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Jaish-e-Mohammed

January 25, 2023

Not to be confused with Jeish Muhammad.
"JeM" redirects here. For other uses, see Jem (disambiguation).

Jaish-e-Mohammed (Urdu: جيشِ محمدؐ, literally "The Army of Muhammad", abbreviated as JeM) is a Pakistan-based[14]Deobandi[15] Jihadist[15][5][16] militant group active in Kashmir which is widely considered as a terrorist group.[17] The group's primary motive is to separate Kashmir from India and merge it into Pakistan.

Jaish-e-Mohammed
جيشِ محمدؐ
The flag of Jaish-e-Mohammed
LeaderMaulana Masood Azhar
Supreme CommanderAbdul Rauf Azhar
Dates of operation2000–present
Group(s)Lashkar-e-Mustafa (Active In Kashmir)[1]
HeadquartersBahawalpur, Pakistan
IdeologyDeobandi Islamism[2]
Jihadism[3]
Islamic fundamentalism[2]
Notable attacks2019 Pulwama attack
Part ofUnited Jihad Council Operation Tupac[4]
AlliesState allies

Non-State allies

OpponentsState opponents
Battles and wars
Designated as a terrorist group by

Since its inception in 2000, the group has carried out several attacks in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It portrays Kashmir as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its 'Jihad' to other parts of India, with an intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent. It has carried out several attacks primarily in the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir.[2][18] It also maintained close relations with the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and continues to be allied with these groups.[19][6][7]

JeM was apparently created with the support of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),[3][20][21] which uses it to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.[22][23] The JeM has been banned in Pakistan since 2002, but resurfaced under other names.[24][25][26] Its apparent variants openly continue to operate several facilities in the country.[27][28]

According to B. Raman, Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed as the "deadliest" and "the principal Islamic terrorist organisation in Jammu and Kashmir".[17][29] The group was responsible for several terror attacks: the 2001 attack on Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly, the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, the 2016 Pathankot airbase attack, the 2016 attack on the Indian Mission in Mazar-i-Sharif, the 2016 Uri attack, and the 2019 Pulwama attack, each of which has had strategic consequences for India–Pakistan relations.[30] The group has been designated as a terrorist organisation by Pakistan, Russia, Australia, Canada,[11] India, New Zealand, the United Arab Emirates, the European Union,[31] the United Kingdom,[32] the United States, and the United Nations.[33]

In 2016, Jaish was suspected of being responsible for an attack on the Pathankot airbase in India. The Indian government,[citation needed] and some other sources, accused Pakistan of assisting Jaish in conducting the attack.[22][23] Pakistan denied assisting Jaish, and arrested several members of Jaish in connection with the attack,[34] who were then released by the security establishment according to a report in Dawn.[35] Pakistan called the report an "amalgamation of fiction and fabrication".[36]

In February 2019, the group took responsibility for a suicide bombing attack on a security convoy in the Pulwama district that killed 40 security personnel, named as one of the largest attacks in recent years.[37][38]

Origins

Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is said to have created Jaish-e-Mohammed by working with several Deobandi Islamic jihadis associated with Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[39][40][41] By the late 1990s, states Ahmed Rashid, the Pakistani military justified jihad in Kashmir as a legitimate part of its foreign policy. Harkat had been set up in mid-1990s with ISI support to carry out "spectacular acts of terrorism". The United States declared it an Islamic jihadist group in 1998 and bombed its training camps in Afghanistan.[42]

In December 1999, Harkat Islamic jihadis hijacked the Indian Airlines Flight 814 scheduled to fly from Kathmandu to Delhi, and diverted it to Kandahar, where they were looked after by the Afghan Taliban and the Pakistani officials stationed at the airport. After they slit the throat of a passenger, the Indian government agreed to their demands and released Maulana Masood Azhar, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar, three Harkat operatives previously imprisoned in India.[43] The released prisoners were escorted to Pakistan by the ISI,[39] and Masood Azhar was chosen to head the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed. The ISI is said to have paraded him on a victory tour through Pakistan to raise money for the new organisation.[44] Some analysts argue that ISI built up the JeM to counter the growing power of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).[45] Many analysts believed that around 1999, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) used JeM to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.[43][46][39] Although the JeM has been officially banned in Pakistan since 2002, it continues to openly operate several facilities in the country.[27]

Azhar's leadership is said to be nominal. The group has a largely decentralised structure. JeM's membership, drawn from the former members of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, was allied to the Taliban in Afghanistan and Al Qaeda. The members had shared the Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and carried loyalty to Al Qaeda.[6][17][47] A majority of the members of Harkat are said to have followed Azhar into the newly founded group, leaving Harkat under-funded and under-supported.[17][29]

History

2000–2001

On 20 April 2000, JeM carried out the first suicide bombing in Kashmir, exploding a bomb in an Indian army barracks. Five Indian soldiers were killed.[42]

Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, the Musharraf government joined the United States in the War on Terror, assuming that the move would give it a free hand in supporting militancy in Kashmir.[42] In October 2001, JeM carried out a bombing near the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly, killing 38 people and claiming responsibility for it.[48] In December 2001, JeM and LeT militants launched a fidayeen attack on the Indian Parliament waging a battle with the security personnel.[40] Eight security personnel and a gardener were killed, but the attack was foiled. JeM claimed responsibility for the attack, but removed the announcement a day later under pressure from the ISI.[45] The Indian Government accused the LeT and JeM of being involved in the attack. Subsequently, four JeM members were caught by Indian authorities and put on trial. All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident. One of the accused, Afzal Guru, was sentenced to death.[49]

Security specialist Bruce Riedel comments that even by the standards of modern terrorism, this was an extraordinary attack. If the Prime Minister or a senior party leader of India was killed in the attack, India would have been forced to retaliate militarily.[50] In the event, India called the terror attack an "attack on democracy" and began large-scale troop mobilisation at the India-Pakistan border, launching the largest war games in fifteen years. Pakistan retaliated by launching its own war games, moving troops from the Afghan border to the Indian border. The United States, annoyed with the dilution of the War on Terror as well as the threat of an Indo-Pakistani war, delivered an ultimatum to Musharraf, asking him to make "a clear statement to the world that he intends to crack down on terror". Pushed to a corner, Musharraf announced on 12 January 2002 that no organisation would be allowed to indulge in terrorism in the name of Kashmir. He declared a ban on five extremist groups including the JeM. Hundreds of militants were rounded up, states Ahmed Rashid, giving rise to severe hostility and derision from them. However, by March 2002, all the arrested militants were freed and curbs on them were quietly lifted.[42] Financial and intelligence inputs to JeM were resumed. Masood Azhar was released under a court order.[51]

Bans, revolts and split

Earlier in 2001, when the group anticipated that the US State Department would declare it a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation, it renamed itself Tehrik-ul-Furqan and transferred its assets to low-profile supporters. JeM was declared a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation by the United Nations in October 2001 and by the US in December 2001.[52]

In response to the January 2002 ban by Pakistan, JeM changed its name to Khuddam ul-Islam. Khuddam was also banned in 2003, after which it re-branded itself as a charity called Al-Rehmat Trust through which they are accused of raising funds for their activities.[53][17][54]

By this time, the JeM had split into two groups, due to conflicts among the members. Three JeM commanders, Abdul Jabbar, Maulana Umar Farooq and Abdullah Shah Mazhar, left the group and formed Jamaat ul-Furqan. The remaining group that stayed with Masood Azhar used the name Khuddam ul-Islam.[52]

The rank and file of the JeM were angered by Musharraf's U-turn in joining the War on Terror. By staying loyal to the Pakistani state, Masood Azhar lost majority support in the JeM Supreme Council, who demanded his resignation. Particularly influential among the rebels was Maulana Abdul Jabbar, whose faction led a jihad against what they called the "slave" government of Pakistan and the US influence upon it. They were supported by Al Qaeda, and joined by members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Harkatul Mujahideen.[51]

From March to September 2002, the rebels carried out suicide missions on Pakistani officials in cities like Islamabad, Karachi, Murree, Taxila and Bahawalpur. After the fall of the Taliban government, the JeM activists returning from Afghanistan attacked Christian temples, Shia mosques and diplomatic missions inside Pakistan. The ISI demanded Masood Azhar to rein in the rank-and-file. However he had lost control over them. He maintained that they were already expelled from the organisation and the state should arrest them. In fact, most of the factions remained within the JeM and competed with the parent organisation for authority and resources. Some rebellious factions gathered around Abdul Jabbar who launched Jamaat-ul-Furqan in late 2002. The rebel factions were supported by "rogue" members of the ISI.[55]

In November 2003, the Musharraf government banned the renamed Khuddam ul-Islam as well as Jamaat-ul-Furqan. Then the rebels carried out two assassination attempts on President Musharraf himself, on 14 December and 25 December 2003. There was evidence of Pakistan military members providing logistical support for the attempts. The explosives used in the bombings were traced to an Al Qaeda camp in South Waziristan. Masood Azhar too had publicly called for the assassination of Musharraf.[56]

Eventually, the government cracked down on the rogue elements in the military and intelligence establishments. More than a hundred members were apprehended and dismissed, with some members being sentenced to death. However, the majority of the militant infrastructure was left intact. Azhar's group, which had fallen into relative obscurity by 2004, was allowed to rebuild itself after the problematic portions of the leadership were purged.[57] The rebellious factions eventually realigned themselves with Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (Pakistani Taliban) in 2007.[39]

Revival

Masood Azhar stayed loyal to the Pakistani state after 2004. Pakistan in turn protected his group despite the official bans. The group continued to grow in Bahawalpur.[39] In 2009, it was reported to have built a large 6.5 acre walled complex in Bahawalpur, along with a swimming pool and a stable for a dozen horses, which could be used for training militants.[27] India Today later revealed that the complex has been branded as 'Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah' and that it was 8 km. away from the headquarters of Pakistan Army's 31 Corps.[58] In the centre of the city, the group runs an "imposing" madrassa, attended by hundreds of children every year. In 2008, the organisation held a massive three-day rally in the city, with its own armed security guards posted at all the entrances to the city centre. The police were conspicuous by their absence.[27]

Masood Azhar kept a low profile for several years until he resurfaced in 2014, giving fiery speeches calling for more attacks on India and the United States. He boasted of having 300 suicide attackers at his command and threatened to kill Narendra Modi if he were to become the Prime Minister.[40][59]

Bruce Riedel connects the revival of JeM to the return to office of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, who had long advocated a 'détente' with India. The developing links between him and the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, especially following the latter's visit to Lahore on the Christmas Day in 2015, angered the group.[40]

2016

A week after Narendra Modi's visit, in January 2016, the group launched an attack on the Pathankot air base in which seven security personnel were killed. This was immediately followed by an attack on the Indian consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan.[40] Both India and Pakistan condemned the attack and stayed on course with their peace process. Pakistan has also followed on the leads provided by India and carried out raids on the offices of JeM. It announced the formation of a joint investigation team with India to investigate the attack.[60] It was also announced that Masood Azhar was taken into "protective custody".[61] However, JeM issued a statement denying that anybody had been arrested.[62]

In April 2016, the JeM chief Masood Azhar was said to be free but "within reach, if needed". According to Riaz Hussain Pirzada, the Member of National Assembly from Bahawalpur, the "breeding grounds" still remained and the madrassas were still being financed.[28] According to an official, Nawaz Sharif ordered the Counterterrorism Department to crack down on the organisation but, in a high-level meeting, the army chief General Raheel Sharif pressured the Prime Minister to hand over the crackdown to the Army, after which "no one knows what happened".[54] Dawn reported the Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif as saying that, whenever civilian authorities took action against certain groups, the security establishment worked behind the scenes to set them free. The government however denied the accuracy of the report.[63]

Following the onset of the 2016 Kashmir unrest in Indian Jammu and Kashmir, all the jihadi groups in Pakistan held rallies in major cities like Lahore. The JeM was seen openly raising funds for jihad.[54]

In September 2016, jihadi militants attacked the Indian brigade headquarters in Uri, close to the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir. The attack resulted in the death of 19 soldiers, described as the deadliest attack in over two decades. India suspected JeM for the attack. It also made its feelings felt with heavy rhetoric, the Indian Home Minister calling Pakistan a "terrorist state" and noting that the perpetrators were "highly trained, heavily armed, and specially equipped". Pakistan denied involvement.[64] India then launched a diplomatic offensive, trying to isolate Pakistan in the world community. On 28 September, it declared that it had carried out "surgical strikes" on alleged JeM camps in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. The claim was however denied by Pakistan.[65]

2019

On 14 February 2019, Jaish-e-Mohammed carried out and claimed responsibility [66] for a suicide attack in Lathpora near Awantipora in Pulwama District in Kashmir on a convoy of security forces that killed at least 40 Indian personnel. A bus carrying 39 Central Reserve Police Force personnel was rammed by a car carrying 350 kg of explosives.[67]

On 26 February 2019, 12 Indian Air Force Mirage 2000 jets crossed the Line of Control, and dropped precision-guided bombs on an alleged Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp in Balakot, a town in the Khyber province of Pakistan.[68][69] The Pakistani government denied that any damage was caused by the bombs.[70][71][72] In the process, Pakistan shot down an Indian Aircraft capturing its pilot and releasing him back to the Indian government as a Peace gesture.[73]

On 27 August 2019, two members of a nomadic community were killed by terrorists believed to be members of Jaish-e-Mohammed in the higher reaches of Tral in south Kashmir after they were abducted from their temporary shelter.[74]

2021

After the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan, many JeM cadres were released, the JeM and Taliban have held meetings and the JeM has been assured of all support in carrying out its activities in India.[75] The Hindustan Times reported on Oct 27, 2021 that JeM's leader Masood Azhar met w/ Taliban leaders including Mullah Baradar in Khandar in late August 2021 seeking their help in the Kashmir fight.

Ideology and goals

The declared objective of the JeM is to liberate Kashmir and merge it with Pakistan. However, it projects Kashmir as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its jihad to other parts of India, with an intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent.[76][77]

JeM also aims to drive the United States and Western forces from Afghanistan.[77][78] The JeM leader Masood Azhar is reported to have said in a speech in Karachi:

Marry for jihad, give birth for jihad and earn money only for jihad till the cruelty of America and India ends.[79]

In late 2002, Christians were targeted across Pakistan and the gunmen belonging to JeM were caught for the acts.[80] Some members have attacked members of the Pakistani state and western targets inside Pakistan.[76] The American journalist Daniel Pearl was abducted and murdered by Ahmed Omar Sheikh.[80]

Organisation

Leadership

JeM's founder and leader (emir) is Maulana Masood Azhar, who had earlier been a leader of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Having trained at the same religious seminary (Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Karachi) as the Taliban founder Mullah Omar, he had long-standing connections to Taliban and Al Qaeda.[81] He had fought in Afghanistan and set up Harkat affiliates in Chechnya, Central Asia and Somalia. He was reputed to have taught the Somalis how to shoot down American Black Hawk helicopters.[42] He was regarded as a close associate of Osama bin Laden, when he was sent to Britain for fund raising in the early 1990s.[82] In 1994 Azhar went to Indian-administered Kashmir on a "mission" and got arrested by Indian security forces. Reportedly, Osama bin Laden wanted Azhar freed and ordered Al Qaeda to arrange the hijacking that led to his release. Subsequently, Azhar was lionized in Pakistan and promoted by the ISI as the leader of the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed.[42] Azhar was specially designated as a "global Islamic terrorist" by the US Treasury Department in 2010.[81]

JeM is run by Azhar's family like a family enterprise.[83] Masood Azhar's brother, Abdul Rauf Asghar, is a senior leader of JeM and its intelligence coordinator. He was one of the hijackers of the flight IC 814 and served as the "acting leader" of JeM in Masood Azhar's absence in 2007. Since 2008, he has been involved with organising suicide attacks in India, including the 2016 Pathankot attack, where he was found to have directed the militants via telephone. Abdul Rauf Asghar has also been designated as a "global terrorists" by the US Treasury department.[84][85]

Membership

The launch of JeM in Karachi in 2000 was attended by 10,000 armed followers.[86] The majority of the early membership was drawn from Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[17] Having fought in Afghanistan alongside the Taliban and Al Qaeda, these members carried loyalty to those organisations and enmity towards the United States.[6]

Approximately three-quarters of JeM's membership is drawn from Punjab in Pakistan, from Multan, Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan districts. This region being the main ethnic origin of the Pakistani military corps, ISI believed that the shared ethnicity would make the JeM aligned to the military's strategic goals. There are also a large number of Afghans and Arabs.[45][87] Several western militants of Pakistani origin have also joined the organisation. Prominent among them are Rashid Rauf, who was involved with a 2006 plot to blow up transatlantic airliners, Shehzad Tanweer, who was involved with the 2005 London Underground bombings, and Ahmed Omar Sheikh, convicted of murdering Daniel Pearl.[27]

Following the split in 2002, the majority of the original fighters left the parent organisation and joined renegade groups. When the organisation was revived by 2009, JeM was believed to have between one and two thousand fighters and several thousand supporting personnel.[57] Masood Azhar claimed having 300 suicide attackers at his command.[40]

Infrastructure

JeM originally operated training camps in Afghanistan, jointly with the other militant groups. After the fall of the Taliban government, it relocated them to Balakot and Peshawar in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.[88] By 2009, it developed a new headquarters in Bahawalpur in Pakistani Punjab, 420 miles south of Islamabad. These include a madrassa in the centre of the city and a 6.5 acre walled complex that serves as a training facility, including water training and horse back riding. Bahawalpur also serves as a rest and recuperation facility for jihadists fighting in Afghanistan, away from the areas of US drone attacks. It is also close to the bases of other militant groups with which JeM is believed to have operational ties: Lashkar-e-Taiba in Muridke, Sipah-e-Sahaba in Gojra, and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi also based in Punjab. There are at least 500–1000 other madrassas in Bahawalpur, most of which teach a violent version of Islam to children.[27][89]

Publications

Like other jihadi outfits in the country, JeM distills its ideology through the print media, its publications including the weekly Al-Qalam in Urdu and English, monthly Ayeshatul Binat in Urdu for women and weekly Musalman Bachy for children.[90]

Links to other organisations

When JeM started, it had strong ties to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, sharing their training camps in Afghanistan, and exchanging intelligence, training and coordination.[91] Bruce Riedel suggests that the 2001 Indian Parliament attack was possibly a "payback" to Al-Qaeda for its earlier help in getting Masood Azhar released. With the Indian reaction to the attack, Pakistan was forced to move its forces from the Afghan border to the Indian border, relieving pressure on Al-Qaeda.[92]

Most of the JeM members with loyalties to the Taliban left to join renegade groups in 2002. However, Masood Azhar's group was noticed recruiting fighters for the Afghan jihad in 2008.[81][27] In 2010, Pakistan's Interior minister Rehman Malik stated that the JeM, along with Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, were allied to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.[7][93] Within South Punjab, the JeM is closely allied to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba. Scholars Abou Zahab and Roy state that the three organisations appear to be "the same party" focusing on different sectors of activity.[94]

JeM continues to have links to its ancestor, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. In addition, the group has operational ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba, which it employed in launching the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.[40] It joined the ISI-sponsored United Jihad Council, an umbrella organisation of 13–16 militant organisations that fight in Indian-administered Kashmir.[95]

Khuddam ul-Islam is a militant splinter group of the Jaish-e-Mohammed. It is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000[32] and said to be politically aligned with Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman's faction of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam.[96] Some sources believe that Khuddam ul-Islam is simply a restructuring of JeM and that the group is under the command of Mufti Abdul Rauf Asghar, the younger brother of JeM's founder, Maulana Masood Azhar.[97][98]

Notable attacks

  • The group, in co-ordination with Lashkar-e-Taiba, has been implicated in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in New Delhi.[17][40]
  • It has been suspected in the murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl in Karachi.[2][27]
  • Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot was a failed plot of this militant group to kidnap a prominent Indian political personality in lieu of 42 militant imprisoned in India. Several newspapers reported that the political personality was Rahul Gandhi, scion of the India's Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty.[99][100] The three Pakistani nationals were arrested namely Mohammed Abid alias Fateh from Lahore, Yusuf alias Faisal of Multan and Mirza Rashid Beg alias Raja Kajafi of Sialkot.[101][102][103]
  • An informant, posing as a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed, helped police to arrest four people allegedly plotting to bomb a New York City synagogue as well as to shoot Stinger missiles at military aircraft in the United States. The arrest of the four took place in May 2009. One of the four, by the name of James Cromitie, allegedly expressed the desire to join Jaish-e-Mohammed. This expression allegedly took place approximately a year prior to this arrest.[104][105][106]
  • In January 2016, members of the group were suspected of carrying out the Pathankot attack.[107][108]
  • In September 2016, the group was accused of carrying out an attack over an army camp at Uri, Kashmir.[109]
  • On 14 February 2019, a suicide bomber of the group, Adil Ahmad Dar, carried out a suicide bombing attack on a convoy of security vehicles near Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir and killed at least 40 CRPF personnel.[67]

See also

References

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  4. ^ John Pike (25 July 2002). . Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
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General bibliography

  • Abou Zahab, Mariam; Roy, Olivier (2004) [First published in French in 2002], Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection, translated by King, John, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85065-704-0
  • Bowen, Innes (2014), Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam, Hurst, ISBN 978-1-84904-529-2
  • Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Aden, Huda; Frost, Adam; Jones, Benjamin (6 February 2004), "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF), CRS Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43, retrieved 2 December 2012
  • Fair, C. Christine (2014), Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-989271-6
  • Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031, doi:10.1080/10576100701670862, ISSN 1057-610X, S2CID 71331428
  • Gunaratna, Rohan; Kam, Stefanie (2016), Handbook of Terrorism in the Asia–Pacific, World Scientific, ISBN 978-1-78326-997-6
  • Honawar, Rohit (November 2005), Jaish-e-Mohammed (PDF), New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, retrieved 11 October 2016
  • Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015), The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-023518-5
  • Majidyar, Ahmad (June 2010), Could the Taliban Take Over Pakistan's Punjab Province? (PDF), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, retrieved 16 October 2016
  • Moj, Muhammad (2015), The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-78308-389-3
  • Moore, John (2001). "The Evolution of Islamic Terrorism: An Overview". Frontline: Target America. PBS Online and WGBH/Frontline. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  • Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838, S2CID 108668097
  • Rashid, Ahmed (2012), Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Books Limited, ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6
  • Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-2274-8
  • "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) Factsheet". United States Department of State. 11 October 2005.

January 25, 2023
jaish, mohammed, confused, with, jeish, muhammad, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, urdu, جيش, محمد, literally, army, muhammad, abbreviated, pakistan, based, deobandi, jihadist, militant, group, active, kashmir, which, widely, considered, terrorist. Not to be confused with Jeish Muhammad JeM redirects here For other uses see Jem disambiguation Jaish e Mohammed Urdu جيش محمد literally The Army of Muhammad abbreviated as JeM is a Pakistan based 14 Deobandi 15 Jihadist 15 5 16 militant group active in Kashmir which is widely considered as a terrorist group 17 The group s primary motive is to separate Kashmir from India and merge it into Pakistan Jaish e Mohammedجيش محمد The flag of Jaish e MohammedLeaderMaulana Masood AzharSupreme CommanderAbdul Rauf AzharDates of operation2000 presentGroup s Lashkar e Mustafa Active In Kashmir 1 HeadquartersBahawalpur PakistanIdeologyDeobandi Islamism 2 Jihadism 3 Islamic fundamentalism 2 Notable attacks2019 Pulwama attackPart ofUnited Jihad Council Operation Tupac 4 AlliesState alliesPakistan Afghanistan 3 5 Non State allies Al Qaeda 6 7 Lashkar e Taiba Harkat ul Mujahideen Harkat ul Jihad al Islami Al Badr Hizbul Mujahideen Ansar Ghazwat ul Hind Lashkar e Jhangvi 8 Al Rashid Trust 8 Indian Mujahideen 9 People s Anti Fascist Front 10 OpponentsState opponentsIndiaBattles and warsinsurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 2019 India Pakistan border skirmishesDesignated as a terrorist group byAustraliaCanada 11 IndiaPakistanRussiaUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesUN 12 BRICS 13 Since its inception in 2000 the group has carried out several attacks in the state of Jammu and Kashmir It portrays Kashmir as a gateway to the entire India whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation After liberating Kashmir it aims to carry its Jihad to other parts of India with an intent to drive Hindus and other non Muslims from the Indian subcontinent It has carried out several attacks primarily in the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir 2 18 It also maintained close relations with the Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan and continues to be allied with these groups 19 6 7 JeM was apparently created with the support of Pakistan s Inter Services Intelligence ISI 3 20 21 which uses it to fight in Kashmir and other places and continues to provide it backing 22 23 The JeM has been banned in Pakistan since 2002 but resurfaced under other names 24 25 26 Its apparent variants openly continue to operate several facilities in the country 27 28 According to B Raman Jaish e Mohammed is viewed as the deadliest and the principal Islamic terrorist organisation in Jammu and Kashmir 17 29 The group was responsible for several terror attacks the 2001 attack on Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly the 2001 Indian Parliament attack the 2016 Pathankot airbase attack the 2016 attack on the Indian Mission in Mazar i Sharif the 2016 Uri attack and the 2019 Pulwama attack each of which has had strategic consequences for India Pakistan relations 30 The group has been designated as a terrorist organisation by Pakistan Russia Australia Canada 11 India New Zealand the United Arab Emirates the European Union 31 the United Kingdom 32 the United States and the United Nations 33 In 2016 Jaish was suspected of being responsible for an attack on the Pathankot airbase in India The Indian government citation needed and some other sources accused Pakistan of assisting Jaish in conducting the attack 22 23 Pakistan denied assisting Jaish and arrested several members of Jaish in connection with the attack 34 who were then released by the security establishment according to a report in Dawn 35 Pakistan called the report an amalgamation of fiction and fabrication 36 In February 2019 the group took responsibility for a suicide bombing attack on a security convoy in the Pulwama district that killed 40 security personnel named as one of the largest attacks in recent years 37 38 Contents 1 Origins 2 History 2 1 2000 2001 2 2 Bans revolts and split 2 3 Revival 2 4 2016 2 5 2019 2 6 2021 3 Ideology and goals 4 Organisation 4 1 Leadership 4 2 Membership 4 3 Infrastructure 4 4 Publications 4 5 Links to other organisations 5 Notable attacks 6 See also 7 References 8 General bibliographyOrigins EditPakistan s Inter Services Intelligence ISI is said to have created Jaish e Mohammed by working with several Deobandi Islamic jihadis associated with Harkat ul Mujahideen 39 40 41 By the late 1990s states Ahmed Rashid the Pakistani military justified jihad in Kashmir as a legitimate part of its foreign policy Harkat had been set up in mid 1990s with ISI support to carry out spectacular acts of terrorism The United States declared it an Islamic jihadist group in 1998 and bombed its training camps in Afghanistan 42 In December 1999 Harkat Islamic jihadis hijacked the Indian Airlines Flight 814 scheduled to fly from Kathmandu to Delhi and diverted it to Kandahar where they were looked after by the Afghan Taliban and the Pakistani officials stationed at the airport After they slit the throat of a passenger the Indian government agreed to their demands and released Maulana Masood Azhar Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar three Harkat operatives previously imprisoned in India 43 The released prisoners were escorted to Pakistan by the ISI 39 and Masood Azhar was chosen to head the new group Jaish e Mohammed The ISI is said to have paraded him on a victory tour through Pakistan to raise money for the new organisation 44 Some analysts argue that ISI built up the JeM to counter the growing power of Lashkar e Taiba LeT 45 Many analysts believed that around 1999 Pakistan s Inter Services Intelligence ISI used JeM to fight in Kashmir and other places and continues to provide it backing 43 46 39 Although the JeM has been officially banned in Pakistan since 2002 it continues to openly operate several facilities in the country 27 Azhar s leadership is said to be nominal The group has a largely decentralised structure JeM s membership drawn from the former members of Harkat ul Mujahideen was allied to the Taliban in Afghanistan and Al Qaeda The members had shared the Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and carried loyalty to Al Qaeda 6 17 47 A majority of the members of Harkat are said to have followed Azhar into the newly founded group leaving Harkat under funded and under supported 17 29 History Edit2000 2001 Edit On 20 April 2000 JeM carried out the first suicide bombing in Kashmir exploding a bomb in an Indian army barracks Five Indian soldiers were killed 42 Following the September 11 attacks in the United States the Musharraf government joined the United States in the War on Terror assuming that the move would give it a free hand in supporting militancy in Kashmir 42 In October 2001 JeM carried out a bombing near the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly killing 38 people and claiming responsibility for it 48 In December 2001 JeM and LeT militants launched a fidayeen attack on the Indian Parliament waging a battle with the security personnel 40 Eight security personnel and a gardener were killed but the attack was foiled JeM claimed responsibility for the attack but removed the announcement a day later under pressure from the ISI 45 The Indian Government accused the LeT and JeM of being involved in the attack Subsequently four JeM members were caught by Indian authorities and put on trial All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident One of the accused Afzal Guru was sentenced to death 49 Security specialist Bruce Riedel comments that even by the standards of modern terrorism this was an extraordinary attack If the Prime Minister or a senior party leader of India was killed in the attack India would have been forced to retaliate militarily 50 In the event India called the terror attack an attack on democracy and began large scale troop mobilisation at the India Pakistan border launching the largest war games in fifteen years Pakistan retaliated by launching its own war games moving troops from the Afghan border to the Indian border The United States annoyed with the dilution of the War on Terror as well as the threat of an Indo Pakistani war delivered an ultimatum to Musharraf asking him to make a clear statement to the world that he intends to crack down on terror Pushed to a corner Musharraf announced on 12 January 2002 that no organisation would be allowed to indulge in terrorism in the name of Kashmir He declared a ban on five extremist groups including the JeM Hundreds of militants were rounded up states Ahmed Rashid giving rise to severe hostility and derision from them However by March 2002 all the arrested militants were freed and curbs on them were quietly lifted 42 Financial and intelligence inputs to JeM were resumed Masood Azhar was released under a court order 51 Bans revolts and split Edit Earlier in 2001 when the group anticipated that the US State Department would declare it a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation it renamed itself Tehrik ul Furqan and transferred its assets to low profile supporters JeM was declared a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation by the United Nations in October 2001 and by the US in December 2001 52 In response to the January 2002 ban by Pakistan JeM changed its name to Khuddam ul Islam Khuddam was also banned in 2003 after which it re branded itself as a charity called Al Rehmat Trust through which they are accused of raising funds for their activities 53 17 54 By this time the JeM had split into two groups due to conflicts among the members Three JeM commanders Abdul Jabbar Maulana Umar Farooq and Abdullah Shah Mazhar left the group and formed Jamaat ul Furqan The remaining group that stayed with Masood Azhar used the name Khuddam ul Islam 52 The rank and file of the JeM were angered by Musharraf s U turn in joining the War on Terror By staying loyal to the Pakistani state Masood Azhar lost majority support in the JeM Supreme Council who demanded his resignation Particularly influential among the rebels was Maulana Abdul Jabbar whose faction led a jihad against what they called the slave government of Pakistan and the US influence upon it They were supported by Al Qaeda and joined by members of Lashkar e Taiba Lashkar e Jhangvi and Harkatul Mujahideen 51 From March to September 2002 the rebels carried out suicide missions on Pakistani officials in cities like Islamabad Karachi Murree Taxila and Bahawalpur After the fall of the Taliban government the JeM activists returning from Afghanistan attacked Christian temples Shia mosques and diplomatic missions inside Pakistan The ISI demanded Masood Azhar to rein in the rank and file However he had lost control over them He maintained that they were already expelled from the organisation and the state should arrest them In fact most of the factions remained within the JeM and competed with the parent organisation for authority and resources Some rebellious factions gathered around Abdul Jabbar who launched Jamaat ul Furqan in late 2002 The rebel factions were supported by rogue members of the ISI 55 In November 2003 the Musharraf government banned the renamed Khuddam ul Islam as well as Jamaat ul Furqan Then the rebels carried out two assassination attempts on President Musharraf himself on 14 December and 25 December 2003 There was evidence of Pakistan military members providing logistical support for the attempts The explosives used in the bombings were traced to an Al Qaeda camp in South Waziristan Masood Azhar too had publicly called for the assassination of Musharraf 56 Eventually the government cracked down on the rogue elements in the military and intelligence establishments More than a hundred members were apprehended and dismissed with some members being sentenced to death However the majority of the militant infrastructure was left intact Azhar s group which had fallen into relative obscurity by 2004 was allowed to rebuild itself after the problematic portions of the leadership were purged 57 The rebellious factions eventually realigned themselves with Tehrik i Taliban Pakistan Pakistani Taliban in 2007 39 Revival Edit Masood Azhar stayed loyal to the Pakistani state after 2004 Pakistan in turn protected his group despite the official bans The group continued to grow in Bahawalpur 39 In 2009 it was reported to have built a large 6 5 acre walled complex in Bahawalpur along with a swimming pool and a stable for a dozen horses which could be used for training militants 27 India Today later revealed that the complex has been branded as Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah and that it was 8 km away from the headquarters of Pakistan Army s 31 Corps 58 In the centre of the city the group runs an imposing madrassa attended by hundreds of children every year In 2008 the organisation held a massive three day rally in the city with its own armed security guards posted at all the entrances to the city centre The police were conspicuous by their absence 27 Masood Azhar kept a low profile for several years until he resurfaced in 2014 giving fiery speeches calling for more attacks on India and the United States He boasted of having 300 suicide attackers at his command and threatened to kill Narendra Modi if he were to become the Prime Minister 40 59 Bruce Riedel connects the revival of JeM to the return to office of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who had long advocated a detente with India The developing links between him and the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi especially following the latter s visit to Lahore on the Christmas Day in 2015 angered the group 40 2016 Edit A week after Narendra Modi s visit in January 2016 the group launched an attack on the Pathankot air base in which seven security personnel were killed This was immediately followed by an attack on the Indian consulate in Mazar i Sharif in Afghanistan 40 Both India and Pakistan condemned the attack and stayed on course with their peace process Pakistan has also followed on the leads provided by India and carried out raids on the offices of JeM It announced the formation of a joint investigation team with India to investigate the attack 60 It was also announced that Masood Azhar was taken into protective custody 61 However JeM issued a statement denying that anybody had been arrested 62 In April 2016 the JeM chief Masood Azhar was said to be free but within reach if needed According to Riaz Hussain Pirzada the Member of National Assembly from Bahawalpur the breeding grounds still remained and the madrassas were still being financed 28 According to an official Nawaz Sharif ordered the Counterterrorism Department to crack down on the organisation but in a high level meeting the army chief General Raheel Sharif pressured the Prime Minister to hand over the crackdown to the Army after which no one knows what happened 54 Dawn reported the Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif as saying that whenever civilian authorities took action against certain groups the security establishment worked behind the scenes to set them free The government however denied the accuracy of the report 63 Following the onset of the 2016 Kashmir unrest in Indian Jammu and Kashmir all the jihadi groups in Pakistan held rallies in major cities like Lahore The JeM was seen openly raising funds for jihad 54 In September 2016 jihadi militants attacked the Indian brigade headquarters in Uri close to the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir The attack resulted in the death of 19 soldiers described as the deadliest attack in over two decades India suspected JeM for the attack It also made its feelings felt with heavy rhetoric the Indian Home Minister calling Pakistan a terrorist state and noting that the perpetrators were highly trained heavily armed and specially equipped Pakistan denied involvement 64 India then launched a diplomatic offensive trying to isolate Pakistan in the world community On 28 September it declared that it had carried out surgical strikes on alleged JeM camps in Pakistani administered Kashmir The claim was however denied by Pakistan 65 2019 Edit On 14 February 2019 Jaish e Mohammed carried out and claimed responsibility 66 for a suicide attack in Lathpora near Awantipora in Pulwama District in Kashmir on a convoy of security forces that killed at least 40 Indian personnel A bus carrying 39 Central Reserve Police Force personnel was rammed by a car carrying 350 kg of explosives 67 On 26 February 2019 12 Indian Air Force Mirage 2000 jets crossed the Line of Control and dropped precision guided bombs on an alleged Jaish e Mohammed training camp in Balakot a town in the Khyber province of Pakistan 68 69 The Pakistani government denied that any damage was caused by the bombs 70 71 72 In the process Pakistan shot down an Indian Aircraft capturing its pilot and releasing him back to the Indian government as a Peace gesture 73 On 27 August 2019 two members of a nomadic community were killed by terrorists believed to be members of Jaish e Mohammed in the higher reaches of Tral in south Kashmir after they were abducted from their temporary shelter 74 2021 Edit After the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan many JeM cadres were released the JeM and Taliban have held meetings and the JeM has been assured of all support in carrying out its activities in India 75 The Hindustan Times reported on Oct 27 2021 that JeM s leader Masood Azhar met w Taliban leaders including Mullah Baradar in Khandar in late August 2021 seeking their help in the Kashmir fight Ideology and goals EditThe declared objective of the JeM is to liberate Kashmir and merge it with Pakistan However it projects Kashmir as a gateway to the entire India whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation After liberating Kashmir it aims to carry its jihad to other parts of India with an intent to drive Hindus and other non Muslims from the Indian subcontinent 76 77 JeM also aims to drive the United States and Western forces from Afghanistan 77 78 The JeM leader Masood Azhar is reported to have said in a speech in Karachi Marry for jihad give birth for jihad and earn money only for jihad till the cruelty of America and India ends 79 In late 2002 Christians were targeted across Pakistan and the gunmen belonging to JeM were caught for the acts 80 Some members have attacked members of the Pakistani state and western targets inside Pakistan 76 The American journalist Daniel Pearl was abducted and murdered by Ahmed Omar Sheikh 80 Organisation EditLeadership Edit JeM s founder and leader emir is Maulana Masood Azhar who had earlier been a leader of Harkat ul Mujahideen Having trained at the same religious seminary Jamia Uloom ul Islamia in Karachi as the Taliban founder Mullah Omar he had long standing connections to Taliban and Al Qaeda 81 He had fought in Afghanistan and set up Harkat affiliates in Chechnya Central Asia and Somalia He was reputed to have taught the Somalis how to shoot down American Black Hawk helicopters 42 He was regarded as a close associate of Osama bin Laden when he was sent to Britain for fund raising in the early 1990s 82 In 1994 Azhar went to Indian administered Kashmir on a mission and got arrested by Indian security forces Reportedly Osama bin Laden wanted Azhar freed and ordered Al Qaeda to arrange the hijacking that led to his release Subsequently Azhar was lionized in Pakistan and promoted by the ISI as the leader of the new group Jaish e Mohammed 42 Azhar was specially designated as a global Islamic terrorist by the US Treasury Department in 2010 81 JeM is run by Azhar s family like a family enterprise 83 Masood Azhar s brother Abdul Rauf Asghar is a senior leader of JeM and its intelligence coordinator He was one of the hijackers of the flight IC 814 and served as the acting leader of JeM in Masood Azhar s absence in 2007 Since 2008 he has been involved with organising suicide attacks in India including the 2016 Pathankot attack where he was found to have directed the militants via telephone Abdul Rauf Asghar has also been designated as a global terrorists by the US Treasury department 84 85 Membership Edit The launch of JeM in Karachi in 2000 was attended by 10 000 armed followers 86 The majority of the early membership was drawn from Harkat ul Mujahideen 17 Having fought in Afghanistan alongside the Taliban and Al Qaeda these members carried loyalty to those organisations and enmity towards the United States 6 Approximately three quarters of JeM s membership is drawn from Punjab in Pakistan from Multan Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan districts This region being the main ethnic origin of the Pakistani military corps ISI believed that the shared ethnicity would make the JeM aligned to the military s strategic goals There are also a large number of Afghans and Arabs 45 87 Several western militants of Pakistani origin have also joined the organisation Prominent among them are Rashid Rauf who was involved with a 2006 plot to blow up transatlantic airliners Shehzad Tanweer who was involved with the 2005 London Underground bombings and Ahmed Omar Sheikh convicted of murdering Daniel Pearl 27 Following the split in 2002 the majority of the original fighters left the parent organisation and joined renegade groups When the organisation was revived by 2009 JeM was believed to have between one and two thousand fighters and several thousand supporting personnel 57 Masood Azhar claimed having 300 suicide attackers at his command 40 Infrastructure Edit JeM originally operated training camps in Afghanistan jointly with the other militant groups After the fall of the Taliban government it relocated them to Balakot and Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Muzaffarabad in Pakistan administered Kashmir 88 By 2009 it developed a new headquarters in Bahawalpur in Pakistani Punjab 420 miles south of Islamabad These include a madrassa in the centre of the city and a 6 5 acre walled complex that serves as a training facility including water training and horse back riding Bahawalpur also serves as a rest and recuperation facility for jihadists fighting in Afghanistan away from the areas of US drone attacks It is also close to the bases of other militant groups with which JeM is believed to have operational ties Lashkar e Taiba in Muridke Sipah e Sahaba in Gojra and Lashkar e Jhangvi also based in Punjab There are at least 500 1000 other madrassas in Bahawalpur most of which teach a violent version of Islam to children 27 89 Publications Edit Like other jihadi outfits in the country JeM distills its ideology through the print media its publications including the weekly Al Qalam in Urdu and English monthly Ayeshatul Binat in Urdu for women and weekly Musalman Bachy for children 90 Links to other organisations Edit When JeM started it had strong ties to the Taliban and Al Qaeda sharing their training camps in Afghanistan and exchanging intelligence training and coordination 91 Bruce Riedel suggests that the 2001 Indian Parliament attack was possibly a payback to Al Qaeda for its earlier help in getting Masood Azhar released With the Indian reaction to the attack Pakistan was forced to move its forces from the Afghan border to the Indian border relieving pressure on Al Qaeda 92 Most of the JeM members with loyalties to the Taliban left to join renegade groups in 2002 However Masood Azhar s group was noticed recruiting fighters for the Afghan jihad in 2008 81 27 In 2010 Pakistan s Interior minister Rehman Malik stated that the JeM along with Lashkar e Jhangvi and Sipah e Sahaba Pakistan were allied to the Taliban and Al Qaeda 7 93 Within South Punjab the JeM is closely allied to Lashkar e Jhangvi and Sipah e Sahaba Scholars Abou Zahab and Roy state that the three organisations appear to be the same party focusing on different sectors of activity 94 JeM continues to have links to its ancestor Harkat ul Mujahideen In addition the group has operational ties to Lashkar e Taiba which it employed in launching the 2001 Indian Parliament attack 40 It joined the ISI sponsored United Jihad Council an umbrella organisation of 13 16 militant organisations that fight in Indian administered Kashmir 95 Khuddam ul Islam is a militant splinter group of the Jaish e Mohammed It is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000 32 and said to be politically aligned with Maulana Fazal ur Rehman s faction of Jamiat Ulema e Islam 96 Some sources believe that Khuddam ul Islam is simply a restructuring of JeM and that the group is under the command of Mufti Abdul Rauf Asghar the younger brother of JeM s founder Maulana Masood Azhar 97 98 Notable attacks EditThe group in co ordination with Lashkar e Taiba has been implicated in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in New Delhi 17 40 It has been suspected in the murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl in Karachi 2 27 Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot was a failed plot of this militant group to kidnap a prominent Indian political personality in lieu of 42 militant imprisoned in India Several newspapers reported that the political personality was Rahul Gandhi scion of the India s Nehru Gandhi political dynasty 99 100 The three Pakistani nationals were arrested namely Mohammed Abid alias Fateh from Lahore Yusuf alias Faisal of Multan and Mirza Rashid Beg alias Raja Kajafi of Sialkot 101 102 103 An informant posing as a member of Jaish e Mohammed helped police to arrest four people allegedly plotting to bomb a New York City synagogue as well as to shoot Stinger missiles at military aircraft in the United States The arrest of the four took place in May 2009 One of the four by the name of James Cromitie allegedly expressed the desire to join Jaish e Mohammed This expression allegedly took place approximately a year prior to this arrest 104 105 106 In January 2016 members of the group were suspected of carrying out the Pathankot attack 107 108 In September 2016 the group was accused of carrying out an attack over an army camp at Uri Kashmir 109 On 14 February 2019 a suicide bomber of the group Adil Ahmad Dar carried out a suicide bombing attack on a convoy of security vehicles near Pulwama Jammu amp Kashmir and killed at least 40 CRPF personnel 67 See also EditList of Deobandi organisations 2009 detention of Americans by Pakistan Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Abdul Rauf Asghar Khuddam ul IslamReferences Edit Kashmir Tigers Another militant outfit emerges fourth in two years 23 January 2021 a b c d Jaish e Mohammad A profile BBC News 6 February 2002 Retrieved 2 December 2009 a b c Moj Deoband Madrassah Movement 2015 p 98 Deobandis like Masood Azhar a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish e Muhammad JeM in 2000 reportedly at the behest of Pakistan s military establishment John Pike 25 July 2002 Directorate for Inter Services Intelligence Federation of American Scientists Archived from the original on 15 May 2008 a b Jaffrelot The Pakistan Paradox 2015 p 520 as soon as he was freed Masood Azhar was back in Pakistan where he founded a new jihadist movement Jaish e Mohammed which became one of the jihadist groups the ISI used in Kashmir and elsewhere a b c d Popovic The Perils of Weak Organization 2015 pp 921 925 926 a b c Riedel Deadly Embrace 2012 The answer is JeM s friend and ally Osama bin Laden s al Qaeda p 69 Or as Pakistan s interior minister Rehman Malik has put it They Lashkar e Janghvi the Sipah e Sohaba Pakistan and Jaish e Mohammad are allies of the Taliban and al Qaeda and do indeed pursue many of the same goals p 100 a b Pakistan Mapping Militants Stanford University Indian Mujahideen Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism People s Anti Fascist Front PAFF Jammu amp Kashmir Tracking Terrorism a b Currently listed entities Public Safety Canada Government of Canada 21 December 2018 Archived from the original on 28 July 2021 Retrieved 13 August 2021 Freedman Benjamin May 2010 Officially Blacklisted Extremist Terrorist Support Organizations a Comparison of Lists from six Countries and two International Organizations PDF Perspectives on Terrorism 4 2 46 52 JSTOR 26298448 BRICS declaration names Pakistan based terror groups in diplomatic victory for India Mint com 4 September 2017 Cronin et al Foreign Terrorist Organizations FTOs 2004 p 40 The JEM is a Pakistan based militant Islamic group founded by Maulana Masood Azhar in March 2000 a b Moj Deoband Madrassah Movement 2015 p 98 Deobandis like Masood Azhar a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish e Muhammad JeM in 2000 reportedly at the behest of Pakistan s military establishment Bhattacharjee Yudhijit 19 March 2020 The Terrorist Who Got Away The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 20 May 2021 a b c d e f g Cronin et al Foreign Terrorist Organizations FTOs 2004 pp 40 43 Attack May Spoil Kashmir Summit SpaceWar com Retrieved 20 May 2015 Moj Deoband Madrassah Movement 2015 p 98 In addition to guerilla activities in Kashmir JeM kept close ties with the Taliban as well as al Qaeda in Afghanistan Rashid Descent into Chaos 2012 Glossary Jaish e Mohammed militant group formed in 2000 by the ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar Riedel Deadly Embrace 2012 p 69 the ISI supported if not created Jaish e Muhammad JeM terror organization a b C Christine Fair 12 January 2016 Bringing back the Dead Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase Huffington Post This interpretation of the attack as peace spoiler misses the strategic element of the ISI s revival of Jaish e Mohammad a b Bruce Riedel 5 January 2016 Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base The Daily Beast His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI Riedel Deadly Embrace 2012 p 70 But the ban was only a formality neither organization LeT and JeM was seriously disrupted or dismantled Hardly touched by the crackdown LeT was spared the most Majidyar Could Taliban take over Punjab 2010 p 3 Pakistani jails have revolving doors and even high profile detainees like JeM leader Maulana Masood Azhar and LeT chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed were soon free men Banned organizations resurfaced under new names or as charities Gregory The ISI and the War on Terrororism 2007 pp 1022 1023harvp error no target CITEREFGregory The ISI and the War on Terrororism2007 help However most of those arrested were subsequently released without any charges and the separatist Islamic Jihadis groups such as the ISI creations Lashkar e Toiba and Jaish e Mohammed have been permitted to re form some of them under different names a b c d e f g h Shah Saeed 13 September 2009 Terror group builds big base under Pakistani officials noses McClatchy newspapers Retrieved 2 October 2016 a b JeM s Azhar lives freely in Pakistan govt never detained him Report Hindustan Times 26 April 2016 a b Raman B 2001 Jaish e Mohammed JeM A Backgrounder South Asia Analysis Group Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 Praveen Swami How significant is Jaish e Muhammad in Kashmir today The Indian Express 10 November 2017 Parliament of Australia Jaish e Mohammed JeM PDF Parliament of Australia Archived PDF from the original on 25 July 2022 Retrieved 25 July 2022 a b Terrorism Act 2000 Schedule 2 Act No 11 of 2000 Sanctions List Materials United Nations Security Council www un org Pakistan arrests Jaish members in connection with India air base attack Dawn 13 January 2016 Cyril Almeida 6 October 2016 Exclusive Act against militants or face international isolation civilians tell military Dawn retrieved 6 October 2016 Pakistan Cyril Almeida of Dawn on Exit Control List Al Jazeera 11 October 2016 Retrieved 16 July 2021 India will completely isolate Pakistan BBC News 15 February 2019 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Gurung Shaurya Karanbir 20 February 2019 What happened at Pulwama and history of terror attacks on convoys The Economic Times India Retrieved 16 July 2021 a b c d e C Christine Fair Bringing back the Dead Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase Huffington Post 12 January 2016 a b c d e f g h Bruce Riedel 5 January 2016 Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base The Daily Beast Retrieved 7 October 2016 Rashid Descent into Chaos 2012 formed in 2000 by ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar a b c d e f Rashid Descent into Chaos 2012 Chapter 6 a b Jaffrelot The Pakistan Paradox 2015 p 520 Barzilai Yaniv 2014 102 Days of War How Osama bin Laden al Qaeda amp the Taliban Survived 2001 Potomac Books Inc p 97 ISBN 978 1 61234 533 8 a b c Popovic The Perils of Weak Organization 2015 p 926 Moj Deoband Madrassah Movement 2015 p 98 Sanskar Shrivastava 10 March 2011 JeM top commander killed in encounter in Kashmir World Reporter Militants attack Kashmir assembly BBC News 1 October 2001 4 convicted in attack Usurped The Hindu 17 December 2002 Retrieved 8 September 2011 Riedel Deadly Embrace 2012 p 69 a b Popovic The Perils of Weak Organization 2015 p 927 a b Gunaratna amp Kam Handbook of Terrorism 2016 p 230 How Jaish e Mohammed funds terror acts Here s a look at its source of income a b c Umer Ali 18 August 2016 Pakistan The Rebirth of Jihad The Diplomat retrieved 2 October 2016 Popovic The Perils of Weak Organization 2015 pp 927 928 Popovic The Perils of Weak Organization 2015 pp 928 a b Popovic The Perils of Weak Organization 2015 p 929 JeM chief gets Osama style protection India Today zeroes in on Jaish den in Pakistan India Today 16 February 2019 Michael Kugelman 1 May 2014 Five Pakistani Militants we should be Paying More Attention to War on the Rocks retrieved 7 October 2016 Sumit Kumar 12 January 2016 The Pathankot Airbase Attack and the Future of India Pakistan Relations The Diplomat retrieved 7 October 2016 Ankit Panda 29 March 2016 Post Pathankot Attack Pakistani Investigative Team Arrives in India The Diplomat retrieved 7 October 2016 Praveen Swami 15 January 2016 No one arrested we are still in business says Jaish e Mohammad The Indian Express Retrieved 7 October 2016 Cyril Almeida 7 October 2016 Exclusive Act against militants or face international isolation civilians tell military Dawn retrieved 6 October 2016 Ankit Panda 19 September 2016 Gurdaspur Pathankot and Now Uri What Are India s Options The Diplomat Retrieved 7 October 2016 Ankit Panda 29 September 2016 Indian Forces Cross Line of Control to Carry Out Surgical Strikes First Takeaways The Diplomat Retrieved 7 October 2016 Kashmir Pulwama Terror Attack LIVE News Updates Indian Express Retrieved 18 February 2019 a b Jaish terrorists attack CRPF convoy in Kashmir kill at least 40 personnel The Times of India 14 February 2019 Highlights France Strongly Supports India s Fight Against Cross Border Terrorism NDTV com Retrieved 20 May 2021 Get ready for our surprise Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes The Guardian 27 February 2019 Retrieved 20 May 2021 Abhinandan Captured Indian pilot handed back by Pakistan BBC News 1 March 2019 Retrieved 20 May 2021 Pakistan returns Indian pilot shot down over Kashmir in peace gesture The Guardian 1 March 2019 Retrieved 20 May 2021 https www theguardian com world 2019 mar 01 pakistan hands back indian pilot shot down over kashmir in peace gesture https amp cnn com cnn india live news india pakistan kashmir dle intl index html Two nomads abducted killed in suspected militant attack in Kashmir s Tral Police Hindustan Times 28 August 2019 JeM planning attacks in India say reports The Hindu New Delhi 26 August 2021 Retrieved 27 August 2021 a b Gunaratna amp Kam Handbook of Terrorism 2016 p 229 a b Jaish e Mohammed Mapping Militant Organizations Stanford University Retrieved 7 October 2016 Jaish e Mohammed Counter Terrorism Guide United States National Counter Terrorism Center Retrieved 7 October 2016 Quoted in Rashid Descent into Chaos 2012 Chapter 6 See also Innes Inside British Islam 2014 Chapter 1 a b Rashid Descent into Chaos 2012 Chapter 8 a b c Bill Roggio 16 January 2016 Pakistan again puts Jaish e Mohammed leader under protective custody The Long War Journal In 2008 JEM recruitment posters in Pakistan contained a call from Azhar for volunteers to join the fight in Afghanistan against Western forces according to the US Treasury s 2010 designation of the group s emir Innes Inside British Islam 2014 India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list The Hindu 4 March 2019 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Bill Roggio 2 December 2010 US designates Pakistan based leaders of Lashkar e Jhangvi Jaish e Mohammed as terrorists The Long War Journal Retrieved 7 October 2016 India giving final touches to its UNSC proposal on Masood Azhar The Hindu 1 October 2016 Innes Inside British Islam 2014 Chapter 1 Honawar Jaish e Mohammed 2005 p 2 Honawar Jaish e Mohammed 2005 p 3 Praveen Swami 3 January 2016 Behind terror attack a reborn jihad empire The Indian Express Muhammad Amir Rana Jihadi Print Media in Pakistan An Overview in Conflict and Peace Studies vol 1 no 1 Oct Dec 2008 p 3 Popovic The Perils of Weak Organization 2015 p 925 Riedel Deadly Embrace 2012 p 70 Jane Perlez 2 June 2010 Official Admits Militancy s Deep Roots in Pakistan The New York Times retrieved 22 October 2016 Abou Zahab amp Roy Islamist Networks 2004 p 30 Snedden Christopher 2013 first published as The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir 2012 Kashmir The Unwritten History HarperCollins India p 198 ISBN 978 9350298985 Jaish e Mohammed JEM Army of MohammedTehrik ul Furqaan Khuddam ul Islam Overseas Security Advisory Council Archived from the original on 5 August 2007 Retrieved 13 January 2009 Subramanian Nirupama 18 December 2008 Restrictions put on Masood Azhar The Hindu Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 Retrieved 13 January 2009 JeM chief Masood Azhar under house arrest Times of India 9 December 2008 Police foil Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot Reuters 16 November 2007 Plot to kidnap Rahul foiled Times of India 17 November 2007 Retrieved 26 October 2018 JeM plot to abduct Rahul Gandhi foiled Hindustan Times 16 November 2007 Indian police foil plot to kidnap Rahul Gandhi gulfnews com Plot to abduct Rahul Gandhi foiled India News The Times of India Kelly 4 arrested in terror plot wanted to commit jihad Newsday Archived 23 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Synagogue targeted in NY plot four charged Reuters 21 May 2009 US men charged over synagogue plot Al Jazeera Retrieved 20 May 2015 Pathankot attack First terrorist was killed while he was climbing 10 ft high wall The Indian Express 2 January 2016 Retrieved 2 January 2016 NIA registers case in Pathankot terror strike Rediff Viewpoint How far might India go to punish Pakistan 15 February 2019 Retrieved 17 February 2019 General bibliography EditAbou Zahab Mariam Roy Olivier 2004 First published in French in 2002 Islamist Networks The Afghan Pakistan Connection translated by King John C Hurst amp Co Publishers ISBN 978 1 85065 704 0 Bowen Innes 2014 Medina in Birmingham Najaf in Brent Inside British Islam Hurst ISBN 978 1 84904 529 2 Cronin Audrey Kurth Aden Huda Frost Adam Jones Benjamin 6 February 2004 Foreign Terrorist Organizations PDF CRS Report for Congress Washington D C Congressional Research Service 40 43 retrieved 2 December 2012 Fair C Christine 2014 Fighting to the End The Pakistan Army s Way of War Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 989271 6 Gregory Shaun 2007 The ISI and the War on Terrorism Studies in Conflict amp Terrorism 30 12 1013 1031 doi 10 1080 10576100701670862 ISSN 1057 610X S2CID 71331428 Gunaratna Rohan Kam Stefanie 2016 Handbook of Terrorism in the Asia Pacific World Scientific ISBN 978 1 78326 997 6 Honawar Rohit November 2005 Jaish e Mohammed PDF New Delhi Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies retrieved 11 October 2016 Jaffrelot Christophe 2015 The Pakistan Paradox Instability and Resilience Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 023518 5 Majidyar Ahmad June 2010 Could the Taliban Take Over Pakistan s Punjab Province PDF American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research retrieved 16 October 2016 Moj Muhammad 2015 The Deoband Madrassah Movement Countercultural Trends and Tendencies Anthem Press ISBN 978 1 78308 389 3 Moore John 2001 The Evolution of Islamic Terrorism An Overview Frontline Target America PBS Online and WGBH Frontline Retrieved 2 December 2009 Popovic Milos 2015 The Perils of Weak Organization Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan Studies in Conflict amp Terrorism 38 11 919 937 doi 10 1080 1057610X 2015 1063838 S2CID 108668097 Rashid Ahmed 2012 Descent into Chaos How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan Afghanistan and Central Asia Penguin Books Limited ISBN 978 0 14 191909 6 Riedel Bruce O 2012 Deadly Embrace Pakistan America and the Future of the Global Jihad Brookings Institution Press ISBN 978 0 8157 2274 8 Foreign Terrorist Organizations FTOs Factsheet United States Department of State 11 October 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jaish e Mohammed amp oldid 1132523591, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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