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Inter-Services Intelligence

October 31, 2023

The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI; Urdu: بین الخدماتی استخبارات, romanized: bayn khadamatiy estekhabarati) is the largest and best-known component of the Pakistani intelligence community. It is responsible for gathering, processing, and analyzing any information from around the world that is deemed relevant to Pakistan's national security. The ISI reports to its director-general and is primarily focused on providing intelligence to the Pakistani government.

Inter-Services Intelligence
بین الخدماتی استخبارات
Insignia of the ISI
Intelligence agency overview
Formed1 January 1948; 75 years ago (1948-01-01)
HeadquartersAabpara, Islamabad, Pakistan[1]
33°42′14.3″N 73°04′47.0″E / 33.703972°N 73.079722°E / 33.703972; 73.079722
Mottoخُذُواحِذرُکُم [Quran 4:71]
"take your precautions" (heraldic slogan)
Employees~10,000 (2009)[2]
Annual budgetClassified
Intelligence agency executive
Child Intelligence agency

The ISI primarily consists of serving military officers drawn on secondment from the three service branches of the Pakistan Armed Forces: the Pakistan Army, Pakistan Navy, and Pakistan Air Force, hence the name "Inter-Services"; the agency also recruits civilians. Since 1971, it has been formally headed by a serving three-star general of the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan on the recommendation of the Chief of Army Staff, who recommends three officers for the position. As of 2021, the ISI is currently headed by Nadeem Anjum, a lieutenant general.[3] The ISI director-general reports directly to both the prime minister and the Chief of Army Staff.

The agency gained global recognition and fame in the 1980s when it backed the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War in the former Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Over the course of the conflict, the ISI worked in close coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States and the Secret Intelligence Service of the United Kingdom to run Operation Cyclone, a program to train and fund the mujahideen in Afghanistan with support from China, Saudi Arabia, and other Muslim nations.[4][5][6]

Following the dissolution of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1992, the ISI provided strategic support and intelligence to the Taliban against the Northern Alliance during the Afghan Civil War in the 1990s.[7][8][9] The ISI has strong links with jihadist groups, particularly in Afghanistan and Kashmir.[10][11][12][13][14][15] Its special warfare unit is the Covert Action Division. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sponsors and oversees the insurgency in Kashmir by arming separatist militant groups.[14][15]

History

Naval commander Syed Mohammad Ahsan, who served as deputy director of Naval Intelligence and helped formulate ISI procedure, undertook and managed the recruitment and expansion of the ISI. After the 1958 coup d'état, all national intelligence agencies was directly controlled by the president and Chief Martial Law Administrator. The maintenance of national security, which was the principal function of these agencies, resulted in the consolidation of the Ayub regime. Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security.[16]

On 5 July 1977 through Operation Fair Play, the ISI began collecting intelligence on the Pakistan Communist Party and the Pakistan Peoples Party.[17] The Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s saw the enhancement of the ISI's covert operations. A special Afghanistan section known as the SS Directorate was created under the command of Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in Afghanistan. Officers from the ISI's Covert Action Division received training in the United States, and "many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan Mujahideen".[18]

Many analysts (mainly Indian and American) believe that the ISI provides support to militant groups, though others think these allegations remain unsubstantiated.[19][20]

The ISI has often been accused of playing a role in major terrorist attacks across India including militancy in Kashmir, the July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings,[21] the 2001 Indian Parliament attack,[22] the 2006 Varanasi bombings, the August 2007 Hyderabad bombings,[23] and the November 2008 Mumbai attacks.[24][25]

The ISI has been accused of supporting Taliban forces[26] and recruiting and training mujahideen[27] to fight in Afghanistan[28] and Kashmir. Based on communication interceptions, US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on 7 July 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.[29] It is believed to be aiding these organisations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause, including India, Russia, China, Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom, and other members of NATO.[30][31] Satellite imagery from the Federal Bureau of Investigation[32] suggest the existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country. As part of the ongoing Kashmir conflict, Pakistan is alleged to be backing separatist militias.[33] Many nonpartisan sources believe that officials within Pakistan's military and the ISI sympathise with and aid Islamic terrorists, saying that the "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the al-Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed".[34]

General Javed Nasir confessed to assisting the besieged Bosnian Muslims, supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang despite a UN arms embargo, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.[35] The National Intelligence Directorate was formed in 2014 to pool and share intelligence gathered by over 30 of Pakistan's intelligence agencies to combat terrorism in Pakistan effectively.[36]

Organization

Further information: Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence

A director-general, who is traditionally a serving lieutenant general in the Pakistan Army,[citation needed] heads the ISI.[37] Three deputy director generals, who are serving two-star military officers, report directly to the director general with each deputy heading three wings respectively:[38]

  • Internal Wing – responsible for domestic intelligence, domestic counter-intelligence, counter-espionage, and counter-terrorism.
  • External Wing – responsible for external intelligence, external counter-intelligence, and espionage.
  • Foreign Relations Wing – responsible for diplomatic intelligence and foreign relations intelligence.

Military officers of the three branches of the Pakistan Armed Forces and paramilitary forces such as ANF, ASF, Pakistan Rangers, Frontier Corps, Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts, Pakistan Marines and Maritime Security Agency as well as civilian officers from the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), Pakistan Customs, police, judiciary and Ministry of Defence make up ISI's general staff. They are recruited on deputations for three to four years and enhance the ISI's professional competence. According to some experts, the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff. While the total number has never been made public, experts estimate around 10,000 officers and staff, which does not include informants or assets.[39]

The wings are further divided into various directorates, which are sub-divided into departments, each directorate is usually headed by a major general, air marshal, or rear admiral.

Directorates Name Rank
Director-General, Security and Administration (DG S&A) Amir Naveed Warraich Major general
Director-General Analysis (DG A) Shahid Amir Afsar Major general
Director-General H (DG H) Syed Imdad Hussain Shah Major general
Director-General Counter-Terrorism (DG CT) Akif Iqbal Major general
Director-General Personnel (DG P) Muhammad Kashif Azad Major general
Director-General, K (DG K) Muhammad Hassan Khattak Major general
Director-General X (DG X) Muhammad Shahbaz Tabassum Major general
Director-General, F (DG F) Faheem Amer Major general
Director-General, Technical (DG T) Adeel Haider Minhas Major general
Director-General, Counter Intelligence (DG CI) Faisal Naseer Major general
Director-General, Media (DG M) Muhammad Saleem Rear admiral

Departments

  • Covert Action Division: Its roles are similar to the Special Activities Division of the CIA and a handful of officers are trained by that division. The division has been active since the 1960s.[40]
  • Joint Intelligence X: Coordinates the other departments in the ISI.[39] Intelligence and information gathered from the other departments are sent to JIX which prepares and processes the information and from there prepares reports which are presented.
  • Joint Intelligence Bureau: Responsible for gathering anti-state intelligence and fake drugs, fake currency, and TTP.[39]
  • Joint Counterintelligence Bureau: Focused on foreign intelligence agencies.
  • Joint Intelligence North: Exclusively responsible for the Jammu and Kashmir region and Gilgit-Baltistan.[39]
  • Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous: Responsible for espionage, including offensive intelligence operations, in other countries.[39]
  • Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau: Operates intelligence collections along the India-Pakistan border.[39] The JSIB is the ELINT, COMINT, and SIGINT directorate that is charged with diverting attacks from foreign non-communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from sources other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.[39]
  • Joint Intelligence Technical: Deals with development of science and technology to advance Pakistani intelligence gathering. The directorate is charged with taking steps against electronic warfare attacks in Pakistan.[39] Without any exception, officers from this division are reported to be engineer officers and military scientists who deal with the military promotion of science and technology.[39] There are also separate explosives and chemical and biological warfare sections.[39]
  • SS Directorate: Comprises officers from the Special Services Group. It monitors the activities of terrorist groups that operate against Pakistan. It is comparable to the FBI and the National Clandestine Service (NCS), and is responsible for special operations against terrorists.
  • Political Internal Division: Monitors the financial funding of the right-wing political science sphere against left-wing political science circles. This department was involved in providing funds to anti-left wing forces during the general elections of 1965, 1977, 1985, 1988, and 1990.[41] The department has been inactive since March 2012 with the new director general taking operational charge of the ISI.[42]

Director generals

Main article: Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence

According to Syed Irfan Raza, the director general of the ISI is among the most powerful posts in Pakistan.[37] For example, according to Mohammad Sohail, shares at the Pakistan Stock Exchange went down in October 2021 over concerns regarding the appointment of the ISI chief. The benchmark KSE-100 index fell 1.51%.[43][44][45] According to retired air marshal Shahzad Chaudhry, three to four names are provided by the Chief of Army Staff, and the prime minister selects the director general from that list,[46] and the appointed serves for two to three years.[46] According to Ansar Abbasi, before 2021, the appointment process of the Director-General followed no formal protocol other than verbal discussion between the prime minister and the head of the army.[47]

Syed Shahid Hamid was the first head of the ISI. Hamid is said to have supported Field Marshal Ayub Khan's rise to power.[48] After his retirement, he helped President Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq.[49]

Director general Start of term End of term
1 Syed Shahid Hamid 1948 1950
2 Robert Cawthome 1950 1959
3 Riaz Hussain 1959 1966
4 Mohammad Akbar Khan 1966 1971
5 Ghulam Jilani Khan 1971 1977
6 Muhammad Riaz 1977 1979
7 Akhtar Abdur Rahman 21 June 1979 29 March 1987
8 Hameed Gul March 1987 May 1989
9 Shamsur Rahman Kallu May 1989 August 1990
10 Asad Durrani August 1990 March 1992
11 Javed Nasir March 1992 May 1993
12 Javed Ashraf Qazi May 1993 October 1995
13 Naseem Rana October 1995 October 1998
14 Ziauddin Butt October 1998 October 1999
15 Mahmud Ahmed October 1999 October 2001
16 Ehsan ul Haq October 2001 October 2004
17 Ashfaq Parvez Kayani 3 October 2004 8 October 2007
18 Nadeem Taj October 2007 October 2008
19 Ahmad Shuja Pasha October 2008 19 March 2012
20 Zaheerul Islam 19 March 2012 6 November 2014
21 Rizwan Akhtar 7 November 2014 11 December 2016
22 Naveed Mukhtar 11 December 2016 1 October 2018
23 Asim Munir 10 October 2018 16 June 2019
24 Faiz Hameed 17 June 2019 19 November 2021
25 Nadeem Anjum 20 November 2021 Incumbent

Insubordination controversies

The army has ruled Pakistan for more than half of its history and has always been unwilling to see its influence being compromised by any civilian leaders.[50] In the 1990s, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto appointed retired army officer Shamsur Rahman Kallu as director-general, but army leaders refused to cooperate with Kallu because he had refused to engage in martial-law duties under the previous dictator. In October 1998, Ziauddin Butt was chosen as director general. Though Butt was not the preferred choice of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, he grew close with him, and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharraf took over important ISI files. During a military coup a year later, Musharraf arrested Butt, who had been promoted to Chief of Army Staff by Sharif.[51][48][52]

On 6 October 2016, the daily newspaper Dawn published a report about a government meeting allegedly arranged by Sharif. The article detailed a presentation by Foreign Secretary Aizaz Chaudhry about international pressure to crack down on Pakistan's extremist segments such as Masood Azhar, the Jaish-i-Mohmmad, Hafiz Saeed, the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and the Haqqani network. According to Ghazi Salahuddin of The News International, controversy ensued after the October meeting and the Dawn report, which lingered until May 2016.[53][54] During the October 2016 meeting, Punjab chief minister Shahbaz Sharif allegedly revealed that, whenever action had been taken against certain extremist groups by civilian authorities, the security agency had worked secretly to free the arrested parties.[53][54] According to Salahuddin Ghazi, information minister Pervaiz Rashid lost his portfolio over the Dawn news leak, and a government notification was released about the civilian government's decision after the meeting. On April 29, 2017, the director general released a tweet that said: "Notification on Dawn Leak is incomplete and not in line with recommendations by the Inquiry Board. Notification is rejected." Ghazi stated that a meeting was eventually held between the prime minister and the chief of army staff, and a press conference was held to announce the decision to withdraw the tweet.[54]

2021 disagreement over appointment of ISI Chief

Pakistan's mainstream media reported on the October 2021 constitutional rift between civil and armed wings over the appointment of the director general post only after ministers spoke on the matter.[55][56] On 6 October 2021, the Pakistan military's media affairs wing announced the replacement of Faiz Hameed with Nadeem Anjum.[57] After two days, it became apparent on social media that the federal government of Pakistan had yet to issue any formal notification for the appointment of the new director general.[55] Rumors became more substantiated when Hameed attended the National Security Committee meeting instead of the expected new director general.[55][56]

On 13 October 2021, Information Minister Fawad Chaudhry informed media that the process of appointing a new director general was in progress, and that the selection is Prime Minister Imran Khan's prerogative. He also noted that the army chief and the prime minister agreed on following correct procedures of appointment according to the Constitution.

Malik Dogar, the Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Political Affairs, later said in a talk show that PM Imran Khan wanted Hameed to continue as DG ISI for some more months after taking into consideration Hameed's expertise on the situation in Afghanistan. Dogar further stated that during the cabinet meeting, the prime minister stressed that if the army is a respected institution then the PM Office is also a respected one.[58][59][37]

Headquarters

The ISI is headquartered in Pakistan's capital, Islamabad. The complex consists of various low-rise buildings separated by lawns and fountains. The entrance to the complex is next to a private hospital. Declan Walsh from The Guardian said that the entrance is "suitably discreet: no sign, just a plainclothes officer packing a pistol who directs visitors through a chicane of barriers, soldiers, and sniffer dogs".[1] Walsh said that the complex "resembles a well-funded private university" and that the buildings are "neatly tended," the lawns are "smooth," and the fountains are "tinkling." He described the central building, which houses the director general's office on the top floor, as "a modern structure with a round, echoing lobby".[1]

Recruitment and training

Both civilians and members of the armed forces can join the ISI. For civilians, recruitment is advertised and handled by both the Federal Public Services Commission (FPSC); they are considered employees of the Ministry of Defence. The FPSC conducts examinations that test the candidate's knowledge of current affairs, English, and various analytical abilities. Based on the results, the FPSC shortlists the candidates and sends the list to the ISI who conduct the initial background checks. Selected candidates are then invited for an interview which is conducted by a joint committee comprising both ISI and FPSC officials, and are then sent to the Defence Services Intelligence Academy (DSIA) for six months of training. The candidates are transferred to different sections for open source information where they serve for five years. After five years of basic service, officers are entrusted with sensitive jobs and considered part of the core team.[60]

Major operations

By country

Afghanistan

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan
  • 1982–1997: ISI is believed to have had access to Osama bin Laden in the past.[61][62] B. Raman, former Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) officer, claims that the Central Intelligence Agency through the ISI promoted the smuggling of heroin into Afghanistan to turn Soviet troops into heroin addicts and thus greatly reduce their fighting potential.[63]
  • 1986: Worrying that among the large influx of Afghan refugees who had come into Pakistan because of the Soviet–Afghan War were members of KHAD (Afghan Intelligence), the ISI convinced Mansoor Ahmed, who was the chargé d'affaires of the Afghan embassy in Islamabad, to turn his back on the Soviet-backed Afghan government. He and his family were secretly escorted out of their residence and given safe passage on a London-bound British Airways flight in exchange for classified information in regard to Afghan agents in Pakistan. The Soviet and Afghan diplomats did not find his family.[64]
  • 1990: According to Peter Tomsen, the United States Special Envoy to Afghanistan, neighboring Pakistan had tried to bring Gulbuddin Hekmatyar topower in Afghanistan against the opposition of all other mujahideen commanders and factions as early as 1990.[65] In October 1990, the ISI had devised a plan for Hekmatyar to conduct a mass bombardment of the Afghan capital Kabul, then still under communist rule, with possible Pakistani troop reinforcements.[65] This unilateral ISI-Hekmatyar plan was carried out, though the thirty most-important mujahideen commanders had agreed to hold a conference inclusive of all Afghan groups to decide on a common future strategy.[65] The United States finally put pressure on Pakistan to stop the 1990 plan, which was subsequently called off until 1992.[65]
  • 1994: Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf admitted to supporting the Taliban until 9/11.[66] According to Pakistani Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" on the side of the Taliban.[67]
  • 2008: Militants attacked the Indian Consulate General in Jalalabad in 2007. According to Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, individuals arrested by the Afghan government stated that the ISI was behind the attack and had given them ₹120,000 for the operation.[68]
  • 2001 onwards: American officials believe members of the Pakistani intelligence service are alerting militants to imminent American missile strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas.[69] In October 2009, Davood Moradian, a senior policy adviser to foreign minister Rangeen Dadfar Spanta, said the British and American governments were fully aware of the ISI's role but lacked the courage to confront Islamabad. He claimed that the Afghan government had given British and American intelligence agents evidence that proved ISI involvement in bombings.[70]
  • 2010: A new report by the London School of Economics (LSE) claimed to provide the most concrete evidence that the ISI is providing funding, training, and sanctuary to the Taliban insurgency on a scale much larger than previously thought. The report's author, Matt Waldman, spoke to nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan's relationship with the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realised. Some of those interviewed suggested that the organisation even attended meetings of the Taliban's supreme council, the Quetta Shura.[71][72][73] A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report, describing it as "malicious".[74][75][76] General David Petraeus, commander of the US Central Command, refused to endorse this report in a US congressional hearing and suggested that any contacts between ISI and extremists are for legitimate intelligence purposes; in his words, "you have to have contact with bad guys to get intelligence on bad guys".[77]

Bosnia

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Bosnia
  • 1993: The ISI was involved in supplying arms to the Bosnian mujahideen in Bosnia-Herzegovina to prevent a total genocide of Muslims at the hands of the Serbs.[78]

India

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India

Indian intelligence agencies have claimed they have proof of ISI involvement with the Naxalites. ISI is also reportedly engaged in supporting Khalistani Separatism in India.[79] A classified report accessed by the Indian newspaper Asian Age said "the ISI in particular wants Naxals to cause large-scale damage to infrastructure projects and industrial units operating in the interior parts of the country where ISI's own terror network is non-existent".[80]

  • 1965: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 in Kashmir provoked a major crisis in intelligence. When the war began, there was a complete collapse of operations across all intelligence agencies. They were unable to locate an Indian armored division because of their preoccupation with political affairs. Ayub Khan set up a committee headed by General Yahya Khan to examine the agencies' workings.[81]
  • 1969–1974: According to Indian spymaster B. Raman, the Central Intelligence Agency and ISI worke with the Nixon administration to assist the Khalistan movement in Punjab.[82]
  • 1980: An Indian agent captured by the PAF Field Intelligence Unit in Karachi said the leader of the spy ring was being headed by the food and beverages manager at the Intercontinental Hotel in Karachi and a number of serving Air Force officers and ratings were on his payroll. The ISI decided to question the manager to see who he was in contact with, but the former president of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq, intervened and wanted the manager and anyone else involved in the case arrested immediately. The manager was proven completely innocent afterwards.[64]
  • 1983: Ilam Din, also known as Ilmo, was an Indian spy working in Pakistan who had eluded capture multiple times. On 23 March at 3:00 a.m., Ilmo and two other Indian spies were apprehended by Pakistani Rangers as they illegally crossed into Pakistan from India. Their mission was to spy and report back on the new military equipment that Pakistan would be showing in their annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade. After being thoroughly interrogated, ISI forced Ilmo to send false information to his Research and Analysis Wing handlers in India. This process continued and many more Indian spies in Pakistan, such as Roop Lal, were discovered.[64]
  • 1984: ISI uncovered a secret deal in which Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi granted naval base facilities to the USSR in Vizag and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the alleged attachment of KGB advisers to then-Lieutenant General Sunderji who was the commander of Operation Blue Star in the Golden Temple in Amritsar in June 1984.[82]
  • 1984: ISI failed to perform a proper background check on the British company which supplied the Pakistan Army with its Arctic-weather gear. When Pakistan attempted to secure the top of the Siachen Glacier in 1984, it placed a large order for Arctic-weather gear with the same company that also supplied the Indian Army with its gear. The Indians were alerted to the large Pakistani purchase and deduced that this large purchase could be used to equip troops to capture the glacier.[83] India mountedOperation Meghdoot and captured the entire glacier.
  • 1988: The ISI implemented Operation Tupac, a three-part action plan for covertly supporting Kashmiri militants in their fight against Indian authorities in Kashmir, initiated by President Zia-ul-Haq in 1988 [84] After the success of Operation Tupac, support of Kashmiri militants became Pakistan's state policy.[85] ISI is widely believed to train and support militancy in the Kashmir region.[86][87][88]
  • 2014: In February (disclosed in March 2015), the then-Indian chief of army staff General Bikram Singh issued orders to deploy troops along the borders with Pakistan in the Rajasthan and Jammu-Kashmir regions, but the ISI got the information in a few hours and in reaction the Pakistan Army deployed its troops near the Indian borders, which alarmed Indian authorities.[89][90][91][92]
2016: Home Minister Balochistan, Pakistan, Sarfraz Bugti stated on 26 March that a serving Indian Naval officer, Kulbhushan Yadav, was arrested in Balochistan by the ISI.[93]

Pakistan

The ISI was accused of being involved in the Mehran bank scandal, in which high-ranking ISI and Army officers were allegedly given large sums of money by Yunus Habib, owner of the Mehran Bank, to deposit the ISI's foreign exchange reserves in his bank.[94]

  • 1980: The ISI became aware of a plot to assassinate Zia-ul-Haq and launch a coup to depose replace the government with an Islamic one. The attempted assassination and coup were planned for 23 March 1980, during the annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade. The masterminds behind the coup were high-ranking military and intelligence officers, and were led by Major General Tajammal Hussain Malik; his son Captain Naveed; and his nephew Major Riaz, a former military intelligence officer. The ISI decided against arresting the men outright because they did not know how deep the conspiracy went, and kept them under strict surveillance. As the date of the annual parade approached, the ISI was satisfied that it had identified the major players in the conspiracy and arrested the men along with some high-ranking military officers.[64]
  • 1985: The ISI's Internal Political Division was accused by various members of the Pakistan People's Party of assassinating Shahnawaz Bhutto, one of Benazir Bhutto's two brothers, by poisoning in the French Riviera in the middle of 1985 as an attempt to intimidate her into not returning to Pakistan to direct the movement against Zia-ul-Haq's military government, but no proof has been found implicating the ISI.[82]
  • 1987: The ISI failed to prevent the KHAD/KGB terror campaign in Pakistan in 1987, which led to the deaths of about 324 Pakistanis in separate incidents.[95]
  • 1990: The 1990 elections were widely believed to have been rigged by the ISI in favor of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) party, a conglomerate of nine mainly rightist parties by the ISI under Lieutenant General Hameed Gul, to ensure the defeat of Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in the polls.[96]
  • 2000s: The ISI engaged with Pakistan armed forces in the War in North-West Pakistan against Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, and is reported to have lost 78 ISI personnel.[97]
  • 2006: Rangzieb Ahmed brought a civil claim against MI5 for suggesting the ISI arrested him in 2006 and colluded in torturing him by submitting questions which were put to him under torture in Pakistan.[98]
  • 2011: The ISI arrested five Pakistanis who worked as CIA informants who passed information that led to the death of Osama bin Laden.[99] However, among them in particular, the US was trying to seek the release of Shakil Afridi,[100][101] who ran a fake vaccination campaign that provided critical intelligence for the raid on the bin Laden compound.[102] However, the Pakistani government and military establishment refused to release Afridi, who has since been serving a 33-year prison sentence.[103]

Libya

  • 1978: The ISI spied on the residence of Colonel Hussain Imam Mabruk, who was a military attaché to the Libyan embassy in Islamabad, after he made some inflammatory statements about the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq. Mabruk was seen talking with two Pakistani men who entered and left the compound suspiciously. The ISI monitored the two men, who were later identified as Pakistani exiles who hated the current military regime and were Bhutto loyalists. They had received terrorist training in Libya and were ready to embark on a terrorist campaign in Pakistan to force the Army to step down from power. All members of the conspiracy were apprehended before any damage could be done.[64]
  • 1981: A Libyan security company called Al Murtaza Associates sent recruiters to Pakistan to entice former soldiers and servicemen to take high-paying security jobs in Libya. In reality, Libya was recruiting mercenaries to fight against Chad and Egypt, as it had border disputes with both nations. ISI became aware of the plot and the scheme was stopped.[64] (See also CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities#Southwest Asia, Operation Cyclone, Badaber Uprising.)

Iran

  • 2016: Uzair Baloch, a gangster of the Lyari Gang War who holds Iranian nationality,[104] was arrested in an intelligence-based operation by Sindh Rangers. In his handwritten confession, Baloch stated that officials of Iran's Ministry of Intelligence offered him an all-expenses-paid residence in Tehran in exchange for providing sensitive information about the Pakistan Army's operations in Karachi. He says that the offer came through a third-party while he was staying in Iran's port city of Chabahar.[105]

Iraq

  • 2017: After ISIS's defeat in Mosul, Iraqi envoy to Pakistan, Ali Yasin Muhammad Karim, held a press conference where he expressed his government's appreciation for Pakistan's help during the fight against the terrorist organization. He praised the intelligence-sharing of the ISI and expressed interest in continuing the intelligence cooperation between the two countries.[106]

France

  • 1979: The ISI discovered a surveillance mission at the Kahuta Research Laboratories nuclear complex on 26 June 1979 by the French Ambassador to Pakistan Le Gourrierec and First Secretary Jean Forlot. Both were arrested and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated. Documents intercepted later showed that the two were recruited by the CIA.[64]

Soviet Union and post-Soviet states

  • 1980: The ISI had placed a mole in the Soviet Union's embassy in Islamabad. They reported that the Third Secretary in the Soviet Embassy was after information regarding the Karakoram Highway and was getting it from a middle-level employee, Ejaz, in the Northern Motor Transport Company. The ISI contacted Ejaz, who confessed that a few months earlier a Soviet diplomat approached him and threatened his family unless he divulged sensitive information about the highway such as the road's alignment, bridge locations, and the number of Chinese personnel working on the highway. Instead of confronting the Soviet diplomat, the ISI gave him false information until the Soviet diplomat was satisfied that Ejaz had no further information and dropped him as a source.[64]
  • 1991–1993: Major General Sultan Habib, who was an operative of the ISI's Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous department, successfully procured nuclear material while being posted as the defence attaché in the Pakistani Embassy in Moscow from 1991 to 1993 and concurrently obtained other materials from Central Asian Republics, Poland, and the former Czechoslovakia. After Moscow, Habib coordinated shipping missiles from North Korea and the training of Pakistani experts in missile production, both of which strengthened Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and their missile delivery systems.[107]

United Kingdom

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United Kingdom

United States

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States
  • 1980s: The ISI intercepted two American private-sector weapons dealers during the Soviet-Afghan war of the 1980s. One American diplomat lived in the F-7/4 sector of Islamabad and was spotted by an ISI agent in a seedy part of Rawalpindi, drawing attention because of his automobile's diplomatic plates. He was bugged and subsequently trailed and found to be in contact with tribal groups and supplying them with weapons for their fight against the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. The second American weapons dealer was Eugene Clegg, a teacher in the American International School. One American International School employee and undercover agent, Naeem, was arrested while waiting to clear a shipment from Islamabad customs. All of them were put out of business.[64]
  • 2000s: The ISI was suspicious about the CIA's attempted penetration of Pakistan nuclear assets and intelligence gathering in the Pakistani lawless tribal areas. Based on these suspicions, it was speculated that the ISI pursued a counter-intelligence program against CIA operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan.[108] Former director general Ashfaq Parvez Kayani is also reported to have said, the "real aim of U.S. [war] strategy is to denuclearize Pakistan".[109]
  • 2011: In the aftermath of a shooting involving American CIA agent Raymond Davis, the ISI became more alert and suspicious about the CIA's spy network in Pakistan, which had disrupted ISI-CIA cooperation.[110] At least 30 suspected covert American operatives have suspended their activities in Pakistan and 12 have reportedly left the country.[111]
A Chinese woman believed to be an ISI agent, who headed the Chinese unit of a US manufacturer, was charged with illegally exporting high-performance coatings for Pakistan's nuclear power plants. Xun Wang, a former managing director of PPG Paints Trading in Shanghai, a Chinese subsidiary of United States-based PPG Industries, Inc., was indicted on a charge of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and related offences. Wang was accused of conspiring to export and re-export specially designed, high-performance epoxy coatings to the Chashma 2 Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan via a third-party distributor in the People's Republic of China.[112] Alleged ISI operative Mohammed Tasleem, an attaché in the New York consulate, was discovered to be issuing threats against Pakistanis living in the United States to prevent them from speaking openly about Pakistan's government in 2010 by the FBI. US officials and scholars say the ISI has a systematic campaign to threaten those who speak critically of the Pakistani military.[113]

Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured

Reception

Critics of the ISI say that it has become a state within a state and not accountable enough. Some analysts say that it is because intelligence agencies around the world remain secretive. Critics argue the institution should be more accountable to the president or the prime minister.[128] The Pakistani government disbanded the ISI's political wing in 2008 after its discovery.[129]

U.S. government

During the Cold War, the ISI and the CIA worked together to send spy planes over the Soviet Union.[130] The two organisations also worked closely during the Soviet–Afghan War supporting groups such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami and Jalaluddin Haqqani, leader of the Haqqani network.[131]

Some[who?] report the ISI and CIA stepped up cooperation in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks to kill and capture senior Al Qaeda leaders such as Sheikh Younis Al Mauritan and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the planner of the 9/11 attacks who was residing in Pakistan. Pakistan claims that around 100 top level al-Qaeda leaders/operators were killed or arrested by the ISI.[132] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Pakistan is paying a "big price for supporting the U.S. war against terror groups. [...] I think it is important to note that as they have made these adjustments in their own assessment of their national interests, they're paying a big price for it."[133]

Other senior international officials maintain that senior Al Qaeda leaders such as bin Laden have been hidden by the ISI in major settled areas of Pakistan with the full knowledge of the Pakistani military leadership.[134] A December 2011 analysis report by the Jamestown Foundation came to the conclusion that

In spite of denials by the Pakistani military, evidence is emerging that elements within the Pakistani military harbored Osama bin Laden with the knowledge of former army chief General Pervez Musharraf and possibly former Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani. Former Pakistani General Ziauddin Butt (a.k.a. General Ziauddin Khawaja) revealed at a conference on Pakistani-U.S. relations in October 2011 that according to his knowledge the then former Director-General of Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (2004–2008), Brigadier Ijaz Shah (retd.), had kept Osama bin Laden in an Intelligence Bureau safe house in Abbottabad.[135]

Pakistani general Ziauddin Butt said bin Laden had been hidden in Abbottabad by the ISI "with the full knowledge" of General Pervez Musharraf[135] but later denied making any such statement, saying his words were altered by the media, he said: "It is the hobby of the Western media to distort the facts for their own purposes."[136] U.S. military officials have increasingly said they do not notify Pakistani officials before conducting operations against the Afghan Taliban or Al Qaeda, because they fear Pakistani officials may tip them off.[137] International officials have accused the ISI of continuing to support and even lead the Taliban during the 2001-2021 War in Afghanistan. As Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mike Mullen stated:

The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity ... Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers. ... For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government ... is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency.[138]

The Associated Press reported that "the president said Mullen's statement 'expressed frustration' over the insurgent safe havens in Pakistan. But Obama said 'the intelligence is not as clear as we might like in terms of what exactly that relationship is.' Obama added that whether Pakistan's ties with the Haqqani network are active or passive, Pakistan has to deal with it."[139][140]

The Guantanamo Bay files leak showed that the US authorities unofficially consider the ISI a terrorist organization that was equally as dangerous as Al Qaeda and the Taliban, and many allegations of it supporting terrorist activities have been made.[141][142]

In 2017, General Joseph Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, accused the ISI of having ties to terror groups.[143] In a Senate hearing, Dunford told members of the U.S. Senate: "It is clear to me that the ISI has connections with terrorist groups."[144]

Indian government

India has accused the ISI of plotting the 1993 Bombay bombings.[145] According to the United States diplomatic cables leak, the ISI had previously shared intelligence information with Israel regarding possible terrorist attacks against Jewish and Israeli sites in India in late 2008.[146] The ISI is also accused of supporting pro independence militias in Jammu and Kashmir[147] while Pakistan denies all such claims,[148][149][150] or says it gives them moral support only.[151]

Controversies

The ISI has been accused of using designated terrorist groups and militants to conduct proxy wars against its neighbors.[152][153][154] According to Grant Holt and David H. Gray, "The agency specializes in utilizing terrorist organizations as proxies for Pakistani foreign policy, covert action abroad, and controlling domestic politics."[155] James Forest says, "There has been increasing proof from counter-terrorism organizations that militants and the Taliban continue to receive assistance from the ISI, as well as the establishment of camps to train terrorists on Pakistani territory."[156] All external operations are carried out under the supervision of the ISI's S Wing.[157] Joint Intelligence/North is responsible for conducting operations in Jammu and Kashmir and Afghanistan.[158] The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) provides support with communications to groups in Jammu and Kashmir.[158] According to Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, both former members of the National Security Council, the ISI acted as a "kind of terrorist conveyor belt" radicalizing young men in the Madrassas in Pakistan and delivering them to training camps affiliated with or run by Al-Qaeda and from there moving them into Jammu and Kashmir to launch attacks.[159]

Support for militants

Since the 1990s, the ISI began communicating with the jihadists who emerged from the conflict against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, and by 2000 most militant groups operating in Kashmir were based in Pakistan or were pro-Pakistan. These groups are used to conduct a low-intensity conflict against India.[160] According to Stephen P. Cohen and John Wilson, the ISI's aid to and creation of designated terrorist groups and religious extremist groups is well-documented.[161][162] The ISI has been accused of having close ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba, who carried out the attacks in Mumbai in 2008.[163] The organisation has also given aid to Hizbul Mujahideen.[164] Terrorism expert Gus Martin said, "The ISI has a long history of supporting designated terrorist groups and pro-Independence groups operating in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir which fight against Indian interests."[151][165] The ISI also helped with the founding of the group Jaish-e-Mohammed.[166]

Hizbul Mujahideen

The group Hizbul Mujahideen was created as the Kashmiri branch of Jamaat-i-Islami.[167] It was reported that JI founded Hizbul Mujahideen at the request of the ISI to counter the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front who are advocates for the independence of Kashmir.[168] The failure of 1987 elections in Kashmir, and afterwards the arrest of Muhammad Yusuf, a.k.a. Syed Salahuddin, led to the events that created armed struggle in the valley.

Al-Badr

There have been three incarnations of Al-Badr. According to Tomsen, the ISI, in conjunction with Jamaat-e-Islami, formed the first Al-Badr, who resisted the Indian-trained influx of Mukti Bahini in Bangladesh in the 1970s.[169][170]

Al-Qaeda and bin Laden

Main articles: Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992) and Soviet–Afghan War

The ISI supported Al-Qaeda during the war along with the CIA against the Soviet government, through the Taliban, and it is believed by some that there is still contact between Al-Qaeda and the ISI.[171] An assessment by British Intelligence in 2000 into Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan showed the ISI were playing an active role in some of them.[172] In 2002, it was alleged that when the Egyptian investigators tracked down Al-Qaeda member Ahmed Said Khadr in Pakistan, the Egyptian authorities informed Pakistani authorities of his location. However, the Afghan Taliban at night came in a car and took Khadir along with them to Afghanistan. The next day, Pakistani authorities claimed they were unable to capture Khadir.[173] The leak in 2012 of e-mails from Stratfor claimed papers captured during all the compounds during the raid in Abbottabad on Osama bin Laden's compound showed up to 12 ISI officials knew where he was and that Bin Laden had been in regular contact with the ISI.[174]

Despite the allegations, Steve Coll stated that as of 2019 there is no direct evidence showing Pakistani knowledge of bin Laden's presence in Abbottabad, even by a rogue or compartmented faction within the government, other than the circumstantial fact of bin Laden's compound being located near (albeit not directly visible from) the Pakistan Military Academy. Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that bin Laden was wary of contact with ISI and Pakistani police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed; it has also been suggested that the $25 million U.S. reward for information leading to bin Laden would have been enticing to Pakistani officers given their reputation for corruption. The compound itself, although unusually tall, was less conspicuous than sometimes envisaged by Americans, given the common local habit of walling off homes for protection against violence or to ensure the privacy of female family members.[175]

Al-Qaeda has repeatedly labelled ISI their enemy, and claimed the Pakistani military and intelligence are their main targets in Pakistan.[176] In 2019, Ayman al-Zawahari labelled ISI and the Pakistani military a "puppet" of the United States in a video message.[177][178]

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen

The Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was founded in the 1980s by the ISI to fight against Indian interests.[179]

Jammu and Kashmir

in 1984, under the orders of Zia-ul-Haq, the ISI prepare for a rebellion, which was to be set in motion in 1991.[180]

Haqqani network

The ISI have close links to the Haqqani network[181] and contribute heavily to their funding.[182] It is widely believed the suicide attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul in 2008 was planned with the help of the ISI.[183] A report in 2008 from the US director of National Intelligence stated that the ISI provides intelligence and funding to help with attacks against the International Security Assistance Force, the Afghan government, and Indian targets.[184] On 5 November 2014, Lieutenant-General Joseph Anderson, a senior commander for US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, said that the Haqqani network is now "fractured" like the Taliban in a Pentagon-hosted video briefing from Afghanistan. "They are fractured. They are fractured like the Taliban is. That's based pretty much on Pakistan's operations in North Waziristan this entire summer-fall," he said, acknowledging the effectiveness of Pakistan's military offensive in North Waziristan. "That has very much disrupted their efforts in Afghanistan and has caused them to be less effective in terms of their ability to pull off an attack in Kabul," Anderson added.[185]

Attacks on journalists

Amnesty International published a document concerning the investigation of ISI over the murder of Saleem Shahzad.[186]

Losses

Since Pakistan launched offensives on Al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and other jihadist groups, the country's armed forces, intelligence services (particularly the ISI), military industrial complexes, paramilitary forces, and police forces have come under intense attacks. The ISI has played a major role in targeting these groups and has faced retaliatory strikes as well. As of 2011, more than 300 ISI officials have been killed.[187] Major incidents when attempts were made to target the ISI include:

  • A suicide bomber drove his vehicle into a bus carrying officials killing at least 28 people on 28 November 2007, outside the ISI office in Rawalpindi.[188]
  • 30 people, including four ISI officials and 14 policemen, were killed and over 300 were injured when three people attacked the ISI office in Lahore on 27 May 2009. The attackers fired at the ISI office and policemen present there. The guards at the ISI building fought back. During the incident an explosive-laden vehicle detonated.[189][190]
  • At least 13 people and 10 military personnel were killed when a suicide bomber blew up his van at the agency's Peshawar office on 13 November 2009. Around 400 kilograms (880 lb) of explosives were used which destroyed a significant portion of the building.[191]
  • Two attackers ambushed the Multan office where eight people were killed and 45 were injured on 8 December 2009. Two army personnel were killed while seven officials were injured. About 800–1,000 kilograms (1,800–2,200 lb) of explosives were used.[192]
  • A car bomb exploded at CNG Station in Faisalabad on 8 March 2011, killing 25 people and injuring more than 100. Taliban spokesman Ehsanullah Ehsan said that the nearby ISI office was the target. No losses of ISI personnel were reported, and only one official was injured.[193]
  • Three intelligence officials were killed and one was wounded when a vehicle carrying agency personnel was ambushed in FR Bannu on 14 September 2011.[194]
  • Four people, including ISI officials, were killed and 35 were injured when the local office of the ISI was attacked by five suicide bombers in Sukkur on 24 July 2013.[195]

See also

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General bibliography

  • Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031, doi:10.1080/10576100701670862, ISSN 1057-610X, S2CID 71331428

Further reading

  • Ayub, Muhammad (2005), An Army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil from 1947–1999, Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books, ISBN 0-8059-9594-3
  • Bamford, James (2004), A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies, New York: Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-50672-4
  • Coll, Steve (2004), Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001, New York: Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-007-6
  • Coll, Steve (2018), Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2001–2016, UK: Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-84614-660-2, OCLC 996422824
  • Crile, George (2003), Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History, New York: Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-4124-2
  • Henderson, Robert D'A (2003), Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook, Dulles, VA: Brassey's, ISBN 1-57488-550-2
  • Jan, Abid Ullah (2006), From BCCI to ISI: The Saga of Entrapment Continues, Ottawa: Pragmatic Publishing, ISBN 0-9733687-6-4
  • Kiessling, Hein G. (2016), Faith, Unity, Discipline: The ISI of Pakistan, India: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-93-5177-796-0
  • Schneider, Jerrold E.; Chari, P. R.; Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal; Cohen, Stephen Phillip (2003), Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis in 1990, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30797-X
  • Todd, Paul; Bloch, Jonathan (2003), Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today, Dhaka: University Press, ISBN 1-84277-113-2
  • Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark (2001), Afghanistan the Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, ISBN 0-85052-860-7

External links

  • Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU)

October 31, 2023
inter, services, intelligence, this, article, need, reorganization, comply, with, wikipedia, layout, guidelines, please, help, editing, article, make, improvements, overall, structure, march, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, urdu, بین, الخدم. This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia s layout guidelines Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Inter Services Intelligence ISI Urdu بین الخدماتی استخبارات romanized bayn khadamatiy estekhabarati is the largest and best known component of the Pakistani intelligence community It is responsible for gathering processing and analyzing any information from around the world that is deemed relevant to Pakistan s national security The ISI reports to its director general and is primarily focused on providing intelligence to the Pakistani government Inter Services Intelligenceبین الخدماتی استخباراتInsignia of the ISIIntelligence agency overviewFormed1 January 1948 75 years ago 1948 01 01 HeadquartersAabpara Islamabad Pakistan 1 33 42 14 3 N 73 04 47 0 E 33 703972 N 73 079722 E 33 703972 73 079722Mottoخ ذ واح ذر ک م Quran 4 71 take your precautions heraldic slogan Employees 10 000 2009 2 Annual budgetClassifiedIntelligence agency executiveLt Gen Nadeem Anjum Director GeneralChild Intelligence agencyCovert Action DivisionThe ISI primarily consists of serving military officers drawn on secondment from the three service branches of the Pakistan Armed Forces the Pakistan Army Pakistan Navy and Pakistan Air Force hence the name Inter Services the agency also recruits civilians Since 1971 it has been formally headed by a serving three star general of the Pakistan Army who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan on the recommendation of the Chief of Army Staff who recommends three officers for the position As of 2021 update the ISI is currently headed by Nadeem Anjum a lieutenant general 3 The ISI director general reports directly to both the prime minister and the Chief of Army Staff The agency gained global recognition and fame in the 1980s when it backed the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet Union during the Soviet Afghan War in the former Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Over the course of the conflict the ISI worked in close coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States and the Secret Intelligence Service of the United Kingdom to run Operation Cyclone a program to train and fund the mujahideen in Afghanistan with support from China Saudi Arabia and other Muslim nations 4 5 6 Following the dissolution of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 the ISI provided strategic support and intelligence to the Taliban against the Northern Alliance during the Afghan Civil War in the 1990s 7 8 9 The ISI has strong links with jihadist groups particularly in Afghanistan and Kashmir 10 11 12 13 14 15 Its special warfare unit is the Covert Action Division The Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court said that the Inter Services Intelligence ISI sponsors and oversees the insurgency in Kashmir by arming separatist militant groups 14 15 Contents 1 History 2 Organization 2 1 Departments 2 2 Director generals 2 3 Insubordination controversies 2 3 1 2021 disagreement over appointment of ISI Chief 2 4 Headquarters 3 Recruitment and training 4 Major operations 4 1 By country 4 1 1 Afghanistan 4 1 2 Bosnia 4 1 3 India 4 1 4 Pakistan 4 1 5 Libya 4 1 6 Iran 4 1 7 Iraq 4 1 8 France 4 1 9 Soviet Union and post Soviet states 4 1 10 United Kingdom 4 1 11 United States 5 Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured 6 Reception 6 1 U S government 6 2 Indian government 7 Controversies 7 1 Support for militants 7 1 1 Hizbul Mujahideen 7 1 2 Al Badr 7 1 3 Al Qaeda and bin Laden 7 1 4 Harkat ul Mujahideen 7 1 5 Jammu and Kashmir 7 1 6 Haqqani network 7 2 Attacks on journalists 8 Losses 9 See also 10 Citations 11 General bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External linksHistoryNaval commander Syed Mohammad Ahsan who served as deputy director of Naval Intelligence and helped formulate ISI procedure undertook and managed the recruitment and expansion of the ISI After the 1958 coup d etat all national intelligence agencies was directly controlled by the president and Chief Martial Law Administrator The maintenance of national security which was the principal function of these agencies resulted in the consolidation of the Ayub regime Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security 16 On 5 July 1977 through Operation Fair Play the ISI began collecting intelligence on the Pakistan Communist Party and the Pakistan Peoples Party 17 The Soviet Afghan War in the 1980s saw the enhancement of the ISI s covert operations A special Afghanistan section known as the SS Directorate was created under the command of Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day to day operations in Afghanistan Officers from the ISI s Covert Action Division received training in the United States and many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan Mujahideen 18 Many analysts mainly Indian and American believe that the ISI provides support to militant groups though others think these allegations remain unsubstantiated 19 20 The ISI has often been accused of playing a role in major terrorist attacks across India including militancy in Kashmir the July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings 21 the 2001 Indian Parliament attack 22 the 2006 Varanasi bombings the August 2007 Hyderabad bombings 23 and the November 2008 Mumbai attacks 24 25 The ISI has been accused of supporting Taliban forces 26 and recruiting and training mujahideen 27 to fight in Afghanistan 28 and Kashmir Based on communication interceptions US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan s ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on 7 July 2008 a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously 29 It is believed to be aiding these organisations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause including India Russia China Israel the United States the United Kingdom and other members of NATO 30 31 Satellite imagery from the Federal Bureau of Investigation 32 suggest the existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country As part of the ongoing Kashmir conflict Pakistan is alleged to be backing separatist militias 33 Many nonpartisan sources believe that officials within Pakistan s military and the ISI sympathise with and aid Islamic terrorists saying that the ISI has provided covert but well documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir including the al Qaeda affiliate Jaish e Mohammed 34 General Javed Nasir confessed to assisting the besieged Bosnian Muslims supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang despite a UN arms embargo rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines and some religious groups in Central Asia 35 The National Intelligence Directorate was formed in 2014 to pool and share intelligence gathered by over 30 of Pakistan s intelligence agencies to combat terrorism in Pakistan effectively 36 OrganizationFurther information Director General of Inter Services Intelligence A director general who is traditionally a serving lieutenant general in the Pakistan Army citation needed heads the ISI 37 Three deputy director generals who are serving two star military officers report directly to the director general with each deputy heading three wings respectively 38 Internal Wing responsible for domestic intelligence domestic counter intelligence counter espionage and counter terrorism External Wing responsible for external intelligence external counter intelligence and espionage Foreign Relations Wing responsible for diplomatic intelligence and foreign relations intelligence Military officers of the three branches of the Pakistan Armed Forces and paramilitary forces such as ANF ASF Pakistan Rangers Frontier Corps Gilgit Baltistan Scouts Pakistan Marines and Maritime Security Agency as well as civilian officers from the Federal Investigation Agency FIA Federal Board of Revenue FBR Pakistan Customs police judiciary and Ministry of Defence make up ISI s general staff They are recruited on deputations for three to four years and enhance the ISI s professional competence According to some experts the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff While the total number has never been made public experts estimate around 10 000 officers and staff which does not include informants or assets 39 The wings are further divided into various directorates which are sub divided into departments each directorate is usually headed by a major general air marshal or rear admiral Directorates Name RankDirector General Security and Administration DG S amp A Amir Naveed Warraich Major generalDirector General Analysis DG A Shahid Amir Afsar Major generalDirector General H DG H Syed Imdad Hussain Shah Major generalDirector General Counter Terrorism DG CT Akif Iqbal Major generalDirector General Personnel DG P Muhammad Kashif Azad Major generalDirector General K DG K Muhammad Hassan Khattak Major generalDirector General X DG X Muhammad Shahbaz Tabassum Major generalDirector General F DG F Faheem Amer Major generalDirector General Technical DG T Adeel Haider Minhas Major generalDirector General Counter Intelligence DG CI Faisal Naseer Major generalDirector General Media DG M Muhammad Saleem Rear admiralDepartments Covert Action Division Its roles are similar to the Special Activities Division of the CIA and a handful of officers are trained by that division The division has been active since the 1960s 40 Joint Intelligence X Coordinates the other departments in the ISI 39 Intelligence and information gathered from the other departments are sent to JIX which prepares and processes the information and from there prepares reports which are presented Joint Intelligence Bureau Responsible for gathering anti state intelligence and fake drugs fake currency and TTP 39 Joint Counterintelligence Bureau Focused on foreign intelligence agencies Joint Intelligence North Exclusively responsible for the Jammu and Kashmir region and Gilgit Baltistan 39 Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous Responsible for espionage including offensive intelligence operations in other countries 39 Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau Operates intelligence collections along the India Pakistan border 39 The JSIB is the ELINT COMINT and SIGINT directorate that is charged with diverting attacks from foreign non communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from sources other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources 39 Joint Intelligence Technical Deals with development of science and technology to advance Pakistani intelligence gathering The directorate is charged with taking steps against electronic warfare attacks in Pakistan 39 Without any exception officers from this division are reported to be engineer officers and military scientists who deal with the military promotion of science and technology 39 There are also separate explosives and chemical and biological warfare sections 39 SS Directorate Comprises officers from the Special Services Group It monitors the activities of terrorist groups that operate against Pakistan It is comparable to the FBI and the National Clandestine Service NCS and is responsible for special operations against terrorists Political Internal Division Monitors the financial funding of the right wing political science sphere against left wing political science circles This department was involved in providing funds to anti left wing forces during the general elections of 1965 1977 1985 1988 and 1990 41 The department has been inactive since March 2012 with the new director general taking operational charge of the ISI 42 Director generals Main article Director General of Inter Services Intelligence According to Syed Irfan Raza the director general of the ISI is among the most powerful posts in Pakistan 37 For example according to Mohammad Sohail shares at the Pakistan Stock Exchange went down in October 2021 over concerns regarding the appointment of the ISI chief The benchmark KSE 100 index fell 1 51 43 44 45 According to retired air marshal Shahzad Chaudhry three to four names are provided by the Chief of Army Staff and the prime minister selects the director general from that list 46 and the appointed serves for two to three years 46 According to Ansar Abbasi before 2021 the appointment process of the Director General followed no formal protocol other than verbal discussion between the prime minister and the head of the army 47 Syed Shahid Hamid was the first head of the ISI Hamid is said to have supported Field Marshal Ayub Khan s rise to power 48 After his retirement he helped President Muhammed Zia ul Haq 49 Director general Start of term End of term1 Syed Shahid Hamid 1948 19502 Robert Cawthome 1950 19593 Riaz Hussain 1959 19664 Mohammad Akbar Khan 1966 19715 Ghulam Jilani Khan 1971 19776 Muhammad Riaz 1977 19797 Akhtar Abdur Rahman 21 June 1979 29 March 19878 Hameed Gul March 1987 May 19899 Shamsur Rahman Kallu May 1989 August 199010 Asad Durrani August 1990 March 199211 Javed Nasir March 1992 May 199312 Javed Ashraf Qazi May 1993 October 199513 Naseem Rana October 1995 October 199814 Ziauddin Butt October 1998 October 199915 Mahmud Ahmed October 1999 October 200116 Ehsan ul Haq October 2001 October 200417 Ashfaq Parvez Kayani 3 October 2004 8 October 200718 Nadeem Taj October 2007 October 200819 Ahmad Shuja Pasha October 2008 19 March 201220 Zaheerul Islam 19 March 2012 6 November 201421 Rizwan Akhtar 7 November 2014 11 December 201622 Naveed Mukhtar 11 December 2016 1 October 201823 Asim Munir 10 October 2018 16 June 201924 Faiz Hameed 17 June 2019 19 November 202125 Nadeem Anjum 20 November 2021 IncumbentInsubordination controversies The army has ruled Pakistan for more than half of its history and has always been unwilling to see its influence being compromised by any civilian leaders 50 In the 1990s Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto appointed retired army officer Shamsur Rahman Kallu as director general but army leaders refused to cooperate with Kallu because he had refused to engage in martial law duties under the previous dictator In October 1998 Ziauddin Butt was chosen as director general Though Butt was not the preferred choice of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif he grew close with him and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharraf took over important ISI files During a military coup a year later Musharraf arrested Butt who had been promoted to Chief of Army Staff by Sharif 51 48 52 On 6 October 2016 the daily newspaper Dawn published a report about a government meeting allegedly arranged by Sharif The article detailed a presentation by Foreign Secretary Aizaz Chaudhry about international pressure to crack down on Pakistan s extremist segments such as Masood Azhar the Jaish i Mohmmad Hafiz Saeed the Lashkar e Taiba and the Haqqani network According to Ghazi Salahuddin of The News International controversy ensued after the October meeting and the Dawn report which lingered until May 2016 53 54 During the October 2016 meeting Punjab chief minister Shahbaz Sharif allegedly revealed that whenever action had been taken against certain extremist groups by civilian authorities the security agency had worked secretly to free the arrested parties 53 54 According to Salahuddin Ghazi information minister Pervaiz Rashid lost his portfolio over the Dawn news leak and a government notification was released about the civilian government s decision after the meeting On April 29 2017 the director general released a tweet that said Notification on Dawn Leak is incomplete and not in line with recommendations by the Inquiry Board Notification is rejected Ghazi stated that a meeting was eventually held between the prime minister and the chief of army staff and a press conference was held to announce the decision to withdraw the tweet 54 2021 disagreement over appointment of ISI Chief Pakistan s mainstream media reported on the October 2021 constitutional rift between civil and armed wings over the appointment of the director general post only after ministers spoke on the matter 55 56 On 6 October 2021 the Pakistan military s media affairs wing announced the replacement of Faiz Hameed with Nadeem Anjum 57 After two days it became apparent on social media that the federal government of Pakistan had yet to issue any formal notification for the appointment of the new director general 55 Rumors became more substantiated when Hameed attended the National Security Committee meeting instead of the expected new director general 55 56 On 13 October 2021 Information Minister Fawad Chaudhry informed media that the process of appointing a new director general was in progress and that the selection is Prime Minister Imran Khan s prerogative He also noted that the army chief and the prime minister agreed on following correct procedures of appointment according to the Constitution Malik Dogar the Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Political Affairs later said in a talk show that PM Imran Khan wanted Hameed to continue as DG ISI for some more months after taking into consideration Hameed s expertise on the situation in Afghanistan Dogar further stated that during the cabinet meeting the prime minister stressed that if the army is a respected institution then the PM Office is also a respected one 58 59 37 Headquarters The ISI is headquartered in Pakistan s capital Islamabad The complex consists of various low rise buildings separated by lawns and fountains The entrance to the complex is next to a private hospital Declan Walsh from The Guardian said that the entrance is suitably discreet no sign just a plainclothes officer packing a pistol who directs visitors through a chicane of barriers soldiers and sniffer dogs 1 Walsh said that the complex resembles a well funded private university and that the buildings are neatly tended the lawns are smooth and the fountains are tinkling He described the central building which houses the director general s office on the top floor as a modern structure with a round echoing lobby 1 Recruitment and trainingBoth civilians and members of the armed forces can join the ISI For civilians recruitment is advertised and handled by both the Federal Public Services Commission FPSC they are considered employees of the Ministry of Defence The FPSC conducts examinations that test the candidate s knowledge of current affairs English and various analytical abilities Based on the results the FPSC shortlists the candidates and sends the list to the ISI who conduct the initial background checks Selected candidates are then invited for an interview which is conducted by a joint committee comprising both ISI and FPSC officials and are then sent to the Defence Services Intelligence Academy DSIA for six months of training The candidates are transferred to different sections for open source information where they serve for five years After five years of basic service officers are entrusted with sensitive jobs and considered part of the core team 60 Major operationsBy country Afghanistan Main article Inter Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan 1982 1997 ISI is believed to have had access to Osama bin Laden in the past 61 62 B Raman former Research and Analysis Wing R amp AW officer claims that the Central Intelligence Agency through the ISI promoted the smuggling of heroin into Afghanistan to turn Soviet troops into heroin addicts and thus greatly reduce their fighting potential 63 1986 Worrying that among the large influx of Afghan refugees who had come into Pakistan because of the Soviet Afghan War were members of KHAD Afghan Intelligence the ISI convinced Mansoor Ahmed who was the charge d affaires of the Afghan embassy in Islamabad to turn his back on the Soviet backed Afghan government He and his family were secretly escorted out of their residence and given safe passage on a London bound British Airways flight in exchange for classified information in regard to Afghan agents in Pakistan The Soviet and Afghan diplomats did not find his family 64 1990 According to Peter Tomsen the United States Special Envoy to Afghanistan neighboring Pakistan had tried to bring Gulbuddin Hekmatyar topower in Afghanistan against the opposition of all other mujahideen commanders and factions as early as 1990 65 In October 1990 the ISI had devised a plan for Hekmatyar to conduct a mass bombardment of the Afghan capital Kabul then still under communist rule with possible Pakistani troop reinforcements 65 This unilateral ISI Hekmatyar plan was carried out though the thirty most important mujahideen commanders had agreed to hold a conference inclusive of all Afghan groups to decide on a common future strategy 65 The United States finally put pressure on Pakistan to stop the 1990 plan which was subsequently called off until 1992 65 1994 Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf admitted to supporting the Taliban until 9 11 66 According to Pakistani Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid between 1994 and 1999 an estimated 80 000 to 100 000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan on the side of the Taliban 67 2008 Militants attacked the Indian Consulate General in Jalalabad in 2007 According to Afghanistan s National Directorate of Security individuals arrested by the Afghan government stated that the ISI was behind the attack and had given them 120 000 for the operation 68 2001 onwards American officials believe members of the Pakistani intelligence service are alerting militants to imminent American missile strikes in Pakistan s tribal areas 69 In October 2009 Davood Moradian a senior policy adviser to foreign minister Rangeen Dadfar Spanta said the British and American governments were fully aware of the ISI s role but lacked the courage to confront Islamabad He claimed that the Afghan government had given British and American intelligence agents evidence that proved ISI involvement in bombings 70 2010 A new report by the London School of Economics LSE claimed to provide the most concrete evidence that the ISI is providing funding training and sanctuary to the Taliban insurgency on a scale much larger than previously thought The report s author Matt Waldman spoke to nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan s relationship with the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realised Some of those interviewed suggested that the organisation even attended meetings of the Taliban s supreme council the Quetta Shura 71 72 73 A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report describing it as malicious 74 75 76 General David Petraeus commander of the US Central Command refused to endorse this report in a US congressional hearing and suggested that any contacts between ISI and extremists are for legitimate intelligence purposes in his words you have to have contact with bad guys to get intelligence on bad guys 77 Bosnia Main article Inter Services Intelligence activities in Bosnia 1993 The ISI was involved in supplying arms to the Bosnian mujahideen in Bosnia Herzegovina to prevent a total genocide of Muslims at the hands of the Serbs 78 India Main article Inter Services Intelligence activities in India Indian intelligence agencies have claimed they have proof of ISI involvement with the Naxalites ISI is also reportedly engaged in supporting Khalistani Separatism in India 79 A classified report accessed by the Indian newspaper Asian Age said the ISI in particular wants Naxals to cause large scale damage to infrastructure projects and industrial units operating in the interior parts of the country where ISI s own terror network is non existent 80 1965 The Indo Pakistani War of 1965 in Kashmir provoked a major crisis in intelligence When the war began there was a complete collapse of operations across all intelligence agencies They were unable to locate an Indian armored division because of their preoccupation with political affairs Ayub Khan set up a committee headed by General Yahya Khan to examine the agencies workings 81 1969 1974 According to Indian spymaster B Raman the Central Intelligence Agency and ISI worke with the Nixon administration to assist the Khalistan movement in Punjab 82 1980 An Indian agent captured by the PAF Field Intelligence Unit in Karachi said the leader of the spy ring was being headed by the food and beverages manager at the Intercontinental Hotel in Karachi and a number of serving Air Force officers and ratings were on his payroll The ISI decided to question the manager to see who he was in contact with but the former president of Pakistan Zia ul Haq intervened and wanted the manager and anyone else involved in the case arrested immediately The manager was proven completely innocent afterwards 64 1983 Ilam Din also known as Ilmo was an Indian spy working in Pakistan who had eluded capture multiple times On 23 March at 3 00 a m Ilmo and two other Indian spies were apprehended by Pakistani Rangers as they illegally crossed into Pakistan from India Their mission was to spy and report back on the new military equipment that Pakistan would be showing in their annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade After being thoroughly interrogated ISI forced Ilmo to send false information to his Research and Analysis Wing handlers in India This process continued and many more Indian spies in Pakistan such as Roop Lal were discovered 64 1984 ISI uncovered a secret deal in which Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi granted naval base facilities to the USSR in Vizag and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the alleged attachment of KGB advisers to then Lieutenant General Sunderji who was the commander of Operation Blue Star in the Golden Temple in Amritsar in June 1984 82 1984 ISI failed to perform a proper background check on the British company which supplied the Pakistan Army with its Arctic weather gear When Pakistan attempted to secure the top of the Siachen Glacier in 1984 it placed a large order for Arctic weather gear with the same company that also supplied the Indian Army with its gear The Indians were alerted to the large Pakistani purchase and deduced that this large purchase could be used to equip troops to capture the glacier 83 India mountedOperation Meghdoot and captured the entire glacier 1988 The ISI implemented Operation Tupac a three part action plan for covertly supporting Kashmiri militants in their fight against Indian authorities in Kashmir initiated by President Zia ul Haq in 1988 84 After the success of Operation Tupac support of Kashmiri militants became Pakistan s state policy 85 ISI is widely believed to train and support militancy in the Kashmir region 86 87 88 2014 In February disclosed in March 2015 the then Indian chief of army staff General Bikram Singh issued orders to deploy troops along the borders with Pakistan in the Rajasthan and Jammu Kashmir regions but the ISI got the information in a few hours and in reaction the Pakistan Army deployed its troops near the Indian borders which alarmed Indian authorities 89 90 91 92 2016 Home Minister Balochistan Pakistan Sarfraz Bugti stated on 26 March that a serving Indian Naval officer Kulbhushan Yadav was arrested in Balochistan by the ISI 93 Pakistan The ISI was accused of being involved in the Mehran bank scandal in which high ranking ISI and Army officers were allegedly given large sums of money by Yunus Habib owner of the Mehran Bank to deposit the ISI s foreign exchange reserves in his bank 94 1980 The ISI became aware of a plot to assassinate Zia ul Haq and launch a coup to depose replace the government with an Islamic one The attempted assassination and coup were planned for 23 March 1980 during the annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade The masterminds behind the coup were high ranking military and intelligence officers and were led by Major General Tajammal Hussain Malik his son Captain Naveed and his nephew Major Riaz a former military intelligence officer The ISI decided against arresting the men outright because they did not know how deep the conspiracy went and kept them under strict surveillance As the date of the annual parade approached the ISI was satisfied that it had identified the major players in the conspiracy and arrested the men along with some high ranking military officers 64 1985 The ISI s Internal Political Division was accused by various members of the Pakistan People s Party of assassinating Shahnawaz Bhutto one of Benazir Bhutto s two brothers by poisoning in the French Riviera in the middle of 1985 as an attempt to intimidate her into not returning to Pakistan to direct the movement against Zia ul Haq s military government but no proof has been found implicating the ISI 82 1987 The ISI failed to prevent the KHAD KGB terror campaign in Pakistan in 1987 which led to the deaths of about 324 Pakistanis in separate incidents 95 1990 The 1990 elections were widely believed to have been rigged by the ISI in favor of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad IJI party a conglomerate of nine mainly rightist parties by the ISI under Lieutenant General Hameed Gul to ensure the defeat of Bhutto s Pakistan Peoples Party PPP in the polls 96 2000s The ISI engaged with Pakistan armed forces in the War in North West Pakistan against Tehrik i Taliban Pakistan and is reported to have lost 78 ISI personnel 97 2006 Rangzieb Ahmed brought a civil claim against MI5 for suggesting the ISI arrested him in 2006 and colluded in torturing him by submitting questions which were put to him under torture in Pakistan 98 2011 The ISI arrested five Pakistanis who worked as CIA informants who passed information that led to the death of Osama bin Laden 99 However among them in particular the US was trying to seek the release of Shakil Afridi 100 101 who ran a fake vaccination campaign that provided critical intelligence for the raid on the bin Laden compound 102 However the Pakistani government and military establishment refused to release Afridi who has since been serving a 33 year prison sentence 103 Libya 1978 The ISI spied on the residence of Colonel Hussain Imam Mabruk who was a military attache to the Libyan embassy in Islamabad after he made some inflammatory statements about the military regime of Zia ul Haq Mabruk was seen talking with two Pakistani men who entered and left the compound suspiciously The ISI monitored the two men who were later identified as Pakistani exiles who hated the current military regime and were Bhutto loyalists They had received terrorist training in Libya and were ready to embark on a terrorist campaign in Pakistan to force the Army to step down from power All members of the conspiracy were apprehended before any damage could be done 64 1981 A Libyan security company called Al Murtaza Associates sent recruiters to Pakistan to entice former soldiers and servicemen to take high paying security jobs in Libya In reality Libya was recruiting mercenaries to fight against Chad and Egypt as it had border disputes with both nations ISI became aware of the plot and the scheme was stopped 64 See also CIA transnational anti crime and anti drug activities Southwest Asia Operation Cyclone Badaber Uprising Iran 2016 Uzair Baloch a gangster of the Lyari Gang War who holds Iranian nationality 104 was arrested in an intelligence based operation by Sindh Rangers In his handwritten confession Baloch stated that officials of Iran s Ministry of Intelligence offered him an all expenses paid residence in Tehran in exchange for providing sensitive information about the Pakistan Army s operations in Karachi He says that the offer came through a third party while he was staying in Iran s port city of Chabahar 105 Iraq 2017 After ISIS s defeat in Mosul Iraqi envoy to Pakistan Ali Yasin Muhammad Karim held a press conference where he expressed his government s appreciation for Pakistan s help during the fight against the terrorist organization He praised the intelligence sharing of the ISI and expressed interest in continuing the intelligence cooperation between the two countries 106 France 1979 The ISI discovered a surveillance mission at the Kahuta Research Laboratories nuclear complex on 26 June 1979 by the French Ambassador to Pakistan Le Gourrierec and First Secretary Jean Forlot Both were arrested and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated Documents intercepted later showed that the two were recruited by the CIA 64 Soviet Union and post Soviet states 1980 The ISI had placed a mole in the Soviet Union s embassy in Islamabad They reported that the Third Secretary in the Soviet Embassy was after information regarding the Karakoram Highway and was getting it from a middle level employee Ejaz in the Northern Motor Transport Company The ISI contacted Ejaz who confessed that a few months earlier a Soviet diplomat approached him and threatened his family unless he divulged sensitive information about the highway such as the road s alignment bridge locations and the number of Chinese personnel working on the highway Instead of confronting the Soviet diplomat the ISI gave him false information until the Soviet diplomat was satisfied that Ejaz had no further information and dropped him as a source 64 1991 1993 Major General Sultan Habib who was an operative of the ISI s Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous department successfully procured nuclear material while being posted as the defence attache in the Pakistani Embassy in Moscow from 1991 to 1993 and concurrently obtained other materials from Central Asian Republics Poland and the former Czechoslovakia After Moscow Habib coordinated shipping missiles from North Korea and the training of Pakistani experts in missile production both of which strengthened Pakistan s nuclear weapons program and their missile delivery systems 107 United Kingdom Main article Inter Services Intelligence activities in the United Kingdom United States Main article Inter Services Intelligence activities in the United States 1980s The ISI intercepted two American private sector weapons dealers during the Soviet Afghan war of the 1980s One American diplomat lived in the F 7 4 sector of Islamabad and was spotted by an ISI agent in a seedy part of Rawalpindi drawing attention because of his automobile s diplomatic plates He was bugged and subsequently trailed and found to be in contact with tribal groups and supplying them with weapons for their fight against the Soviet Army in Afghanistan The second American weapons dealer was Eugene Clegg a teacher in the American International School One American International School employee and undercover agent Naeem was arrested while waiting to clear a shipment from Islamabad customs All of them were put out of business 64 2000s The ISI was suspicious about the CIA s attempted penetration of Pakistan nuclear assets and intelligence gathering in the Pakistani lawless tribal areas Based on these suspicions it was speculated that the ISI pursued a counter intelligence program against CIA operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan 108 Former director general Ashfaq Parvez Kayani is also reported to have said the real aim of U S war strategy is to denuclearize Pakistan 109 2011 In the aftermath of a shooting involving American CIA agent Raymond Davis the ISI became more alert and suspicious about the CIA s spy network in Pakistan which had disrupted ISI CIA cooperation 110 At least 30 suspected covert American operatives have suspended their activities in Pakistan and 12 have reportedly left the country 111 A Chinese woman believed to be an ISI agent who headed the Chinese unit of a US manufacturer was charged with illegally exporting high performance coatings for Pakistan s nuclear power plants Xun Wang a former managing director of PPG Paints Trading in Shanghai a Chinese subsidiary of United States based PPG Industries Inc was indicted on a charge of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and related offences Wang was accused of conspiring to export and re export specially designed high performance epoxy coatings to the Chashma 2 Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan via a third party distributor in the People s Republic of China 112 Alleged ISI operative Mohammed Tasleem an attache in the New York consulate was discovered to be issuing threats against Pakistanis living in the United States to prevent them from speaking openly about Pakistan s government in 2010 by the FBI US officials and scholars say the ISI has a systematic campaign to threaten those who speak critically of the Pakistani military 113 Al Qaeda and Taliban militants capturedRamzi Yousef One of the planners of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the Bojinka plot Pakistani intelligence and the Department of State U S Diplomatic Security Service DSS Special Agents captured Yousef in Islamabad Pakistan On 7 February 1995 they raided room number 16 in the Su Casa Guest House in Islamabad and captured Yousef before he could move to Peshawar 114 Ibn al Shaykh al Libi A Libyan paramilitary trainer for Al Qaeda attempted to flee Afghanistan in November 2001 following the collapse of the Taliban precipitating the 2001 U S invasion of Afghanistan He was captured by Pakistani forces 115 Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh A British born terrorist of Pakistani descent who was arrested by Pakistani police on 12 February 2002 in Lahore for his involvement with the Pearl kidnapping Pearl had been kidnapped had his throat slit and then beheaded He was named the chief suspect 116 but claimed he had surrendered to the ISI a week earlier 117 Abu Zubaydah An Al Qaeda terrorist responsible for conceiving multiple terrorist plots including sending Ahmed Ressam to blow up the Los Angeles airport in 2000 118 He was captured on 28 March 2002 by ISI CIA and FBI agents after they raided several safe houses in Faisalabad Pakistan 119 120 121 122 Ramzi bin al Shibh An Al Qaeda terrorist responsible for planning the 9 11 terrorist attacks the USS Cole bombing and the 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing in Tunisia 123 On 11 September 2002 the ISI captured Ramzi bin al Shibh during a raid in Karachi 124 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed The principal architect of the 9 11 attacks and other significant terrorist plots over the last twenty years including the World Trade Center 1993 bombings the Bojinka plot an aborted 2002 attack on the U S Bank Tower in Los Angeles the Bali nightclub bombings the failed bombing of American Airlines Flight 63 the Millennium Plot and the murder of Daniel Pearl On 1 March 2003 the ISI captured him in a joint raid with the CIA s Special Activities Division paramilitary operatives and Diplomatic Security Service Special Agents in Rawalpindi Pakistan 125 Abu Faraj Farj al Liby Mastermind of two failed attempts on President Pervez Musharraf s life in May 2005 126 Maulvi Omar Senior aid to Baitullah Mehsud who was captured by the ISI in August 2009 Abdul Ghani Baradar The Taliban s deputy commander who was captured by Pakistani intelligence forces in or near Karachi Pakistan in early 2010 127 ReceptionCritics of the ISI say that it has become a state within a state and not accountable enough Some analysts say that it is because intelligence agencies around the world remain secretive Critics argue the institution should be more accountable to the president or the prime minister 128 The Pakistani government disbanded the ISI s political wing in 2008 after its discovery 129 U S government During the Cold War the ISI and the CIA worked together to send spy planes over the Soviet Union 130 The two organisations also worked closely during the Soviet Afghan War supporting groups such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar s Hezb i Islami and Jalaluddin Haqqani leader of the Haqqani network 131 Some who report the ISI and CIA stepped up cooperation in the aftermath of the 9 11 attacks to kill and capture senior Al Qaeda leaders such as Sheikh Younis Al Mauritan and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed the planner of the 9 11 attacks who was residing in Pakistan Pakistan claims that around 100 top level al Qaeda leaders operators were killed or arrested by the ISI 132 Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Pakistan is paying a big price for supporting the U S war against terror groups I think it is important to note that as they have made these adjustments in their own assessment of their national interests they re paying a big price for it 133 Other senior international officials maintain that senior Al Qaeda leaders such as bin Laden have been hidden by the ISI in major settled areas of Pakistan with the full knowledge of the Pakistani military leadership 134 A December 2011 analysis report by the Jamestown Foundation came to the conclusion that In spite of denials by the Pakistani military evidence is emerging that elements within the Pakistani military harbored Osama bin Laden with the knowledge of former army chief General Pervez Musharraf and possibly former Chief of Army Staff COAS General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani Former Pakistani General Ziauddin Butt a k a General Ziauddin Khawaja revealed at a conference on Pakistani U S relations in October 2011 that according to his knowledge the then former Director General of Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan 2004 2008 Brigadier Ijaz Shah retd had kept Osama bin Laden in an Intelligence Bureau safe house in Abbottabad 135 Pakistani general Ziauddin Butt said bin Laden had been hidden in Abbottabad by the ISI with the full knowledge of General Pervez Musharraf 135 but later denied making any such statement saying his words were altered by the media he said It is the hobby of the Western media to distort the facts for their own purposes 136 U S military officials have increasingly said they do not notify Pakistani officials before conducting operations against the Afghan Taliban or Al Qaeda because they fear Pakistani officials may tip them off 137 International officials have accused the ISI of continuing to support and even lead the Taliban during the 2001 2021 War in Afghanistan As Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen stated The fact remains that the Quetta Shura Taliban and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers For example we believe the Haqqani Network which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government is in many ways a strategic arm of Pakistan s Inter Services Intelligence Agency 138 The Associated Press reported that the president said Mullen s statement expressed frustration over the insurgent safe havens in Pakistan But Obama said the intelligence is not as clear as we might like in terms of what exactly that relationship is Obama added that whether Pakistan s ties with the Haqqani network are active or passive Pakistan has to deal with it 139 140 The Guantanamo Bay files leak showed that the US authorities unofficially consider the ISI a terrorist organization that was equally as dangerous as Al Qaeda and the Taliban and many allegations of it supporting terrorist activities have been made 141 142 In 2017 General Joseph Dunford chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff accused the ISI of having ties to terror groups 143 In a Senate hearing Dunford told members of the U S Senate It is clear to me that the ISI has connections with terrorist groups 144 Indian government India has accused the ISI of plotting the 1993 Bombay bombings 145 According to the United States diplomatic cables leak the ISI had previously shared intelligence information with Israel regarding possible terrorist attacks against Jewish and Israeli sites in India in late 2008 146 The ISI is also accused of supporting pro independence militias in Jammu and Kashmir 147 while Pakistan denies all such claims 148 149 150 or says it gives them moral support only 151 ControversiesThe ISI has been accused of using designated terrorist groups and militants to conduct proxy wars against its neighbors 152 153 154 According to Grant Holt and David H Gray The agency specializes in utilizing terrorist organizations as proxies for Pakistani foreign policy covert action abroad and controlling domestic politics 155 James Forest says There has been increasing proof from counter terrorism organizations that militants and the Taliban continue to receive assistance from the ISI as well as the establishment of camps to train terrorists on Pakistani territory 156 All external operations are carried out under the supervision of the ISI s S Wing 157 Joint Intelligence North is responsible for conducting operations in Jammu and Kashmir and Afghanistan 158 The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau JSIB provides support with communications to groups in Jammu and Kashmir 158 According to Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon both former members of the National Security Council the ISI acted as a kind of terrorist conveyor belt radicalizing young men in the Madrassas in Pakistan and delivering them to training camps affiliated with or run by Al Qaeda and from there moving them into Jammu and Kashmir to launch attacks 159 Support for militants Since the 1990s the ISI began communicating with the jihadists who emerged from the conflict against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan and by 2000 most militant groups operating in Kashmir were based in Pakistan or were pro Pakistan These groups are used to conduct a low intensity conflict against India 160 According to Stephen P Cohen and John Wilson the ISI s aid to and creation of designated terrorist groups and religious extremist groups is well documented 161 162 The ISI has been accused of having close ties to Lashkar e Taiba who carried out the attacks in Mumbai in 2008 163 The organisation has also given aid to Hizbul Mujahideen 164 Terrorism expert Gus Martin said The ISI has a long history of supporting designated terrorist groups and pro Independence groups operating in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir which fight against Indian interests 151 165 The ISI also helped with the founding of the group Jaish e Mohammed 166 Hizbul Mujahideen The group Hizbul Mujahideen was created as the Kashmiri branch of Jamaat i Islami 167 It was reported that JI founded Hizbul Mujahideen at the request of the ISI to counter the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front who are advocates for the independence of Kashmir 168 The failure of 1987 elections in Kashmir and afterwards the arrest of Muhammad Yusuf a k a Syed Salahuddin led to the events that created armed struggle in the valley Al Badr There have been three incarnations of Al Badr According to Tomsen the ISI in conjunction with Jamaat e Islami formed the first Al Badr who resisted the Indian trained influx of Mukti Bahini in Bangladesh in the 1970s 169 170 Al Qaeda and bin Laden Main articles Civil war in Afghanistan 1989 1992 and Soviet Afghan War The ISI supported Al Qaeda during the war along with the CIA against the Soviet government through the Taliban and it is believed by some that there is still contact between Al Qaeda and the ISI 171 An assessment by British Intelligence in 2000 into Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan showed the ISI were playing an active role in some of them 172 In 2002 it was alleged that when the Egyptian investigators tracked down Al Qaeda member Ahmed Said Khadr in Pakistan the Egyptian authorities informed Pakistani authorities of his location However the Afghan Taliban at night came in a car and took Khadir along with them to Afghanistan The next day Pakistani authorities claimed they were unable to capture Khadir 173 The leak in 2012 of e mails from Stratfor claimed papers captured during all the compounds during the raid in Abbottabad on Osama bin Laden s compound showed up to 12 ISI officials knew where he was and that Bin Laden had been in regular contact with the ISI 174 Despite the allegations Steve Coll stated that as of 2019 there is no direct evidence showing Pakistani knowledge of bin Laden s presence in Abbottabad even by a rogue or compartmented faction within the government other than the circumstantial fact of bin Laden s compound being located near albeit not directly visible from the Pakistan Military Academy Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that bin Laden was wary of contact with ISI and Pakistani police especially in light of Pakistan s role in the arrest of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed it has also been suggested that the 25 million U S reward for information leading to bin Laden would have been enticing to Pakistani officers given their reputation for corruption The compound itself although unusually tall was less conspicuous than sometimes envisaged by Americans given the common local habit of walling off homes for protection against violence or to ensure the privacy of female family members 175 Al Qaeda has repeatedly labelled ISI their enemy and claimed the Pakistani military and intelligence are their main targets in Pakistan 176 In 2019 Ayman al Zawahari labelled ISI and the Pakistani military a puppet of the United States in a video message 177 178 Harkat ul Mujahideen The Harkat ul Mujahideen was founded in the 1980s by the ISI to fight against Indian interests 179 Jammu and Kashmir in 1984 under the orders of Zia ul Haq the ISI prepare for a rebellion which was to be set in motion in 1991 180 Haqqani network The ISI have close links to the Haqqani network 181 and contribute heavily to their funding 182 It is widely believed the suicide attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul in 2008 was planned with the help of the ISI 183 A report in 2008 from the US director of National Intelligence stated that the ISI provides intelligence and funding to help with attacks against the International Security Assistance Force the Afghan government and Indian targets 184 On 5 November 2014 Lieutenant General Joseph Anderson a senior commander for US and NATO forces in Afghanistan said that the Haqqani network is now fractured like the Taliban in a Pentagon hosted video briefing from Afghanistan They are fractured They are fractured like the Taliban is That s based pretty much on Pakistan s operations in North Waziristan this entire summer fall he said acknowledging the effectiveness of Pakistan s military offensive in North Waziristan That has very much disrupted their efforts in Afghanistan and has caused them to be less effective in terms of their ability to pull off an attack in Kabul Anderson added 185 Attacks on journalists Amnesty International published a document concerning the investigation of ISI over the murder of Saleem Shahzad 186 LossesSince Pakistan launched offensives on Al Qaeda the Taliban and other jihadist groups the country s armed forces intelligence services particularly the ISI military industrial complexes paramilitary forces and police forces have come under intense attacks The ISI has played a major role in targeting these groups and has faced retaliatory strikes as well As of 2011 update more than 300 ISI officials have been killed 187 Major incidents when attempts were made to target the ISI include A suicide bomber drove his vehicle into a bus carrying officials killing at least 28 people on 28 November 2007 outside the ISI office in Rawalpindi 188 30 people including four ISI officials and 14 policemen were killed and over 300 were injured when three people attacked the ISI office in Lahore on 27 May 2009 The attackers fired at the ISI office and policemen present there The guards at the ISI building fought back During the incident an explosive laden vehicle detonated 189 190 At least 13 people and 10 military personnel were killed when a suicide bomber blew up his van at the agency s Peshawar office on 13 November 2009 Around 400 kilograms 880 lb of explosives were used which destroyed a significant portion of the building 191 Two attackers ambushed the Multan office where eight people were killed and 45 were injured on 8 December 2009 Two army personnel were killed while seven officials were injured About 800 1 000 kilograms 1 800 2 200 lb of explosives were used 192 A car bomb exploded at CNG Station in Faisalabad on 8 March 2011 killing 25 people and injuring more than 100 Taliban spokesman Ehsanullah Ehsan said that the nearby ISI office was the target No losses of ISI personnel were reported and only one official was injured 193 Three intelligence officials were killed and one was wounded when a vehicle carrying agency personnel was ambushed in FR Bannu on 14 September 2011 194 Four people including ISI officials were killed and 35 were injured when the local office of the ISI was attacked by five suicide bombers in Sukkur on 24 July 2013 195 See also nbsp Pakistan portalAfghan War documents leak Intelligence Bureau Pakistan Inter Services Public Relations Military Intelligence of Pakistan Operation Cyclone Pakistan and state sponsored terrorism Pakistani intelligence communityCitations a b c Walsh Declan 12 May 2011 Whose side is Pakistan s ISI really on The Guardian Archived from the original on 10 April 2021 Retrieved 8 July 2021 Pakistan How the ISI works 5 August 2009 via The Guardian Siddiqui Naveed 26 October 2021 PM Imran appoints Lt Gen Nadeem Anjum as new DG ISI DAWN COM Pear Robert 18 April 1988 Arming Afghan Guerrillas A Huge Effort Led by U S Published 1988 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 9 July 2021 Retrieved 7 February 2021 We created Islamic extremism Those blaming Islam for ISIS would have supported Osama bin Laden in the 80s Salon 18 November 2015 Archived from the original on 20 January 2021 Retrieved 7 February 2021 9 11 convict Osama Bin Laden a useful idiot of the CIA Middle East Monitor 22 May 2020 Archived from the original on 9 December 2020 Retrieved 7 February 2021 Rediff com US edition India protests airlift of Pakistanis from Kunduz Archived from the original on 25 May 2020 Retrieved 24 December 2018 Matt Waldman June 2010 The Sun in the Sky The Relationship between Pakistan s ISI and Afghan Insurgents PDF Crisis States Working Papers Crisis States Research Centre London School of Economics and Political Science series no 2 no 18 3 Archived PDF from the original on 26 December 2010 Retrieved 16 October 2011 In the 1980s the ISI was instrumental in supporting seven Sunni Muslim mujahideen groups in their jihad against the Soviets and was the principal conduit of covert US and Saudi funding It subsequently played a pivotal role in the emergence of the Taliban Coll 2005 292 and Pakistan provided significant political financial military and logistical support to the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan 1996 2001 Rashid 2001 Coll Steve 2004 Ghost Wars The Secret History of the CIA Afghanistan and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 2001 Penguin Group pp 289 297 ISBN 9781594200076 Yet ISI s ambition was greater than its purse Pakistan s army suffered from acute money problems during 1995 The army commanded the lion s share of Pakistan s budget but with American aid cut over the nuclear issue there was not much to go around As it had during the 1980s ISI needed Saudi intelligence and it needed wealthy Islamist patrons from the Persian Gulf The Pakistanis were advertising the Taliban to the Saudis as an important new force on the Afghan scene The scale of Saudi payments and subsidies to Pakistan s army and intelligence service during the mid 1990s has never been disclosed Judging by the practices of the previous decade direct transfers and oil price subsidies to Pakistan s military probably amounted in some years to at least several hundred million dollars This bilateral support helped ISI build up its proxy jihad forces in both Kashmir and Afghanistan Inter Services Intelligence ISI World news The Guardian the Guardian Retrieved 15 February 2023 Pakistan s shadowy secret service the ISI BBC News 3 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the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 22 June 2014 Huge blast rocks Pakistani city BBC News 27 May 2009 Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 22 June 2014 13 killed 60 injured in Peshawar suicide attack Terrorists strike ISI Daily Times Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 Retrieved 22 June 2014 TTP claims responsibility ISI building targeted in Multan 8 die Dawn News Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 22 June 2014 Faisalabad carnage Car bomb kills 25 injures over 100 The Express Tribune Archived from the original on 24 December 2018 Retrieved 22 June 2014 Three ISI officials killed in FR Bannu Attack The News Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 26 June 2014 Suicide bombers target ISI compound in Sukkur dawn com 24 July 2013 General bibliographyGregory Shaun 2007 The ISI and the War on Terrorism Studies in Conflict amp Terrorism 30 12 1013 1031 doi 10 1080 10576100701670862 ISSN 1057 610X S2CID 71331428Further readingAyub Muhammad 2005 An Army Its Role and Rule A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil from 1947 1999 Pittsburgh RoseDog Books ISBN 0 8059 9594 3 Bamford James 2004 A Pretext for War 9 11 Iraq and the Abuse of America s Intelligence Agencies New York Doubleday ISBN 0 385 50672 4 Coll Steve 2004 Ghost Wars The Secret History of the CIA Afghanistan and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001 New York Penguin Press ISBN 1 59420 007 6 Coll Steve 2018 Directorate S The C I A and America s Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan 2001 2016 UK Penguin Press ISBN 978 1 84614 660 2 OCLC 996422824 Crile George 2003 Charlie Wilson s War The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History New York Grove Press ISBN 0 8021 4124 2 Henderson Robert D A 2003 Brassey s International Intelligence Yearbook Dulles VA Brassey s ISBN 1 57488 550 2 Jan Abid Ullah 2006 From BCCI to ISI The Saga of Entrapment Continues Ottawa Pragmatic Publishing ISBN 0 9733687 6 4 Kiessling Hein G 2016 Faith Unity Discipline The ISI of Pakistan India HarperCollins ISBN 978 93 5177 796 0 Schneider Jerrold E Chari P R Cheema Pervaiz Iqbal Cohen Stephen Phillip 2003 Perception Politics and Security in South Asia The Compound Crisis in 1990 London Routledge ISBN 0 415 30797 X Todd Paul Bloch Jonathan 2003 Global Intelligence The World s Secret Services Today Dhaka University Press ISBN 1 84277 113 2 Yousaf Mohammad Adkin Mark 2001 Afghanistan the Bear Trap The Defeat of a Superpower Barnsley Leo Cooper ISBN 0 85052 860 7External linksPakistan Security Research Unit PSRU Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Inter Services Intelligence amp oldid 1180542964, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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