The Lance (Creek) Formation is a division of Late Cretaceous (dating to about 69 – 66 Ma) rocks in the western United States. Named after Lance Creek, Wyoming, the microvertebrate fossils and dinosaurs represent important components of the latest Mesozoic vertebrate faunas. The Lance Formation is Late Maastrichtian in age (Lancianland mammal age), and shares much fauna with the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and North Dakota, the Frenchman Formation of southwest Saskatchewan, and the lower part of the Scollard Formation of Alberta.
The Lance Formation occurs above the Baculites clinolobatus ammonite marine zone in Wyoming, the top of which has been dated to about 69 million years ago, and extends to the K-Pg boundary, 66 million years ago. However, the characteristic land vertebrate fauna of the Lancian age (which take its name from this formation) is only found in the upper strata of the Lance, roughly corresponding to the thinner equivalent formations such as the Hell Creek Formation, the base of which has been estimated at 66.8 million years old.[1]
The formation is described by W.G. Pierce as thick-bedded, buff-colored sandstone, and drab to green shale. It is Upper Cretaceous in age.[2]
The formation varies in thickness from about 90 m (300 ft.) in North Dakota, to almost 600 m (2,000 ft.) in parts of Wyoming.
Depositional environment
The Lance Formation was laid down by streams, on a coastal plain along the edge of the Western Interior Seaway. The climate was subtropical; there was no cold season and probably ample precipitation.
Paleontology
At least tens of thousands of Late Cretaceous vertebrate remains have been recovered from the Lance Formation. Fossils ranging from microscopic elements to extensive bonebeds, with nearly complete, sometimes articulated dinosaur skeletons, have been found.[3] Most other animals known from the formation are freshwater animals, and some are exclusively freshwater forms (for instance, frogs and salamanders). However, marine fossils are also found in the formation, suggesting that the sea was nearby. The bird fauna is mainly composed of orders still existing today.
A ceratopsid possibly synonymous with Triceratops horridus.[26]Torosaurus gladius, with type specimen from this formation, is a synonym. Also present in the Frenchman and Hell Creek Formations.
^Lehman, T. M., Mcdowell, F. W., & Connelly, J. N. (2006). First isotopic (U-Pb) age for the Late Cretaceous Alamosaurus vertebrate fauna of West Texas, and its significance as a link between two faunal provinces. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(4), 922–928.
^Pierce, W.G., 1997, Geologic map of the Cody 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle, northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-2500, scale 1:250000.
^Silver, Mark (August 2, 2014) "The Dinosaur Surveyors" The American Surveyor Frederick Maryland
^Dyke, GJ; Mayr, G. (1999). "Did parrots exist in the Cretaceous period?". Nature 399 (6734): 317–318. doi:10.1038/20583.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstNicholas R. Longrich (2011). "Titanoceratops ouranous, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 32 (3): 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007.
^ abcdefFederico L. Agnolin (2010). "An avian coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". Stvdia Geologica Salmanticensia. 46 (2): 99–119.
^ abLongrich, N. 2009. An ornithurine-dominated avifauna from the Belly River Group (Campanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada. Cretaceous Research, 30(1): 161–177.
^ abcElzanowski, Paul and Stidham, 2001. An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(4): 712–719.
^"Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 215.
^ abOlson, S.L. and Feduccia, A. 1980. Presbyornis and the origin of the Anseriformes (Aves: Charadriomorphae). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology no. 323.
^ abChiappe, L. M., and Walker, C. A. (2002) Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes): In: Mesozoic Birds, above the heads of Dinosaurs, University of California Press, 240–267.
^"Table 6.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 139.
^Dalman, Sebastian (October 2013). "New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 54 (2): 241–254. doi:10.3374/014.054.0202. S2CID 128608668. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
^The Dinosauria 2nd Edition (David B. Weishampel, Halszka Osmólska and Peter Dodson), p. 584, Dinosaur Distribution (DAVID B. WEISHAMPEL, PAUL M. BARRETT, RODOLFO A. CORIA, JEAN LE LOEUFF, XU XING, ZHAO XIJIN, ASHOK SAHNI, ELIZABETH M. P. GOMANI, CHRISTOPHER R. NOTO)
^Bakker, R.T. (1988). Review of the Late Cretaceous nodosauroid Dinosauria: Denversaurus schlessmani, a new armor-plated dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of South Dakota, the last survivor of the nodosaurians, with comments on Stegosaur-Nodosaur relationships. Hunteria 1(3):1–23.(1988).
^ abThe Dinosauria 2nd Edition (David B. Weishampel, Halszka Osmólska and Peter Dodson), p. 585, Dinosaur Distribution (DAVID B. WEISHAMPEL, PAUL M. BARRETT, RODOLFO A. CORIA, JEAN LE LOEUFF, XU XING, ZHAO XIJIN, ASHOK SAHNI, ELIZABETH M. P. GOMANI, CHRISTOPHER R. NOTO)
^Lyson, Tyler R.; Longrich, Nicholas R. (22 April 2011). "Spatial niche partitioning in dinosaurs from the latest cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of North America". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1709): 1158–1164. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1444. PMC3049066. PMID 20943689.
^Carpenter, Kenneth; Young, D. Bruce (1 January 2002). "Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado". Rocky Mountain Geology. 37 (2): 237–254. doi:10.2113/11. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^Lillegraven, Jason A.; Eberle, Jaelyn J. (July 1999). "Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming". Journal of Paleontology. Cambridge University Press. 73 (4): 691–710. doi:10.1017/S0022336000032510. S2CID 133072078.
^Dale A. Russel; Makoto Manabe (2002). "Synopsis of the Hell Creek (uppermost Cretaceous) dinosaur assemblage". In Nichols, Douglas J.; Hartman, Joseph Herbert; Johnson, Kirk R. (eds.). The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous · Issue 361. Geological Society of America. p. 170. ISBN9780813723617. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^Carpenter, Kenneth; Breithaupt, Brent (September 2, 1986). "Latest Cretaceous Occurrence of Nodosaurid Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) in Western North America and the Gradual Extinction of the Dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 6 (3): 251–257. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011619. JSTOR 4523098. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
^ ab"Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 368.
^ abcd"Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 496.
^ abScannella, J. and Horner, J.R. (2010). "Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(4): 1157 – 1168. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483632
^Horner J.R. and Goodwin, M.B. (2009). "Extreme cranial ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus." PLoS ONE, 4(10): e7626. Online full text
^Wegweiser, M.; Breithaupt, B.; Badcock, L. E.; Skinner, E.; Scheffield, J. (January 2003). "DINOSAUR SKIN FOSSILS FROM THIS SIDE OF HELL, WYOMING: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF AN UPPER CRETACEOUS KONSERVAT-LAGERSTATTE IN THE LANCE FORMATION". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23: 108A.
^Snyder, Keith; McLain, Matthew; Wood, Jared; Chadwick, Arthur (2020-05-21). "Over 13,000 elements from a single bonebed help elucidate disarticulation and transport of an Edmontosaurusthanatocoenosis". PLOS ONE. 15 (5): e0233182. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1533182S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233182. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC7241792. PMID 32437394.
^Boyd, Clint A.; Brown, Caleb M.; Scheetz, Rodney D.; Clarke, Julia A. (2009). "Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 758–770. doi:10.1671/039.029.0328. S2CID 84273584.
External links
February 07, 2023
lance, formation, lance, creek, formation, division, late, cretaceous, dating, about, rocks, western, united, states, named, after, lance, creek, wyoming, microvertebrate, fossils, dinosaurs, represent, important, components, latest, mesozoic, vertebrate, faun. The Lance Creek Formation is a division of Late Cretaceous dating to about 69 66 Ma rocks in the western United States Named after Lance Creek Wyoming the microvertebrate fossils and dinosaurs represent important components of the latest Mesozoic vertebrate faunas The Lance Formation is Late Maastrichtian in age Lancian land mammal age and shares much fauna with the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and North Dakota the Frenchman Formation of southwest Saskatchewan and the lower part of the Scollard Formation of Alberta Lance FormationStratigraphic range Maastrichtian 69 66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Badlands in the Lance Formation along Cow Creek near the type locality Niobrara County WyomingTypeSedimentaryUnderliesFort Union FormationOverliesMeeteetse FormationThicknessup to 600 metres 1 970 ft LithologyPrimarySandstone siltstone shaleLocationRegion WyomingCountry United StatesType sectionNamed forLance Creek WyomingLance Formation stratigraphy The Lance Formation occurs above the Baculites clinolobatus ammonite marine zone in Wyoming the top of which has been dated to about 69 million years ago and extends to the K Pg boundary 66 million years ago However the characteristic land vertebrate fauna of the Lancian age which take its name from this formation is only found in the upper strata of the Lance roughly corresponding to the thinner equivalent formations such as the Hell Creek Formation the base of which has been estimated at 66 8 million years old 1 Contents 1 Description 1 1 Depositional environment 2 Paleontology 2 1 Coelurosaurs 2 1 1 Birds 2 1 2 Other coelurosaurs 2 2 Ornithischia 2 2 1 Ankylosaurs 2 2 2 Marginocephalians 2 2 3 Ornithopods 2 3 Other vertebrates 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksDescription EditThe formation is described by W G Pierce as thick bedded buff colored sandstone and drab to green shale It is Upper Cretaceous in age 2 The formation varies in thickness from about 90 m 300 ft in North Dakota to almost 600 m 2 000 ft in parts of Wyoming Depositional environment Edit The Lance Formation was laid down by streams on a coastal plain along the edge of the Western Interior Seaway The climate was subtropical there was no cold season and probably ample precipitation Paleontology EditAt least tens of thousands of Late Cretaceous vertebrate remains have been recovered from the Lance Formation Fossils ranging from microscopic elements to extensive bonebeds with nearly complete sometimes articulated dinosaur skeletons have been found 3 Most other animals known from the formation are freshwater animals and some are exclusively freshwater forms for instance frogs and salamanders However marine fossils are also found in the formation suggesting that the sea was nearby The bird fauna is mainly composed of orders still existing today Coelurosaurs Edit UCMP 143274 Caenagnathidae 4 5 Color keyTaxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text crossed out taxa are discredited Birds Edit Birds reported from the Lance FormationGenus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes ImagesApatornis A retusus Reclassified as Palintropus retususCeramornis C major UCMP 53959 holotype a partial coracoid 6 A possible charadriiform birdCimolopteryx C petra Reclassified as Lamarqueavis minima 7 C rara YPM 1805 holotype a partial coracoid 6 A charadriiformC retusa Reclassified as Palintropus retususC minima Reclassified as Lamarqueavis minima 7 Cimolopteryx C maxima UCMP 53973 holotype a partial coracoid 6 A charadriiform bird not necessarily closely related to Cimolopteryx 6 Graculavus G augustus AMNH 25223 a partial humerus 8 A possible charadriiform 8 Lamarqueavis L minima UCMP 53976 holotype a partial coracoid 7 A charadriiform 7 L petra AMNH 21911 holotype a partial coracoid 7 A charadriiform 7 Lonchodytes L estesi UCMP 53954 holotype a partial tarsometatarsus 8 A possible procellariiform 8 Lonchodytes L pterygius UCMP 53961 holotype a partial carpometacarpus 8 A possible charadriiform 8 Palaeotringa P vetus ANSP 13361 holotype a partial tibiotarsus 8 AMNH 25221 a partial tibiotarsus 8 A bird similar to gruids idiornithids and presbyornithids 8 Palintropus P retusus YPM 513 holotype a partial coracoid 9 A basal ornithuromorph belonging to Ambiortiformes 9 Potamornis P skutchi UCMP 73103 holotype a quadrate 10 tarsometatarsus 10 11 A hesperornithiform possibly also present in the Hell Creek Formation 10 Torotix T clemensi UCMP 53958 a partial humerus 12 A possible presbyornithid 12 Unnamed presbyornithid Indeterminate AMNH 21929 a partial scapula 8 AMNH 22603 a partial scapula 8 YPM 868 a partial scapula 8 AMNH 22602 a partial sternum 8 A presbyornithid 8 Unnamed enantiornithean Unnamed USNM 2909 a partial metatarsal and pedal phalanges 13 An enantiornithean previously referred to Ornithomimus minutus 13 Unnamed avian Indeterminate UCMP 53960 two partial neck vertebrae 8 An indeterminate avian 8 Unnamed phalacrocoracid Indeterminate AMNH 25272 a femur 8 A possible phalacrocoracid 8 Unnamed ornithurine A 6 Indeterminate UCMP 53962 a partial coracoid 6 UCMP 53963 a partial coracoid 6 AMNH uncatalogued a partial coracoid 6 Originally thought to belong to Cimolopteryx rara but probably a new species Also present in the Frenchman Formation 6 Unnamed ornithurine C 6 Indeterminate YPM PU 17020 a partial coracoid 6 Also present in the Hell Creek Formation 6 Unnamed ornithurine E 6 Indeterminate USNM 181923 a partial coracoid 6 USNM 13011 a partial coracoid 6 Also present in the Hell Creek Formation 6 Unnamed ornithurine F 6 Indeterminate UCMP 53957 a partial coracoid 6 ACM 12359 a partial coracoid 6 Originally thought to belong to Cimolopteryx maxima but probably a new species 6 Other coelurosaurs Edit Miscellaneous coelurosaurs of the Lance FormationGenus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes ImagesAublysodon A amplus Teeth type specimen Dubious tyrannosaurids probably synonymous with Tyrannosaurus rex Ornithomimus Pectinodon bakkeri tooth TyrannosaurusA cristatus Teeth type specimen Ornithomimus O sedens Sacrum and fragmentary illium 14 type specimen An ornithomimid Paronychodon P caperatus Teeth type specimen A troodontidPectinodon P bakkeri Teeth type specimen A troodontidTyrannosaurus T rexT imperatorT regina Several partial specimens and teeth A tyrannosaurid originally identified from the Hell Creek Formation Also found in the Denver Ferris Frenchman Javelina Livingston McRae North Horn Scollard and Willow Creek Formations Synonyms with type specimens from this formation include Dynamosaurus imperiosus and Manospondylus gigas 15 Nanotyrannus N lancensis Synonym of Tyrannosaurus Ornithischia Edit Ankylosaurs Edit Ankylosaurs of the Lance FormationGenus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes ImagesAnkylosaurus A magniventris 16 Wyoming More than 70 osteoderms and a tooth An ankylosaurid originally identified from the Hell Creek Formation Ankylosaurus Denversaurus EdmontoniaDenversaurus D schlessmani 17 South Dakota A nearly complete skull several teeth and osteoderms A nodosauridEdmontonia E sp 18 Wyoming Teeth A nodosaurid Fossils have been unearthed in the Hell Creek Formation the Ferris Formation the Dinosaur Park Formation the Horseshoe Canyon Formation and the Denver Formation 19 20 21 22 23 Palaeoscincus P latus 18 Wyoming Teeth Probably a nodosaurid but the teeth could also belong to the Pachycephalosauridae 24 Marginocephalians Edit Marginocephalians reported from the Lance FormationGenus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes ImagesAgathaumas A sylvestris Partial sacrum and pelvis 25 type specimen A dubious ceratopsid probably synonymous with Triceratops horridus Leptoceratops gracilis Nedoceratops hatcheri Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis Stygimoloch spinifer Torosaurus latus Triceratops horridusLeptoceratops L gracilis A ceratopsianNedoceratops N hatcheri One skull 25 type specimen A ceratopsid possibly synonymous with Triceratops horridus 26 Synonyms include Diceratops hatcheri and Diceratus hatcheri Pachycephalosaurus P wyomingensis Fragmentary specimens including the type specimen A pachycephalosaur Synonyms with type specimens from this formation include Troodon wyomingensis Palaeoscincus P latus Tooth 24 A dubious pachycephalosaur previously classified as the ankylosaur PalaeoscincusStygimoloch S spinifer A pachycephalosaur possibly synonymous with Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis 27 Torosaurus T latus Several specimens including the type specimen A ceratopsid possibly synonymous with Triceratops horridus 26 Torosaurus gladius with type specimen from this formation is a synonym Also present in the Frenchman and Hell Creek Formations Triceratops T horridusT Indet Partial skull and skeleton 25 type specimen A ceratopsid also found in the Evanston Frenchman Hell Creek Laramie and Scollard Formations Synonyms with type specimens from this formation include T ingens and T sulcatus 25 Ornithopods Edit Indeterminate lambeosaurinae fossils have been found in the Lance Formation 28 Ornithopods of the Lance FormationGenus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Abundance Notes ImagesEdmontosaurus E annectens Skull skeletons including the type specimen mummy and a bone bed 29 A hadrosaurid Synonyms from this formation include Anatosaurus annectens and Claosaurus annectens Also found in the Frenchman Hell Creek Laramie and Scollard Formations Edmontosaurus annectens Thescelosaurus neglectusThescelosaurus T neglectus Well preserved skeleton type specimen A thescelosaurid 30 Also found in the Frenchman Hell Creek Laramie and Scollard Formations Thespesius T occidentalis Teeth vertebrae toe bone including type specimen A dubious hadrosaurid possibly synonymous with E annectens Trachodon T longiceps One partial jaw YPM 616 type specimen A dubious hadrosaurid possibly synonymous with E annectensOther vertebrates Edit Other land vertebrates include pterosaurs e g cf Azhdarcho crocodiles champsosaurs lizards snakes turtles frogs and salamanders Remains of fishes and mammals have also been found in the Lance Formation See also Edit Earth sciences portal Paleontology portal Dinosaurs portalList of fossil sites with link directory List of dinosaur bearing rock formationsReferences Edit Lehman T M Mcdowell F W amp Connelly J N 2006 First isotopic U Pb age for the Late Cretaceous Alamosaurus vertebrate fauna of West Texas and its significance as a link between two faunal provinces Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 4 922 928 Pierce W G 1997 Geologic map of the Cody 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle northwestern Wyoming U S Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I 2500 scale 1 250000 Silver Mark August 2 2014 The Dinosaur Surveyors The American Surveyor Frederick Maryland Stidham 1998 Dyke GJ Mayr G 1999 Did parrots exist in the Cretaceous period Nature 399 6734 317 318 doi 10 1038 20583 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Nicholas R Longrich 2011 Titanoceratops ouranous a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico Cretaceous Research 32 3 264 276 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2010 12 007 a b c d e f Federico L Agnolin 2010 An avian coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia Argentina Stvdia Geologica Salmanticensia 46 2 99 119 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hope 2002 a b Longrich N 2009 An ornithurine dominated avifauna from the Belly River Group Campanian Upper Cretaceous of Alberta Canada Cretaceous Research 30 1 161 177 a b c Elzanowski Paul and Stidham 2001 An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 4 712 719 Table 11 1 in Weishampel et al 2004 Page 215 a b Olson S L and Feduccia A 1980 Presbyornis and the origin of the Anseriformes Aves Charadriomorphae Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology no 323 a b Chiappe L M and Walker C A 2002 Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes Ornithothoraces Enantiornithes In Mesozoic Birds above the heads of Dinosaurs University of California Press 240 267 Table 6 1 in Weishampel et al 2004 Page 139 Dalman Sebastian October 2013 New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming United States Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 54 2 241 254 doi 10 3374 014 054 0202 S2CID 128608668 Retrieved 16 November 2020 The Dinosauria 2nd Edition David B Weishampel Halszka Osmolska and Peter Dodson p 584 Dinosaur Distribution DAVID B WEISHAMPEL PAUL M BARRETT RODOLFO A CORIA JEAN LE LOEUFF XU XING ZHAO XIJIN ASHOK SAHNI ELIZABETH M P GOMANI CHRISTOPHER R NOTO Bakker R T 1988 Review of the Late Cretaceous nodosauroid Dinosauria Denversaurus schlessmani a new armor plated dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of South Dakota the last survivor of the nodosaurians with comments on Stegosaur Nodosaur relationships Hunteria 1 3 1 23 1988 a b The Dinosauria 2nd Edition David B Weishampel Halszka Osmolska and Peter Dodson p 585 Dinosaur Distribution DAVID B WEISHAMPEL PAUL M BARRETT RODOLFO A CORIA JEAN LE LOEUFF XU XING ZHAO XIJIN ASHOK SAHNI ELIZABETH M P GOMANI CHRISTOPHER R NOTO Lyson Tyler R Longrich Nicholas R 22 April 2011 Spatial niche partitioning in dinosaurs from the latest cretaceous Maastrichtian of North America Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 278 1709 1158 1164 doi 10 1098 rspb 2010 1444 PMC 3049066 PMID 20943689 Carpenter Kenneth Young D Bruce 1 January 2002 Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin Colorado Rocky Mountain Geology 37 2 237 254 doi 10 2113 11 Retrieved 19 November 2020 Lillegraven Jason A Eberle Jaelyn J July 1999 Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming Journal of Paleontology Cambridge University Press 73 4 691 710 doi 10 1017 S0022336000032510 S2CID 133072078 Dale A Russel Makoto Manabe 2002 Synopsis of the Hell Creek uppermost Cretaceous dinosaur assemblage In Nichols Douglas J Hartman Joseph Herbert Johnson Kirk R eds The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous Issue 361 Geological Society of America p 170 ISBN 9780813723617 Retrieved 19 November 2020 Carpenter Kenneth Breithaupt Brent September 2 1986 Latest Cretaceous Occurrence of Nodosaurid Ankylosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia in Western North America and the Gradual Extinction of the Dinosaurs Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Taylor amp Francis Ltd 6 3 251 257 doi 10 1080 02724634 1986 10011619 JSTOR 4523098 Retrieved 24 April 2021 a b Table 17 1 in Weishampel et al 2004 Page 368 a b c d Table 23 1 in Weishampel et al 2004 Page 496 a b Scannella J and Horner J R 2010 Torosaurus Marsh 1891 is Triceratops Marsh 1889 Ceratopsidae Chasmosaurinae synonymy through ontogeny Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 4 1157 1168 doi 10 1080 02724634 2010 483632 Horner J R and Goodwin M B 2009 Extreme cranial ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus PLoS ONE 4 10 e7626 Online full text Wegweiser M Breithaupt B Badcock L E Skinner E Scheffield J January 2003 DINOSAUR SKIN FOSSILS FROM THIS SIDE OF HELL WYOMING PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF AN UPPER CRETACEOUS KONSERVAT LAGERSTATTE IN THE LANCE FORMATION Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 108A Snyder Keith McLain Matthew Wood Jared Chadwick Arthur 2020 05 21 Over 13 000 elements from a single bonebed help elucidate disarticulation and transport of an Edmontosaurusthanatocoenosis PLOS ONE 15 5 e0233182 Bibcode 2020PLoSO 1533182S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0233182 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 7241792 PMID 32437394 Boyd Clint A Brown Caleb M Scheetz Rodney D Clarke Julia A 2009 Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 3 758 770 doi 10 1671 039 029 0328 S2CID 84273584 External links EditPassport In Time Microvertebrate Fossil Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lance Formation amp oldid 1131059689, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
