vampire bat (Diaemus youngi), a species of vampire bat, is the only member of the genus Diaemus. They are found from Mexico to northern Argentina and are present on the islands of Trinidad and Margarita.

White-winged vampire bat
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Phyllostomidae
Genus: Diaemus
Miller, 1906
Species:
D. youngi
Binomial name
Diaemus youngi
Jentink, 1893
Range map

Etymology and taxonomy edit

The white-winged vampire bat was described by Dutch zoologist Fredericus Anna Jentink in 1893.[2] Dr. Charles Grove Young (1849–1934) is the eponym for the species name youngi.[3] Jentink decided to honor Young with the species name because "our Museum is indebted [to him] for so many additions to its collections of the British Guyana animals."[2] When it was described by Jentink in 1893, it was initially placed in the same genus as the common vampire bat, Desmodus. However, in 1907, Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. placed it in a new genus, Diaemus.[4] That move to a new genus was not immediately accepted, however, with authors continuing to place it in Desmodus until at least 1982.[5][6]

Description edit

Their fur is clay-colored, light brown, or dark cinnamon brown. The outline of their wings is white, as well as the membrane between their second and third finger. Their ears are longer than they are wide, at 18 mm (0.71 in) long. The anterior surface of the tragus is hairy, and its outer margin is smooth, unlike that of the common vampire bat, which is serrated. Their thumb is much shorter than that of the common vampire bat. Their forearms are 51–54 mm (2.0–2.1 in) long. The calcar is absent. Their dental formula is 1.1.1.22.1.2.1, for a total of 22 teeth; the common vampire bat has 20 teeth and the hairy-legged vampire bat 26, respectively.[7]

It is the only bat species in the world with 22 teeth.[8] The last upper molars are vestigial, though, and older individuals sometimes lose them. The uropatagium and forearms are sparsely furred. From nose to tail, they are approximately 84 mm (3.3 in) long. [9] They weigh 31.7–48.1 g (1.12–1.70 oz). Both males and females have cup-shaped scent glands located in their mouths.[10] These glands might be an anti-predator defense, as the bats produce a foul-smelling odor from these glands when they are disturbed.[11] Compared to other bats, their brains are especially large in relation to their body sizes—2.7–2.9% by body mass. This may be because their foraging strategy requires more complex thought (such as maintaining stealth) than other species. Their eyes are also relatively large in relation to their body sizes.[9]

Biology edit

Like other vampire bats, their saliva contains plasminogen activators, which rapidly dissolves the host's blood clots that form during feeding; platelet aggregation inhibitors, which prevent the formation of blood clots; and other anticoagulants. These compounds in their saliva are especially effective on birds. Birds are their preferred prey source, but they will also prey on mammals such as goats and cattle.[9] While it can transmit rabies, this appears to be relatively uncommon: the only reports of rabies transmission from this species are from Trinidad.[11][12] They are not as adept as common vampire bats at quadrupedal locomotion, possibly because their thumbs are much shorter.[13] However, they are quite adept at climbing branches. Females are polyestrous, capable of becoming pregnant multiple times a year. They give birth to one pup at a time.[14][15] They will roost with many other species of bat, including the greater sac-winged bat, lesser dog-like bat, big-eared woolly bat, tailed tailless bat, Seba's short-tailed bat, little yellow-shouldered bat, great fruit-eating bat, white-lined broad-nosed bat, Pallas's long-tongued bat, Handley's nectar bat, white-bellied big-eared bat, greater spear-nosed bat, Parnell's mustached bat, Wagner's mustached bat, buffy broad-nosed bat, and common vampire bat.[10][16][17] Their karyotype consists of 32 chromosomes.[7]

Range and habitat edit

They have been found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.[1] They have flexible roosting and foraging habitat requirements. They prefer moist, open areas, but will still forage in dry deciduous or evergreen forests.[18] They will roost in both tree cavities and caves.[11]

Conservation edit

They are consistently assessed as least concern by the IUCN. While it is infrequently encountered, it has a broad distribution, and is tolerant of a variety of habitats. The population is assumed to be large.[1]

They can be maintained in captivity. Captive populations can be supported with cow and chicken blood. Blood must be defibrinated to prevent clotting. Each bat ingests approximately 16 ml (0.54 US fl oz) of blood per day. They are social animals, and should be maintained in colonies. Their colonies have dominance hierarchies.[19]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Barquez, R.; Perez, S.; Miller, B.; Diaz, M. (2015). "Diaemus youngi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T6520A21982777. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6520A21982777.en. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b Jentink, FA (1893). "Notes from the Leyden Museum: on a collection of bats from West-Indies". 15. E.J. Brill.: 282. Retrieved September 16, 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Beolens, B., Watkins, M., & Grayson, M. (2009). The eponym dictionary of mammals. JHU Press.
  4. ^ Miller Jr, G. S. (1906). "Twelve new genera of bats". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 19: 83–86.
  5. ^ Handley, C. O. Jr. (1976). "Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project". Brigham Young University, Science Bulletin, Biological Series. 20: 1–91. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.5667.
  6. ^ Honacki, J.H., K.E. Kinman, AND J.W. Koeppl. (1982). Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas.
  7. ^ a b Greenhall, A. M.; Schutt, W. A. Jr. (1996). "Diaemus youngi" (PDF). Mammalian Species (533): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3504240. JSTOR 3504240.
  8. ^ Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's mammals of the world (Vol. 1). JHU Press.
  9. ^ a b c Greenhall, A. M., & Schutt, W. A. (1996). Diaemus youngi. Mammalian Species, (533), 1–7.
  10. ^ a b Greenhall, A.M. and Schmidt, U., editors. (1988). Natural History of Vampire Bats, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. p. 122. ISBN 9781315895819
  11. ^ a b c Goodwin, G. G., & Greenhall, A. M. (1961). A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology (Vol. 122). American Museum of Natural History.
  12. ^ Constantine, D.C. (1988). "Transmission of pathogenic organisms by vampire bats", pp. 167–189, in Natural history of vampire bats. A.M. Greenhall and U. Schmidt (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. ISBN 9781315895819
  13. ^ Schutt Jr, W. A., Hermanson, J. W., Bertram, J. E. A., Cullinane, D., Chang, Y. H., Muradali, F., & Altenbach, J. S. (1993). "Aspects of locomotor morphology, performance, and behavior in two vampire bats: Desmodus rotundus and Diaemus youngi". Bat Research News. 34: 127–128.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Carter, D.C. (1970). "Chiropteran reproduction", pp. 233–246, in About bats. B.H. Slaughter and D. W. Walton (eds.). Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, Texas.
  15. ^ Schmidt, C. (1988). "Reproduction", pp. 99–109, in Natural history of vampire bats. A. M. Greenhall and U. Schmidt (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. ISBN 9781315895819
  16. ^ Trajano, E. 1984. Ecologia de populacoes de morcegos cavernicolas em uma regiao carstica do Sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia, 2:255–320.
  17. ^ Graham, G. L. 1988. Interspecific associations among Peruvian bats at diurnal roosts and roost sites. Journal of Mammalogy, 69:711–720.
  18. ^ Eisenberg, J. F. (1989). Mammals of the Neotropics: the northern Neotropics. Vol. 1. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  19. ^ Schutt, W. A.; Muradali, F.; Mondol, N.; Joseph, K.; Brockmann, K. (1999). "Behavior and maintenance of captive white-winged vampire bats, Diaemus youngi". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (1): 71–81. doi:10.2307/1383209. JSTOR 1383209.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diaemus youngi.
  • Vampires: The Real Story 2008-01-14 at the Wayback Machine – about the vampire bat
  • Bat World – An all-volunteer, non-salaried, non-profit organization devoted to the education, conservation and rehabilitation of bats
  • Bat Conservation International – A website devoted to the education, conservation and study of bat
  • Graduate student research on white-winged vampire bats 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine

January 01, 1970
white, winged, vampire, white, winged, vampire, diaemus, youngi, species, vampire, only, member, genus, diaemus, they, found, from, mexico, northern, argentina, present, islands, trinidad, margarita, conservation, status, least, concern, iucn, scientific, clas. The white winged vampire bat Diaemus youngi a species of vampire bat is the only member of the genus Diaemus They are found from Mexico to northern Argentina and are present on the islands of Trinidad and Margarita White winged vampire bat Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Chiroptera Family Phyllostomidae Genus DiaemusMiller 1906 Species D youngi Binomial name Diaemus youngiJentink 1893 Range map Contents 1 Etymology and taxonomy 2 Description 3 Biology 4 Range and habitat 5 Conservation 6 References 7 External linksEtymology and taxonomy editThe white winged vampire bat was described by Dutch zoologist Fredericus Anna Jentink in 1893 2 Dr Charles Grove Young 1849 1934 is the eponym for the species name youngi 3 Jentink decided to honor Young with the species name because our Museum is indebted to him for so many additions to its collections of the British Guyana animals 2 When it was described by Jentink in 1893 it was initially placed in the same genus as the common vampire bat Desmodus However in 1907 Gerrit Smith Miller Jr placed it in a new genus Diaemus 4 That move to a new genus was not immediately accepted however with authors continuing to place it in Desmodus until at least 1982 5 6 Description editTheir fur is clay colored light brown or dark cinnamon brown The outline of their wings is white as well as the membrane between their second and third finger Their ears are longer than they are wide at 18 mm 0 71 in long The anterior surface of the tragus is hairy and its outer margin is smooth unlike that of the common vampire bat which is serrated Their thumb is much shorter than that of the common vampire bat Their forearms are 51 54 mm 2 0 2 1 in long The calcar is absent Their dental formula is 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 for a total of 22 teeth the common vampire bat has 20 teeth and the hairy legged vampire bat 26 respectively 7 It is the only bat species in the world with 22 teeth 8 The last upper molars are vestigial though and older individuals sometimes lose them The uropatagium and forearms are sparsely furred From nose to tail they are approximately 84 mm 3 3 in long 9 They weigh 31 7 48 1 g 1 12 1 70 oz Both males and females have cup shaped scent glands located in their mouths 10 These glands might be an anti predator defense as the bats produce a foul smelling odor from these glands when they are disturbed 11 Compared to other bats their brains are especially large in relation to their body sizes 2 7 2 9 by body mass This may be because their foraging strategy requires more complex thought such as maintaining stealth than other species Their eyes are also relatively large in relation to their body sizes 9 Biology editLike other vampire bats their saliva contains plasminogen activators which rapidly dissolves the host s blood clots that form during feeding platelet aggregation inhibitors which prevent the formation of blood clots and other anticoagulants These compounds in their saliva are especially effective on birds Birds are their preferred prey source but they will also prey on mammals such as goats and cattle 9 While it can transmit rabies this appears to be relatively uncommon the only reports of rabies transmission from this species are from Trinidad 11 12 They are not as adept as common vampire bats at quadrupedal locomotion possibly because their thumbs are much shorter 13 However they are quite adept at climbing branches Females are polyestrous capable of becoming pregnant multiple times a year They give birth to one pup at a time 14 15 They will roost with many other species of bat including the greater sac winged bat lesser dog like bat big eared woolly bat tailed tailless bat Seba s short tailed bat little yellow shouldered bat great fruit eating bat white lined broad nosed bat Pallas s long tongued bat Handley s nectar bat white bellied big eared bat greater spear nosed bat Parnell s mustached bat Wagner s mustached bat buffy broad nosed bat and common vampire bat 10 16 17 Their karyotype consists of 32 chromosomes 7 Range and habitat editThey have been found in Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela 1 They have flexible roosting and foraging habitat requirements They prefer moist open areas but will still forage in dry deciduous or evergreen forests 18 They will roost in both tree cavities and caves 11 Conservation editThey are consistently assessed as least concern by the IUCN While it is infrequently encountered it has a broad distribution and is tolerant of a variety of habitats The population is assumed to be large 1 They can be maintained in captivity Captive populations can be supported with cow and chicken blood Blood must be defibrinated to prevent clotting Each bat ingests approximately 16 ml 0 54 US fl oz of blood per day They are social animals and should be maintained in colonies Their colonies have dominance hierarchies 19 References edit a b c Barquez R Perez S Miller B Diaz M 2015 Diaemus youngi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T6520A21982777 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T6520A21982777 en Retrieved 17 March 2022 a b Jentink FA 1893 Notes from the Leyden Museum on a collection of bats from West Indies 15 E J Brill 282 Retrieved September 16 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Beolens B Watkins M amp Grayson M 2009 The eponym dictionary of mammals JHU Press Miller Jr G S 1906 Twelve new genera of bats Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 19 83 86 Handley C O Jr 1976 Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project Brigham Young University Science Bulletin Biological Series 20 1 91 doi 10 5962 bhl part 5667 Honacki J H K E Kinman AND J W Koeppl 1982 Mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference Allen Press Lawrence Kansas a b Greenhall A M Schutt W A Jr 1996 Diaemus youngi PDF Mammalian Species 533 1 7 doi 10 2307 3504240 JSTOR 3504240 Nowak R M 1999 Walker s mammals of the world Vol 1 JHU Press a b c Greenhall A M amp Schutt W A 1996 Diaemus youngi Mammalian Species 533 1 7 a b Greenhall A M and Schmidt U editors 1988 Natural History of Vampire Bats CRC Press Boca Raton Florida p 122 ISBN 9781315895819 a b c Goodwin G G amp Greenhall A M 1961 A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago descriptions rabies infection and ecology Vol 122 American Museum of Natural History Constantine D C 1988 Transmission of pathogenic organisms by vampire bats pp 167 189 in Natural history of vampire bats A M Greenhall and U Schmidt eds CRC Press Boca Raton Florida ISBN 9781315895819 Schutt Jr W A Hermanson J W Bertram J E A Cullinane D Chang Y H Muradali F amp Altenbach J S 1993 Aspects of locomotor morphology performance and behavior in two vampire bats Desmodus rotundus and Diaemus youngi Bat Research News 34 127 128 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Carter D C 1970 Chiropteran reproduction pp 233 246 in About bats B H Slaughter and D W Walton eds Southern Methodist University Press Dallas Texas Schmidt C 1988 Reproduction pp 99 109 in Natural history of vampire bats A M Greenhall and U Schmidt eds CRC Press Boca Raton Florida ISBN 9781315895819 Trajano E 1984 Ecologia de populacoes de morcegos cavernicolas em uma regiao carstica do Sudeste do Brasil Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia 2 255 320 Graham G L 1988 Interspecific associations among Peruvian bats at diurnal roosts and roost sites Journal of Mammalogy 69 711 720 Eisenberg J F 1989 Mammals of the Neotropics the northern Neotropics Vol 1 Panama Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana University of Chicago Press Chicago Schutt W A Muradali F Mondol N Joseph K Brockmann K 1999 Behavior and maintenance of captive white winged vampire bats Diaemus youngi Journal of Mammalogy 80 1 71 81 doi 10 2307 1383209 JSTOR 1383209 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diaemus youngi Vampires The Real Story Archived 2008 01 14 at the Wayback Machine about the vampire bat Bat World An all volunteer non salaried non profit organization devoted to the education conservation and rehabilitation of bats Bat Conservation International A website devoted to the education conservation and study of bat Graduate student research on white winged vampire bats Archived 2008 12 07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title White winged vampire bat amp oldid 1216089797, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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