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Latgalian phonology

January 01, 1970

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Latgalian language is a Latvian language dialect.

Vowels edit

Vowel phonemes of Latgalian[1]
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ī⟩ (ɨ) ⟨y⟩ u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩
Mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ (ɛː) ⟨ē⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩ (ɔː) ⟨ō⟩
Open æ ⟨e⟩ æː ⟨ē⟩ a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨ā⟩
Diphthongs iɛ   uɔ
  • [ɨ] occurs in complementary distribution with [i], so that they can be regarded as allophones of a single /i/ phoneme.[2]
  • Long /ɛː, ɔː/ are rare and occur only in interjections. The phonological long counterparts of the short /ɛ, ɔ/ are the diphthongs /iɛ, uɔ/.[1]
  • There are very few minimal pairs for the /ɛ–æ/ opposition. In some dialects, [æ] is simply an allophone of /ɛ/.[3]
  • /a, aː/ are phonetically central [ä, äː].[1]
  • Apart from [iɛ] and [uɔ], there are also vowel+glide sequences [ɛɪ̯, æɪ̯, aɪ̯, iu̯, ɨu̯, au̯], which are very common. Rarer sequences include [uɪ̯], [ɔɪ̯] and [ɔu̯], with the last one occurring only in onomatopoeias and loanwords. Phonemically, they are all sequences of two phonemes, rather than proper diphthongs. In some dialects, [iu̯] and [ɨu̯] fall together as [ɛu̯]. [au̯] can also merge with [ɔu̯] as [ɔu̯].[4]

Consonants edit

Consonant phonemes of Latgalian[5]
Labial[a] Dental/
Alveolar 		Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar
hard soft hard soft hard soft[b] hard soft
Nasal m mʲ n nʲ
Stop voiceless p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ
voiced b bʲ d dʲ ɡ ɡʲ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ (t͡ɕ)
voiced d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ (d͡ʑ)
Fricative voiceless (f)[c] s sʲ ʃ (ɕ) (x)[d]
voiced v[e] vʲ[e] z zʲ ʒ (ʑ)
Approximant l lʲ ɪ̯ (i̯)[f] ʊ̯[g] (u̯)[g][f]
Trill r (rʲ)
  1. ^ /m, mʲ, p, pʲ, b, bʲ/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v, vʲ/ are labiodental.
  2. ^ The alveolo-palatals occur only in some non-standard dialects, with the fricatives /ɕ, ʑ/ being more common than the affricates /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.[6]
  3. ^ /f/ occurs only in some loanwords, such as ortografeja transl. orthography. In other loanwords, it is replaced by /p/, as in kopejs transl. coffee.[7]
  4. ^ /x/ occurs only in some loanwords, such as tehnologeja transl. technology. In other loanwords, it is replaced by /k/, as in kokejs transl. hockey.[7]
  5. ^ a b /v, vʲ/ are traditionally classified as approximants [ʋ, ʋʲ] which phonetically may be fricatives [v, vʲ].[7]
  6. ^ a b For the approximants /ɪ̯/ and /ʊ̯/ the contrast between their hard and soft versions is phonetically realized as a contrast between retraction and advancement. The "soft" counterparts of /ɪ̯/ and /ʊ̯/ are /i̯/ and /u̯/.[8][9] Brejdak (2006, p. 198-199) considers those to have phonemic status and argues that the contrast between them and the plain /ɪ̯/ and /ʊ̯/ corresponds to the soft/hard contrast. However, Nau (2011, p. 13) considers the phonemic status of /u̯/ and especially /i̯/ (which he transcribes with a non-IPA symbol ⟨jʲ⟩) as questionable. If the difference is considered to be allophonic, the resulting single palatal approximant can be transcribed with ⟨j⟩ and the corresponding labio-velar with ⟨w⟩. In this article, the difference is assumed to be phonemic.
  7. ^ a b /ʊ̯, u̯/ are labial-velar.[9]

Accent edit

Stress edit

The stress is most often on the first syllable.[9]

Tonal accents edit

There are two phonemic tonal accents in Latgalian, which appear only on long syllables, i.e. those with a long vowel, a diphthong, or a sequence of a short vowel and a sonorant. These are falling (also called level) and broken (also called sharp). However, there are only a handful of minimal (or near-minimal) pairs, such as [rɛ̀ɪ̯tʲ] 'swallow' and [rɛ̂ɪ̯t] 'tomorrow', both written reit.[9]

Phonetically, both of the tonal accents are falling; the falling accent is realized as an even decrease in intensity and pitch, whereas the broken accent is realized as a sudden decrease in intensity and pitch.[9]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Nau (2011), p. 9.
  2. ^ Nau (2011), pp. 9–10.
  3. ^ Nau (2011), p. 10.
  4. ^ Nau (2011), pp. 9–11.
  5. ^ Nau (2011), pp. 11–13.
  6. ^ Nau (2011), p. 11.
  7. ^ a b c Nau (2011), p. 12.
  8. ^ Brejdak (2006), p. 198-199.
  9. ^ a b c d e Nau (2011), p. 13.

Bibliography edit

  • Nau, Nicole (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3
  • Brejdak, Anton (2006), латгальский язык [Latgalian language] (in Russian)

January 01, 1970
latgalian, phonology, this, article, contains, phonetic, transcriptions, international, phonetic, alphabet, introductory, guide, symbols, help, distinction, between, brackets, transcription, delimiters, latgalian, language, latvian, language, dialect, contents. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Latgalian language is a Latvian language dialect Contents 1 Vowels 2 Consonants 3 Accent 3 1 Stress 3 2 Tonal accents 4 References 5 BibliographyVowels editVowel phonemes of Latgalian 1 Front Central Back short long short long short long Close i i iː i ɨ y u u uː u Mid ɛ e ɛː e ɔ o ɔː ō Open ae e aeː e a a aː a Diphthongs iɛ uɔ ɨ occurs in complementary distribution with i so that they can be regarded as allophones of a single i phoneme 2 Long ɛː ɔː are rare and occur only in interjections The phonological long counterparts of the short ɛ ɔ are the diphthongs iɛ uɔ 1 There are very few minimal pairs for the ɛ ae opposition In some dialects ae is simply an allophone of ɛ 3 a aː are phonetically central a aː 1 Apart from iɛ and uɔ there are also vowel glide sequences ɛɪ aeɪ aɪ iu ɨu au which are very common Rarer sequences include uɪ ɔɪ and ɔu with the last one occurring only in onomatopoeias and loanwords Phonemically they are all sequences of two phonemes rather than proper diphthongs In some dialects iu and ɨu fall together as ɛu au can also merge with ɔu as ɔu 4 Consonants editConsonant phonemes of Latgalian 5 Labial a Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar hard soft hard soft hard soft b hard soft Nasal m mʲ n nʲ Stop voiceless p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ voiced b bʲ d dʲ ɡ ɡʲ Affricate voiceless t s t sʲ t ʃ t ɕ voiced d z d zʲ d ʒ d ʑ Fricative voiceless f c s sʲ ʃ ɕ x d voiced v e vʲ e z zʲ ʒ ʑ Approximant l lʲ ɪ i f ʊ g u g f Trill r rʲ m mʲ p pʲ b bʲ are bilabial whereas f v vʲ are labiodental The alveolo palatals occur only in some non standard dialects with the fricatives ɕ ʑ being more common than the affricates t ɕ d ʑ 6 f occurs only in some loanwords such as ortografeja transl orthography In other loanwords it is replaced by p as in kopejs transl coffee 7 x occurs only in some loanwords such as tehnologeja transl technology In other loanwords it is replaced by k as in kokejs transl hockey 7 a b v vʲ are traditionally classified as approximants ʋ ʋʲ which phonetically may be fricatives v vʲ 7 a b For the approximants ɪ and ʊ the contrast between their hard and soft versions is phonetically realized as a contrast between retraction and advancement The soft counterparts of ɪ and ʊ are i and u 8 9 Brejdak 2006 p 198 199 considers those to have phonemic status and argues that the contrast between them and the plain ɪ and ʊ corresponds to the soft hard contrast However Nau 2011 p 13 considers the phonemic status of u and especially i which he transcribes with a non IPA symbol jʲ as questionable If the difference is considered to be allophonic the resulting single palatal approximant can be transcribed with j and the corresponding labio velar with w In this article the difference is assumed to be phonemic a b ʊ u are labial velar 9 Accent editStress edit The stress is most often on the first syllable 9 Tonal accents edit There are two phonemic tonal accents in Latgalian which appear only on long syllables i e those with a long vowel a diphthong or a sequence of a short vowel and a sonorant These are falling also called level and broken also called sharp However there are only a handful of minimal or near minimal pairs such as rɛ ɪ tʲ swallow and rɛ ɪ t tomorrow both written reit 9 Phonetically both of the tonal accents are falling the falling accent is realized as an even decrease in intensity and pitch whereas the broken accent is realized as a sudden decrease in intensity and pitch 9 References edit a b c Nau 2011 p 9 Nau 2011 pp 9 10 Nau 2011 p 10 Nau 2011 pp 9 11 Nau 2011 pp 11 13 Nau 2011 p 11 a b c Nau 2011 p 12 Brejdak 2006 p 198 199 a b c d e Nau 2011 p 13 Bibliography editNau Nicole 2011 A short grammar of Latgalian Munich Lincom Europa ISBN 978 3 86288 055 3 Brejdak Anton 2006 latgalskij yazyk Latgalian language in Russian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Latgalian phonology amp oldid 1163046829, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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