Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu (Kelantanese: Koto Baru; Jawi: كوت بهارو) colloquially referred to as KB, is a town in Malaysia that serves as the state capital and royal seat of Kelantan. It is situated in the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia and lies near the mouth of the Kelantan River.
Kota Bharu Koto Baru | |
|---|---|
| Town of Kota Bharu Bandar Kota Bharu | |
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Jawi | كوت بهارو |
| • Chinese | 哥打峇鲁 (Simplified) 哥打峇魯 (Traditional) Gēdǎ Bālǔ (Hanyu Pinyin) |
| • Tamil | கோத்தா பாரு Kōttā Pāru (Transliteration) |
From top, left to right: Sultan Ismail Petra arch, Tuan Padang roundabout clock tower, Kampung Laut Mosque, Muzium Kraftangan, World War Memorial, Istana Jahar, the Kelantan Museum, the Kelantan Islamic Museum, Sultan Ismail Petra Airport, and Siti Khadijah Market | |
Seal | |
| Nickname(s): The Islamic City (Bandar Raya Islam), The Cultural City (Kota Budaya) | |
Location of Kota Bharu in Kelantan | |
Kota Bharu Kota Bharu Kota Bharu (Malaysia) Kota Bharu Kota Bharu (Southeast Asia) Kota Bharu Kota Bharu (Asia) | |
| Coordinates: 6°8′N 102°15′E / 6.133°N 102.250°E | |
| Country | Malaysia |
| State | Kelantan |
| District | Kota Bharu District |
| First settled | 1844 |
| Establishment of the town council | 1936 |
| Establishment of the town board | 1971 |
| Municipality status | 1 January 1978 |
| Founded by | Sultan Muhammad II |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal council |
| • Body | Kota Bharu Municipal Council |
| • President | Encik Rosnazli Bin Haji Amin (Incumbent) |
| • Municipal Secretary | Mohd Shaifudeen Bin Md Salleh |
| • MP | Takiyuddin Hassan (PAS) (Kota Bharu) (since 5 May 2013) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 115 km2 (44 sq mi) |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
| • Total | 568,900 |
| • Density | 4,900/km2 (13,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (MST) |
| • Summer (DST) | Not observed |
| Postcode | 15xxx |
| Area code | +60-09-7 |
| Website | mpkbbri |
The town is home to many religious buildings, various museums, the unique architecture of the old royal palaces (still occupied by the sultan and sultanah and off-limits to visitors but viewable from outside) and former royal buildings (which can be visited). It is served by Keretapi Tanah Melayu's East Coast Line at the nearby Wakaf Bharu Terminal Station, in the town of Wakaf Bharu across the Kelantan River and Sultan Ismail Petra Airport, located in Pengkalan Chepa.
Etymology
Kota Bharu means "new city" or "new castle/fort" in Malay. Occasionally, the name of the city is written as Kota Baharu.
History
Kota Bharu was founded during the late 19th century. Before the establishment, Kota Bharu was home to Kelantan's Royal Palace, then established by Sultan Muhammad II of Kelantan in 1844 as Kelantan's state capital who wanted the new state capital built in his honour.[2] Prior to this, Kota Bharu was known as Kuala Kelantan. Before Kota Bharu assumed the role, the Kelantanese capital was divided into two which were Kota Kubang Labu and Kota Pengkalan Datu.[3] During the 19th century, Kelantan was a prosperous and populous state with a population of around 30,000 to 50,000 people including a thousand Chinese. Production from within the state include gold, tin ore, black pepper, areca nut, rice, rattan, bamboo, agarwood and songket. Kota Bharu acts as entrepot for goods due to its strategic location beside the Kelantan River.[4]
During World War II, Pantai Sabak, about 10 km (6.2 mi) from Kota Bharu, was the initial landing point of the Japanese invasion forces on 8 December 1941, beginning the Battle of Kota Bharu, the first battle of the Malayan campaign. Japanese forces captured the city and would go on to successfully engage the British in jungle warfare and ultimately capture Singapore.[5]
Kota Bharu was declared as the "Cultural City" on 25 July 1991 by the late Sultan Ismail Petra on the basis of two important aspects – the history of Kota Bharu and the uniqueness of its local arts and cultures. Kota Bharu was rebranded as the "Islamic City" (Malay: Bandar Raya Islam) by the Kelantan State Government on 1 October 2005 through its "Developing With Islam" (Malay: Membangun Bersama Islam) policy.[6]
Government
Islamic City of Kota Bharu Municipal Council Majlis Perbandaran Kota Bharu Bandar Raya Islam مجليس ڤربندرن كوتا بهارو بندراي اسلام | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Founded | 1 January 1978 |
| Leadership | |
President | Rosnazli Bin Haji Amin |
Municipal Secretary | Mohd Shaifudeen Md Salleh |
| Meeting place | |
| Jalan Hospital, 15000 Kota Bharu, Kelantan | |
| Website | |
| mpkbbri | |
Kota Bharu Municipal Council, officially known as the Islamic City of Kota Bharu Municipal Council (Malay: Majlis Perbandaran Kota Bharu Bandar Raya Islam, MPKB-BRI, Jawi: مجليس ڤربندرن كوتا بهارو بندراي اسلام) and formerly known as the Kota Bharu Town Council (Malay: Majlis Bandaran Kota Bharu) from 1936 until 1971 and the Kota Bharu Town Board (Malay: Lembaga Bandaran Kota Bharu) from 1971 until 1978, is the local authority of Kota Bharu.[7][8]
Demographics
The vast majority of Kota Bharu's population is ethnically Kelantanese Malay. The language spoken in Kota Bharu is Kelantan Malay dialect. There is also a fairly large Chinese population.
Religion
Kota Bharu town's population is 93% Muslim, with the remainder consisting of Buddhists, Hindus and Christians. The predominantly urban local Chinese community mainly practices Buddhism.
Culture
The Kelantanese culture is highly distinctive as compared to other states of Malaysia but also with some influences from Thailand due to its geographical proximity.
Food
Nasi berlauk, nasi dagang, nasi lemak and nasi kerabu are popular elements of the local cuisine. Sweet cakes, or kuih, are also popular amongst the Kelantanese. Other popular foods include nasi tumpang, etok, akok, lompat tikam & netbak.
Climate
Kota Bharu features a tropical monsoon climate bordering on a tropical rainforest climate. Kota Bharu does not have a true dry season although the city experiences noticeably heavier rainfall from August through January. Also, Kota Bharu experiences slightly cooler temperatures between December and February than during the rest of the year.The city sees on average about 2,600 millimetres (100 in) of precipitation annually.
| Climate data for Kota Bharu (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.6 (90.7) | 33.0 (91.4) | 34.4 (93.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | 35.8 (96.4) | 34.4 (93.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | 32.2 (90.0) | 35.8 (96.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.3 (86.5) | 31.4 (88.5) | 32.6 (90.7) | 32.8 (91.0) | 32.7 (90.9) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.1 (88.0) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.1 (84.4) | 31.3 (88.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.5 (79.7) | 27.3 (81.1) | 28.2 (82.8) | 28.2 (82.8) | 27.9 (82.2) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.3 (79.3) | 26.1 (79.0) | 27.1 (80.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 24.4 (75.9) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.8 (74.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.6 (69.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 18.9 (66.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 16.7 (62.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 89 (3.5) | 58 (2.3) | 136 (5.4) | 94 (3.7) | 112 (4.4) | 110 (4.3) | 155 (6.1) | 154 (6.1) | 177 (7.0) | 260 (10.2) | 644 (25.4) | 566 (22.3) | 2,555 (100.6) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 22 | 20 | 163 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 86 | 88 | 87 | 84 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 161 | 190 | 207 | 214 | 194 | 186 | 184 | 187 | 187 | 174 | 139 | 130 | 2,153 |
| Source 1: Ogimet[9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA,[10] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity)[11] | |||||||||||||
Transportation
Public transportation
Grab Car services, available for 24 hours a day, are provided in Kota Bharu since April 2017.[12]
Kota Bharu is serviced by Sultan Ismail Petra Airport, the busiest airport in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (IATA: KBR).
The closest railway station is the Wakaf Bharu station on the other side of the river, 6 km from the city centre.
The under construction MRL East Coast Rail Link will have a station at Kota Bahru. The Kota Bharu station will be located near Kampung Tunjong.
Roadways
Highway 8 is the main highway leading Kota Bharu to the federal capital Kuala Lumpur. Highway 3 connects Kota Bharu to Pasir Mas and the Thailand border in the west, or Kuala Terengganu, Kuantan or even Johor Bahru due south. Connection to Penang is possible via highway 4. The Lebuhraya Rakyat, or People's Expressway, is a planned expressway that is to connect Kota Bharu to Kuala Krai in southern Kelantan. The project has been integrated into the Central Spine Road project (assigned as highway 34), scheduled to be complete by 2020.
Education
Notable educational establishments include Open University Malaysia, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, MSU College and Wadi Sofia International School. However, the most plentiful type of school are national schools,[13] which include
Shopping
The most famous shopping destination in Kota Bharu is Siti Khadijah Market. Most of its sellers are women. Next to Central Market is the Kota Bharu Trade Centre (KBTC) which was opened in August 2009, with Parkson as the anchor tenants for the mall.
Other shopping centres in Kota Bharu are the KB Mall, Kota Seri Mutiara, G-Orange Mall, Pantai Timur and Platinum Mall. A new Tesco hypermarket opened in 2008 but current Tesco change name to Lotus. In March 2010, the Mydin Mall in Bandar Baru Kubang Kerian opened. AEON Mall in Lembah Sireh opened in April 2016. A new Giant Hypermarket located in Bandar Baru Tunjong was opened in 2016,[14] as well as a Mydin store at Bandar Baru Tunjong by 2021.
Tourism
Beaches
Strong surf threatens all major beaches in the vicinity of Kota Bharu with substantial erosion. The community has been implementing wave breakers by piling up massive amounts of boulders in an effort to protect the coastline. Regular beach activity has become impossible as visitors frequent beaches further south. In terms of tourism, the most famous beach in Kota Bharu is Pantai Cahaya Bulan.
Wreck diving
Diving in Kota Bharu is a relatively new activity. At present, only one dive shop operates in the area. Trips out to the wreck of the IJN Awazisan Maru (known locally as the "Japanese Invasion Wreck") are among the sites offered. This Japanese transport ship was the very first vessel to sink in the Pacific War. The wreck is a 30-minute boat journey from a jetty which is 10 minutes outside of Kota Bharu.
Notable people
- Academician & Corporate Figures
- Athletes
- Badhri Radzi, footballer. Currently playing for Kelantan FA
- Hafiz Hashim, former national badminton player.
- Khairul Fahmi Che Mat, national football goalkeeper
- Luqman Hakim Shamsudin, footballer. Currently playing for KV Kortrijk
- Mohd Hashim Mustapha, former footballer
- Roslin Hashim, former national badminton player.
- Sidique Ali Merican, former sprinter.
- Entertainers
- Bienda
- Izzue Islam
- Issey Fazlisham
- Misha Omar
- Julia Rais
- Nelydia Senrose
- Neelofa
- Saharul Ridzuan
- Politics
International relations
Sister city
As of 2018[update], Kota Bharu has two sister city:
- Kasaoka, Japan.[16]
- Linxia Hui ,China
References
- ^ "TABURAN PENDUDUK MENGIKUT PBT & MUKIM 2010". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Kota Bharu Municipal Council official website". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "The Historical Development of the Malay Peninsula Economic And Malay Society Economic Nature Pre-Colonial Era" (PDF). International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation. 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
- ^ Harun, Siti Norlizaiha. "The Changing Image And Identity Of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia From Cultural City To Islamic City". International Journal of Social Planning and Development. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ "Background". MPKB BRI Kelantan Gov My.
- ^ "Kota Bharu to become an Islamic City?". The Malaysian Bar. 18 August 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ "CLIMAT summary for 48615: Kota Bharu (Malaysia) – Section 2: Monthly Normals". CLIMAT monthly weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
- ^ "Kota Bharu Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ . 20 April 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ "Secondary Schools in Kelantan, Malaysia". 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
- ^ "GCH Retail to upgrade Giant hypermarkets". www.thesundaily.my.
- ^ "A giant among men". 15 August 2015.
- ^ (in Japanese). Kasaoka City. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
External links
- Official website
- Daily life in Kota Bahru on YouTube
- at Tourism Malaysia