Its speakers are concentrated in the north-west of the country, notably in the Luanda, Bengo, Malanje and the Cuanza Norte provinces. It is spoken by the Ambundu.[4]
[ɸ] and [β] are allophones of /p/ and /b/, respectively, before /a/ and /u/. The phoneme /l/ is phonetically a flap [ɾ], a voiced plosive [d] or its palatalized version [dʲ] when before the front high vowel /i/. In the same way, the alveolars /s/, /z/ and /n/ are palatalized to [ʃ], [ʒ] and [ɲ], respectively, before [i]. There may be an epenthesis of [g] after /ŋ/ in word medial positions, thus creating a phonetic cluster [ŋg] in a process of fortition.
There is long distance nasal harmony, in which /l/ is realized as [n] if the previous morphemes contain /m/ or /n/, but not prenasalized stops.
There are two contrasting tones: a high (á) and a low tone (à). There is also a downstep in cases of tonal sandhi.
Vowel harmonyedit
There is vowel harmony in two groups (the high vowels /i, u/ and the mid and low vowels /e, o, a/) that applies only for verbal morphology. In some morphemes, vowels may be consistently deleted to avoid a hiatus.[5]
^ A language name 'mbundu' was used by Guthrie in his 1948 classification, for his group R10 (the language is Umbundu, the Ovimbundu's language. Kimbundu is found as Ndongo-H21). This has become obsolete: In his 1971 classification, the group H20 is called the Kimbundu group, and the R10 group is called Umbundu group. See: M. Guthrie, The Classification of the Bantu Languages (OUP, 1948), and M. Guthrie, Comparative Bantu, Vol 2 (Gregg Press, 1971). Glottolog classifies Kimbundu in a Mbundu group, which is in the Northern Njila group, and Umbundu (the Ovimbundu's language) in the Kunene group, which is itself in the Southern Njila group. see the Glottolog entry
^Ambundu is the short form for Akwa Mbundu, where 'Akwa' means 'from', or 'of', or more originally 'originally from' and 'belonging to'. In Kimbundu language, the particle Akwa is shortened into simply A, so that instead of Akwa Mbndu, it becomes Ambundu; similarly the term Akwa Ngola becomes ANgola, then Angola. Ngola was the title for kings in the historic Northern Angolan kingdom, before the Portuguese invasion.
^Xavier, Francisco da Silva (2010). Fonologia segmental e supra-segmental do Quimbundo: variedades de Luanda, Bengo, Quanza Norte e Malange (Ph.D. thesis) (in Portuguese). University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/t.8.2010.tde-20102010-091425.
kimbundu, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, 2016, learn, when. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Kimbundu news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Kimbundu a Bantu language which has sometimes been called Mbundu 3 or North Mbundu citation needed see Umbundu is the second most widely spoken Bantu language in Angola KimbunduNorth MbunduNative toAngolaRegionLuanda Province Bengo Province Malanje ProvinceEthnicityAmbunduNative speakers1 7 million 2015 1 Language familyNiger Congo Atlantic CongoBenue CongoBantoidSouthern BantoidBantu Zone H Kimbundu languages H 20 KimbunduDialectsKimbundu proper Ngola Mbamba Njinga Official statusOfficial language in Angola National language Language codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks kmb span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code kmb class extiw title iso639 3 kmb kmb a Glottologkimb1241Guthrie codeH 21 2 source source source source source source source source A Kimbundu speaker recorded in Angola Its speakers are concentrated in the north west of the country notably in the Luanda Bengo Malanje and the Cuanza Norte provinces It is spoken by the Ambundu 4 Northern MbunduPersonMumbunduPeopleAmbundu or AkwambunduLanguageKimbunduCountryNdongo and MatambaContents 1 Phonology 1 1 Consonants 1 2 Vowels 1 3 Vowel harmony 2 Kimbundu alphabet 3 Loans 3 1 European Portuguese 4 Conjugation 5 References 6 External linksPhonology editConsonants edit Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalStop plain p t kvoiced bprenasalized ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ Fricative voiceless f s ʃ hvoiced v z ʒprenasalized ᶬv ⁿz ⁿʒNasal m n ɲ ŋApproximant w l jAllophones ɸ and b are allophones of p and b respectively before a and u The phoneme l is phonetically a flap ɾ a voiced plosive d or its palatalized version dʲ when before the front high vowel i In the same way the alveolars s z and n are palatalized to ʃ ʒ and ɲ respectively before i There may be an epenthesis of g after ŋ in word medial positions thus creating a phonetic cluster ŋg in a process of fortition There is long distance nasal harmony in which l is realized as n if the previous morphemes contain m or n but not prenasalized stops Vowels edit Front BackClose i uMid e oOpen aThere are two contrasting tones a high a and a low tone a There is also a downstep in cases of tonal sandhi Vowel harmony edit There is vowel harmony in two groups the high vowels i u and the mid and low vowels e o a that applies only for verbal morphology In some morphemes vowels may be consistently deleted to avoid a hiatus 5 Kimbundu alphabet editConsonantsB D F G H J K L M N P S T V W X Y ZVowelsA E I O USource https omniglot com writing kimbundu htmLoans editEuropean Portuguese edit There is a small number of words of Kimbundu origin and many of those are indirect loans borrowed via Angolan Portuguese The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Angolan and European Portuguese includebue pronounced bwɛ very a lot 6 cota ˈkɔtɐ old person 7 bazar bɐˈzaɾ mambo ˈmɐ bu guita ˈgitɐ money 8 beca ˈbɛkɐ wi man dude 9 fixe cool 10 bue da fixe 11 excellent 10 12 Conjugation editPersonal pronouns TranslationEme IEie Eye YouMuene He or sheEtu WeEnu YouEne TheyConjugating the verb to be kuala also kukala in Kimbundu in the present 13 Eme ngala I amEie uala Eye uala Eie wala Eye wala You areMuene uala Muene wala He or she isEtu tuala Etu twala We areEnu nuala Enu nwala You areEne ala They areConjugating the verb to have kuala ni also kukala ni in Kimbundu in the present Eme ngala ni I haveEie Eye uala ni You haveMuene uala ni He or she hasEtu tuala ni We haveEnu nuala ni You haveEne ala ni They haveReferences edit Kimbundu at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp Jouni Filip Maho 2009 New Updated Guthrie List Online A language name mbundu was used by Guthrie in his 1948 classification for his group R10 the language is Umbundu the Ovimbundu s language Kimbundu is found as Ndongo H21 This has become obsolete In his 1971 classification the group H20 is called the Kimbundu group and the R10 group is called Umbundu group See M Guthrie The Classification of the Bantu Languages OUP 1948 and M Guthrie Comparative Bantu Vol 2 Gregg Press 1971 Glottolog classifies Kimbundu in a Mbundu group which is in the Northern Njila group and Umbundu the Ovimbundu s language in the Kunene group which is itself in the Southern Njila group see the Glottolog entry Ambundu is the short form for Akwa Mbundu where Akwa means from or of or more originally originally from and belonging to In Kimbundu language the particle Akwa is shortened into simply A so that instead of Akwa Mbndu it becomes Ambundu similarly the term Akwa Ngola becomes ANgola then Angola Ngola was the title for kings in the historic Northern Angolan kingdom before the Portuguese invasion Xavier Francisco da Silva 2010 Fonologia segmental e supra segmental do Quimbundo variedades de Luanda Bengo Quanza Norte e Malange Ph D thesis in Portuguese University of Sao Paulo doi 10 11606 t 8 2010 tde 20102010 091425 S A Priberam Informatica bue Dicionario Priberam S A Priberam Informatica Cota Dicionario Priberam Guita Michaelis On Line Wi Michaelis On Line a b Fixe Michaelis On Line S A Priberam Informatica Bue Da Fixe Dicionario Priberam Suplemento do lexico cigano Mundo Cigano A lingua kimbundu Ciberduvidas da lingua portuguesa in Portuguese Retrieved 30 November 2020 External links editThe art of the language of Angola author Father Pedro Dias published in 1697 Emuseum article on Kimbundu PanAfrican L10n page on Kimbundu Kimbundu people Ethnic groups of Angola nbsp This Angola related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Bantu language related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kimbundu amp oldid 1211901731, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
