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Internet Protocol

May 20, 2023

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.

IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information.

IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was complemented by a connection-oriented service that became the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet protocol suite is therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.

The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is the dominant protocol of the Internet. Its successor is Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), which has been in increasing deployment on the public Internet since c. 2006.[1]

Function

 
Encapsulation of application data carried by UDP to a link protocol frame

The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing host interfaces, encapsulating data into datagrams (including fragmentation and reassembly) and routing datagrams from a source host interface to a destination host interface across one or more IP networks.[2] For these purposes, the Internet Protocol defines the format of packets and provides an addressing system.

Each datagram has two components: a header and a payload. The IP header includes source IP address, destination IP address, and other metadata needed to route and deliver the datagram. The payload is the data that is transported. This method of nesting the data payload in a packet with a header is called encapsulation.

IP addressing entails the assignment of IP addresses and associated parameters to host interfaces. The address space is divided into subnetworks, involving the designation of network prefixes. IP routing is performed by all hosts, as well as routers, whose main function is to transport packets across network boundaries. Routers communicate with one another via specially designed routing protocols, either interior gateway protocols or exterior gateway protocols, as needed for the topology of the network.[3]

Version history

 
A timeline for the development of the transmission control Protocol TCP and Internet Protocol IP.
 
First Internet demonstration, linking the ARPANET, PRNET, and SATNET on November 22, 1977

In May 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) published a paper entitled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication".[4] The paper's authors, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes. A central control component of this model was the "Transmission Control Program" that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol at the transport layer and the Internet Protocol at the internet layer. The model became known as the Department of Defense (DoD) Internet Model and Internet protocol suite, and informally as TCP/IP.

IP versions 1 to 3 were experimental versions, designed between 1973 and 1978.[5] The following Internet Experiment Note (IEN) documents describe version 3 of the Internet Protocol, prior to the modern version of IPv4:

  • IEN 2 (Comments on Internet Protocol and TCP), dated August 1977 describes the need to separate the TCP and Internet Protocol functionalities (which were previously combined). It proposes the first version of the IP header, using 0 for the version field.
  • IEN 26 (A Proposed New Internet Header Format), dated February 1978 describes a version of the IP header that uses a 1-bit version field.
  • IEN 28 (Draft Internetwork Protocol Description Version 2), dated February 1978 describes IPv2.
  • IEN 41 (Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4), dated June 1978 describes the first protocol to be called IPv4. The IP header is different from the modern IPv4 header.
  • IEN 44 (Latest Header Formats), dated June 1978 describes another version of IPv4, also with a header different from the modern IPv4 header.
  • IEN 54 (Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4), dated September 1978 is the first description of IPv4 using the header that would be standardized in RFC 760.

The dominant internetworking protocol in the Internet Layer in use is IPv4; the number 4 identifies the protocol version, carried in every IP datagram. IPv4 is described in RFC 791 (1981).

Versions 2 and 3, and a draft of version 4, allowed an address length of up to 128 bits,[6] but this was mistakenly[citation needed] reduced to 32 bits in the final version of IPv4.

Version number 5 was used by the Internet Stream Protocol, an experimental streaming protocol that was not adopted.[5]

The successor to IPv4 is IPv6. IPv6 was a result of several years of experimentation and dialog during which various protocol models were proposed, such as TP/IX (RFC 1475), PIP (RFC 1621) and TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses, RFC 1347). Its most prominent difference from version 4 is the size of the addresses. While IPv4 uses 32 bits for addressing, yielding c. 4.3 billion (4.3×109) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses providing c. 3.4×1038 addresses. Although adoption of IPv6 has been slow, as of January 2023, most countries in the world show significant adoption of IPv6,[7] with over 41% of Google's traffic being carried over IPv6 connections.[8]

The assignment of the new protocol as IPv6 was uncertain until due diligence assured that IPv6 had not been used previously.[9] Other Internet Layer protocols have been assigned version numbers,[10] such as 7 (IP/TX), 8 and 9 (historic). Notably, on April 1, 1994, the IETF published an April Fools' Day joke about IPv9.[11] IPv9 was also used in an alternate proposed address space expansion called TUBA.[12] A 2004 Chinese proposal for an "IPv9" protocol appears to be unrelated to all of these, and is not endorsed by the IETF.

Reliability

The design of the Internet protocol suite adheres to the end-to-end principle, a concept adapted from the CYCLADES project. Under the end-to-end principle, the network infrastructure is considered inherently unreliable at any single network element or transmission medium and is dynamic in terms of the availability of links and nodes. No central monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or maintains the state of the network. For the benefit of reducing network complexity, the intelligence in the network is located in the end nodes.[13]

As a consequence of this design, the Internet Protocol only provides best-effort delivery and its service is characterized as unreliable. In network architectural parlance, it is a connectionless protocol, in contrast to connection-oriented communication. Various fault conditions may occur, such as data corruption, packet loss and duplication. Because routing is dynamic, meaning every packet is treated independently, and because the network maintains no state based on the path of prior packets, different packets may be routed to the same destination via different paths, resulting in out-of-order delivery to the receiver.

All fault conditions in the network must be detected and compensated by the participating end nodes. The upper layer protocols of the Internet protocol suite are responsible for resolving reliability issues. For example, a host may buffer network data to ensure correct ordering before the data is delivered to an application.

IPv4 provides safeguards to ensure that the header of an IP packet is error-free. A routing node discards packets that fail a header checksum test. Although the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides notification of errors, a routing node is not required to notify either end node of errors. IPv6, by contrast, operates without header checksums, since current link layer technology is assumed to provide sufficient error detection.[14][15]

Link capacity and capability

The dynamic nature of the Internet and the diversity of its components provide no guarantee that any particular path is actually capable of, or suitable for, performing the data transmission requested. One of the technical constraints is the size of data packets possible on a given link. Facilities exist to examine the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the local link and Path MTU Discovery can be used for the entire intended path to the destination.[16]

The IPv4 internetworking layer automatically fragments a datagram into smaller units for transmission when the link MTU is exceeded. IP provides re-ordering of fragments received out of order.[17] An IPv6 network does not perform fragmentation in network elements, but requires end hosts and higher-layer protocols to avoid exceeding the path MTU.[18]

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an example of a protocol that adjusts its segment size to be smaller than the MTU. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and ICMP disregard MTU size, thereby forcing IP to fragment oversized datagrams.[19]

Security

During the design phase of the ARPANET and the early Internet, the security aspects and needs of a public, international network could not be adequately anticipated. Consequently, many Internet protocols exhibited vulnerabilities highlighted by network attacks and later security assessments. In 2008, a thorough security assessment and proposed mitigation of problems was published.[20] The IETF has been pursuing further studies.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ OECD (2014-11-06). "The Economics of Transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)". OECD Digital Economy Papers. doi:10.1787/5jxt46d07bhc-en. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Charles M. Kozierok, The TCP/IP Guide
  3. ^ "IP Technologies and Migration — EITC". www.eitc.org. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  4. ^ Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259. ISSN 1558-0857. The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
  5. ^ a b Stephen Coty (2011-02-11). . Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  6. ^ Postel, Jonathan. "Internet Protocol Version 2" (PDF). rfc-editor. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  7. ^ "IPv6 Adoption in 2021". RIPE Labs. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  8. ^ "IPv6 – Google". www.google.com. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  9. ^ Mulligan, Geoff. . O'Reilly. O'Reilly Media. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  10. ^ "Version Numbers". www.iana.org. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  11. ^ RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9. April 1, 1994.
  12. ^ Ross Callon (June 1992). TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA), A Simple Proposal for Internet Addressing and Routing. doi:10.17487/RFC1347. RFC 1347.
  13. ^ "internet protocols". hfhr.pl. Retrieved 2020-12-04.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^ RFC 1726 section 6.2
  15. ^ RFC 2460
  16. ^ Rishabh, Anand (2012). Wireless Communication. S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 978-81-219-4055-9.
  17. ^ Siyan, Karanjit. Inside TCP/IP, New Riders Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-56205-714-6
  18. ^ Bill Cerveny (2011-07-25). "IPv6 Fragmentation". Arbor Networks. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  19. ^ Parker, Don (2 November 2010). "Basic Journey of a Packet". symantec.com. Symantec. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  20. ^ Fernando Gont (July 2008), (PDF), CPNI, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-11
  21. ^ F. Gont (July 2011). Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol version 4. doi:10.17487/RFC6274. RFC 6274.

External links

 
Look up internet protocol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Manfred Lindner. "IP Technology" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-02-11.
  • Manfred Lindner. "IP Routing" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-02-11.

May 20, 2023
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The Internet Protocol IP is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries Its routing function enables internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers For this purpose IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974 which was complemented by a connection oriented service that became the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol TCP The Internet protocol suite is therefore often referred to as TCP IP The first major version of IP Internet Protocol Version 4 IPv4 is the dominant protocol of the Internet Its successor is Internet Protocol Version 6 IPv6 which has been in increasing deployment on the public Internet since c 2006 1 Contents 1 Function 2 Version history 3 Reliability 4 Link capacity and capability 5 Security 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksFunction Edit Encapsulation of application data carried by UDP to a link protocol frame The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing host interfaces encapsulating data into datagrams including fragmentation and reassembly and routing datagrams from a source host interface to a destination host interface across one or more IP networks 2 For these purposes the Internet Protocol defines the format of packets and provides an addressing system Each datagram has two components a header and a payload The IP header includes source IP address destination IP address and other metadata needed to route and deliver the datagram The payload is the data that is transported This method of nesting the data payload in a packet with a header is called encapsulation IP addressing entails the assignment of IP addresses and associated parameters to host interfaces The address space is divided into subnetworks involving the designation of network prefixes IP routing is performed by all hosts as well as routers whose main function is to transport packets across network boundaries Routers communicate with one another via specially designed routing protocols either interior gateway protocols or exterior gateway protocols as needed for the topology of the network 3 Version history Edit A timeline for the development of the transmission control Protocol TCP and Internet Protocol IP First Internet demonstration linking the ARPANET PRNET and SATNET on November 22 1977 In May 1974 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE published a paper entitled A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication 4 The paper s authors Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes A central control component of this model was the Transmission Control Program that incorporated both connection oriented links and datagram services between hosts The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol at the transport layer and the Internet Protocol at the internet layer The model became known as the Department of Defense DoD Internet Model and Internet protocol suite and informally as TCP IP IP versions 1 to 3 were experimental versions designed between 1973 and 1978 5 The following Internet Experiment Note IEN documents describe version 3 of the Internet Protocol prior to the modern version of IPv4 IEN 2 Comments on Internet Protocol and TCP dated August 1977 describes the need to separate the TCP and Internet Protocol functionalities which were previously combined It proposes the first version of the IP header using 0 for the version field IEN 26 A Proposed New Internet Header Format dated February 1978 describes a version of the IP header that uses a 1 bit version field IEN 28 Draft Internetwork Protocol Description Version 2 dated February 1978 describes IPv2 IEN 41 Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4 dated June 1978 describes the first protocol to be called IPv4 The IP header is different from the modern IPv4 header IEN 44 Latest Header Formats dated June 1978 describes another version of IPv4 also with a header different from the modern IPv4 header IEN 54 Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4 dated September 1978 is the first description of IPv4 using the header that would be standardized in RFC 760 The dominant internetworking protocol in the Internet Layer in use is IPv4 the number 4 identifies the protocol version carried in every IP datagram IPv4 is described in RFC 791 1981 Versions 2 and 3 and a draft of version 4 allowed an address length of up to 128 bits 6 but this was mistakenly citation needed reduced to 32 bits in the final version of IPv4 Version number 5 was used by the Internet Stream Protocol an experimental streaming protocol that was not adopted 5 The successor to IPv4 is IPv6 IPv6 was a result of several years of experimentation and dialog during which various protocol models were proposed such as TP IX RFC 1475 PIP RFC 1621 and TUBA TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses RFC 1347 Its most prominent difference from version 4 is the size of the addresses While IPv4 uses 32 bits for addressing yielding c 4 3 billion 4 3 109 addresses IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses providing c 3 4 1038 addresses Although adoption of IPv6 has been slow as of January 2023 update most countries in the world show significant adoption of IPv6 7 with over 41 of Google s traffic being carried over IPv6 connections 8 The assignment of the new protocol as IPv6 was uncertain until due diligence assured that IPv6 had not been used previously 9 Other Internet Layer protocols have been assigned version numbers 10 such as 7 IP TX 8 and 9 historic Notably on April 1 1994 the IETF published an April Fools Day joke about IPv9 11 IPv9 was also used in an alternate proposed address space expansion called TUBA 12 A 2004 Chinese proposal for an IPv9 protocol appears to be unrelated to all of these and is not endorsed by the IETF Reliability EditThe design of the Internet protocol suite adheres to the end to end principle a concept adapted from the CYCLADES project Under the end to end principle the network infrastructure is considered inherently unreliable at any single network element or transmission medium and is dynamic in terms of the availability of links and nodes No central monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or maintains the state of the network For the benefit of reducing network complexity the intelligence in the network is located in the end nodes 13 As a consequence of this design the Internet Protocol only provides best effort delivery and its service is characterized as unreliable In network architectural parlance it is a connectionless protocol in contrast to connection oriented communication Various fault conditions may occur such as data corruption packet loss and duplication Because routing is dynamic meaning every packet is treated independently and because the network maintains no state based on the path of prior packets different packets may be routed to the same destination via different paths resulting in out of order delivery to the receiver All fault conditions in the network must be detected and compensated by the participating end nodes The upper layer protocols of the Internet protocol suite are responsible for resolving reliability issues For example a host may buffer network data to ensure correct ordering before the data is delivered to an application IPv4 provides safeguards to ensure that the header of an IP packet is error free A routing node discards packets that fail a header checksum test Although the Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP provides notification of errors a routing node is not required to notify either end node of errors IPv6 by contrast operates without header checksums since current link layer technology is assumed to provide sufficient error detection 14 15 Link capacity and capability EditThe dynamic nature of the Internet and the diversity of its components provide no guarantee that any particular path is actually capable of or suitable for performing the data transmission requested One of the technical constraints is the size of data packets possible on a given link Facilities exist to examine the maximum transmission unit MTU size of the local link and Path MTU Discovery can be used for the entire intended path to the destination 16 The IPv4 internetworking layer automatically fragments a datagram into smaller units for transmission when the link MTU is exceeded IP provides re ordering of fragments received out of order 17 An IPv6 network does not perform fragmentation in network elements but requires end hosts and higher layer protocols to avoid exceeding the path MTU 18 The Transmission Control Protocol TCP is an example of a protocol that adjusts its segment size to be smaller than the MTU The User Datagram Protocol UDP and ICMP disregard MTU size thereby forcing IP to fragment oversized datagrams 19 Security EditDuring the design phase of the ARPANET and the early Internet the security aspects and needs of a public international network could not be adequately anticipated Consequently many Internet protocols exhibited vulnerabilities highlighted by network attacks and later security assessments In 2008 a thorough security assessment and proposed mitigation of problems was published 20 The IETF has been pursuing further studies 21 See also Edit Internet portalICANN IP routing List of IP protocol numbers Next generation network New IP proposal References Edit OECD 2014 11 06 The Economics of Transition to Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 OECD Digital Economy Papers doi 10 1787 5jxt46d07bhc en a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Charles M Kozierok The TCP IP Guide IP Technologies and Migration EITC www eitc org Retrieved 2020 12 04 Cerf V Kahn R 1974 A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication PDF IEEE Transactions on Communications 22 5 637 648 doi 10 1109 TCOM 1974 1092259 ISSN 1558 0857 The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols especially R Metcalfe R Scantlebury D Walden and H Zimmerman D Davies and L Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues and S Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations a b Stephen Coty 2011 02 11 Where is IPv1 2 3 and 5 Archived from the original on 2020 08 02 Retrieved 2020 03 25 Postel Jonathan Internet Protocol Version 2 PDF rfc editor Retrieved 6 October 2022 IPv6 Adoption in 2021 RIPE Labs Retrieved 2021 09 20 IPv6 Google www google com Retrieved 2023 05 19 Mulligan Geoff It was almost IPv7 O Reilly O Reilly Media Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 Retrieved 4 July 2015 Version Numbers www iana org Retrieved 2019 07 25 RFC 1606 A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9 April 1 1994 Ross Callon June 1992 TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses TUBA A Simple Proposal for Internet Addressing and Routing doi 10 17487 RFC1347 RFC 1347 internet protocols hfhr pl Retrieved 2020 12 04 permanent dead link RFC 1726 section 6 2 RFC 2460 Rishabh Anand 2012 Wireless Communication S Chand Publishing ISBN 978 81 219 4055 9 Siyan Karanjit Inside TCP IP New Riders Publishing 1997 ISBN 1 56205 714 6 Bill Cerveny 2011 07 25 IPv6 Fragmentation Arbor Networks Retrieved 2016 09 10 Parker Don 2 November 2010 Basic Journey of a Packet symantec com Symantec Retrieved 4 May 2014 Fernando Gont July 2008 Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol PDF CPNI archived from the original PDF on 2010 02 11 F Gont July 2011 Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol version 4 doi 10 17487 RFC6274 RFC 6274 External links Edit Look up internet protocol in Wiktionary the free dictionary Manfred Lindner IP Technology PDF Retrieved 2018 02 11 Manfred Lindner IP Routing PDF Retrieved 2018 02 11 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Internet Protocol amp oldid 1155801111, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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