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Red-handed howler

The red-handed howler (Alouatta belzebul) is a vulnerable species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to Brazil, found in the southeastern Amazon and disjunctly in the Atlantic Forest between Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe.[2]

Red-handed howler[1]
Red-handed howler in Amazon, Brazil.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Atelidae
Genus: Alouatta
Species:
A. belzebul
Binomial name
Alouatta belzebul
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Red-handed howler range
Synonyms

Simia belzebul Linnaeus, 1766

Taxonomy edit

Considerable taxonomic confusion has surrounded this species. Until 2001, most authorities included the Amazon black howler as a subspecies (or simply a taxonomically insignificant variation) of the red-handed howler,[3] though its distinction had already been pointed out much earlier.[4] The red-handed howler remained variable in ecology, colour and pattern of the fur, shape of the cranium, and shape of the hyoid bone (of great importance in the voice of the howler monkeys; a likely isolating mechanism between the species),[5] but a geographical pattern was not clear, resulting in it being treated as a monotypic species.[3] In 2006, a major review of the Brazilian members of the genus Alouatta was able to match some of the variations to geography (though further study was recommended), resulting in the recognition of the Spix's red-handed howler and Maranhão red-handed howler as species separate from the red-handed howler.[5] Even with these as separate species, the colour and pattern of the fur of the red-handed howler remains variable. Most adults are black with reddish-brown hands, feet and distal part of their tails, but some are entirely black (resembling the Amazon black howler), reddish (resembling the red howlers) or somewhere in between.[5]

Distribution and life history edit

It lives in the biomes of Amazonian and Atlantic forests which consist of dense forest separated by drier areas. These animals can live up to 20 years,[6] and do not mature until later in their lives. They have a long gestation period, and generally reproduce more slowly than similar-sized mammals of other species.[7] From the births that have been recorded, red-handed howlers have quick, quiet births during the day when they are normally active. Once born, if the mother is experienced, she will carry her young ventrally for three weeks and then switch to dorsally once the offspring is slightly more developed.[8]

Behavior and diet edit

When not foraging, red-handed howlers rest in the canopy of mature trees 20 m (66 ft) from the forest floor.[8] They also live in social groups of seven to 12 members, with one or two mature males, females, juveniles, and infants.[9]

Threats edit

 
Red-handed howler monkey in Gargaú Reserve, Paraíba, Brazil

Threats to this species are numerous. First, they are a large-bodied mammal hunted for food. Females with young are especially good targets for hunting because the babies can be sold as pets and the mothers can be used for their meat. Slower reproduction of these mammals also prevents them from replenishing the population in response to this pressure. The red-handed howler monkey has one of the smallest ranges of their genus, which makes them even more susceptible to threats. Second, the Trans-Amazonia and the Belém–Brasília Highways intersect their habitats, which causes collisions with automobiles. Third, the threat from agriculture is increasing. Increasing population pressures have forced farmers to clear more land for farming and these clear-cut methods are too much of a disturbance for the red-handed howler. Some small disturbances are tolerated by species that focus more on leaves, but since A. belzebul is mostly frugivorous, it is harder for them to adapt to change. Logging is yet another concern, because it not only disrupts the habitat too much, but it also allows better access to their habitats for hunters by use of the access roads. Fourth, habitat fragmentation accompanies all of these disturbances. If the forest does eventually regenerate, there will still be no way for new howlers to come back into the area and it also prohibits gene flow and the amount of genetic variation will decrease.[7] Lastly, predation can have a large effect on the population. Since the populations are usually in groups in small areas, they are easy prey for animals such tayras. One study found tayras had found their way onto an island and took out a large portion of the population by hunting together and preying on the family groups in the area.[9]

Conservation steps edit

A variety of options can be put into place to help the red-handed howler monkey recover. First, landowners can be encouraged to make sanctuaries or protect vital habitats. Since this species relies so heavily on fruit, certain habitats with a variety of fruit-producing tree stands should be focused on for protection. Second, if slash-and-burn methods are needed, farmers could use smaller portions of forest and rotate often to allow for forest regeneration and repopulation by howlers. Corridors could also be maintained between properties, crop areas, and developed areas. Success has also been documented on the use of ladder bridges across roads to allow red-handed howlers to cross roads safely. Third, translocation is could be used to repopulate suitable habitat the animals may not be able to reach because of fragmentation. Translocation could also be a useful tool in allowing gene flow between populations that would generally not mix.[7] Lastly, the genetics of the populations should be monitored to make sure adequate genetic variability is present to sustain the populations. Some of these studies are already being done using microsatellite loci to determine diversity.[10][11]

References edit

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 148. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Valença-Montenegro, M. M.; Fialho, M.S.; Carvalho, A. S.; Ravetta, A. L.; Régis, T.; de Melo, F. R.; Jerusalinsky, L.; Veiga, L. M.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Cortes-Ortíz, L.; Talebi, M. (2021). "Alouatta belzebul". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39957A190412426. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39957A190412426.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b Groves, C. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-872-X
  4. ^ da Cruz Lima, E. (1945). Mammals of Amazônia. Vol. 1. Contribuições do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi de História Natural e Etnografia.
  5. ^ a b c Gregorin, R. (2006). (in Portuguese) Taxonomia e variação geográfica das espécies do gênero Alouatta Lacépède (Primates, Atelidae) no Brasil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 23(1).
  6. ^ Nascimento F. F., Bonvicino C. R., De Oliverira M. M., Schneider M. P. C. (2008). Population Genetic Studies of Alouatta Belzebul from the Amazonian and Atlantic Forests. American Journal of Primatology 70, 423-431.
  7. ^ a b c Horwich R. H. (1998). Effective Solutions for Howler Conservation. International Journal of Primatology 19,3.
  8. ^ a b Camargo C. C., Ferrari S. F. (2007). "Observations of Daytime Births in Two Groups of Red-Handed Howlers (Alouatta belzebul) on an Island in the Tucurui Reservoir in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia". American Journal of Primatology 69, 1075-1079.
  9. ^ a b Camargo C.C., Ferrari S.F. (2007). Interactions between tayras (Eira barbara) and red-handed howlers (A. belzebul) in eastern Amazonia. Primates 48(2):147-50
  10. ^ Goncalves E. C., Silva A., Barbosa M. S. R., Schneider M. P. C. (2004). Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Amazonian red-handed howlers Alouatta belzebul (Primates, Plathyrrini). Molecular Ecology Notes 4, 406-408.
  11. ^ Bastos, H. B.; Gonçalves, E. C.; Ferrari, S. F.; Silva, A.; Schneider, M. P. C. (2010). "Genetic structure of red-handed howler monkey populations in the fragmented landscape of Eastern Brazilian Amazonia". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 33 (4): 774–780. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572010000400027. PMC 3036160. PMID 21637590.

External links edit

  • Price, William (2006). Photo of the Red-handed Howler showing individual with typical pattern, and entirely black and red individuals.

handed, howler, handed, howler, alouatta, belzebul, vulnerable, species, howler, monkey, type, world, monkey, endemic, brazil, found, southeastern, amazon, disjunctly, atlantic, forest, between, grande, norte, sergipe, amazon, brazil, conservation, statusvulne. The red handed howler Alouatta belzebul is a vulnerable species of howler monkey a type of New World monkey It is endemic to Brazil found in the southeastern Amazon and disjunctly in the Atlantic Forest between Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe 2 Red handed howler 1 Red handed howler in Amazon Brazil Conservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesSuborder HaplorhiniInfraorder SimiiformesFamily AtelidaeGenus AlouattaSpecies A belzebulBinomial nameAlouatta belzebul Linnaeus 1766 Red handed howler rangeSynonymsSimia belzebul Linnaeus 1766 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution and life history 3 Behavior and diet 4 Threats 4 1 Conservation steps 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomy editConsiderable taxonomic confusion has surrounded this species Until 2001 most authorities included the Amazon black howler as a subspecies or simply a taxonomically insignificant variation of the red handed howler 3 though its distinction had already been pointed out much earlier 4 The red handed howler remained variable in ecology colour and pattern of the fur shape of the cranium and shape of the hyoid bone of great importance in the voice of the howler monkeys a likely isolating mechanism between the species 5 but a geographical pattern was not clear resulting in it being treated as a monotypic species 3 In 2006 a major review of the Brazilian members of the genus Alouatta was able to match some of the variations to geography though further study was recommended resulting in the recognition of the Spix s red handed howler and Maranhao red handed howler as species separate from the red handed howler 5 Even with these as separate species the colour and pattern of the fur of the red handed howler remains variable Most adults are black with reddish brown hands feet and distal part of their tails but some are entirely black resembling the Amazon black howler reddish resembling the red howlers or somewhere in between 5 Distribution and life history editIt lives in the biomes of Amazonian and Atlantic forests which consist of dense forest separated by drier areas These animals can live up to 20 years 6 and do not mature until later in their lives They have a long gestation period and generally reproduce more slowly than similar sized mammals of other species 7 From the births that have been recorded red handed howlers have quick quiet births during the day when they are normally active Once born if the mother is experienced she will carry her young ventrally for three weeks and then switch to dorsally once the offspring is slightly more developed 8 Behavior and diet editThis section needs expansion with nothing about diet or behavior You can help by adding to it February 2019 When not foraging red handed howlers rest in the canopy of mature trees 20 m 66 ft from the forest floor 8 They also live in social groups of seven to 12 members with one or two mature males females juveniles and infants 9 Threats edit nbsp Red handed howler monkey in Gargau Reserve Paraiba BrazilThreats to this species are numerous First they are a large bodied mammal hunted for food Females with young are especially good targets for hunting because the babies can be sold as pets and the mothers can be used for their meat Slower reproduction of these mammals also prevents them from replenishing the population in response to this pressure The red handed howler monkey has one of the smallest ranges of their genus which makes them even more susceptible to threats Second the Trans Amazonia and the Belem Brasilia Highways intersect their habitats which causes collisions with automobiles Third the threat from agriculture is increasing Increasing population pressures have forced farmers to clear more land for farming and these clear cut methods are too much of a disturbance for the red handed howler Some small disturbances are tolerated by species that focus more on leaves but since A belzebul is mostly frugivorous it is harder for them to adapt to change Logging is yet another concern because it not only disrupts the habitat too much but it also allows better access to their habitats for hunters by use of the access roads Fourth habitat fragmentation accompanies all of these disturbances If the forest does eventually regenerate there will still be no way for new howlers to come back into the area and it also prohibits gene flow and the amount of genetic variation will decrease 7 Lastly predation can have a large effect on the population Since the populations are usually in groups in small areas they are easy prey for animals such tayras One study found tayras had found their way onto an island and took out a large portion of the population by hunting together and preying on the family groups in the area 9 Conservation steps edit A variety of options can be put into place to help the red handed howler monkey recover First landowners can be encouraged to make sanctuaries or protect vital habitats Since this species relies so heavily on fruit certain habitats with a variety of fruit producing tree stands should be focused on for protection Second if slash and burn methods are needed farmers could use smaller portions of forest and rotate often to allow for forest regeneration and repopulation by howlers Corridors could also be maintained between properties crop areas and developed areas Success has also been documented on the use of ladder bridges across roads to allow red handed howlers to cross roads safely Third translocation is could be used to repopulate suitable habitat the animals may not be able to reach because of fragmentation Translocation could also be a useful tool in allowing gene flow between populations that would generally not mix 7 Lastly the genetics of the populations should be monitored to make sure adequate genetic variability is present to sustain the populations Some of these studies are already being done using microsatellite loci to determine diversity 10 11 References edit Groves C P 2005 Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 148 ISBN 0 801 88221 4 OCLC 62265494 a b Valenca Montenegro M M Fialho M S Carvalho A S Ravetta A L Regis T de Melo F R Jerusalinsky L Veiga L M Mittermeier R A Cortes Ortiz L Talebi M 2021 Alouatta belzebul IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T39957A190412426 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 1 RLTS T39957A190412426 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b Groves C 2001 Primate Taxonomy Smithsonian Institution Press ISBN 1 56098 872 X da Cruz Lima E 1945 Mammals of Amazonia Vol 1 Contribuicoes do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi de Historia Natural e Etnografia a b c Gregorin R 2006 in Portuguese Taxonomia e variacao geografica das especies do genero Alouatta Lacepede Primates Atelidae no Brasil Rev Bras Zool 23 1 Nascimento F F Bonvicino C R De Oliverira M M Schneider M P C 2008 Population Genetic Studies of Alouatta Belzebul from the Amazonian and Atlantic Forests American Journal of Primatology 70 423 431 a b c Horwich R H 1998 Effective Solutions for Howler Conservation International Journal of Primatology 19 3 a b Camargo C C Ferrari S F 2007 Observations of Daytime Births in Two Groups of Red Handed Howlers Alouatta belzebul on an Island in the Tucurui Reservoir in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia American Journal of Primatology 69 1075 1079 a b Camargo C C Ferrari S F 2007 Interactions between tayras Eira barbara and red handed howlers A belzebul in eastern Amazonia Primates 48 2 147 50 Goncalves E C Silva A Barbosa M S R Schneider M P C 2004 Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Amazonian red handed howlers Alouatta belzebul Primates Plathyrrini Molecular Ecology Notes 4 406 408 Bastos H B Goncalves E C Ferrari S F Silva A Schneider M P C 2010 Genetic structure of red handed howler monkey populations in the fragmented landscape of Eastern Brazilian Amazonia Genetics and Molecular Biology 33 4 774 780 doi 10 1590 S1415 47572010000400027 PMC 3036160 PMID 21637590 External links editPrice William 2006 Photo of the Red handed Howler showing individual with typical pattern and entirely black and red individuals Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Red handed howler amp oldid 1111125549, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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