Vladikavkaz
Vladikavkaz (Russian: Владикавка́з, Russian pronunciation: [vlədʲɪkɐˈfkas], Ossetian: Дзæуджыхъæу, romanized: Dzæwdžyqæw, IPA: [ˈd͡zɐwd͡ʒəqɐw];), formerly known as Ordzhonikidze (Орджоники́дзе) and Dzaudzhikau (Дзауджика́у), is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, situated on the Terek River. The city's population was 311,693 as of the 2010 Census. As a result, Vladikavkaz is one of the most populous cities in the North Caucasus region.
Vladikavkaz Владикавказ | |
|---|---|
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Ossetic | Дзӕуджыхъæу |
Terek River view, Bai Gora in Kosta Khetagurov Park, Musical theatre, Dzaugu Búgulov statue, Sunni mosque at night, Lutheran church, Symbol of Vladikavkaz, Train station, Corner of Prospekt Mir and Gogol, Monument to Nart Soslan on Prospekt Mira, Learning Campus | |
Coat of arms | |
Vladikavkaz Location of Vladikavkaz Vladikavkaz Vladikavkaz (European Russia) Vladikavkaz Vladikavkaz (Europe) | |
| Coordinates: 43°02′24″N 44°40′39″E / 43.04000°N 44.67750°ECoordinates: 43°02′24″N 44°40′39″E / 43.04000°N 44.67750°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | North Ossetia–Alania[1] |
| Founded | May 6, 1784[2] |
| City status since | 1860 |
| Government | |
| • Body | Assembly of Representatives[3] |
| • Head | Boris Albegov[4] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 291 km2 (112 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 692 m (2,270 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 311,693 |
| • Estimate (2018)[6] | 306,258 (−1.7%) |
| • Rank | 60th in 2010 |
| • Density | 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi) |
| • Subordinated to | Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction[1] |
| • Capital of | Republic of North Ossetia–Alania[7] |
| • Capital of | Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug[8] |
| • Capital of | Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug[8] |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK [9]) |
| Postal code(s)[10] | 362000 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 8672 |
| OKTMO ID | 90701000001 |
| City Day | September 25[citation needed] |
| Website | vladikavkaz-osetia |
The city is an industrial and transportation centre. Manufactured products include processed zinc and lead, machinery, chemicals, clothing and food products.
Etymology
From 1931 to 1944 and from 1954 to 1990, its name in both Russian and Ossetic languages was Ordzhonikidze (Орджоники́дзе) (after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, a Georgian Bolshevik), and from 1944 to 1954 it was officially called Dzaudzhikau (Дзауджика́у) in Russian and (Дзæуджыхъæу) in Ossetic. Vladikavkaz resumed its old Russian name, in 1990, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union; the official Ossetic name was reverted to Дзæуджыхъæу (Dzæwdžyqæw).[citation needed]
The Russian-language name Vladikavkaz literally means "ruler of the Caucasus". The Ossetian name Dzæwdžyqæw literally means "Dzaug's settlement"),[11][12][13]
History
Russian troops built the Vladikavkaz fortress, which had the purpose of serving as an outpost for the routes of communication between Russia and Georgia.[14] The Georgian Military Highway, crossing the mountains, was constructed in 1799 to link the city with Georgia to the south, and in 1875 a railway was built to connect it to Rostov-on-Don and Baku in Azerbaijan. Vladikavkaz has become an important industrial centre for the region, with smelting, refining, chemicals and manufacturing industries. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Vladikavkazsky Okrug of the Terek Oblast.
The city is one of the largest in the Russian-controlled Caucasus, along with Grozny, and was the capital of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a Soviet Republic established after the annexation of the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus. It existed from 1921 to 1924 and comprised most of the modern-day territories of Chechnya, North Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria.
Vladikavkaz was fought over in both the Russian Civil War and World War II. In February 1919, the anti-Communist Volunteer Army under General Anton Denikin seized the city, before being expelled by the Red Army in March 1920. In early November 1942, the forces of Nazi Germany tried unsuccessfully to seize the city but were repelled. The Nazis left North Ossetia in January 1943.
On 26 November 2008, Vitaly Karayev, the mayor of Vladikavkaz was killed by an unidentified gunman.[15] On 31 December 2008, his successor, Kazbek Pagiyev, was also killed by unidentified gunmen.[16]
Administrative and municipal status
Vladikavkaz is the capital of the republic.[7] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction is incorporated as Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug.[8]
Transportation
The city is served by the bus network (marshrutkas). There are also tram (since 1904) and trolleybus (since 1977) networks, plus the main Vladikavkaz railway station.
The city is served by Beslan Airport located about 9 kilometres from the city.
The Georgian Military Road, which is a part of European route E117, starts in Vladikavkaz and it connects the city with the South Caucasus.
Population
According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar, Vladikavkaz had 73,243 residents in 1916, the national composition was as follows:[17]
| Nationality | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Russians[a] | 46,876 | 64.00 |
| North Caucasians | 8,539 | 11.66 |
| Armenians | 8,326 | 11.37 |
| Other Europeans | 6,139 | 8.38 |
| Shia Muslims | 2,463 | 3.36 |
| Jews | 798 | 1.09 |
| Roma | 102 | 0.14 |
| TOTAL | 73,243 | 100.00 |
According to the results of the 2010 Census, the city population of Vladikavkaz was 330,148. The ethnic makeup of city's population was:[citation needed]
- Ossetians: 210,104 (63.9%)
- Russians: 80,945 (24.5%)
- Armenians: 11,697 (3.5%)
- Georgians: 7,014 (2.2%)
- Ingush: 3,225 (1.1%)
- Azerbaijanis: 2,212 (0.7%)
- Ukrainians: 1,857 (0.6%)
- Greeks: 1,819 (0.5%)
- Slovaks: 990 (0.3%)
- Others: 10,285 (3.1%)
Sports
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz was an association football club based in Vladikavkaz, which won the Russian Premier League in 1995. The club folded in 2020, and was succeeded by FC Alania Vladikavkaz.
Vladikavkaz is home to one of the World's most prestigious Freestyle Wrestling academies, opened in February 2016:[18] The Wrestling Academy of Aslan Khadartsev - the biggest wrestling academy in the South of Russia.[19] It provides access to a number of facilities including a swimming pool, sauna, gym, personal dietitians, dorm rooms (which include a TV, comfortable beds, wardrobes, en-suite bathroom and showers),[20] for 45 athletes and the main training hall, consisting of six mats- this academy is capable of hosting 250 wrestlers at one time. There have been many Olympic, World and European champions training at the Academy: Soslan Ramonov, Zaurbek Sidakov, Artur Naifonov, Chermen Valiev, Khetag Tsabolov are just some of the successful athletes in recent times to train and represent the Academy. This academy is also home to the Freestyle team of North Ossetia, to ensure a high-level of preparation and coaching is given to aid success in international and domestic tournaments.
Notable structures
The Mukhtarov Mosque, built in 1906, dominates the city. In Vladikavkaz, there is a guyed TV mast, 198 meters (650 ft) tall, built in 1961, which has six crossbars with gangways in two levels running from the mast structure to the guys.
Education
Higher education
- Highlanders State Agrarian University
- North Caucasus University of Mining and Metallurgy
- North Ossetian State University
- North Ossetian State Medical Academy
Religion
The city's primary religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which is followed by the majority of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians. The rest of the Ossetian population adheres to the next largest religion, Uatsdin, an Ossetian folk religion, which nationwide is followed by 29% of the population. The remainder follow Protestantism, Islam, Armenian Orthodoxy and other beliefs.
Twin towns and sister cities
Vladikavkaz is twinned with:
- Ardahan, Turkey
- Asheville, North Carolina, United States
- Kardzhali, Bulgaria
- Nalchik, Russia
- Makhachkala, Russia
- Vladivostok, Russia
Geography
Climate
Vladikavkaz experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, wet summers and cold, drier winters (though very mild for Russia).
| Climate data for Vladikavkaz (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.0 (73.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | 34.0 (93.2) | 37.2 (99.0) | 38.0 (100.4) | 37.5 (99.5) | 39.2 (102.6) | 38.2 (100.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.2 (81.0) | 39.2 (102.6) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) | 4.6 (40.3) | 9.4 (48.9) | 15.5 (59.9) | 20.5 (68.9) | 24.5 (76.1) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.6 (79.9) | 21.9 (71.4) | 16.2 (61.2) | 9.0 (48.2) | 5.0 (41.0) | 15.3 (59.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.7 (28.9) | −0.9 (30.4) | 3.9 (39.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 14.8 (58.6) | 18.7 (65.7) | 21.2 (70.2) | 20.8 (69.4) | 16.1 (61.0) | 10.5 (50.9) | 3.8 (38.8) | −0.3 (31.5) | 9.7 (49.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −5.2 (22.6) | −4.7 (23.5) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 10.2 (50.4) | 14.1 (57.4) | 16.6 (61.9) | 16.3 (61.3) | 11.7 (53.1) | 6.3 (43.3) | 0.3 (32.5) | −3.8 (25.2) | 5.6 (42.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) | −27.8 (−18.0) | −22.5 (−8.5) | −10.2 (13.6) | −6.1 (21.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | 6.4 (43.5) | 6.0 (42.8) | 0.0 (32.0) | −10.0 (14.0) | −23.1 (−9.6) | −25.0 (−13.0) | −27.8 (−18.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31 (1.2) | 34 (1.3) | 62 (2.4) | 94 (3.7) | 148 (5.8) | 181 (7.1) | 112 (4.4) | 90 (3.5) | 71 (2.8) | 62 (2.4) | 40 (1.6) | 30 (1.2) | 955 (37.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 8 (3.1) | 9 (3.5) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 5 (2.0) | 9 (3.5) |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 144 |
| Average snowy days | 12 | 13 | 11 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 56 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 79 | 78 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 75 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 80 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 105 | 111 | 125 | 149 | 187 | 203 | 207 | 199 | 163 | 147 | 112 | 105 | 1,813 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[21] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Climatebase (sun 1910–2012)[22] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
- Nikolai Baratov (1865-1932), Cossack ataman and Imperial Russian Army General during WWI and the Russian Civil War.
- Lyubov Streicher (1888-1958), composer and founding member of the Society for Jewish Folk Music[23]
- Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003), Soviet mechanical engineer, best known for designing Lunokhod 1, the first ever planetary rover for space exploration[24]
- Norat Ter-Grigoryants (born 1936), Soviet and Armenian general, prominent in his role in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War[25]
- David Baev (born 1997) – World champion freestyle wrestler
- Svitlana Bilyayeva (born 1946) – archaeologist
- Stanislav Buchnev (born 1990) – Russian-Armenian footballer, member of the Armenia national football team
- Lado Davidov (1924–1987) – Soviet soldier, Hero of the Soviet Union
- Murat Gassiev (born 1993) – professional boxer, undefeated unified cruiserweight world champion
- Valery Gazzaev (born 1954) – Russian football manager and former footballer
- Valery Gergiev (born 1953) – Russian conductor and opera company director
- Kazbek Hudalov (born 1959) – Soviet soldier
- Ilia II of Georgia (born 1933) – Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia and the spiritual leader of the Georgian Orthodox Church
- Vitaly Kaloyev (born 1956) – convicted murderer and former architect
- Aslan Karatsev (born 1993) – Russian tennis player
- Safarbek Malsagov (1868–1944) Russian general
- Issa Pliyev (1903–1979) – Soviet military commander, twice Hero of the Soviet Union
- Vyacheslav Voronin (born 1974) – Russian high jumper, gold medallist at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics
Notes
- ^ The Caucasian Calendar did not distinguish between Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.
References
- ^ a b c d e Law #34-RZ
- ^ Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 75. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ "Собрание представителей". vladikavkaz-osetia.ru. from the original on April 21, 2017.
- ^ "Приветственное слово главы АМС г. Владикавказа". vladikavkaz-osetia.ru. from the original on April 26, 2017.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
- ^ a b c Law #10-RZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ "История". from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012. the official Ossetic name>Дзæуджыхъæу (Dzewjêqew)
- ^ region15.ru. "15-й РЕГИОН: Владикавказ". «15-й РЕГИОН». from the original on April 22, 2017.
- ^ "КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ СЕВЕРНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ - АЛАНИЯ (с изменениями на: 10.05.2017), Конституция Республики Северная Осетия - Алания от 12 ноября 1994 года". docs.cntd.ru. from the original on September 28, 2016.
- ^ Ракович Д.В. «Прошлое Владикавказа» (1918)
- ^ "Europe | Southern Russia mayor gunned down". BBC News. November 26, 2008. from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ "Itar-Tass". Itar-Tass. Retrieved April 25, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 226–237. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021.
- ^ "Вячеслав Битаров посетил Академию борьбы им. Аслана Хадарцев | Спорт | Новости Владикавказа: последние новости Северной Осетии". www.vladikavkaznews.com. January 26, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
- ^ "Об академии". wrestlingrso.ru. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
- ^ "Услуги". wrestlingrso.ru. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
- ^ "Погода и Климат – Климат Владикавказ" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 12, 2021.
- ^ "Vladikavkaz, Osetia, Russia #37228". Climatebase. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
- ^ "Saminsky, Lazare". Milken Archive of Jewish Music. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
- ^ "Кемурджиан Александр Леонович". vniitransmash.ru (in Russian). Mobile Vehicle Engineering Institute. from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2020. Republished in (in Russian). Roscosmos. Archived from the original on January 6, 2020.
- ^ (in Russian). REGNUM News Agency. January 15, 2015. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021.
Bibliography
- Верховный Совет Республики Северная Осетия. 12 ноября 1994 г. «Республика Северная Осетия-Алания. Конституция.», в ред. Конституционного Закона №5-РКЗ от 4 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Северная Осетия–Алания». Вступил в силу 7 декабря 1994 г. Опубликован: брошюрой "Конституция Республики Северная Осетия–Алания". (Supreme Council of the Republic of North Ossetia. November 12, 1994 Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Constitution., as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-RKZ of December 4, 2013 On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Effective as of December 7, 1994.).
- Закон №34-РЗ от 9 июля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Северная Осетия-Алания», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 12 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Приложение к Закону Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Северная Осетия–Алания" и Закон Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об установлении границ муниципального образования Алагирский район, наделении его статусом муниципального района, образовании в его составе муниципальных образований — городского и сельских поселений"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Северная Осетия", №148(24949), 16 августа 2007 г. (Law #34-RZ of July 9, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of November 12, 2013 On Amending the Appendix to the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania" and the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of Alagirsky District, Granting It the Status of a Municipal District, Establishing Municipal Formations—Urban and Rural Settlements—Within Its Structure". Effective as of the official publication date.).
- Закон №10-РЗ от 5 марта 2005 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Владикавказ, наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №34-РЗ от 19 июля 2006 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Северная Осетия-Алания "Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Владикавказ, наделении его статусом городского округа"». Вступил в силу 1 марта 2005 г. Опубликован: "Северная Осетия", №43 (24344), 15 марта 2005 г. (Law #10-RZ of March 5, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladikavkaz and On Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #34-RZ of July 19, 2006 On Amending the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladikavkaz and On Granting It Urban Okrug Status". Effective as of March 1, 2005.).
External links
- Media related to Vladikavkaz at Wikimedia Commons
- Vladikavkaz travel guide from Wikivoyage
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- Vladikavkaz official site (in Russian)