fbpx
Wikipedia

Socialism in Pakistan

January 20, 2023

The influences of socialism and socialist movements in Pakistan have taken many different forms as a counterpart to political conservatism, from the groups like The Struggle, Lal Salam which is the Pakistani section of the International Marxist Tendency, to the Stalinist group like Communist Party through to the reformist electoral project enshrined in the birth of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)

While capitalism has always held its sway, the prevalence of the socialist ideology has nevertheless continued to be found in a number of instances in Pakistan's political past and prominent personalities. Much of the remaining socialism in Pakistan today accedes to the idea of Islamic left (socialism and communism), where the state would be run in a socialist set-up consistent with Islamic political principles, while other proponents demand pure socialism.

History

Main articles: Red Revolution and Bolshevik Revolution

Political background

Main article: Socialism in India

The socialist movements in British Indian Empire began with the Russian Revolution, and the subsequent Soviet people's immigration to North-Western areas into territory (now Pakistan) held by British Empire, in 1922-27.[1] The British authorities were terrified after revealing the attempted series of revolts against the British Empire, known as Peshawar Conspiracy Cases.[2]

1947–50s: early Marxism

Independence and class struggle

Main articles: Politics of Pakistan and Islam in Pakistan
 
The communist parties played an influential role in staging the massive protests for the Bengali Language Movement which led the destruction of PML in East Pakistan, 1950s.

Immediately after the establishment of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 which was achieved by a political party, Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the struggle for left-wing orientation began as a failure of the military campaign with the Republic of India.[3] After Jinnah's death in 1948, the clash ideologies and political disagreements began when Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan consolidated his position more densely.[3] The Pakistan Socialist Party (PSP) was the only socialist party of her time, and was active in both East Pakistan and West Pakistan.[3] The Socialist Party was generally a secular party which had first opposed the idea of the partition of India.[3] The Socialist Party found it difficult to compete with the conservatives and other right-wing groups. The PML was led by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, who wanted to adopt what was called Islamic socialism. Another leftist group was the Socialist Party. The Pakistan Socialist Party was politically isolated with little mass. This was despite its strong appeal in rural areas.[3] It had around 1200 members and was a member of the Asian Socialist Conference.[4] The Socialist Party's liberal programs were met with harsh opposition which the conservatives labeled as Kafirs.[3] Dismayed with the results of the war, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan survived a coup conspiracy hatched by the left-wing personalitie, including the armed forces personnel.[5] In response to the activist left-wing sphere, Prime Minister Ali Khan succeeded in authoring and drafting the Objectives Resolution, in 1950.[6] The house passed it on 12 March 1949, but met with harsh critic even from his Law Minister Jogendra Nath Mandal who argued against it.[7]

In contrast, the Communist Party was more active, populist, and had support from the rural class due to its tough position taken on economic and social issues.[8] The Communist Party quickly grasped its popularity as it espoused the causes of Pakistan's farmers and labourers against the nexus of zamindars, princely class, and landed gentry.[8] During the 1954 general elections, the Communist Party swiftly gained the exclusive mandate in East Pakistan and representation in West Pakistan; earlier in 1950, the Communist Party played a major role in labour strikes for the support of the language movement.[9] The Communist Party, with support from the Awami League, formed a democratic government in East Pakistan.[9] The class struggle reached its limit when members of PML and the Communist Party scuffled violently with East-Pakistani police in 1958.[9] The government responded by dismissing the government of the Communist Party in East Pakistand and then arresting ~1,000 members of the Communist Party in West Pakistan, eventually banning the Communist Party there as well.[10]

Uncomfortable with the workings of democratic system, unruliness in the East Pakistan parliamentary elections and the threat of Baloch separatism in West-Pakistan, Bengali President Iskandar Ali Mirza issued a proclamation that abolished all political parties in both West and East Pakistan, abrogated the two-year-old constitution, and imposed the first martial law in the country on 7 October 1958.[11] The Communist leader, Hassan Nasir, was repeatedly arrested by the police and died in prison in November 1960.[10]

1960s–70s: nation building

Power struggle and corporate industrialization

After the martial law in 1958, President Ayub Khan abandoned the parliamentary form in favour of presidential system– a system called "Basic Democracy."[12] The presidential regime of Ayub Khan is regarded as "Great Decade", in which, his presidential programs moved the country from agrarian into the roads of rapid industrialization in the 1960s.[13] The left in Pakistan further faced complications after the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s, and the Communist Party had its own factions; one being the Pro-Beijing and other being Pro-Moscow.[14]

Despite the positive impact of rapid industrialization, the labour trade unions, labour-working class, peasants, and farmers were socially and economically subdued by the powerful industrial oligarch society who had strong ties with President Ayub Khan.[15] In fact, the industrial groups completely neglected the work conditions and failed to provide healthy environment to the workers class in the industries.[15] Situation became economically tense in 1965 when chief economist, dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq, published a statistics and tax report that pointed out that the "22 industrial family groups had come to dominate the economic and financial life-cycle of Pakistan and that they controlled about two-thirds of industrial assets, 80% of banking and 79% of insurance assets in the industrial domain."[15] The same year, President Ayub Khan's peaceful compromise with India to end the hostilities ended up with a large scale disapproval from the civil society.[13] The demonstration sparked all over the country against President Ayub Khan after dismissing his Foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1966.[12] In early months of 1968, Ayub Khan celebrated what he called Decade of Development, outrage citizens erupted into agitations. Same year in November, a group of Rawalpindi student were heading back from Landi Kotal, they were stopped at Customs checkpoints near Attock - they were badly roughed up by the police guards of the Customs officials. On returning to Rawalpindi, they staged a protest against the mishandling of police soon their protest welled to a sizable agitation, police tried to quell the agitation and shots were fire.[16] Although it was started as student movement but later workers joined it and it transformed into 1968 movement in Pakistan which brought socialism on agenda.[17]

After a successful socialist conference in Lahore, Punjab, the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) was founded by the attended socialists, communists, and left-wing philosophers of the country.[18] The PPP's manifesto called, titled "Islam is our Religion; Democracy is our Politics; Socialism is our Economy; Power Lies with the People", was written by Bengali communist J. A. Rahim, and first issued on 9 December 1967.[18] The manifesto identified the party's ultimate goal, main objective and raison d'etre as being the achievement of an egalitarian and "classless society", which was believed to be attainable only through socialism. It called for "true equality of citizen's fraternity under the rule of democracy", within "an order of social and economic justice.[19] Unlike the Socialist Party, the Peoples Party quickly gained the popularity all over the country with its electrified left-wing oriented slogan, "Land to the Landless", proved irresistible to the peasants and labour-force, as the party promised not only to abolish the fundamental feudalism that had plagued the country, but also to redistribute lands amongst the landless and the peasants.[20] The working class and labour movement quickly flocked to the party, believing it to be a party dedicated to the destruction of capitalism in the country.[20]

Eventually, the socialist-oriented catchphrase Roti, Kapra aur Makan (lit. "bread, clothes, and housing"), inspired by Communist leader, V.I Lenin's popular slogan ‘Peace, Land and Bread’ became a nationwide rallying-call for the party.[21][22] By the 1970s, the Pakistan Peoples Party had become the largest and most influential leading socialist and democratic entity in the country. The party published its ideas in its newspapers, such as "Nusrat", "Fatah", and "Mussawat".[23][24]

1970s–80s: reconstruction and restoration

Ethical and left nationalism

The PPP was in a direct competition with Awami League and Pakistan Muslim League (PML) during the 1970 general elections.[20][25] A power struggle between two parties and subsequent military action in East-Pakistan led to a bitter war with India which led the separation of East Pakistan in 1971.[26]

After the war, the PPP espouses a great appeal for left-wing nationalism, called for national unity and economic prosperity was promised by the Peoples Party.[20][27] Immediately, a nationalization process was initiated by the Peoples Party following a 1972 labour unrest.[28] The PPP'e left-wing policies eradicated the feudal system to a great extent; massive land reforms took place in limiting the amount of land that could be owned, with remaining land divisions being allotted to a large number of poor peasants, farmers, landless tenants who also find increased support in the new programme.[27] Labour rights were upgraded more than ever before; poverty experienced a sharp reduction.[27]

Fundamental rights of the citizen, such as access to adequate health and free education, were brought under a renewed focus.[27] Schools, colleges and universities were immediately nationalized. A large segment of the banking sector, industrial sector (including iron and steel mills), engineering firms, vehicle, food and chemical production industries were also nationalized.[28] The number and strength of trade unions experienced a rise. Rural residents, urban wage earners and landless peasants were to be given ‘material support’ as people of the state.[29] In responding to strong defence program, the PPP launched the clandestine atomic bomb project, promoting literary activism, industrial developments and scientific awareness in all over the country.[27]

Left-wings split off and decline

 
An activist from the Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party (CMKP) at a rally in Karachi, 2008

Despite PPP's populism and support, the internal strife would cause a schism and split the left-wing sphere. Though, the PPP had won the support from people on the issues of social justice, but its economic policies stagflated the country's economy.[21] A number of critics, notably the conservatives and hard-line religious leaders, have however blamed Bhutto's socialist policies for slowing down Pakistan's economic progress, owing to poor productivity and high costs.[21]

The left-wing party, ANP, was in a direct competition with the PPP despite similar ideologies. The debate over the align with Afghanistan's communist party caused a major rift and problems with Afghanistan escalated over the Durand line.[27] The Communist Party was also opposing the PPP over its economic programs and its influence limited to Karachi.[27] Events led to left-wing parties joining the PNA alliance led by country's right-wing conservative parties and compete against PPP in general elections in 1977.[27]

The 1977 general elections resulted in first parliamentary victory of Peoples Party. Opposition parties claimed that the election was heavily rigged by the PPP.[30] Tensions mounted and despite an agreement reached between the opposition and PPP, martial law was imposed in the country by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977.[31] In April 1979, Bhutto was hanged in 1977 after a controversial trial, in which he was found guilty of murdering a political opponent.[32] In 1982, his daughter Benazir Bhutto was elected as Peoples Party's chairwomanship.[32] The Peoples Party struggled hard against General Zia-ul-Haq, who was supported by the United States.[32]

The left-wing parties and socialism in the country met with harsh political opposition from the conservative Pakistan Muslim League and the hard-line religious bloc Clergy Coalition. The Soviet Union's intervention in Afghanistan further declined the popular support of socialism in the country. The ultra-conservative President Zia-ul-Haq dealt with socialists, communists and the Marxist mass with harsh political oppression.[33]

1980s–present: emergence of Marxism in Pakistan

The Struggle

 
International Marxist Tendency emblem

The seeds of the genuine Marxist politics was planted in 1980 in Netherlands, when a number of leftist Pakistani activists who had fled Pakistan to escape Zia's repression found themselves in Amsterdam in the cold November 1980. The country was ruled by General Zia. These leftist Pakistani activists were Farooq Tariq, Tanvir Gondal (now better known as Lal Khan), Muhammed Amjad and Ayub Gorya.[34]

 
Farooq Tariq
 
Lal Khan addressing The Struggle's annual Congress in Lahore in 2008

In November 1980, the Struggle group decided to start a monthly Urdu magazine called Jidd-o-jehed جدوجہد or The Struggle.[34] The Struggle magazine soon developed a cult status among the Pakistani diaspora, and poets like Habib Jalib, Ahmad Faraz and Faiz Ahmed Faiz started contributing to the magazine by writing revolutionary and anti-dictatorship Urdu poems for the magazine.[34] In December 1984, the magazine published a poem[34] "Main Baaghi Hoon" میں باغی ہوں, written by Khalid Javaid Jan.[citation needed] The poem became a staple in popular culture due to its revolutionary tone and was used in underground protests as a weapon against Dictator Zia.[35]

The Struggle group continued their activism in exile against military dictatorship in Pakistan and went on to organise a mass funeral for Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in front of the Pakistani embassy in Holland with nearly 500 participants. The charged environment also saw participants throw stones at the embassy's windows and Farooq was briefly arrested by Dutch police.[34] Arrests, activism and attempts by Pakistani authorities to get them arrested made them popular with leftist and progressive movements in Europe. They campaigned on worker issues, against racism, immigrant issues and anti-nuclearisation with local left parties.[34]

The group was also in contact with the Committee for a Workers International (CWI), a Trotskyist international. In 1986, the Struggle group started working from Pakistani soil when Farooq Tariq and Lal Khan returned to Pakistan.[citation needed] The Struggle followed a strategy known as Entryism, a theory that small militant groups should join mainstream workers' parties in order to pull them to the left.[citation needed] The strategy is employed in an attempt to expand influence and was advocated by Trotsky.[36] The Struggle at this stage was the official section of CWI in Pakistan and thus worked within PPP.[citation needed]

In the early 1990s, the Committee for a Workers International (CWI) split in two over the question of Entryism. Peter Taaffe, a prominent member of English section of the CWI advocated an "Open Turn," implying the building of an independent organization and an end to "Entryism".[36] Whereas, another faction led by Ted Grant wanted to maintain its "entrist" strategy.[36] The Struggle also suffered the split and Farooq Tariq, along with perhaps one dozen Struggle members, followed Peter Taaffe's lead and went on to build an independent political party for workers in Pakistan.[citation needed] The other faction, led by Lal Khan, continued with its "entryism" inside the Pakistan People's Party (PPP). They promoted the idea that PPP is a party that has a mass following among the workers and peasants, although its leading layer is composed mainly of bourgeois and feudal elements. The Struggle argues that in Pakistan, as in all other countries, the aim of their Marxist tendency is to win over the workers and peasants.[37]

In November 2012, Farooq Tariq's Labour Party Pakistan, the Awami Party, and Workers Party merged to form the Awami Workers Party (AWP) in an unprecedented effort to build a genuine Left alternative to mainstream political forces in Pakistan. The AWP promotes the Left unity and includes members from all Communist tendencies: Trotskyism, Stalinism, and Maoism.

 
Alan Woods, Lal Khan and Jam Saqi in annual IMT congress held in Lahore in 2008

The Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہد continued their struggle for a Socialist revolution in Pakistan as an official section of the Marxist "International" led by Ted Grant. Grant had formed Committee for a Marxist International in various countries, particularly Spain, after splitting with CWI in 1992. At the world congress of Committee for a Marxist International in 2006, the organization was renamed International Marxist Tendency (IMT). Lal Khan continues to be the editor of the Struggle magazine and leader of the Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہد group. He also writes articles regularly for the Daily Times.[38] and Dunya[39] The Struggle group has their own publication agency and has published numerous books and leaflets on topics including Marxist ideology, history of Marxist struggle in Pakistan, and various books covering history of Bolshevik revolution. Some of the books are: Partition – Can it be undone?,[40] Pakistan's Other Story – The Revolution of 1968–69,[41] and Kashmir: A Revolutionary Way Out.[42] Books in Urdu language include چین کدھر, مذہبی بنیاد پرستی اور انقلابی مارکسزم,[43] whereas translated publications from other language into Urdu include ریاست اور انقلاب از لینن، عورت اور خاندان از ٹراٹسکی، کمیونسٹ مینی فیسٹو از مارکس و اینگلز.[44] The Struggle's trade union front is known as Pakistan Trade Union Defence Campaign (PTUDC), and multiple other fronts working among Youth, including Unemployed Youth Movement. In 2015, youth and students fronts of the Struggle started a campaign to bring together prominent left-wing students and youth organizations from across the country on a single platform.[45] In December 2015, Progressive Youth Alliance (PYA)[46] was launched in Lahore.

Split within The Struggle

In the first quarter of 2016, The Struggle suffered a split,[47] with the majority leaving the IMT retaining their name as The Struggle, while the minority reorganized as Lal Salam لال سلام. Lal Salam is the official Pakistani section of the IMT.[48]

Awami Workers Party

Following the split of Committee for a Workers International (CWI), a Trotskyist international, The Struggle, also suffered a split and Farooq Tariq, along with perhaps one dozen Struggle members, and went on to build an independent workers party in Pakistan.[49] Farooq Tariq and his comrades announced the formation of Labour Party Pakistan in 1997.

In November 2012, Farooq Tariq's Labour Party Pakistan, the Awami Party, and Workers Party merged to form the Awami Workers Party (AWP) in an unprecedented effort to build a genuine Left alternative to mainstream political forces in Pakistan.[50] The AWP promotes the Left unity and includes members from all Communist tendencies: Trotskyism, Stalinism, and Maoism.

1980s–90s: moderation and competition

Consolidation and populism

A huge number of left-wing politicians and intellectuals were thrown in jail to face a trial, Jam Saqi Trial, in the 1980s. Under Zia regime, the socialism itself began to struggle to survive in the country in an intense anti-Soviet atmosphere. In responding the Zia's oppression, the left-wing parties united in a massive platform known as, Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) which was led by the PPP. The ANP had found support from the Soviet Union as early as in 1983.[51] During the period of 1977-91, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) started its covert political activities through the Awami National Party, many of its senior leadership served Soviets intermediary and advisers.[51] President Zia's interior secretary, Roedad Khan, later wrote that the MRD regime was able to manipulate this perception to their advantage and prevent the MRD from gaining greater appeal on a nationwide level.[52]

Despite its consolidation, the MRD suffered many set backs because of its Pro-Leninist stance which was not the "line"[53] of Kremlin at that time.[53]

The events that led the collapse of the Soviet Union shattered Pakistan's left.[53] It almost disappeared, until Benazir Bhutto succeeded to unite the scattered leftists mass, which integrated into the PPP, and turned the radical and pro-Soviet leftists into more Social democracy with the principles of democratic socialism.[53]

The New Left and social democracy

The MRD alliance could not sustained itself in late 1988 and quickly collapse after the death of President Zia-ul-Haq in 1988 which marked its way for peaceful general elections, outlined the return of Pakistan Peoples Party in national power.[52]

Furthermore, the events led to a dissolution of USSR in 1991 also shattered the left in Pakistan. The break-up of the USSR in 1991 also generated hopelessness and desperation in among the communist parties.[54] The left-wing parties almost disappeared until, when Benazir Bhutto came to its protection. In opposition against the conservatives, Benazir Bhutto succeeded to unite the scattered leftists mass, which integrated into the PPP, and turned the radical and pro-Soviet leftists into more Social democracy with the principles of democratic socialism.[18]

In the 1990s, the left-wing groups, now united under PPP, found their self in a fierce competition with Pakistan Muslim League (PML(N)), a centre-right conservative party led by Nawaz Sharif.[18] The PPP and left was in period of counter-revolutionary consciousness in Pakistan, giving birth to the rise of fundamentalism.[54] The political competition with the conservatives, aligning with the PML(N), gave a new life to the left-wing parties to gather around their movement in support for the PPP in 1992. The controversial privatization of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) government in 1992 had collapsed the support for the conservatives.

As a result of general elections held in 1993, the PPP and the Left came in power again, but only to re-engage in competition with the like-minds and the Pakistan Muslim League (N). The power struggle between left and right wing parties damages the economy but, on the other hand, consolidated its position in the country. The left-wing sphere almost split in the 1990s after a paramilitary military took place in Karachi to remove another leftist party, MQM; the operation was halt in 1995.[55] The PPP and the leftists put forwarded a program of vintage industrial nationalization, computer literacy, strong emphasis on the scientific education, awareness women suffrage and rights, and promotion of the principles of social democracy and left-wing nationalism.[18] In response, the Pakistan Muslim League and conservatives introduced the privatization, with liberalization, right-wing nationalism, and a strong emphasis on religion and scientific education.[56] By the end of 1996, the controversial death of populist left-wing leader, Murtaza Bhutto, turned out to be a final event that led the dismissal of the left-oriented government of PPP by its own leftist president Farooq Leghari (he was soon ousted from the presidency by the conservatives of PML(N) in 1997).

In 1997, the Left, sitting in parliamentary opposition, further gained power in effectively paralysed the right-wing parties attempts to pass the more conservative bills to be part of the Constitution.[57] The left successfully pressured the PML(N) to move with a proposal of conducting the country's first nuclear tests in response to India's nuclear tests in 1998.[56] Disturbance in civil-military relations in 1999 led to the dismissal of centre-right conservative, PML government. The popular support for the PML(N) and PPP declined, with the fall of socialism and conservatism at once in 2000. President Pervez Musharraf called for a Third Way which led to an establishment of centrist PML(Q) in 2002 whereas the pro- social democratic and centre-left party, the PTI, also emerged in the arena led by famed sportsman Imran Khan.

2000s–2010s: Contemporary history

Re-defining position of the New Left

 
The IMT conference in Lahore, 2011.

As an aftermath of 9/11 attacks in the United States and the followup of US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, the roots of conservatism and socialism began to take their place in the country. The general elections in 2002 saw the liberals coming in national power for the first time in the history of the country. Despite Musharraf's attempts to provide the better civil administration, the support for President Musharraf lessened and the idea of Third Way, with the Enlightened Moderation, began to see resistance from the conservative and leftist parties.[58]

In 2002, the Pakistan Social Democratic Party was found but it was short lived. After few months, the party was disbanded in favour of PPP. In 2003, the PPP staged a large opposition rally against the Iraq war and the United States.[59] In 2004, the Left projected its power in Peshawar after a communist party staged a massive demonstration against Pervez Musharraf and the United States.[60] The PPP effectively paralysed Pervez Musharraf over the issue of LFO and the Left subsequently maligned Musharraf's image over the nuclear proliferation issue in the country.[59] Historians of leftist activism noted the fact that the atomic proliferation debriefings had enraged and outraged the leftists and conservatives alike of their "national hero", dr. Qadeer Khan.[58] After this scandal in 2005–07, the U.S. opposition from the leftist-liberal parties was extremely fierce much more than the conservative parties, effectively sabotaging any U.S. efforts for their economic involvement and maligning the image in the country which contributed in the sharp and recorded rise of the anti-American emotions in the hearts of the Pakistanis.[58]

The Left in Pakistan lost its steer after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, and the armed right-wing insurgency in the country further limited the Left.[61] The populist, Lawyer's movement, was also influenced by the leftist ideas and prominent leftist leaders, such as Aitzaz Ahsan, Ali Ahmad Kurd, and Raza Rabbani, were the front personalities to lead the movement to restore the Judiciary and to ouster Pervez Musharraf from the government. In spite of right-wing pressure and accusations of corruption, the Left demonstrated its united stand during the general elections held in 2013 under new left-wing leaders Raza Rabbani and Aitzaz Ahsan[62]

Though a number of steps were taken in this regard by the government led by Asif Ali Zardari which included but are not limited to, Employees Stock option scheme under which public sector employees were made share holders in their respective departments, free of cost housing scheme was initiated in Sindh under the name of Benazir Bhen Basti, more than 56,000 acres of land was distributed within the peasants, a comprehensive plan for the eradication of poverty was started under the name of Benazir Income Support Program which is now one of the largest social safety program in Asia. In addition to that a program named as waseela-e-haq was initiated under which 0.3 million rps. each were distributed in between thousands of deserving families so that they can start their own earning. Schemes such as Benazir life insurance scheme was also initiated. Thousands of contractual employees were not only regularized but thousand of other employees were also reinstated. As a result of these steps then President of Pakistan Mr. Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the Vice-President of the Socialist International. As of current, the Left and the PTI and PPP is currently sitting in opposition in the parliament against the PML(N) and right-wing parties' government.[63]

In 2018, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf came into power with Imran Khan as the 22nd Prime Minister. He promised to make Pakistan a welfare state, in accordance with nationalist principles. Some policies of PTI government are in line with Liberalism, Pakistani nationalism and Populism. HIs policies include: -

- Rule of law.

- Rights for all Pakistanis, irrespective of caste, color, religion etc.

- Women empowerment.

- System of merit

Influence in popular culture, literary, arts and science

The left orientation has greatly influenced the literature, scientific activities, arts, and popular culture. The literary work of Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Anwar Maqsood, Habib Jalib, Aitzaz Ahsan, and Tina Sani, has been instrumental in projecting the left-wing ideas in the country. The Laal (lit. Red) gained much appraisal and popularity for singing socialist political song, which played a crucial role in mobilizing the people in support to the reinstatement of the Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry in 2007.

In 2012, the scientific work of theorist, Munir Ahmad Khan, was publicly recognized by the Government after posthumously awarding Munir Khan the Nishan-e-Imtiaz for his contribution to science as a gesture of political rehabilitation. The literary work of Tariq Ali has been adopted in playwrights and theatre and films. His playwright, The Leopard and The Fox, was premiered in New York in October 2007 and later on Karachi Arts Council in 2010.

Parties and groups

Former

See also

References

  1. ^ et al. See: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics–Pakistan relations
  2. ^ See:Peshawar Conspiracy Cases
  3. ^ a b c d e f Rose 1959, pp. 59–60, 64
  4. ^ Rose 1959, p. 67
  5. ^ Kapur, Ashok (1991). Pakistan in crises. United States: Routeledge Publications. pp. 1–10, 24–50. ISBN 0-203-19287-7.
  6. ^ Story of Pakistan Press. . Story of Pakistan Foundation. Press Directorate of the Story of Pakistan, Constitutional history. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  7. ^ Tan, Tai Yung (2000). Th Aftermath of South Asia after Partition. United Kingdom: Curran Publications Services. p. 296. ISBN 0-415-17297-7.
  8. ^ a b Nair, Bhaskaran (1990). Politics in East Pakistan. New Delhi, India: Northern Book Center. ISBN 9788185119793.
  9. ^ a b c Ali, Tariq (2002). The Clash of Fundamentalism. United Kingdom: New Left Book plc. p. 395. ISBN 1-85984-457-X.
  10. ^ a b Busky, Donald F. (2002). Communism in history and theory : Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Westport, Conn. ;London: Praeger. ISBN 0275977331.
  11. ^ "Ouster of Mirza". Story of Pakistan. 1 January 2003. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  12. ^ a b "Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan". Ayub Khan's decade. 1 January 2003. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  13. ^ a b "Great Decade". SoP Press. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  14. ^ Khan, editor, Naveeda (2009). Crisis and Beyond: Re-evaluating Pakistan (Transferred to digital print. ed.). New Delhi: Routledge, 2009. ISBN 9780415480635. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  15. ^ a b c . Human Development Center, Originally published on London Times. Human Development Center. 22 March 1973. p. 1. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  16. ^ "Tribal tales ‹ The Friday Times". www.thefridaytimes.com. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  17. ^ Authors, Dawn Books And (18 August 2012). "REVIEW: Pakistan's Other Story: The Revolution of 1968-1969 by Lal Khan". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  18. ^ People's Party of Pakistan. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  19. ^ a b c d Shah (2004), Pakistan People's Party, p. 159
  20. ^ a b c US Country Studies. "Yahya Khan and Bangladesh" (PHP). Retrieved 7 November 2006.
  21. ^ Shah (2004), Pakistan People's Party, p. 160
  22. ^ Shah (2004), Pakistan People's Party, p. 161
  23. ^ Story of Pakistan (June 2003). "General Elections 1970". Story of Pakistan. Story of Pakistan, 1970. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  24. ^ 1970 Elections,Pakistan
  25. ^ "Separation of East Pakistan". Separation of East Pakistan. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h Bhurgari, Abdul Ghafoor. "The Falcon of Pakistan". Abdul Ghafoor Bugari. Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament. Retrieved 26 January 2012.[permanent dead link]
  27. ^ a b Haidery, Raza (12 January 2011). "SZABIST LITERARY CLUB: Socialism in Pakistan: Situation before and can it work now??".
  28. ^ Trade liberalization and regional disparity in Pakistan by Muhammad Shoaib Butt and Jayatilleke S. Bandara
  29. ^ Story of Pakistan (June 2003). "Parliamentary Elections of 1977". Story of Pakistan 1977. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  30. ^ Story of Pakistan (June 2003). "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto". Story of Pakistan, 1970s. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  31. ^ a b c . Story of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  32. ^ See Military Government of General Zia-ul-Haq
  33. ^ a b c d e f "Blacked out". The Express Tribune. 12 August 2012.
  34. ^ "Dr Khalid Javed Jan: Dare to think, dare to write". The Express Tribune. 26 April 2012.
  35. ^ a b c "» Reading Trotsky in Pakistan".
  36. ^ Struggle, the EC of The. "Pakistan: The IMT and Manzoor Ahmed ‑ Against unprincipled careerism!". www.marxist.com.
  37. ^ "You searched for test/%C2%A0/483/Lal%20Khan".
  38. ^ "Urdu Columns - Roznama Dunya". www.dunya.com.pk.
  39. ^ "The Sunday Tribune - Books". www.tribuneindia.com.
  40. ^ "Daily Times - Latest Pakistan News, World, Business, Sports, Lifestyle".
  41. ^ "Lal Salaam - لال سلام". Lal Salaam - لال سلام.
  42. ^ "سوشلزم: 50 سوال اور ان کے جوابات".
  43. ^ "دیباچہ کتاب سی پیک: ترقی یا سراب؟". Lal Salaam | لال سلام.
  44. ^ PYA, the. "Pakistan: The activities of the Progressive Youth Alliance". www.marxist.com.
  45. ^ Marxism, In Defence of. "Pakistan: support the conference of Progressive Youth Alliance". www.marxist.com.
  46. ^ "آئی ایم ٹی پاکستان سیکشن میں حالیہ پھوٹ کے اسباب و اسباق". 20 October 2016.
  47. ^ "About".
  48. ^ "CWI: Building a mass socialist international – Socialist Party". www.socialistpartyaustralia.org.
  49. ^ "Labour Party Pakistan dissolved, will be part of the Awami Workers Party - International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine". www.internationalviewpoint.org.
  50. ^ a b Najom, Neamatollah (2002). The rise of Talibans in Afghanistan§ Pakistan's leftists and the Soviets. New York, United States: Palgrave Trademark. pp. 39, 41–74. ISBN 0-312-29402-6.
  51. ^ a b Stephen Zunes. . Stephen Zunes. Nonviolent Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  52. ^ a b c d Farooq Sulehria. "The Left in Pakistan: Left in the 1980s". Farooq Sulehria. Socialist Pact for Renewal. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  53. ^ a b Farooq Sulehria. "The left in Pakistan". International Journal of Socialist Renewal (IJSR). Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  54. ^ See Operation Blue Fox
  55. ^ a b Bhutto, Benazir (1988). Daughter of the East. London: Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12398-0.
  56. ^ our correspondent (3 February 1999). "Opposition condemns govt for baton-charging journalists". The News International. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  57. ^ a b c Hussain, Tauqir (2008). U. S. -Pakistan Engagement : The War On Terrorism And Beyond. US Institute of Peace: Tauqir Hussain, US Institute of Peace. ISBN 978-1437904253.
  58. ^ a b Staff Report (25 April 2003). "Opposition seeks resolution of LFO deadlock: Rabbani". Daily Times, Pakistan. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  59. ^ Bureau Chief (10 August 2003). "Occupation of sovereign states by US flayed". Dawn 2003, 10 August. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  60. ^ GM Jamali (7 May 2013). "Establishment wants right-wing in power: Rabbani". Express Tribune, 7 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  61. ^ Ali, Rabbia (30 April 2013). "United we stand: The Left-wing!". TEX. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  62. ^ See: 2013 Pakistani general elections

External links

  • Lal Salam لال سلام, the Pakistani section of the International Marxist Tendency
  • The Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہد

Further reading

  • Doherty, James C., ed. (2006). (PDF). Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements, no. 73. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-6477-0. OCLC 299166800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2011.
  • Rose, Saul (1959). Socialism in Southern Asia. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 2862247.

January 20, 2023
socialism, pakistan, influences, socialism, socialist, movements, pakistan, have, taken, many, different, forms, counterpart, political, conservatism, from, groups, like, struggle, salam, which, pakistani, section, international, marxist, tendency, stalinist, . The influences of socialism and socialist movements in Pakistan have taken many different forms as a counterpart to political conservatism from the groups like The Struggle Lal Salam which is the Pakistani section of the International Marxist Tendency to the Stalinist group like Communist Party through to the reformist electoral project enshrined in the birth of the Pakistan Peoples Party PPP While capitalism has always held its sway the prevalence of the socialist ideology has nevertheless continued to be found in a number of instances in Pakistan s political past and prominent personalities Much of the remaining socialism in Pakistan today accedes to the idea of Islamic left socialism and communism where the state would be run in a socialist set up consistent with Islamic political principles while other proponents demand pure socialism Contents 1 History 1 1 Political background 1 2 1947 50s early Marxism 1 2 1 Independence and class struggle 1 3 1960s 70s nation building 1 3 1 Power struggle and corporate industrialization 1 4 1970s 80s reconstruction and restoration 1 4 1 Ethical and left nationalism 1 4 2 Left wings split off and decline 1 5 1980s present emergence of Marxism in Pakistan 1 5 1 The Struggle 1 5 2 Split within The Struggle 1 5 3 Awami Workers Party 1 6 1980s 90s moderation and competition 1 6 1 Consolidation and populism 1 6 2 The New Left and social democracy 1 7 2000s 2010s Contemporary history 1 7 1 Re defining position of the New Left 1 7 2 Influence in popular culture literary arts and science 2 Parties and groups 2 1 Former 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6 Further readingHistory EditMain articles Red Revolution and Bolshevik Revolution Political background Edit Main article Socialism in India The socialist movements in British Indian Empire began with the Russian Revolution and the subsequent Soviet people s immigration to North Western areas into territory now Pakistan held by British Empire in 1922 27 1 The British authorities were terrified after revealing the attempted series of revolts against the British Empire known as Peshawar Conspiracy Cases 2 1947 50s early Marxism Edit Independence and class struggle Edit Main articles Politics of Pakistan and Islam in Pakistan The communist parties played an influential role in staging the massive protests for the Bengali Language Movement which led the destruction of PML in East Pakistan 1950s Immediately after the establishment of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 which was achieved by a political party Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah the struggle for left wing orientation began as a failure of the military campaign with the Republic of India 3 After Jinnah s death in 1948 the clash ideologies and political disagreements began when Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan consolidated his position more densely 3 The Pakistan Socialist Party PSP was the only socialist party of her time and was active in both East Pakistan and West Pakistan 3 The Socialist Party was generally a secular party which had first opposed the idea of the partition of India 3 The Socialist Party found it difficult to compete with the conservatives and other right wing groups The PML was led by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan who wanted to adopt what was called Islamic socialism Another leftist group was the Socialist Party The Pakistan Socialist Party was politically isolated with little mass This was despite its strong appeal in rural areas 3 It had around 1200 members and was a member of the Asian Socialist Conference 4 The Socialist Party s liberal programs were met with harsh opposition which the conservatives labeled as Kafirs 3 Dismayed with the results of the war Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan survived a coup conspiracy hatched by the left wing personalitie including the armed forces personnel 5 In response to the activist left wing sphere Prime Minister Ali Khan succeeded in authoring and drafting the Objectives Resolution in 1950 6 The house passed it on 12 March 1949 but met with harsh critic even from his Law Minister Jogendra Nath Mandal who argued against it 7 In contrast the Communist Party was more active populist and had support from the rural class due to its tough position taken on economic and social issues 8 The Communist Party quickly grasped its popularity as it espoused the causes of Pakistan s farmers and labourers against the nexus of zamindars princely class and landed gentry 8 During the 1954 general elections the Communist Party swiftly gained the exclusive mandate in East Pakistan and representation in West Pakistan earlier in 1950 the Communist Party played a major role in labour strikes for the support of the language movement 9 The Communist Party with support from the Awami League formed a democratic government in East Pakistan 9 The class struggle reached its limit when members of PML and the Communist Party scuffled violently with East Pakistani police in 1958 9 The government responded by dismissing the government of the Communist Party in East Pakistand and then arresting 1 000 members of the Communist Party in West Pakistan eventually banning the Communist Party there as well 10 Uncomfortable with the workings of democratic system unruliness in the East Pakistan parliamentary elections and the threat of Baloch separatism in West Pakistan Bengali President Iskandar Ali Mirza issued a proclamation that abolished all political parties in both West and East Pakistan abrogated the two year old constitution and imposed the first martial law in the country on 7 October 1958 11 The Communist leader Hassan Nasir was repeatedly arrested by the police and died in prison in November 1960 10 1960s 70s nation building Edit Power struggle and corporate industrialization Edit After the martial law in 1958 President Ayub Khan abandoned the parliamentary form in favour of presidential system a system called Basic Democracy 12 The presidential regime of Ayub Khan is regarded as Great Decade in which his presidential programs moved the country from agrarian into the roads of rapid industrialization in the 1960s 13 The left in Pakistan further faced complications after the Sino Soviet split in the 1960s and the Communist Party had its own factions one being the Pro Beijing and other being Pro Moscow 14 Despite the positive impact of rapid industrialization the labour trade unions labour working class peasants and farmers were socially and economically subdued by the powerful industrial oligarch society who had strong ties with President Ayub Khan 15 In fact the industrial groups completely neglected the work conditions and failed to provide healthy environment to the workers class in the industries 15 Situation became economically tense in 1965 when chief economist dr Mahbub ul Haq published a statistics and tax report that pointed out that the 22 industrial family groups had come to dominate the economic and financial life cycle of Pakistan and that they controlled about two thirds of industrial assets 80 of banking and 79 of insurance assets in the industrial domain 15 The same year President Ayub Khan s peaceful compromise with India to end the hostilities ended up with a large scale disapproval from the civil society 13 The demonstration sparked all over the country against President Ayub Khan after dismissing his Foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1966 12 In early months of 1968 Ayub Khan celebrated what he called Decade of Development outrage citizens erupted into agitations Same year in November a group of Rawalpindi student were heading back from Landi Kotal they were stopped at Customs checkpoints near Attock they were badly roughed up by the police guards of the Customs officials On returning to Rawalpindi they staged a protest against the mishandling of police soon their protest welled to a sizable agitation police tried to quell the agitation and shots were fire 16 Although it was started as student movement but later workers joined it and it transformed into 1968 movement in Pakistan which brought socialism on agenda 17 After a successful socialist conference in Lahore Punjab the Pakistan Peoples Party PPP was founded by the attended socialists communists and left wing philosophers of the country 18 The PPP s manifesto called titled Islam is our Religion Democracy is our Politics Socialism is our Economy Power Lies with the People was written by Bengali communist J A Rahim and first issued on 9 December 1967 18 The manifesto identified the party s ultimate goal main objective and raison d etre as being the achievement of an egalitarian and classless society which was believed to be attainable only through socialism It called for true equality of citizen s fraternity under the rule of democracy within an order of social and economic justice 19 Unlike the Socialist Party the Peoples Party quickly gained the popularity all over the country with its electrified left wing oriented slogan Land to the Landless proved irresistible to the peasants and labour force as the party promised not only to abolish the fundamental feudalism that had plagued the country but also to redistribute lands amongst the landless and the peasants 20 The working class and labour movement quickly flocked to the party believing it to be a party dedicated to the destruction of capitalism in the country 20 Eventually the socialist oriented catchphrase Roti Kapra aur Makan lit bread clothes and housing inspired by Communist leader V I Lenin s popular slogan Peace Land and Bread became a nationwide rallying call for the party 21 22 By the 1970s the Pakistan Peoples Party had become the largest and most influential leading socialist and democratic entity in the country The party published its ideas in its newspapers such as Nusrat Fatah and Mussawat 23 24 1970s 80s reconstruction and restoration Edit Ethical and left nationalism Edit The PPP was in a direct competition with Awami League and Pakistan Muslim League PML during the 1970 general elections 20 25 A power struggle between two parties and subsequent military action in East Pakistan led to a bitter war with India which led the separation of East Pakistan in 1971 26 After the war the PPP espouses a great appeal for left wing nationalism called for national unity and economic prosperity was promised by the Peoples Party 20 27 Immediately a nationalization process was initiated by the Peoples Party following a 1972 labour unrest 28 The PPP e left wing policies eradicated the feudal system to a great extent massive land reforms took place in limiting the amount of land that could be owned with remaining land divisions being allotted to a large number of poor peasants farmers landless tenants who also find increased support in the new programme 27 Labour rights were upgraded more than ever before poverty experienced a sharp reduction 27 Fundamental rights of the citizen such as access to adequate health and free education were brought under a renewed focus 27 Schools colleges and universities were immediately nationalized A large segment of the banking sector industrial sector including iron and steel mills engineering firms vehicle food and chemical production industries were also nationalized 28 The number and strength of trade unions experienced a rise Rural residents urban wage earners and landless peasants were to be given material support as people of the state 29 In responding to strong defence program the PPP launched the clandestine atomic bomb project promoting literary activism industrial developments and scientific awareness in all over the country 27 Left wings split off and decline Edit An activist from the Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party CMKP at a rally in Karachi 2008 Despite PPP s populism and support the internal strife would cause a schism and split the left wing sphere Though the PPP had won the support from people on the issues of social justice but its economic policies stagflated the country s economy 21 A number of critics notably the conservatives and hard line religious leaders have however blamed Bhutto s socialist policies for slowing down Pakistan s economic progress owing to poor productivity and high costs 21 The left wing party ANP was in a direct competition with the PPP despite similar ideologies The debate over the align with Afghanistan s communist party caused a major rift and problems with Afghanistan escalated over the Durand line 27 The Communist Party was also opposing the PPP over its economic programs and its influence limited to Karachi 27 Events led to left wing parties joining the PNA alliance led by country s right wing conservative parties and compete against PPP in general elections in 1977 27 The 1977 general elections resulted in first parliamentary victory of Peoples Party Opposition parties claimed that the election was heavily rigged by the PPP 30 Tensions mounted and despite an agreement reached between the opposition and PPP martial law was imposed in the country by Chief of Army Staff General Zia ul Haq in 1977 31 In April 1979 Bhutto was hanged in 1977 after a controversial trial in which he was found guilty of murdering a political opponent 32 In 1982 his daughter Benazir Bhutto was elected as Peoples Party s chairwomanship 32 The Peoples Party struggled hard against General Zia ul Haq who was supported by the United States 32 The left wing parties and socialism in the country met with harsh political opposition from the conservative Pakistan Muslim League and the hard line religious bloc Clergy Coalition The Soviet Union s intervention in Afghanistan further declined the popular support of socialism in the country The ultra conservative President Zia ul Haq dealt with socialists communists and the Marxist mass with harsh political oppression 33 1980s present emergence of Marxism in Pakistan Edit The Struggle Edit International Marxist Tendency emblem The seeds of the genuine Marxist politics was planted in 1980 in Netherlands when a number of leftist Pakistani activists who had fled Pakistan to escape Zia s repression found themselves in Amsterdam in the cold November 1980 The country was ruled by General Zia These leftist Pakistani activists were Farooq Tariq Tanvir Gondal now better known as Lal Khan Muhammed Amjad and Ayub Gorya 34 Farooq Tariq Lal Khan addressing The Struggle s annual Congress in Lahore in 2008 In November 1980 the Struggle group decided to start a monthly Urdu magazine called Jidd o jehed جدوجہد or The Struggle 34 The Struggle magazine soon developed a cult status among the Pakistani diaspora and poets like Habib Jalib Ahmad Faraz and Faiz Ahmed Faiz started contributing to the magazine by writing revolutionary and anti dictatorship Urdu poems for the magazine 34 In December 1984 the magazine published a poem 34 Main Baaghi Hoon میں باغی ہوں written by Khalid Javaid Jan citation needed The poem became a staple in popular culture due to its revolutionary tone and was used in underground protests as a weapon against Dictator Zia 35 The Struggle group continued their activism in exile against military dictatorship in Pakistan and went on to organise a mass funeral for Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in front of the Pakistani embassy in Holland with nearly 500 participants The charged environment also saw participants throw stones at the embassy s windows and Farooq was briefly arrested by Dutch police 34 Arrests activism and attempts by Pakistani authorities to get them arrested made them popular with leftist and progressive movements in Europe They campaigned on worker issues against racism immigrant issues and anti nuclearisation with local left parties 34 The group was also in contact with the Committee for a Workers International CWI a Trotskyist international In 1986 the Struggle group started working from Pakistani soil when Farooq Tariq and Lal Khan returned to Pakistan citation needed The Struggle followed a strategy known as Entryism a theory that small militant groups should join mainstream workers parties in order to pull them to the left citation needed The strategy is employed in an attempt to expand influence and was advocated by Trotsky 36 The Struggle at this stage was the official section of CWI in Pakistan and thus worked within PPP citation needed In the early 1990s the Committee for a Workers International CWI split in two over the question of Entryism Peter Taaffe a prominent member of English section of the CWI advocated an Open Turn implying the building of an independent organization and an end to Entryism 36 Whereas another faction led by Ted Grant wanted to maintain its entrist strategy 36 The Struggle also suffered the split and Farooq Tariq along with perhaps one dozen Struggle members followed Peter Taaffe s lead and went on to build an independent political party for workers in Pakistan citation needed The other faction led by Lal Khan continued with its entryism inside the Pakistan People s Party PPP They promoted the idea that PPP is a party that has a mass following among the workers and peasants although its leading layer is composed mainly of bourgeois and feudal elements The Struggle argues that in Pakistan as in all other countries the aim of their Marxist tendency is to win over the workers and peasants 37 In November 2012 Farooq Tariq s Labour Party Pakistan the Awami Party and Workers Party merged to form the Awami Workers Party AWP in an unprecedented effort to build a genuine Left alternative to mainstream political forces in Pakistan The AWP promotes the Left unity and includes members from all Communist tendencies Trotskyism Stalinism and Maoism Alan Woods Lal Khan and Jam Saqi in annual IMT congress held in Lahore in 2008 The Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہد continued their struggle for a Socialist revolution in Pakistan as an official section of the Marxist International led by Ted Grant Grant had formed Committee for a Marxist International in various countries particularly Spain after splitting with CWI in 1992 At the world congress of Committee for a Marxist International in 2006 the organization was renamed International Marxist Tendency IMT Lal Khan continues to be the editor of the Struggle magazine and leader of the Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہد group He also writes articles regularly for the Daily Times 38 and Dunya 39 The Struggle group has their own publication agency and has published numerous books and leaflets on topics including Marxist ideology history of Marxist struggle in Pakistan and various books covering history of Bolshevik revolution Some of the books are Partition Can it be undone 40 Pakistan s Other Story The Revolution of 1968 69 41 and Kashmir A Revolutionary Way Out 42 Books in Urdu language include چین کدھر مذہبی بنیاد پرستی اور انقلابی مارکسزم 43 whereas translated publications from other language into Urdu include ریاست اور انقلاب از لینن عورت اور خاندان از ٹراٹسکی کمیونسٹ مینی فیسٹو از مارکس و اینگلز 44 The Struggle s trade union front is known as Pakistan Trade Union Defence Campaign PTUDC and multiple other fronts working among Youth including Unemployed Youth Movement In 2015 youth and students fronts of the Struggle started a campaign to bring together prominent left wing students and youth organizations from across the country on a single platform 45 In December 2015 Progressive Youth Alliance PYA 46 was launched in Lahore Split within The Struggle Edit In the first quarter of 2016 The Struggle suffered a split 47 with the majority leaving the IMT retaining their name as The Struggle while the minority reorganized as Lal Salam لال سلام Lal Salam is the official Pakistani section of the IMT 48 Awami Workers Party Edit Following the split of Committee for a Workers International CWI a Trotskyist international The Struggle also suffered a split and Farooq Tariq along with perhaps one dozen Struggle members and went on to build an independent workers party in Pakistan 49 Farooq Tariq and his comrades announced the formation of Labour Party Pakistan in 1997 In November 2012 Farooq Tariq s Labour Party Pakistan the Awami Party and Workers Party merged to form the Awami Workers Party AWP in an unprecedented effort to build a genuine Left alternative to mainstream political forces in Pakistan 50 The AWP promotes the Left unity and includes members from all Communist tendencies Trotskyism Stalinism and Maoism 1980s 90s moderation and competition Edit Consolidation and populism Edit A huge number of left wing politicians and intellectuals were thrown in jail to face a trial Jam Saqi Trial in the 1980s Under Zia regime the socialism itself began to struggle to survive in the country in an intense anti Soviet atmosphere In responding the Zia s oppression the left wing parties united in a massive platform known as Movement for the Restoration of Democracy MRD which was led by the PPP The ANP had found support from the Soviet Union as early as in 1983 51 During the period of 1977 91 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPSU started its covert political activities through the Awami National Party many of its senior leadership served Soviets intermediary and advisers 51 President Zia s interior secretary Roedad Khan later wrote that the MRD regime was able to manipulate this perception to their advantage and prevent the MRD from gaining greater appeal on a nationwide level 52 Despite its consolidation the MRD suffered many set backs because of its Pro Leninist stance which was not the line 53 of Kremlin at that time 53 The events that led the collapse of the Soviet Union shattered Pakistan s left 53 It almost disappeared until Benazir Bhutto succeeded to unite the scattered leftists mass which integrated into the PPP and turned the radical and pro Soviet leftists into more Social democracy with the principles of democratic socialism 53 The New Left and social democracy Edit The MRD alliance could not sustained itself in late 1988 and quickly collapse after the death of President Zia ul Haq in 1988 which marked its way for peaceful general elections outlined the return of Pakistan Peoples Party in national power 52 Furthermore the events led to a dissolution of USSR in 1991 also shattered the left in Pakistan The break up of the USSR in 1991 also generated hopelessness and desperation in among the communist parties 54 The left wing parties almost disappeared until when Benazir Bhutto came to its protection In opposition against the conservatives Benazir Bhutto succeeded to unite the scattered leftists mass which integrated into the PPP and turned the radical and pro Soviet leftists into more Social democracy with the principles of democratic socialism 18 In the 1990s the left wing groups now united under PPP found their self in a fierce competition with Pakistan Muslim League PML N a centre right conservative party led by Nawaz Sharif 18 The PPP and left was in period of counter revolutionary consciousness in Pakistan giving birth to the rise of fundamentalism 54 The political competition with the conservatives aligning with the PML N gave a new life to the left wing parties to gather around their movement in support for the PPP in 1992 The controversial privatization of the Pakistan Muslim League N government in 1992 had collapsed the support for the conservatives As a result of general elections held in 1993 the PPP and the Left came in power again but only to re engage in competition with the like minds and the Pakistan Muslim League N The power struggle between left and right wing parties damages the economy but on the other hand consolidated its position in the country The left wing sphere almost split in the 1990s after a paramilitary military took place in Karachi to remove another leftist party MQM the operation was halt in 1995 55 The PPP and the leftists put forwarded a program of vintage industrial nationalization computer literacy strong emphasis on the scientific education awareness women suffrage and rights and promotion of the principles of social democracy and left wing nationalism 18 In response the Pakistan Muslim League and conservatives introduced the privatization with liberalization right wing nationalism and a strong emphasis on religion and scientific education 56 By the end of 1996 the controversial death of populist left wing leader Murtaza Bhutto turned out to be a final event that led the dismissal of the left oriented government of PPP by its own leftist president Farooq Leghari he was soon ousted from the presidency by the conservatives of PML N in 1997 In 1997 the Left sitting in parliamentary opposition further gained power in effectively paralysed the right wing parties attempts to pass the more conservative bills to be part of the Constitution 57 The left successfully pressured the PML N to move with a proposal of conducting the country s first nuclear tests in response to India s nuclear tests in 1998 56 Disturbance in civil military relations in 1999 led to the dismissal of centre right conservative PML government The popular support for the PML N and PPP declined with the fall of socialism and conservatism at once in 2000 President Pervez Musharraf called for a Third Way which led to an establishment of centrist PML Q in 2002 whereas the pro social democratic and centre left party the PTI also emerged in the arena led by famed sportsman Imran Khan 2000s 2010s Contemporary history Edit Re defining position of the New Left Edit The IMT conference in Lahore 2011 As an aftermath of 9 11 attacks in the United States and the followup of US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 the roots of conservatism and socialism began to take their place in the country The general elections in 2002 saw the liberals coming in national power for the first time in the history of the country Despite Musharraf s attempts to provide the better civil administration the support for President Musharraf lessened and the idea of Third Way with the Enlightened Moderation began to see resistance from the conservative and leftist parties 58 In 2002 the Pakistan Social Democratic Party was found but it was short lived After few months the party was disbanded in favour of PPP In 2003 the PPP staged a large opposition rally against the Iraq war and the United States 59 In 2004 the Left projected its power in Peshawar after a communist party staged a massive demonstration against Pervez Musharraf and the United States 60 The PPP effectively paralysed Pervez Musharraf over the issue of LFO and the Left subsequently maligned Musharraf s image over the nuclear proliferation issue in the country 59 Historians of leftist activism noted the fact that the atomic proliferation debriefings had enraged and outraged the leftists and conservatives alike of their national hero dr Qadeer Khan 58 After this scandal in 2005 07 the U S opposition from the leftist liberal parties was extremely fierce much more than the conservative parties effectively sabotaging any U S efforts for their economic involvement and maligning the image in the country which contributed in the sharp and recorded rise of the anti American emotions in the hearts of the Pakistanis 58 The Left in Pakistan lost its steer after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007 and the armed right wing insurgency in the country further limited the Left 61 The populist Lawyer s movement was also influenced by the leftist ideas and prominent leftist leaders such as Aitzaz Ahsan Ali Ahmad Kurd and Raza Rabbani were the front personalities to lead the movement to restore the Judiciary and to ouster Pervez Musharraf from the government In spite of right wing pressure and accusations of corruption the Left demonstrated its united stand during the general elections held in 2013 under new left wing leaders Raza Rabbani and Aitzaz Ahsan 62 Though a number of steps were taken in this regard by the government led by Asif Ali Zardari which included but are not limited to Employees Stock option scheme under which public sector employees were made share holders in their respective departments free of cost housing scheme was initiated in Sindh under the name of Benazir Bhen Basti more than 56 000 acres of land was distributed within the peasants a comprehensive plan for the eradication of poverty was started under the name of Benazir Income Support Program which is now one of the largest social safety program in Asia In addition to that a program named as waseela e haq was initiated under which 0 3 million rps each were distributed in between thousands of deserving families so that they can start their own earning Schemes such as Benazir life insurance scheme was also initiated Thousands of contractual employees were not only regularized but thousand of other employees were also reinstated As a result of these steps then President of Pakistan Mr Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the Vice President of the Socialist International As of current the Left and the PTI and PPP is currently sitting in opposition in the parliament against the PML N and right wing parties government 63 In 2018 Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf came into power with Imran Khan as the 22nd Prime Minister He promised to make Pakistan a welfare state in accordance with nationalist principles Some policies of PTI government are in line with Liberalism Pakistani nationalism and Populism HIs policies include Rule of law Rights for all Pakistanis irrespective of caste color religion etc Women empowerment System of merit Influence in popular culture literary arts and science Edit The left orientation has greatly influenced the literature scientific activities arts and popular culture The literary work of Faiz Ahmad Faiz Anwar Maqsood Habib Jalib Aitzaz Ahsan and Tina Sani has been instrumental in projecting the left wing ideas in the country The Laal lit Red gained much appraisal and popularity for singing socialist political song which played a crucial role in mobilizing the people in support to the reinstatement of the Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry in 2007 In 2012 the scientific work of theorist Munir Ahmad Khan was publicly recognized by the Government after posthumously awarding Munir Khan the Nishan e Imtiaz for his contribution to science as a gesture of political rehabilitation The literary work of Tariq Ali has been adopted in playwrights and theatre and films His playwright The Leopard and The Fox was premiered in New York in October 2007 and later on Karachi Arts Council in 2010 Parties and groups EditCommunist Party of Pakistan 1948 present Pakistan Peoples Party 1967 present Mazdoor Kisan Party 1968 present Awami Tahreek 1970 present The Struggle Pakistan 1980 present Awami National Party 1986 present Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party 1989 present Balochistan National Party Mengal 1996 present Pakistan Peoples Party Shaheed Bhutto 1997 present Communist Party of Pakistan Thaheem 2002 present Pakistan Social Democratic Party 2002 present Hazara Democratic Party 2003 present Socialist Movement Pakistan 2004 present Baloch Republican Party 2008 present Qaumi Watan Party 2012 present Awami Workers Party 2012 present National Youth Organisation 2013 present Pakistan Peoples Party Workers 2014 present Former Edit National Congress 1885 1975 Pakistan Socialist Party 1948 1958 Ganatantri Dal 1953 1957 Labour Party Pakistan 1986 2012 Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party 1995 2015 National Workers Party 1999 2010 Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan 2012 2015 Workers Party Pakistan 2010 2012 See also EditConservatism in Pakistan Feudalism in Pakistan Secularism in Pakistan Democracy in Pakistan Islamisation in PakistanReferences Edit et al See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Pakistan relations See Peshawar Conspiracy Cases a b c d e f Rose 1959 pp 59 60 64 Rose 1959 p 67 Kapur Ashok 1991 Pakistan in crises United States Routeledge Publications pp 1 10 24 50 ISBN 0 203 19287 7 Story of Pakistan Press Objectives Resolution is passed 1949 Story of Pakistan Foundation Press Directorate of the Story of Pakistan Constitutional history Archived from the original on 19 December 2010 Retrieved 30 January 2012 Tan Tai Yung 2000 Th Aftermath of South Asia after Partition United Kingdom Curran Publications Services p 296 ISBN 0 415 17297 7 a b Nair Bhaskaran 1990 Politics in East Pakistan New Delhi India Northern Book Center ISBN 9788185119793 a b c Ali Tariq 2002 The Clash of Fundamentalism United Kingdom New Left Book plc p 395 ISBN 1 85984 457 X a b Busky Donald F 2002 Communism in history and theory Asia Africa and the Americas Westport Conn London Praeger ISBN 0275977331 Ouster of Mirza Story of Pakistan 1 January 2003 Retrieved 27 July 2013 a b Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan Ayub Khan s decade 1 January 2003 Retrieved 27 July 2013 a b Great Decade SoP Press Retrieved 27 July 2013 Khan editor Naveeda 2009 Crisis and Beyond Re evaluating Pakistan Transferred to digital print ed New Delhi Routledge 2009 ISBN 9780415480635 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first has generic name help a b c System is to blame for the 22 wealthy families Human Development Center Originally published on London Times Human Development Center 22 March 1973 p 1 Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 Retrieved 6 September 2012 Tribal tales The Friday Times www thefridaytimes com 4 April 2014 Retrieved 31 August 2018 Authors Dawn Books And 18 August 2012 REVIEW Pakistan s Other Story The Revolution of 1968 1969 by Lal Khan DAWN COM Retrieved 31 August 2018 a b c d e Sulehria Farooq The left in Pakistan A brief history Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal Retrieved 23 February 2012 People s Party of Pakistan Retrieved 3 August 2010 a b c d Shah 2004 Pakistan People s Party p 159 a b c US Country Studies Yahya Khan and Bangladesh PHP Retrieved 7 November 2006 Shah 2004 Pakistan People s Party p 160 Shah 2004 Pakistan People s Party p 161 Story of Pakistan June 2003 General Elections 1970 Story of Pakistan Story of Pakistan 1970 Retrieved 23 February 2012 1970 Elections Pakistan Separation of East Pakistan Separation of East Pakistan Retrieved 27 July 2013 a b c d e f g h Bhurgari Abdul Ghafoor The Falcon of Pakistan Abdul Ghafoor Bugari Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar Member of Parliament Retrieved 26 January 2012 permanent dead link a b Haidery Raza 12 January 2011 SZABIST LITERARY CLUB Socialism in Pakistan Situation before and can it work now Trade liberalization and regional disparity in Pakistan by Muhammad Shoaib Butt and Jayatilleke S Bandara Story of Pakistan June 2003 Parliamentary Elections of 1977 Story of Pakistan 1977 Retrieved 23 February 2012 Story of Pakistan June 2003 Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Story of Pakistan 1970s Retrieved 23 February 2012 a b c Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1929 1979 Story of Pakistan Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 Retrieved 23 February 2012 See Military Government of General Zia ul Haq a b c d e f Blacked out The Express Tribune 12 August 2012 Dr Khalid Javed Jan Dare to think dare to write The Express Tribune 26 April 2012 a b c Reading Trotsky in Pakistan Struggle the EC of The Pakistan The IMT and Manzoor Ahmed Against unprincipled careerism www marxist com You searched for test C2 A0 483 Lal 20Khan Urdu Columns Roznama Dunya www dunya com pk The Sunday Tribune Books www tribuneindia com Daily Times Latest Pakistan News World Business Sports Lifestyle Lal Salaam لال سلام Lal Salaam لال سلام سوشلزم 50 سوال اور ان کے جوابات دیباچہ کتاب سی پیک ترقی یا سراب Lal Salaam لال سلام PYA the Pakistan The activities of the Progressive Youth Alliance www marxist com Marxism In Defence of Pakistan support the conference of Progressive Youth Alliance www marxist com آئی ایم ٹی پاکستان سیکشن میں حالیہ پھوٹ کے اسباب و اسباق 20 October 2016 About CWI Building a mass socialist international Socialist Party www socialistpartyaustralia org Labour Party Pakistan dissolved will be part of the Awami Workers Party International Viewpoint online socialist magazine www internationalviewpoint org a b Najom Neamatollah 2002 The rise of Talibans in Afghanistan Pakistan s leftists and the Soviets New York United States Palgrave Trademark pp 39 41 74 ISBN 0 312 29402 6 a b Stephen Zunes Pakistan s Movement for the Restoration of Democracy 1981 1984 Stephen Zunes Nonviolent Conflict Studies Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 Retrieved 19 May 2013 a b c d Farooq Sulehria The Left in Pakistan Left in the 1980s Farooq Sulehria Socialist Pact for Renewal Retrieved 21 August 2012 a b Farooq Sulehria The left in Pakistan International Journal of Socialist Renewal IJSR Retrieved 19 May 2013 See Operation Blue Fox a b Bhutto Benazir 1988 Daughter of the East London Hamilton ISBN 978 0 241 12398 0 our correspondent 3 February 1999 Opposition condemns govt for baton charging journalists The News International Retrieved 26 July 2013 a b c Hussain Tauqir 2008 U S Pakistan Engagement The War On Terrorism And Beyond US Institute of Peace Tauqir Hussain US Institute of Peace ISBN 978 1437904253 a b Staff Report 25 April 2003 Opposition seeks resolution of LFO deadlock Rabbani Daily Times Pakistan Retrieved 26 July 2013 Bureau Chief 10 August 2003 Occupation of sovereign states by US flayed Dawn 2003 10 August Retrieved 1 July 2013 GM Jamali 7 May 2013 Establishment wants right wing in power Rabbani Express Tribune 7 May 2013 Retrieved 27 July 2013 Ali Rabbia 30 April 2013 United we stand The Left wing TEX Retrieved 27 July 2013 See 2013 Pakistani general electionsExternal links EditLal Salam لال سلام the Pakistani section of the International Marxist Tendency The Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہدFurther reading EditDoherty James C ed 2006 Historical Dictionary of Socialism PDF Historical dictionaries of religions philosophies and movements no 73 Scarecrow Press ISBN 0 8108 6477 0 OCLC 299166800 Archived from the original PDF on 10 July 2011 Rose Saul 1959 Socialism in Southern Asia London Oxford University Press OCLC 2862247 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Socialism in Pakistan amp oldid 1125761512, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.